Code Book Content Analysis - Print PDF

ISS REPORT NO.
75
ISBN 978-82-90217-48-3
MEDIA SYSTEMS AND THE CHARACTER OF NEWS A CROSS-NATIONAL CONTENT ANALYSIS

Project description, coding guide, code sheet and codebook
Tove Brekken & Toril Aalberg 2010
Department of Sociology and Political Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim, Norway
ISS REPORT NO. 75

ISBN 978-82-90217-48-3
MEDIA SYSTEMS AND THE CHARACTER OF NEWS A CROSS-NATIONAL CONTENT ANALYSIS

Project description, coding guide, code sheet and codebook
Tove Brekken & Toril Aalberg 2010
Department of Sociology and Political Science Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Trondheim, Norway
Contents:
Project description......2 Coding guide... 4 Code sheet.22 Reliability ..40 Frequency distributions...44
Project description
The content analysis presented here was initiated by the project Media Systems, news content and public perception of political reality directed by Toril Aalberg and funded by the Research Council of Norway. The aim of the overall project, in which this content analysis is an important part, is to study the information given by the news media to the public, and how this information influences publics knowledge and perception of political reality. The content analysis will let us study between and within country variations in news content, including important factors such as hard versus soft news, thematic versus episodic news frames, domestic versus international focus, use of actors and sources as well as main arguments presented on a few selected topics. The battery of variables included in the content analysis also refers to important background information including the news items size, placement etc. This content analysis was followed by an extensive survey of the public measuring among other things media use, public affairs knowledge, political interest and perceptions of political realities (see Strabac and Aalberg 2009 for details). 1 The content analysis include news media output from 3 non-consecutive weeks in the end of 2008 and early 2009.
Six countries are included in this study. These are the US, UK, Norway, Sweden, Belgium (Flandern) and The Netherlands. The country experts are represented by six research associates affiliated with the project. These include Shanto Iyengar (United States), James Curran (United Kingdom), Kees Aarts (the Netherlands), Peter van Aelst (Belgium/Flandern), Jesper Strmbck (Sweden) and Anders Todal Jenssen (Norway). Tove Brekken, Audun Fladmoe, Egbert Leppink and Toril Aalberg (all at NTNU, Trondheim) have been responsible for the coordination of the content analysis. We have also received valuable assistance from a numbers of other coders including Nils Erik Bjrge, Berit Kvaly and Ron van Blokland.
The news output in the six countries was collected by the country experts based on an agreed sample procedure. Information about the selection of news media is provided in the Coding guide. A team of coders with the required language skills, all located in Trondheim,
1
Zan Strabac and Toril Aalberg (2009) Media use, political knowledge and perception of reality. A Cross-National survey. Project description, questionnaires and codebook ISS Report no. 74 Trondheim: Department of Sociology and Political Science, NTNU.
analysed the news content manually and entered the data into SPSS. The final sample from the six countries equals a total of 44,921 units, where one unit is the individual news story. Each item is also linked to audience ratings and population figures, so that researchers more easily can create desired weights variables.
Trondheim February 26th 2010
Tove Brekken and Toril Aalberg
Coding Guide
Six-Nation Study on Media Systems, News Content and Perceptions of Reality
This Coding Guide is part of the comparative research project Media Systems, News Content and Public Perception of Political Reality directed by Toril Aalberg, NTNU. The purpose of the project is to investigate differences in news content within and across various media systems and how the news content can influence public knowledge and perceptions of reality. In addition to surveys of the public the project will include content analysis of main news sources in various countries. The content analysis will be quantitative, and the purpose of this Coding Guide is to provide the instructions for how to code the news stories in a way that makes direct comparisons possible and reliable. In order to do that, the same Coding Guide will be applied universally in studies of both different media (print versus broadcast) and different countries. The only exception applies to V48 V66: Issues related to education, which are only to be coded in Norway and Sweden (and Finland) News content are to be selected from major print and broadcast media in Belgium (Wallonia), The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. The sample should consist of the main (largest) elite/prestige newspaper, the main tabloid/popular newspaper as well as a selected regional newspaper. Also included are the main daily news programme on the two biggest television channels (based on audience rating and preferably 1 PBS and 1 commercial channel if possible). See table 1 for details on which news media are to be included in the various countries. Print and Broadcast media to be included in content analysis
Print Elite Print Tabloid Print Regional Broadcast Public (Except NBC in USA) Broadcast Commercial Belgium De Standard Het Laatste Nieuws Gazet van Antwerpen VRT: Het Journaal (1900) VTM: Het Nieuws (1900) Netherlands Volkskrant Telegraaf De Twente Courant Tubantia Ned1: NOS 8 uur journaal (2000) RTL4: RTL4 Journaal (1930) Norway Aftenposten VG Adresseavisen Sweden Dagens Nyheter Aftonbladet Gteborgs Posten SVT1: Rapport (1930) TV4: Nyheterna (1900) UK The Telegraph The Sun Glasgow Herald BBC1: BBC News (2200) ITV: News at ten (2200) US New York Times USA Today Acron Beakon Journal NBC Nightly news (1830) ABC World News (1830)
NRK1: Dagsrevyen (1900) TV2: Nyhetene (2100)
The unit of analysis are individual news stories (also including very short news articles/items). All the news contained in the main sections of the newspaper (including all regular units) should be coded. Special magazines and supplements that are attached on a non daily basis should not be included). Service features with real news in them is to be coded e.g. a review with an interview with the author, actor etc. which goes beyond just reviewing the play, book, music etc. Editorials, opinion pieces, or other articles that does not constitute news journalism, should be excluded. Service features like horoscopes, games, tv listings, weather forecast and other supplements (not news journalism) should also be excluded. The time frame for the content analysis will be three nonconsecutive weeks in the end of 2008 and early 2009. Within this period a total number of 21 days are to be sampled, including week 47, week 2 and week 4. One week runs from Monday trough Sunday, but Newspapers should not be sampled on Sundays).
