Seminar Report

Seminar Report

Submitted By: Name: Jaskaran Singh Roll No. : 146 !"1" Bran%h: &le%tri%al &ngg.

Submitted To: Dr. Subhash Chander Dubey #.$.D. &le%tri%al De't.

Dept. of EE

GCET Jammu

Seminar Report

Seminar Re'ort $n Remote Control and the Te%hni(ues o) *+S

Dept. of EE

GCET Jammu

Seminar Report

CERTIFICATE

Dept. of EE

GCET Jammu

Seminar Report

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Dept. of EE

GCET Jammu

Seminar Report

ABSTRACT
The study o) Remote Control and the Te%hni(ues o) *+S -*lobal +ositioning System. 'resents an introdu%tion to the /arious de/elo'ments in the )ield o) *+S and Remote Control )or the use in &le%tri%al &ngineering. 0t sho1s the use o) this te%hni(ue )or the Transmission 2ine +rote%tion by dete%ting the )aults and o'erating the relays. These relays are %ontrolled remotely and on%e the )ault is %leared3 they return to their normal 1orking. 0t )urther talks about the 4utomated 5ehi%les -dri/erless %ars.. The study sho1s ho1 these /ehi%les are o'erated and %ontrolled. 0t also deals 1ith /arious e(ui'ments ne%essary )or these %ars to be %ontrolled. The 'osition o) these /ehi%les is gi/en by the *+S and as su%h3 these %an be %ontrolled remotely )rom a %ontrol %entre.

Dept. of EE

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Seminar Report

CONTENTS

1 0ntrodu%tion 1 ! 4''li%ation in the )ield o) &le%tri%al &ngineering , , Transmission 2ine +rote%tion 6 4 Chara%teristi%s o) #igh 7re(uen%y Current Signals 8 4.1 Dete%tion o) )ault 'osition and )ault generated %urrent transients 4.! 7ault %urrent transient dete%tor 4., Signal +ro%essing 9nit 6 Basi% 'rin%i'les and relay design )or Transmission 2ine 1! +rote%tion 6.1 Basi% +rin%i'le 6.! Relay Design Dept. of EE
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Seminar Report 6 4utomated 5ehi%les 6.1 0ntrodu%tion 6.! Des%ri'tion : Con%lusion !4 ; Re)eren%es !6

1:

Dept. of EE

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Seminar Report

List of figures
7ig. 1 < 4 sim'le Remote Control 7ig.! = 4''li%ations o) *+S 7ig. , = Relay System 7ig. 4 = Blo%k Diagram o) 4utomated 5ehi%le Control 7ig. 6 = Transient 7ault 7ig. 6 = +rote%tion Te%hni(ues 7ig. : = Blo%k diagram o) the high )re(uen%y )ault dete%tor unit. 7ig. ; = Simulated Transmission Net1ork 7ig. 8 = Blo%k Diagram o) Relay 9nit 7ig. 1" = 4utomated Car on Road 7ig. 11 = 2o%ating 5ehi%le using *+S 7ig. 1! = 5ehi%le 2o%ator System 7ig. 1, = 4utomated 5ehi%le Sensors

Dept. of EE

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Seminar Report

! INTROD"CTION
4 remote #ontro$ is a %om'onent o) an ele%troni%s de/i%e3 originally used )or o'erating the de/i%e 1irelessly )rom a short line<o)< sight distan%e. Remote %ontrol has %ontinually e/ol/ed and ad/an%ed o/er re%ent years to in%lude Bluetooth %onne%ti/ity3 motion sensor< enabled %a'abilities and /oi%e %ontrol. 0n terms o) &le%tri%al &ngineering3 remote %ontrol re)ers to %ontrol o) a system or a%ti/ity by a 'erson at a di))erent 'la%e3 usually by means o) radio or ultrasoni% signals or by ele%tri%al signals transmitted by 1ire.