V1 News item identification number Each news item is to be uniquely identified. Belgian news items should start with 1xxxxxx, Dutch news items with 2xxxxxxx, Norwegian news items with 3xxxxxxx, Swedish news items with 4xxxxxxx, UK news items with 5xxxxxxx and finally US news items with 6xxxxxxx. The second digit should refer to the news medium (se values 1 to 5 in V4). Hence, a news item from Norwegian PBS should have an id number that starts with 41xxxxx, a news item from the Norwegian tabloid should start with 44xxxxx. The next digit should refer to the coder id number. V2A Country Countries included in the study. V2B Population Population of each country is reported in absolute numbers. V2C Coder identification number Each coder are given a coder id number. This is specified in the code sheet. V3 Date Four numbers - the first two marks the month and the second two the day. November the seventeenth is written 1117. V4A Medium Coders should identify which media category the news item originates from. Public TV or the TV that has the highest ranking should be given value 1, commercial TV or the channel with the second highest ranking should be given value 2. Elite news papers should be given value 3 and tabloid newspapers should be given value 4. Regional newspapers are coded as 5. V4B Circulation, Newspapers Circulation figures from 2008 included in content analysis:
Print Elite Print Tabloid Print Regional Belgium 102 280 340 899 127 960 Netherlands 263204 695635 116513 Norway 247 556 284 414 77 044 Sweden 335 600 368 200 242 400 UK 845,167 * 3,073,106 * 62290** US 1,000,665 2,293,310 110,999
Circulation refers to the number of sold, reduced price and free copies of a title distributed on an average day over the stated period of time. Figures include weekdays only (not Sunday editions). Sources for daily newspaper circulations Belgium http://www.cim.be/auth/nl/d/dp.html Average circulation for 2007. Netherlands https://www.hoi-online.nl/en Average circulation for 2008. Norway Medienorge / Avisret (rlig rapport) /Landslaget for Lokalaviser (LLA) /Mediebedriftenes Landsforening (MBL) http://www.medienorge.uib.no/ Average circulation for 2008.
Sweden Swedish Newspapers' Publishers' Association / dagspress.se (http://www.dagspress.se/index.jsp) Average circulation for 2008. UK * Source: ABC (Audit Bureau of Circulations) Average July December 2008) (http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/table/2009/jan/09/abc-december-national-newspapers) ** Newspaper Society database average july december 2008 (http://www.nsdatabase.co.uk/) USA ABC (Audit Bureau of Circulations) Average circulation March trough september 2008 http://www.burrellesluce.com/top100/2009_Top_100List.pdf V4C Viewer ratings, Television Average viewer statistic from 2007
Belgium Broadcast 756000 Public Broadcast 630000 Commercial *Except NBC in USA. Netherlands 1630000 101000 Norway 706000 494000 Sweden 1023000 491000 UK 4850000 3750000 US* 8400000 8300000
V5 Placement of news item Coders should identify where the news item is placed in the programme or in the newspaper. Numeric codes should be used that indicate page number or entry number for broadcast news. A news story on page 10 are to be coded as 10 while a news item that is broadcasted as the third news story should be coded as 3.
V5A Newspaper unit This extra variable is to be coded for newspapers only. And should indicate in which newspaper unit the article is printed. Only units that are a regular part of the newspaper should be included in the analysis. Special magazines and supplements that are attached on a non daily basis should not be included. Supplements included in the study:
3. Print Elite Belgium De Standard 1. Main 2. Economy, Sports Netherlands Volkskrant 1: Main 2: Culture, sports Norway Aftenposten 1.Main 1. Main 2. Culture 2. Culture 3. Economy 3.Economy / Sports 3. Sports 3. Arts (C) 4. Various(D) USAToday 1. Main(A) 2. Money(B) 3. Sports(C) 4. Life(D) Acron Beakon Journal 1. Main 2. Culture 2: Region 3. Economy 3: Region 3: Sports 2. Sports 2. Community News(B) 3. Sports (C) * Only Fridays and Saturdays other days included in the main section. 2. Business 2. Business(B) 1. Main 1. Main(A) Sweden Dagens Nyheter UK The Telegraph US New York Times
4. Print Tabloid
Het Laatste Nieuws 1. Main 2. Economy, Sports, Culture
De Telegraaf 1: Main 2: Culture, Sports, Economy
VG 1. Main 2. Sports
Aftonbladet 1. Main 2. Sports 3. Entertainm. / Lifestyle* Gteborgs Posten 1. Main
The Sun 1. Main 2. TVBiz
5. Print Regional
Gazet van Antwerpen 1: Main
De Twente Courant Tubantia 1: Main
Adresseavise n 1. Main
Glasgow Herald 1. Main
2: Sports, culture
V6 Status of News item Coders should identify if news items are to be considered as headline/frontpage news. When it comes to TV the top-3 TV news are to be considered Headline and the rest are to be coded does not apply. HOWEVER if a story has been mentioned in the teasers or one of the top-3 stories is mentioned later in the program it is still to be coded as Headline. E.g. the teaser introduces Iraq, global warming and the US election. And then starts with a couple of stories on Iraq. When the global warming story comes up it is still a headline story. And the same goes for the US election when it comes up after the two other themes it is still a headline code. On the other hand any other story is a does not apply. For newspaper coding the Headline/front page item and Other item on front page system is similar to the broadcast coding. Headline/front page item are to be coded for the large and medium headlines on the front page. And again when those stories appear in the paper they are to be coded as headline/front page item. Other item on front page is for the small news
on the front page e.g. sports results, mentioning of special sections/features in the paper or just odd little stories on the front page. And again when those stories reappear in the paper they are to be coded other item on front page. Does not apply goes for every other story in the paper V7A Size of news item TV TV news items are to be coded in seconds, so that a one and a half minute news item is given the value of 90 seconds. V7B Size of news item TV, recoded TV news items length should be recoded into categories. The categories range from extra small to extra large. News items up to ten seconds are given the value 1, news items with a duration from 11 to 30 seconds are given the value 2, news items with a duration from 31 to 90 seconds are given the value 3, news items with a duration from 91 to 150 seconds are given the value 4 and finally news items with a duration longer than 150 seconds are given the value 5. V7C Size of news item Newspapers For newspapers the size should be established with respect to the newspaper size, and indicated the percentage of a newspaper page (including pictures, charts and boxes with facts). If the pictures etc. serves as an illustration of several related articles, the picture should be linked to whatever is considered the main article. The sizes range from extra small to extra large based on a logarithmic principle. Small notes under 10 % of a page is give value 1, small articles between 10-30 % of a page is given code 2, medium sized articles that covers 30-70 percent of a newspage is given code 3, and large articles that covers 70 -150 percent of a page should be given a value 4. Extra large articles that is larger then one and a half page (or 150%) is given the value 5. V8 News section Coders should identify what type of news section that best describes where the news item is placed. Coders should separate between 1) General news (incl. frontpage or sections with no specific heading). Most TV news would also be placed under general news. 2) Domestic news, 3) Economy and trade, 4) Foreign news, 5) Regional/local news, 6) Culture, 7) Sport, 8) Entertainment, 9) Lifestyle, 10) Traffic and transportation, 11) Crime, 12) Consumer news, 13) IT and computers, 14) Weather, 15) Children, 16) Other V9 Contextualised or decontextualised news (Thematic vs Episodic frame) Coders should identify if the news item is contextualised and thematic or if it is decontextualised and episodic. The contextualised and thematic code 1 should be used if the news item highlights causes or consequences that may be related to the public good (concerning public issues in general). This thematic framing position the news story in a broader context that deals with its meaning or implications for society, a trend that goes beyond a single event/incident. The story places public issues in a broad or abstract context. Alternatively the news item may be decontextualised and episodic with a narrow framing in terms of topic or individual reference, not related to the public good/issues. Episodic framing refers to a particular event or incident. Typical examples are personified and/or single out stories, or stories that does not go much beyond that specific event (rather it takes the form of a case-study). V10, V11 & V12 Countries mentioned (only if V8 is given code 1 through 5) If the news refers to a country or several countries, coders should identify which are mentioned in the news story. Name first, second and third country mentioned including ones own county. These variables are only to be coded if the news item is placed in sections including general news, domestic news, economy and trade, foreign news or regional/local news.
V13 & V14 Issue of news item (Primary and secondary) Coders should identify the primary (and secondary) issue of the news item. The categories are meant to be mutually exclusive, which means that, for example, whatever concerns electoral campaigns goes under political campaign and election and NOT under party politics. Likewise, a love story between celebrities goes under sex/love/romance and NOT under other human interest/celebrities The headline and lead should be given extra weight in the judgment of what category that applies for news story. 99 other/non of the above category has been added but is only to be used, in the unlikely case that the article cannot fit in any of the other categories. Do not code more then one item per theme in V13+V14 in sum. This indicates that if the primarily issue in V13 is poverty, social and welfare issues and housing urban affairs seem to be a second issue in the news item, this is not to be coded in V14. However, if the primary issue in V13 is poverty, social and welfare issues and immigration, regugees and border issues seem to be a second issue, this is to be coded 03 in V14.
NEXT SECTIONS TO BE CODED ONLY IF ISSUE OF NEWS ITEM IS 1) IMMIGRATION OR INTEGRATION, 2) GOVERNMENT REGULATION 3) EDUCATION. V15A-V18A Story actor Who is the story about? The idea is to register whom the news story is about. This variable assesses the actors in the story, and importance is indicated by a combination of the amount of time, or frequency, or order in which they appear. If it is possible to single out the most important story actor, that actor should be coded first. If it is hard to differentiate between the importance of different story actors, just code story actors in order of appearance. Story actors number 2, 3 and 4 should be coded in order of appearance for all cases. If the news story consists of fewer than four story actors, just code the actors present in the story and assign value 99 to the other variables concerning story actors. If the news story consists of more than four story actors, code the most important story actor and three others in order of appearance or code all four story actors in order of appearance. Story actors appearing after these four, shall not be coded. If an actor has different official roles (for instance being both a cabinet minister and a deputy leader of a specific Party coders should pay attention to the main role the actor is taking/being presented as in the news item. If he/she appears as a representative for the government code 1 should be used. If the main focus is on his/her role in the party rather than in cabinet, coders should assign code 2-7. If the news story uses just one of the persons titles or refers to only one role that indicates what code to assign. If the news story is not clear or both roles are referred to, coders should use their best judgement to try to decide which role is the most dominant or important. Journalists are only to be coded as actors if the story is about their role as journalists. If the news story is about journalists in general, the role of the media or about cutting jobs in newspapers, then a journalist being interviewed about that subject, could also be considered an actor. Example of coding from the tv-clip viewed during meeting on November 26th. Who is the story about? The story is about the consequences of the financial crisis for the car industry. The main actor is the car companies. Clues are that they are mentioned first (both visually with their logos displayed and by the news anchor talking about them in the intro and at the beginning of the actual news story) and the car companies are followed through out the news story. So main actor will be coded 12 business leader or private companies. The other actors in this story are the different congress/senate members being shown in the news story. The story is about their views on the bailout plan for the car industry. The congress/senate members will be coded in order of appearance and should be coded with values depending on their party affiliation (value 2-6). If party affiliation is not possible to determine, assign code 7 Other party or representatives.
V15B-V18B Gender of story actor Coders should identify gender of the story actor if possible. 1 indicate that the story actor is female, 2 indicates that the story actor is male. Code 3 if this does not apply (for instance if the story actor is an organization or a company) or if it is impossible to tell.
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V19A-V22A Sources for quotes There is often considerable overlap between the main actors in the story, and those who are quoted or who are seen speaking (soundbites on TV) in the story. But there is not necessarily a direct correspondence. Who is quoted or speaking as a source in the story? If the news story consists of fewer than four sources for quotes, just code the sources present in the story and assign value 99 to the other variables concerning sources for quotes. If the news story consists of more than four sources for quotes, code all four sources in order of appearance. Sources for quotes appearing after these four, will not be coded. If a source has different official roles (for instance being both a cabinet minister and a deputy leader of a specific Party, coders should pay attention to the main role the actor is taking/being presented as in the news item. If he/she appears as a representative for the government code 1 should be used. If the main focus is on his/her role in the party rather than in cabinet, coders should assign code 2-7. If the news story uses just one of the persons titles or refers to only one role that indicates what code to assign. If the news story is not clear or both roles are referred to, coders should use their best judgement to try to decide which role is the most dominant or important. Journalists are only to be coded as sources if they are being interviewed or quoted in the news item. For a journalist to be considered a source, the journalist must go beyond his or her role as a conveyor. If the journalist interviews someone, speaks to make transitions from one segment of the news story to another or otherwise acts as someone who lets others pass on their knowledge, the journalist should not be considered a source. If the journalist disseminates knowledge about the issue, the journalist should be coded as a source. If a journalist is a foreign correspondent and makes a comment of some length or if a journalist talks about an issue as an expert or is portrayed as knowledgeable about the issue (must also be of some length), the journalist should be considered a source. In newspapers a quote is sufficient for the person or organization to be considered a source. Anchors should never be coded as sources in any cases. The same goes for the journalist(s) writing the article in newspapers. Example of coding from the tv-clip viewed during meeting on November 26th. Who gets to speak and to be quoted? In this news story the first source would be the journalist interviewed/talking to/making a comment to the anchor. (The journalist would not be an actor because the story is not about him). So, the first source in the news clip would be the journalist, assigned code 14 journalist/media representative/media. The next sources would be the first three congress/senate members because they get to speak/be quoted in the news story. Coders should assign code 2-7 (depending on party affiliation) to the next three sources.