7ig. 1 < 4 sim'le Remote Control

Dept. of EE

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Seminar Report

The G$o%a$ &ositioning S'stem -G&S. is a s'a%e<based satellite na/igation system that 'ro/ides lo%ation and time in)ormation in all 1eather %onditions3 any1here on or near the &arth 1here there is an unobstru%ted line o) sight to )our or more *+S satellites. The system 'ro/ides %riti%al %a'abilities to military3 %i/il and %ommer%ial users around the 1orld. 0t is maintained by the 9nited States go/ernment and is )reely a%%essible to anyone 1ith a *+S re%ei/er. 4 *+S re%ei/er %al%ulates its 'osition by 're%isely timing the signals sent by *+S satellites high abo/e the &arth. &a%h satellite %ontinually transmits messages that in%lude

the time the message 1as transmitted satellite 'osition at time o) message transmission

The re%ei/er uses the messages it re%ei/es to determine the transit time o) ea%h message and %om'utes the distan%e to ea%h satellite using the s'eed o) light. &a%h o) these distan%es and satellites> lo%ations de)ine a s'here. The re%ei/er is on the sur)a%e o) ea%h o) these s'heres 1hen the distan%es and the satellites> lo%ations are %orre%t. These distan%es and satellites> lo%ations are used to %om'ute the lo%ation o) the re%ei/er using the na/igation e(uations. This lo%ation is then dis'layed3 'erha's 1ith a mo/ing ma' dis'lay or latitude and longitude? ele/ation or altitude in)ormation may be in%luded3 based on height abo/e the geoid -e.g. &*@86.. @any *+S units sho1 deri/ed in)ormation su%h as dire%tion and s'eed3 %al%ulated )rom 'osition %hanges.

Dept. of EE

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Seminar Report
7ig.! = 4''li%ations o) *+S

(! A&&LICATINS IN T)E FIELD OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

0n the )ield o) &le%tri%al &ngineering3 the remote %ontrol and the *+S ha/e a /ariety o) a''li%ations. Some o) these are listed belo1:

Transmission Line &rote#tion =

Aith the %ontinuous

de/elo'ment o) modern te%hnology3 'rote%tion relays ha/e ad/an%ed 1ith the de/elo'ment o) ele%trome%hani%al3 semi%ondu%tor3 integrated %ir%uits and mi%ro'ro%essor te%hnologies. 4lthough de%ades o) resear%h ha/e been 'ut in to the %ontinued de/elo'ment and 'er)e%tion o) the relay te%hnology3 many o) the basi% relaying 'rin%i'les o) 'rote%tion ha/e not been %hanged and are still 'laying a dominant role today.

Dept. of EE

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7ig. , = Relay System

This is a ne1 te%hni(ue )or the 'rote%tion o) transmission systems by using the global 'ositioning system -*+S. and )ault generated transients. 0n this s%heme the relay %ontains a )ault transient dete%tion system together 1ith a %ommuni%ation unit3 1hi%h is %onne%ted to the 'o1er line through the high /oltage %ou'ling %a'a%itors o) the C5T. Relays are installed at ea%h busbar in a transmission net1ork. These dete%t the )ault generated high )re(uen%y /oltage transient signals and re%ord the time instant %orres'onding to 1hen the initial tra/eling 1a/e generated by the )ault arri/es at the busbar. The de%ision to tri' is based on the %om'onents as they 'ro'agate through the system. &Btensi/e simulation studies o) the te%hni(ue 1ere %arried out to eBamine the res'onse to di))erent 'o1er system and )ault %ondition. The %ommuni%ation unit is used to transmit and re%ei/e %oded digital signals o) the lo%al in)ormation to and )rom the asso%iated relays in the system. 4t ea%h substation 3 the relay determine the lo%ation o) the )ault by %om'aring the *+S time stay measured lo%ally 1ith those re%ei/ed )rom the adCa%ent substations3 eBtensi/e simulation studies 'resented here demonstrate )easibility o) the s%heme .

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(!

Automate* i n) or ma ti on ga t he re d ) ro m

+e,i#$es

T he

s ys te m

% o mb ine s

*o og le

St re e t

5 ie 1

1 it h

a rt i) i% ia l

intelligen%e so)t1are that %ombines in'ut )rom /ideo %ameras inside the %ar3 a 20D4R sensor on to' o) the /ehi%le3 radar sensors on the )ront o) the /ehi%le and a 'osition sensor atta%hed to one o) the rear 1heels that hel's lo%ate the %ar>s 'osition on the ma'.

7ig. 4 = Blo%k Diagram o) 4utomated 5ehi%le Control

Dept. of EE

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Seminar Report

-! TRANSMISSION LINE &ROTECTION

0n %on/entional 'rote%tion s%heme3 the high )re(uen%y signals are %onsidered to be noise and )iltered out and as a result3 %onsiderable resear%h has been s'ent on the designing o) the )ilters3 'rote%tion s%hemes based on dete%tion o) )ault generated transient3 su%h as the Dultra high s'eed 'rote%tionE s%hemes are generally limited by the band 1idth o) transdu%ers used.

7ig. 6 = Transient 7ault

Dept. of EE

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7ig. 6 = +rote%tion Te%hni(ues

0t is a%%e'ted ho1e/er that the )ault generated high )re(uen%y transient %om'onents %ontain a 1ealth o) in)ormation about the )ault ty'e3 lo%ation3 its dire%tions and duration. The use o) these high )re(uen%y transient signals enables the realiFation o) ne1 'rote%tion 'rin%i'les that %ould not be im'lemented using only 'o1er )re(uen%y signals. This has led to the de/elo'ment o) the 'ositional 'rote%tion.

The 'ositional 'rote%tion uses its asso%iated *+S s%heme to determine the instant 1hen it dete%ts the )ault generated high )re(uen%y transient signals and uses the 'o1er line %ommuni%ation system to %ommuni%ate this in)ormation to the relays at the other substations. By %om'aring the arri/al time o) the transient at di))erent 'oints in the

Dept. of EE

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net1ork3 relay is able to identi)y 1here the )ault is on the system and 'in

'oint its lo%ation. The system %an also res'ond to the high )re(uen%y transient generated by s1it%h gear o'eration3 1hi%h 'ro/ides an immediate o''ortunity )or %om'rehensi/e sel) testing and %alibration %he%king. &le%tromagneti% transient 'rogram -&@T+. so)t1are has been used to simulate a model &#5 transmission system in order to eBamine the res'onse o) the 'rote%tion s%heme to a /ariety o) di))erent system and )ault %ondition. Results demonstrate that the 'ro'osed te%hni(ue o))er a /ery )ast relay res'onse and high a%%ura%y in )ault lo%ation. 0t has also been sho1n that the s%heme is immune to 'o1er )re(uen%y 'henomena 1hi%h %an a))e%t established ty'es o) relaying.

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.! C)ARECTERSTICS OF )IG) FRE/"ENC0 C"RRENT SIGNALS

The theoreti%al as'e%ts o) the %hara%teristi%s o) the 'ro'agation o) high )re(uen%y signals on transmission lines ha/e been 1ell do%umented.

.!

Dete#tion of fau$t position an* fau$t generate* #urrent transients

Ahen a )ault o%%urs on a transmission line3 1ide band /oltages

and %urrent signals 'ro'agate a1ay )rom the )ault 'oint along the 'o1er %ondu%tors. 0n time3 these signals rea%h dis%ontinuities on the transmission line and some o) the signal is re)le%ted ba%k to1ards the )ault 'oint. The %hara%teristi%s o) these 1a/es are de'endent on se/eral )a%tors in%luding3 the )ault 'osition on the line3 )ault 'ath resistan%e and the %hara%teristi% im'edan%e o) the 'o1er %ondu%tors.

Dept. of EE

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Seminar Report
#ere relays are lo%ated at all o) the substations in the 'o1er system and inde'endently monitor the 'o1er system. The )re(uen%y range o) interest )or monitoring these )ault generated high )re(uen%y signals is bet1een 4"<;" G#F and the signal 'ro%essing is designed as to

determine the arri/al o) a high )re(uen%y transient %hara%teristi% o) those generated by a )ault. 4t these )re(uen%ies3 bus bars are dominated by their %a'a%iti/e elements3 and as a result3 the in%oming high )re(uen%y %urrent signal is both in/erted and re)le%ted. 4 resisti/e )ault in their )re(uen%y range 1ill also re)le%t a %urrent 1a/e o) the o''osite 'olarity.

.!(

Fau$t #urrent transient *ete#tor

The 'ro'osed s%heme uses a s'e%ially designed transient %urrent

dete%tor )ed )rom the 'rimary CTs. This eBtra%ts are high )re(uen%y signals asso%iated 1ith the )ault generated %urrent transients. 4 sim'li)ied blo%k diagram o) the dete%tor arrangement is sho1n in the )igure. The %ir%uit %om'rises o) an analogue in'ut %ir%uit )or signal %onditioning and a digital %ir%uit )or determining the transients. The dete%tor is designed to interrogate signals in the range o) )re(uen%ies )rom 4"<;"G#F. analog %ir%uit a%ts as a band 'ass )ilter

Dept. of EE

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Seminar Report
1hi%h eBtra%ts the band o) )ault generated transient %urrent signal )rom the line. 4s a result3 the res'onse o) the s%heme is not a))e%ted by the 'o1er )re(uen%y short %ir%uit band at the bus bar or the 're%ise %on)iguration o) the sour%e side net1orks.