V19B-V22B Gender of source Coders should identify gender of the source if possible. 1 indicates that the source is female, 2 indicates that the source is male. Code 3 if this does not apply (for instance if the source is referred to as an organization or a company or if it is an anonymous source) or if it is impossible to tell.
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Immigration (If V13/V14 = code 03 or 12)

The next section is only to be coded for news items about immigration or integration V23 Main argument towards immigration Coders should type 1 if the news story contains considerable negative evaluations or criticism towards immigration or immigrants, and 2 if the main argument in the news story seem favorable towards immigration/immigrants. If the news story seems neutral and just presents facts with no arguments or evaluation attached to these facts it should also be coded as 1 (neutral). If the news story includes both positive and negative statements about immigration/immigrants the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. V24 Is there a reference to economic arguments? Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements that indicate that immigrants exploit economic system or benefits and, and 2 if the story includes statements that point to the economic benefits related to immigrants/immigration. If the news story seems neutral and just presents facts with no arguments or evaluation attached to these facts it should be coded as 2. If the news story includes both negative and positive statements about immigration and the economy the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If there is no reference to economic arguments the article should be coded as 0. V25 Is there a reference to cultural arguments? Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements that indicate that immigrants represent a threat to national/local culture, and 2 if the story includes statements that point to the cultural benefits related to immigrants/immigration. If the news story seems neutral and just presents facts with no arguments or evaluation attached to these facts it should be coded as 2. If the news story includes both negative and positive statements about immigration and culture the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If there is no reference to cultural arguments the article should be coded as 0. V26 Is there a reference to crime? Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements that indicate that immigrants perform crime/increase crime and 2 if the story includes statements that indicate that immigrants are victims of crime. If the news story seems neutral and just presents facts with no arguments or evaluation attached to these facts it should be coded as 2. If the news story includes both types of statements the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If there is no reference to crime related arguments the article should be coded as 0. V27 Is there a reference to laws that regulate immigration? Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements related to laws to reduce immigration or limit immigrant rights and 2 if the story includes statements that point to the need to prevent immigrant discrimination. If the news story seems neutral and just presents facts with no arguments or evaluation attached to these facts it should be coded as 2. If the news story includes both types of statements the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If there is no reference to laws that regulate immigration the article should be coded as 0.
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V28 Are immigrants mainly framed as a problem or a resource in the news story? Coders should type 1 if the news story generally frames immigrants/immigration/integration as a problem and 2 if the story generally frames immigrants as a resource/deserved group. If the news story includes both types of statements equally the news item should be given the code 3. If it is impossible to say how immigrants are framed the news item should be coded as 0 (cannot say). V29 Is there a geographical reference to where immigrants originate from? Coders should type 0 if no geographical reference is made as to where immigrants originate from. Code 1 for reference to Western immigrants, 2 for reference to East European immigrants and 3 for immigrants from South America, Africa and Asia. If the news story includes references to different geographical locations the main reference should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various references (including pictures). V30 Is there an explicit reference to main religious background of immigrants? By explicit reference we mean direct mentioning of immigrants as being Muslims, Christians, etc., or mentioning that they are of Islamic, Muslim, etc. background. Typically, a word or words identifying religion would be in the article / newscast. Coders should type 0 if no reference to religious background of immigrants. Code 1 for reference to Christian immigrants, 2 for reference to Muslim immigrants and 3 for reference to any other religion. If the news story includes references to different religious backgrounds the main reference should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various references (including pictures). V30 Is there an implicit reference to main religious background of immigrants? By implicit reference we means other clues that might lead a reader/viewer to identify the religion of immigrants with a reasonable degree of certainty. Clues may be applied to mentioning nationality/country of origin that clearly has one dominant religion. These countries are generally considered muslim: Afghanistan, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Djibouti, Egypt, Gaza strip (Palestine), Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Pakistan, Quatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Most European and American countries are considered Christian. One should not use skin complexity to determine religion if no other clue is provided. Coders should type 0 if no reference to religious background of immigrants. Code 1 for reference to Christian immigrants, 2 for reference to Muslim immigrants and 3 for reference to any other religion. If the news story includes references to different religious backgrounds the main reference should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various references (including pictures). V31 Does the news story present picture(s) of immigrants that reflect skin complexion? Coders should type 0 if no picture of immigrants. Code 1 if picture reflects immigrants with (mainly) dark skin complexion (non-white), 2 if equal reference to immigrants with dark and white skin complexion and 3 for reference to immigrants with white skin complexion only. V32 Immigrant sources (text) Coders should identify if any immigrant sources are quoted or cited in the story. 0 indicate that no immigrant sources is quoted, 1 indicate that an immigrant sources is represented in the news item. V33 Is any party/candidate position described as extreme? Coders should identify if a party or a political candidate is described in the news story as having extreme opinions towards the issue of immigrant. 0 indicate that there is no such reference, 1 indicate that a party or candidate is characterised as extreme.
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V33A Which party? Coders should identify the name of the party if V33 is given code 1. Parties to be coded are:
Code 1 2 3 4 5 Type Left wing Center left Center Center right Right Belgium Groen Sp.a CD&V VLD Netherlands SP PvdA CDA VVD Norway SV AP KrF H FrP Sweden Vnsterp. Socialdemokratarna. Folkpartiet. Kristdemokraterna. Moderaterna UK US
Labour Lib.Dem Conservatives
Democrats
Republicans
Vlaams LPF Belang All other parties are coded as 6.