.!- Signa$ &ro#essing "nit

@odel trans)ormation is em'loyed to de%ou'le the signal in to their res'e%ti/e aerial modes. The signal miBing %ir%uit re%ei/es the signal )rom the , 'hase CTs and %ontinues these to )orm mode! and mode, signals. There are )ilters to remo/e any s'urious noise. The out'uts o) the analog %ir%uit are then 'assed to the digital %ir%uit. The sam'ling )re(uen%y o) the analog to digital 4 D %on/erter is 1 @#F and the s'eed o) 'ro'agation o) the high )re(uen%y transient is similar to the s'eed o) light. The digital 'ro%essing in%ludes )ilters se(uen%e re%ording3 am'litude %om'arison3 %ounters and de%ision logi%.

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7ig. : = Blo%k diagram o) the high )re(uen%y )ault dete%tor unit.

Dept. of EE

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1! BASIC &RINCI&LES AND RELA0 DESIGN FOR TRANSMISSION LINE &ROTECTION

4 short %ir%uit )ault on a 'o1er transmission line generates /oltages and %urrent signals o/er a 1ide )re(uen%y range. These signals 'ro'agate a1ay )rom the )ault 'oint in both dire%tions along the transmission system 1ith /elo%ity %lose to the s'eed o) light. 0t has been long re%ogniFed that the a%tual )aulted 'osition %ould be determined on line i) the transient signals %ould time tagged at key 'oints on the 'o1er system net1ork. The *+S3 1ith its ability to 'ro/ide syn%hroniFation 1ith an a%%ura%y o) mi%rose%ond o/er the 1ide area3 'ro/ides an ideal tool )or 'er)orming this time tagging o) the re%ei't o) )ault generated transients.

1!

Basi# &rin#ip$e
The basi% 'rin%i'le o) the te%hni(ue %an be demonstrated by

re)erring to the 4""G/3 &#5 transmission net1ork3 sho1n in )igure. Relays are installed at the bus bars +3 H3 R and S and are res'onsible )or the 'rote%tion o) the net1ork. 7or this 'a'er3 the study has been %on%entrated on the 'rote%tion o) the net1ork +HR and tri''ing o) the

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breakers asso%iated 1ith that net1ork3 high )re(uen%y signals are generated at the )ault 'oint and tra/el out1ard )rom that 'oint along the

net1ork %ondu%tors. 0n time they 1ill rea%h the monitored bus bar and be dete%ted by the relays %onne%ted to them. &a%h relay re%ords the arri/al instant o) the signal generated by the )ault. The relays then %ode this time in)ormation 1ith details o) their identi)i%ation and transmit this to their neighboring relays. 4ll relays are %ontinuously ready to re%ei/e the %oded massages send by other de/i%es. Data 'roto%ols are used to a/oid %on)li%t bet1een in)ormation sent by di))erent de/i%es along the same line. 7ollo1ing an e/ent3 the relays %om'are the )ault transient arri/al time re%orded at its sight 1ith those send by other relays .)rom this they determine 1hether the )ault is 1ith in the 'rote%ted Fone. 4''ro'riate tri''ing instru%tions are then send to the rele/ant lo%al %ir%uit breakers. The a%tual lo%ation 1here the )ault o%%urs %an be %learly identi)ied at ea%h relay lo%ation by this method.

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7ig. ; = Simulated Transmission Net1ork

1!(

Re$a' Design
4 sim'li)ied blo%k diagram o) the relay unit is sho1n in )ig. 8.

The transient dete%tor uni6t is %onne%ted to the line using three 'hase C5Ts. These are able to dete%t the )ault generated high )re(uen%y /oltage signals. The %ommuni%ation unit3 %ontaining a transmitter and a re%ei/er %ir%uits3 also uses the C5Ts together 1ith a hybrid unit to se'arate the transmitted and re%ei/ed transmitted signal. The transient dete%tor is res'onsible )or dete%ting the )ault generated )ast transient signals and re%ording the time tag obtained )rom the *+S %lo%k. The transmitter %ir%uit sends this time tag %orres'onding to the instant 1hen the transient is %a'tured3 to the re%ei/ers o) the other relays installed in/ol/ed in the net1ork s%heme. +re/ious resear%h has in/estigated the use o) digital )ilters to dete%t the high )re(uen%y signals generated by the )ault and had sho1n that the a%%ura%y o) )ault lo%ation 1as a )un%tion o) the sam'ling rate used to digitaliFe the measured signal. the a%%ura%y 1as dire%tly related

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to the sam'ling rate and higher the sam'ling rate 3 the more a%%urate the measurement. in this system it 1as there)ore 'ro'osed to use %ontinuous sam'ling. 0e an analog system and a 'ass band )ilter tuned to o'erate

bet1een 4" and ;" G#F. The 'rote%tion te%hni(ue is there)ore di/or%ed )rom the 'o1er system )re(uen%y.

7ig. 8 = Blo%k Diagram o) Relay 9nit

The %ommuni%ation link used in the s%heme modeled and sho1n in )ig. used 'o1er line %arrier te%hni(ues. 4lthough this has se/eral ad/antages3 other %ommuni%ation system %ould be used3 su%h as 'ilot 1ire3 o'ti%al )iber or mi%ro1a/e.

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The de%ision to tri' the lo%al breaker de'ends on the %om'arison bet1een the times measured by the *+S system at that lo%ation and those measured by other relays. 9nlike the %on/e%tional 'rote%tion s%heme3 1here ea%h relay asso%iates 1ith one %ir%uit breaker on that line se%tion3 the 'ro'osed relaying s%heme 1ill be res'onsible )or 'rote%tion o) se/eral lines %onne%ted to the bus bar 1here it is installed. 7or eg as

sho1n in )ig. the relay at bus bar DRE res'onsible )or the 'rote%tion o) both line se%tion3 %onne%ted to the busbar3 by %ontrolling both %ir%uit breakers CB<R+ and CB<RH. There)ore the te%hni(ue o))ers a net1ork 'rote%tion s%heme rather than one 1hi%h %on%entrates on s'e%i)i% units o) 'lant. This 'ro/ides se/eral te%hni%al ad/antages o/er %on/entional relaying.

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2! A"TOMATED +E)ICLES

2! Intro*u#tion3 The term embedded system is (uite a %om'leB one. Sim'ly it is a %ombination o) hard1are and so)t1are that )orms the %om'onent o) a larger system3 this in turn is 'rogrammed to 'er)orm a range o) dedi%ated )un%tions usually 1ith a minimal o'erator inter/ention. 0n embedded systems the hard1are is normally uni(ue to a gi/en a''li%ation3 %om'uter %hi's are embedded into the %ontrol ele%troni%s to manage the 'rodu%ts )un%tionality. &mbedded systems are ra'idly be%oming a %atalyst )or %hange in %om'uting data %ommuni%ations3 tele%ommuni%ations3 industrial %ontrol and entertainment se%tors. Ne1 inno/ati/e a''li%ations in these as 1ell as other areas su%h as home net1orking and %ar in)otainment 1ill roll out in the near )eature.

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Ae load the %ode o) our destination in the dashboard %om'uter and turn the %ar on3 1hile 1e remain seated %are)ree on the rear seats. Then its all the Cob o) the Iunkno1nJ to dri/e it on the roads3 bridges3 thought the baFaars3 'ast the %rossings to the destination3 1ithout getting %hallenged e/en on%e )or tra))i% rule /iolations. 4 )ully %om'uteriFed %ar %a'able o) doing almost e/erything a %ar lo/er 1ould 1ant to. 4lmost all automobiles 1ill intera%t 1ith %om'uter on dashboards. 7rom ordering 'iFFa to booking ti%kets at the nearest theatre3 things 1ould be as easy as gi/ing orders to your ser/ant. 4s a matter o) )a%t3 /ehi%les all o/er the 1orld are no1 )itted 1ith intelligent de/i%es that make the /ehi%les to res'ond to /arious

)a%tors =be it %limate %ontrol3 sudden a%%elerations or braking or e/en sel)<re'air o) modules. The )inger 'rint te%hnologies ha/e been introdu%ed to enter and start your %ar 1ith the tou%h o) a )inger. The )inger'rint3 1hi%h is a%ting as a key3 1ould trigger a %he%k o) the mirrors3 steering 1heel3 radio and tem'erature to ensure that they>re the 1ay you like them. The %on/enien%e o) )inger'rint re%ognition te%hnology %omes 1ith heightened se%urity. 9nlike 'ersonal identi)i%ation numbers3 'ass1ords and keys3 ea%h 'erson>s uni(ue )inger'rints %an>t be du'li%ated3 lost or )orgotten.