V34 Is there description of disagreement within a party over the issue of immigration? Coders should identify the news item refer to a party disagreement over the issue of immigration. 0 indicate that there is no such reference, 1 indicate that such a party disagreement exist. V34A Which party? Coders should identify the name of the party if V34 is given code 1. Parties to be coded are:
Democrats
Republicans
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Government regulation (If V13/V14 = code 14-16 and 31-40)

The next section is only to be coded for news items about immigration or integration V35 Main argument towards government regulation /free marked Coders should type 1 if the news story contains considerable negative evaluations or criticism towards government regulation or positive statements towards the free market. Code 2 should be assigned if the main argument in the news story seems favorable towards government regulation or is negative/critical towards free markets. If the news story includes both positive and negative statements towards government regulation/free marked the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If the news story seems neutral and just presents facts with no arguments or evaluation attached to these facts it should be coded as 3 (neutral). V36 Is there a reference to economic growth? If there is no reference to economic growth the article should be coded as 0.Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements that government regulation will reduce growth or that the free market will increase economic growth. Code 2 should be assigned if the story includes statements that point a positive effect of government regulation on growth or a negative effect of free market on economic growth. If the news story includes both negative and positive statements about government regulation/ free market and economic growth the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If the news story seems neutral and just presents facts with no arguments or evaluation attached to these facts it should be coded as 3 (neutral). V37 Is there a reference to economic stability? If there is no reference to economic stability the article should be coded as 0. Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements that government regulation will reduce stability or that the free market will increase stability. Code 2 should be assigned if the story includes statements that point a positive effect of government regulation on economic stability or a negative effect of free market on economic stability. If the news story includes both negative and positive statements about government regulation/ free market and economic stability the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If the news story seems neutral or stability are not really related to government regulation/ free market arguments it should be coded as 3. V38 Is there a reference to individual freedom? If there is no reference to individual freedom the article should be coded as 0. Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements that government regulation will reduce individual freedom or that the free market will increase individual freedom. Code 2 should be assigned if the story includes statements that point a positive effect of government regulation on individual freedom or a negative effect of free market on individual freedom. If the news story includes both negative and positive statements about government regulation/ free market and individual freedom the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If the news story seems neutral or individual freedom is not really related to government regulation/ free market arguments it should be coded as 3. V39 Is there a reference to individual rights/opportunities? If there is no reference to individual rights/opportunities the article should be coded as 0. Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements that government regulation will reduce individual rights or that the free market will increase individual rights. Code 2 should be assigned if the story includes statements that point a positive effect of government regulation on individual
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rights or a negative effect of free market on individual rights. If the news story includes both negative and positive statements about government regulation/ free market and individual rights the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If the news story seems neutral or individual rights are not really related to government regulation/ free market arguments it should be coded as 3. V40 Is there a reference to inequality? If there is no reference to inequality the article should be coded as 0. Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements that government regulation will increase inequality or that the free market will have an opposite effect. Code 2 should be assigned if the story includes statements that point to a positive effect of government regulation on inequality or a negative effect of free market on inequality. If the news story includes both negative and positive statements about government regulation/ free market and inequality the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If the news story seems neutral or inequality are not really related to government regulation/ free market arguments it should be coded as 3. V41 Is there a reference to unemployment? If there is no reference to unemployment the article should be coded as 0. Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements that government regulation will reduce unemployment or that the free market will increase unemployment. Code 2 should be assigned if the story includes statements that point to a negative effect of government regulation on unemployment or a positive effect of free market on unemployment. If the news story includes both negative and positive statements about government regulation/ free market and unemployment the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If the news story seems neutral or unemployment are not really related to government regulation/ free market arguments it should be coded as 3. V42 Is there a reference to taxes? If there is no reference to taxes the article should be coded as 0. Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements that government regulation will not increase taxes or that the free market will increase taxes. Code 2 should be assigned if the story includes statements that indicate that government regulation will increase taxes or that free marked will reduce taxes. If the news story includes both negative and positive statements about government regulation/ free market and taxes the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If the news story seems neutral or taxes are not really related to government regulation/ free market arguments it should be coded as 3. V43 Clearness of party/candidate positions. Coders should identify if the news story make a reference to whether position taken by a particular party or candidate is clear or unclear. Coders should type 0 if such reference is made. Code 1 if reference is made to a very clear party position and 2 if reference is made to a a unclear party position.
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V43A To which political party is this comment directed? Coders should identify the name of the party if V43 is given code 1 or 2. Parties to be coded are:
Code 1 2 3 4 5 Type Left wing Center left Center Center right Right Belgium Groen Sp.a CD&V VLD Netherlands SP PvdA CDA VVD Norway SV AP KrF H Sweden Vnsterp. Socialdemokratarna. Folkpartiet. Kristdemokraterna. UK US
Democrats
Republicans
Vlaams LPF FrP Moderaterna Belang All other parties are coded as 6. If V43 applies to several parties choose only party listed as main actor or main source.
V44 Changing of party/ candidate positions. Coders should identify if the news story make a reference to whether or not a party/candidate position has been changed. Coders should type 0 if such reference is made. Apply code 1 if reference is made to a stable party position and 2 if reference is made to a changing or unstable party position. V44A To which political party is this comment directed? Coders should identify the name of the party if V44 is given code 1 or 2. Parties to be coded are:
Code 1 2 3 4 5 Type Left wing Center left Center Center right Right Belgium Groen Sp.a CD&V VLD Netherlands SP PvdA CDA VVD Norway SV AP KrF H Sweden Vnsterp. Socialdemokratarna. Folkpartiet. Kristdemokraterna. UK US
Democrats
Republicans
Vlaams LPF FrP Moderaterna Belang All other parties are coded as 6. If V44 applies to several parties choose only party listed as main actor or main source.
V45 In what direction is it said that a party\actor has changed its position: Coders should identify the direction of change if V45 is given code 2. Code 1 if Party/candidate now is described as more opposed to government regulation and code 2 if party/candidate now is described as more supportive of government regulation V46 Is any party/candidate position described as extreme? Coders should identify if a party or a political candidate is described in the news story as having extreme opinions towards the issue of government regulation/free marked. 0 indicate that there is no such reference, 1 indicate that a party or candidate is characterised as extreme.
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V46A Which party? Coders should identify the name of the party if V46 is given code 1. Parties to be coded are:
Democrats
Republicans
V47 Is there description of disagreement within a party over the issue of government regulation? Coders should identify the news item refer to a party disagreement over the issue of government regulation. 0 indicate that there is no such reference, 1 indicate that such a party disagreement exist. V47A Which party? Coders should identify the name of the party if V47 is given code 1. Parties to be coded are:
Democrats
Republicans
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Education (Norway and Sweden only) (If V13/V14 = code 17)

V48. Is the main focus of the content generally negative towards some aspect of the education system? 0: No 1: Yes 2: Does not apply V49. Is there a discussion about foundational skills (reading/writing, mathematics, and natural science)? 0: No 1: Yes, should be more focus on foundational skills 2: Yes, should be less focus on foundational skills V50. Is there a discussion about academic differences between pupils in schools? 0: No 1: Yes, there are too large differences between pupils 2: Yes, there are no large differences between pupils V51. Is there a discussion about the teaching of social skills in the education system? 0: No 1: Yes, there should be more focus on social skills 2: Yes, there should be less focus on social skills V52. Is there a debate about education in relation to the national welfare system? 0: No 1: Yes, the current education system illustrates a great welfare system 2: Yes, the current education system illustrates problems with the welfare system V53. Is there a debate about gender differences in the education system? 0: No 1: Yes, the education system favours girls 2: Yes, the education system favour boys 3: Yes, the education system does not create gender differences V54. Is there a debate about differences between social classes in schools? 0: No. 1: Yes, the education system favours middle- or upper class 2: Yes, the education system favours the lower class 3: Yes, social classes are irrelevant for success in the education system V55. Is there a debate about education and ethnicity? 0: No 1: Yes, the education system favours ethnic citizens 2: Yes, the education system favours immigrants 3: Yes, ethnic background is irrelevant for success in the education system
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V56: Is there a debate related to education infrastructure (buildings, ict, restructuring, etc)? 0: No 1: Yes, there are problems or a conflict related to infrastructure 2: Yes, positive aspects related to infrastructure are debated 3: Yes, infrastructure is debated in a balanced or a neutral way V57: Actor/source criticising current education policy/system: Is there a source or an actor in the news story that criticize current educational policies? (If more than one, pick the most important by a combination of amount of time, frequency and order of appearance). - No criticism go to V60 - Yes, politician from a party in government - Yes, politician from a party in opposition - Yes, academics, other experts - Yes, from organization (e.g. teacher unions) - Yes, public official - Yes, other actors V58: Who does main criticiser blame? Who does main criticiser blame for current problems? 1. Current government 2. Former government 3. The profession (teachers, incl the teachers education) 4. Academics (e.g. bad pedagogic theories) 5. Public official 6. Other 7. None V59: Reference to national measurement: Do the main criticiser use results on national measurements as an argument for his/her view? 0. No 1. Yes 2. Cant tell V60: Reference to international measurement: Do the main criticiser use results on international measurement (e.g. PISA & TIMMS) as an argument for his/her view? 3. No 4. Yes 5. Cant tell V61: Reference to other countries Does the main criticiser refer to other countries in arguing the way he/she does? 0. No 1 99. List of countries (see appendix for country codes)
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V62: Actor/source defending current educational policy/system: Is there a source or an actor in the news story that defend current educational policies? (If more than one, pick the most important by a combination of amount of time, frequency and order of appearance). 0. No actor defending policy/system this is last variable to be coded 1. Yes, politician from a party in government 2. Yes, politician from a party in opposition 3. Yes, academics, other experts 4. Yes, from organization (e.g. teacher unions) 5. Yes, public official 6. Yes, other actors V63: Who gets the credit? If there are identified actors that defend the education system/policies, who do they give credit to? 1. Current government 2. Former government 3. The profession (teachers, incl the teachers education) 4. Academics 5. Public official 6. Other 7. None V64: Reference to national measurement: Do the main defender use results on national measurement as an argument for his/her view? 0. No 1. Yes 2. Cant tell V65: Reference to international measurement: Do the main defender use results on international measurement (e.g. PISA and TIMMS) as an argument for his/her view? 0. No 1. Yes 2. Cant tell V66: Reference to other countries Does the main criticiser refer to other countries in arguing the way he/she does? 0. No 1. 99. List of countries (see appendix for country codes)
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Code Sheet
Six-Nation Study on Media Systems, News Content and Perceptions of Reality
V1 Identification number Belgian news items should start with 1xxxxxx, Dutch news items with 2xxxxxx, Norwegian news items with 3xxxxxx, Swedish news items with 4xxxxxx, UK news items with 5xxxxxx and finally US news items with 6xxxxxx. The second digit should refer to the news medium (se values 1 to 5 in V4). The third digit should refer to the coder id number. V2A Country Country 1: Belgium 2: Netherlands 3: Norway 4: Sweden 5: UK 6: US V2B Population Population of each country is reported in absolute numbers. 4 600 000: Norway 6 300 000: Belgium 9 100 000: Sweden 16 600 000: Netherlands 61 100 000: UK 307 200 000: US V2C Coder identification number 1: Toril Aalberg 2: Tove Brekken (Coordinator of US & UK news content) 3: Egbert Leppink (Coordinator of Belgian and Dutch news content) 4: Audun Fladmoe (Coordinator of Norwegian and Swedish news content) 5: Berit Kvaly 6: Nils Erik Bjrge 7: Ron van Blokland V3 Date (four numbers where the first two marks the month and the second two the day) V4A Medium 1: TV1 (PBS or main broadcaster) 2: TV2 (Commercial or second largest broadcaster) 3: Newspaper 1 (Elite/quality newspaper) 4: Newspaper 2 (Tabloid/popular newspaper) 5: Newspaper 3 (Regional newspaper)
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V4B Circulation, Newspapers Circulation figures from 2008 included in content analysis Belgium Netherlands Norway Print 102 280 263204 247 556 Elite Print 340 899 695635 284 414 Tabloid Print 127 960 116513 77 044 Regional V4C Viewer ratings, Television Average viewer statistic from 2007 Belgium Netherlands 756000 1630000 Broadcast Public (Except NBC in USA) Broadcast 630000 101000 Commercial
Sweden 335 600 368 200 242 400
UK 845,167 3,073,106 62290
US 1,000,665 2,293,310 110,999
Norway 706000
Sweden 1023000
UK 4850000
US 8400000
494000
491000
3750000
8300000
V5 Placement of news item (Numeric indicating page or news item number. For newspapers, if article runs over several pages refer to the starting page). V5A Newspaper unit (Indicating if page refers to main/first unit or regular additional unit/supplements). 1: Main/ first unit 2: Second unit/supplement 3: Third unit/supplement 4: Forth unit/supplement 5: Fifth unit/supplement V6 Status of news item Considers top-3 TV news as headlines, and all newspapers front page items 0: Does not apply (not headline of front news) 1: Headline/front page item 2: Other item on front page V7A Size of news item TV Continually indicate seconds on TV. V7B Size of news item TV, recoded Recorded seconds for each news item recoded into categories. 1: XS ( > 10 sec.) 2: S (11-30 sec.) 3: M (31-90 sec.) 4: L (91-150 sec.) 5: XL (> 150 sec.)