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7ig. 1" = 4utomated Car on Road

2!( Des#ription3 4s stated abo/e that a /ehi%le %an run by itsel) 1ithout the inter/ention o) human beings by the embedded intelligen%e in it. 7or this 'ur'ose *lobal +ositioning System -*.+.S. using satellites %an 'ro/ide 'ositioning in)ormation and 'ro/es to be a /ersatile all<time. 7or still higher a%%ura%y 1ide area di))erential *+S is used3 1hi%h

o))ers a robust system that readily deals 1ith sele%ti/e a/ailability errors and satellite %lo%k errors. The models )or *+S also in%lude aiding sensors3 e.g. dead re%koning3 radar and %amera. 4 %om'uter is sim'ly re(uired to )eed destination into a dashboard %om'uter. #ighly sensiti/e a%tuators simulate a human dri/er %om'letely and dire%t the /ehi%le on the road. The /ehi%le transmitter broad%asts its 'osition and /elo%ity to other immediate 'arti%i'ants )or %ollision<a/oidan%e and lane %hanging maneu/ers. 7or1ard and re/erse motions and u<turns are 're%isely a%hie/ed as 'er route guidan%e re(uirements. 7urthermore3 an a%%urate steering %ontrol is obtained using +ulse Code @odulation te%hni(ue and a%%eleration braking %ontrol is su%%ess)ully im'lemented using learning ada'ti/e system.

Dept. of EE

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The reliability3 e))i%ien%y and %ost e))e%ti/eness o) an autonomous /ehi%le de'end mainly on ho1 Cudi%iously its na/igation sensors3 'er%e'tion unit and %om'uter %ontrol is in%or'orated. The dri/erJs a%ti/ity is in)luen%ed by se/eral )a%tors that de'end on dri/er itsel) and is en/ironment su%h as tra))i% density3 tra))i% status3 time o) tra/el and 1eather. Thus the dri/ing a%ti/ity deals 1ith a %ombined dri/er /ehi%le<en/ironment system sho1n in )igure The /ehi%le is re(uired to blend its en/ironmental 'er%e'tion %a'abilities 1ith its intelligent %ontrols in order to a))e%t o'timal 'ath<'lanning strategies that not only a/oid obsta%les but also minimiFe %riteria su%h as time o) tra/el3 )uel %onsum'tion3 eB'osure to 'ollution danger3 et%. ho1e/er basi% dri/ing )un%tions %onsists o) lane<kee'ing3 sa)e distan%e maintenan%e3 timely lane %hanging and o/ertaking. The key to all these dri/ing tasks is %ollision a/oidan%e.

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7ig. 11 = 2o%ating 5ehi%le using *+S

The @aster Control Station -@CS. re%ei/es the 'ositioning in)ormation )rom the satellite by em'loying A4D*+S %on%e't. The @CS is linked to *+S instrumented 'osition lo%ation systems -+2S. installed on the autonomous /ehi%les through a data link sub system -D2S.. The D2S %an either use 5#7 or 9#7 or 2<band3 in%or'orating time di/ision multi'le a%%ess 'roto%ol to handle on the roads. 4 blo%k )or1ard error %orre%tion %ode is em'loyed to 'rote%t and maintain the message integrity. The desired destination and starting 'osition o) the /ehi%le together 1ith the time o) tra/el3 mani)est an o'timal route on the road net1ork. $n%e the /ehi%le %ommen%es the Courney the sensors

%ontinuously kee' tra%k o) the dire%tion and dis'la%ement o) the /ehi%le initial %alibration is a little %ru%ial )or dead re%koning 'er)orman%e? ho1e/er a )eedba%k %alibration indi%ated in )ig suggested obtaining distan%e a%%ura%y better than 88.8 'er%ent. The ne1 generation mi%ro'ro%essors 'romises )urther in%rease in system %a'abilities 1hile simultaneously shrinking both /olume and 'o1er %onsum'tion o) the autonomous /ehi%le embedded system. The digital road ma's3 a/ailable on CD<R$@Js ha/e substantially in%reased sa)ety o) automobiles. These ma's along 1ith *+S na/igation 'ro/ide a )easible solution to autonomous /ehi%le system.