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V7C Size of news item Newspaper (size include pictures for newspapers) 1: notes (up to 10 % of a page) 2: small (between 10-30 % of a page) 3: medium (between 30 -70 % of a page) 4: large (between 70 - 150 % of a page) 5: extra large (more then 150 % of a page) V8 News section 1: General news (inc. main page and sections with no specific heading) 2: Domestic news 3: Economy and trade 4: Foreign news 5: Regional/local news 6: Culture 7: Sport 8: Entertainment 9: Lifestyle (house and home, fashion, travel) 10: Traffic and transportation 11: Crime 12: Consumer news 13: IT and computers/ Technology 14: Weather 15: Children 16: Other V9 Contextualised or decontextualised (thematic vs episodic frame) 1: Contextualised 2: Decontextualised (V10 -12 only to be coded if V8 is coded as 1 through 5) V10 Foreign news /Primary country mentioned (see appendix 1 for country codes, continuous 0 to 207 CODE 0 FOR DOMESTIC CONTENT) V11 Secondary foreign country (see appendix 1 for country codes, continuous 0 to 207 CODE 0 FOR DOMESTIC CONTENT) V12 Tertiary Foreign country (see appendix 1 for country codes, continuous 0 to 207 CODE 0 FOR DOMESTIC CONTENT)
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V13 PRIMARY THEME/ISSUE OF NEWS ITEM 01-09 World politics 01: War, armed and military conflict 02: Terrorism 03: Immigration, refugees and border issues 04: Third World and development aid 05: Global Warming & climate change 06: Energy supply & Oil issues 07: Nuclear (dis-)armament & other means of mass destruction 08: EU-enlargement 09: Foreign politics/diplomacy 10: Other Wold Politics issues 11-21 Politic areas 11: Housing/Urban affairs 12: Integration 13: Environment issues 14: Poverty, Social and Welfare policies 15: Healthcare issues (including child/elderly care)/Public health 16: Labour policies 17: Education issues 18: Family matters 19: Transportation and traffic 20: Justice Affairs (incl. Gun control/Justice department affairs) 21: Other domestic politics issues 22-30. Political areas and the political game 22: Party politics 23: Political campaigns and elections 24: Personal focus on candidates/politicians/public officials 25: Democracy and structural reforms 26: Human Rights, Civil liberties, freedom of speech and Minority discrimination 27: Government (legislative and executive branch) 28: Social unrest/Civil Strife/labour unrest 29: Consumer issues 30: Other news about the political game 31-40 Business 31: General economy developments and trends 32: Trade/commerce 33: Prices/interest rates 34: Monetary/fiscal policy 35: Stock market 36: Individual company performance or sector performance 37: Public sector finance (taxes, budgets) 38: Collective bargaining 39: Agriculture/farming/rural issues/fishing 40: Other business issues 41-49 Crime/Punishment and Accidents 41: Police work, overall security and customs 42: Court cases and claims
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43: Prison issues and punishment issues 44: White collar crimes, counterfeit and corruption 45: Sex & drug related crimes 46: Violent crimes 47: Accidents 48: Emergencies and disasters 49: Other 911-stories 50-59 Culture/Arts and Religion 50: Fine Art; Books, Theatre, Music 51: Popular culture; popular music, media and film 52: Culture Industry (business issues) 53: News media reporting about (other) news media 54: Religion & Church issues 55: Personal Stories about Faith & Philosophy 56: Cultural Traditions (eg. Easter, Hanukkah) 57: 58: The Muhammad Cartoon-Crises 59: Other Culture 60-69 Sports and Betting 60: National (and local) sports events (incl.mass/popular sport) 61: Internationals sports events (home team vs. foreigners) 62: Foreign sports events 63: Sports Stars/Celebrities 64: Sports doping and other types of cheating 65: Sports economics including Media sports rights 66: Olympic Games and other mega-events in the past and future 67: Betting and lottery 68: 69: Other sports 70-79 Lifestyle/Family and Health 70: Hobbies, leisure and interior 71: Tourism 72: Beauty/fashion/fitness/wellness 73: Retirement/the elderly 74: Shopping 75: Food and Drinks 76: Tobaccos and Cigarettes 77: Obesity 78: Alcohol and drug issues (e.g. abuse related) 79: Other Lifestyle /Family/Health Issues 80-89 Entertainment/Celebrities and Gossip 80: Sex/love/romance/weddings 81: Divorce/Battering/Suicide 82: Sensations & Curiosities (e.g. duck with four legs) 83: Other human interest (ordinary citizens) 84: Other human interest (celebrity) 85: Hero/Villain-stories about criminals/detectives/victims 86: Royalty
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87: Personal focus on public officials/scandal 88: Personal focus on individual celebrity/scandal 89: Other Entertainment 90-99 History, Science, Technology and other 90: Science & Research 91: Innovations & New Gadgets 92: National History 93: International History 94: Technology 95: Organic/Ecology 96: Natural disasters and response to them 97: Weather 98: Animals 99: Other Issues/No theme V14 SECONDARY THEME/ISSUE OF NEWS ITEM same categories as V13 + 0 = Does not apply (do not code more than one item per theme in V13 + V14 in sum)
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Remaining variables only to be coded if V13/V14 is coded as

a) Immigration (code 03 and 12) Immigration and integration or b) Government regulation including (Code 14 -16 and 31-40) (Welfare, labour and health policies & Business 37) or c) Education (17) (NB: Norway and Sweden only) ****************************************************************************** V15A V18A Story actor main/nr 1 1: Cabinet member 2: Party A or a representative from party A (Left wing parties Socialists/greens etc) 3: Party B or a representative from party B (Center left parties Labor, social democrats etc) 4: Party C or a representative from party C (Center parties Christian Democrats/ liberals etc) 5: Party D or a representative from party D (Center right parties Conservatives, Republican etc) 6: Party E or a representative from party E (Right wing parties Progressive party, Vlaams Belang etc.) 7: Other party or representative from other party 8: Foreign politician/foreign parties/foreign governments 9: Government official 10: NGOs or NGO representative 11: Academics, other experts 12: Business leaders or private companies 13: Celebrities 14: Journalists/media representatives/media 15: Ordinary citizens 16: Anonymous actors 99: Does not apply (no main, second, third or fourth story actor) V15B V18B Gender of story actor nr 1 1. Female 2. Male 3. Does not apply / cannot tell V19A V22A Sources for quotes nr 1 1: Cabinet member 2: Party A or a representative from party A (Left wing parties Socialists/greens etc) 3: Party B or a representative from party B (Center left parties Labor, social democrats etc) 4: Party C or a representative from party C (Center parties Christian Democrats/ liberals etc) 5: Party D or a representative from party D (Center right parties Conservatives, Republican etc) 6: Party E or a representative from party E (Right wing parties Progressive party, Vlaams Belang etc.) 7: Other party or representative from other party 8: Foreign politician/foreign parties/foreign governments 9: Government official 10: NGOs or NGO representative 11: Academics, other experts 12: Business leaders or private companies 13: Celebrities 14: Journalists/media representatives/media 15: Ordinary citizens 16: Anonymous actors 99: Does not apply (no main, second, third or fourth source)