Dept. of EE

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GCET Jammu

Seminar Report
. The eB'ert system te%hnologies are integrated 1ith digital ma's along 1ith the CCD %amera images3 magneti% %om'ass3 and the *+S system3 )or obtaining a real time intelligent de%ision su''ort na/igation 'a%kage. The integration o) *+S and %ommuni%ation suggests an e))i%ient trans'ortation system )or in%reasing the road tra))i% sa)ety smooth dri/ing 1ithout tra))i% Cams and a %om)ortable dri/ing en/ironment. 7urthermore the autonomous /ehi%le relies on su%h intelligent system integration that leads to %om'lete %ollision )ree in time o) real time situation.

7ig. 1! = 5ehi%le 2o%ator System

The internal 'lat)orm and rate gyro and a%%elerometer 'a%kage kee's the /ehi%les %entral 'ro%essing unit -C+9. 1ell in)ormed about the in%remental %hanges in the /ehi%les 'arameters. The 1heel odometers 'ro/ide the /ehi%le tra/eling distan%es by multi'lying the number o) ele%troni%ally generated 'ulses by a %onstant3 de'ending u'on 1heel.

Dept. of EE

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GCET Jammu

Seminar Report

7ig. 1, = 4utomated 5ehi%le Sensors

The in)ormation %on%erning de/iation )rom the road %enter is obtained by magneti% as 1ell as o'ti%al sensors3 and )ed to the C+9. The *+S re%ei/er u'dates the /ehi%les 'osition and /elo%ity to %entimeter de%imeter le/els as re(uired )or the lateral or longitudinal %ontrol a%tions. The autonomous /ehi%le embedded so)t1are mission )inally yields the estimates )or throttle and heading angle in%rements )or a sa)e and a%%ident )ree @aneu/er. The )ollo1ing )igure gi/es an indi%ation o) all the te%hnologies used in a %ar.

Dept. of EE

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GCET Jammu

Seminar Report

4! CONCL"SION
Aith the ad/an%ement in the )ield o) &le%tri%al &ngineering3 ne1 methods are being in/ented so as to ease the 1ay o) li)e. The re%ent de/elo'ments in the )ield o) Remote Control and *+S Te%hni(ues ha/e 'a/ed a 1ay )or a better )uture li)estyle. The use o) this te%hni(ue in transmission line 'rote%tion has redu%ed a lot o) burden )rom the shoulders o) the &ngineers. @oreo/er3 the )ault dete%tion system has 'layed a maCor role in )inding the a%%urate lo%ation o) the )ault 1ith the hel' o) *+S syn%hroniFing te%hni(ue. Not only this3 *+S has also 'layed a maCor role in the automation o) /ehi%les. Aith the hel' o) this3 road sa)ety %an im'ro/e a lot and the loss o) li/es due to road a%%idents 1ill redu%e. This 1ill also hel' in regulating the tra))i% and 1ill redu%e the %han%es o) a

Dept. of EE

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GCET Jammu

Seminar Report
tra))i% Cam. *oogle has already a''lied this te%hnology in many %ars and those are running on the roads sa)ely. The only a%%ident o) su%h a %ar o%%urred 1hen it sto''ed at a red light and 1as hit at the ba%k by another %ar. Thus3 it %an be %on%luded that the Remote Control and *+S Te%hni(ues are the )uture o) the 1orld and 1ill de)initely hel' in im'ro/ing li)estyle and redu%ing the loss o) li/es due to road a%%idents.

4! REFERENCES
o K H Bo * Aeller 7.T Dai and @ 4 red)ern D+ositional te%hni(ue )or 'o1er transmission linesE in 0+&C 88 'ro%eedings o) the international 'o1er engg %on)eren%e o +rote%ti/e relays a''li%ation guide: 42ST$@ T L D 'rote%tion and %ontrol ltd o R$B$T0C C4R: T$@ T &204S

Dept. of EE

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GCET Jammu