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V19B V22B Gender of source nr 1 1. Female 2. Male 3. Does not apply/cannot tell
Next sections: Issue specific variables only Immigration (If V13/V14 = code 03 or 12)
V23. Main argument towards immigration 1. General anti immigration/immigrants argument 2. Neutral or generally pro immigration/immigrants argument V24. Is there a reference to economic arguments? 0. No 1. Yes, immigrants exploit benefits 2. Yes, need immigrants as labour/human recourses V25. Is there a reference to cultural arguments? 0. No 1. Yes, immigrants is a threat to national/local culture 2. Yes, immigrants create cultural diversity V26. Is there a reference to crime? 0. No 1. Yes, immigrants increase/create crime 2. Yes, immigrants are victim of crime V27. Is there a reference to laws that regulate immigration? 0. No 1. Yes, need stricter/maintain laws to reduce immigrants or limit immigrant rights 2. Yes, need to maintain/improve laws that secures immigrants rights (prevent discrimination) V28. Are immigrants mainly framed as a problem or a resource in the news story? 1. As a problem 2. As a resource 3. Both a problem and a resource 4. Cannot say V29. Is there a geographical reference to where immigrants originate from? 0. No 1. Yes: Western Europe, North America or Oseania 2. Yes: Eastern Europe (including Russia) 3. Yes: South America, Asia or Africa V30. Is there an explicit reference to main religious background of immigrants? 0. No 1. Yes: Christian 2. Yes: Muslim 3. Yes: Other religion
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V30a. Is there an implicit reference to main religious background of immigrants? 4. No 5. Yes: Christian 6. Yes: Muslim 7. Yes: Other religion
V31. Does the news story present picture(s) of immigrants that reflect skin complexion? 0. No 1. Yes; mainly of immigrants with dark skin complexion (non-white) 2. Yes; Immigrants with dark and white skin complexion is equally represented in pictures 3. Yes; mainly of immigrants with white skin complexion V32. Immigrant sources (text) 0. No 1. Yes 2. Cannot tell V33. Is any party/candidate position described as extreme? 0. No 1. Yes V33a V33. Which party? 1: Left wing party (Socialists/greens etc) 2: Center left party (Labor, social democrats etc) 3: Center party (Christian Democrats/ liberals etc) 4: Center right party (Conservatives, Republican etc) 5: Right wing party (Progressive party, Vlaams Belang etc.) 6: Other parties V34. Is there description of disagreement within a party over the issue of immigration? 0. No 1. Yes V34a V34a. Which party? 1: Left wing party (Socialists/greens etc) 2: Center left party (Labor, social democrats etc) 3: Center party (Christian Democrats/ liberals etc) 4: Center right party (Conservatives, Republican etc) 5: Right wing party (Progressive party, Vlaams Belang etc.) 6: Other parties
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Government regulation (If V13/V14 = code 14-16 and 31-40)

V35. Main argument towards government regulation /free marked 1. General anti government regulation or pro free marked 2. General pro government regulation or anti free marked 3. Neutral to government regulation/free marked V36. Is there a reference to economic growth? 0. No 1: Yes, government regulation will reduce growth/ free marked will increase growth 2: Yes, government regulation will increase growth/ free marked reduce growth 3: Yes, but not at all related to government regulation/free marked (or totally neutral) V37. Is there a reference to economic stability? 0. No 1: Yes, government regulation will reduce stability/ free marked will increase stability 2: Yes, government regulation will increase stability/ free marked will reduce stability 3: Yes, but not at all related to government regulation/free marked (or totally neutral) V38. Is there a reference to individual freedom? 0. No 1: Yes, government regulation will reduce individual freedom/ free marked increase ind. freedom 2: Yes, government regulation will increase individual freedom/ free marked reduce ind. freedom 3: Yes, but not at all related to government regulation/free marked (or totally neutral) V39. Is there a reference to individual rights/opportunities? 0. No 1: Yes, government regulation will reduce individual rights/ free marked increase ind. rights 2: Yes, government regulation will increase individual rights/ free marked reduce ind. rights 3: Yes, but not at all related to government regulation/free marked (or totally neutral) V40. Is there a reference to inequality/welfare? 0. No 2: Yes, government regulation will reduce welfare for all/ increase inequality / free marked + 1: Yes, government regulation will increase welfare for all / reduce inequality/ free marked 3: Yes, but not at all related to government regulation/free marked (or totally neutral) V41. Is there a reference to unemployment? 0. No 1: Yes, government regulation will reduce unemployment? / free marked 2: Yes, government regulation will increase unemployment?/ free marked + 3: Yes, but not at all related to government regulation/free marked (or totally neutral) V42. Is there a reference to taxes? 0. No 1: Yes, government regulation will not increase taxes? / free marked 2: Yes, government regulation will increase taxes?/ free marked + 3: Yes, but not at all related to government regulation/free marked (or totally neutral)
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V43. Clearness of party/candidate positions. In the story, are there any comments that the position taken by a particular party or candidate is (un)clear? 0. No 1. Yes, position is clear V43a 2. Yes, position is unclear V43a V43a. To which political party is this comment directed? (If this applies to several parties choose only party listed as main actor or main source) 1: Left wing party (Socialists/greens etc) 2: Center left party (Labor, social democrats etc) 3: Center party (Christian Democrats/ liberals etc) 4: Center right party (Conservatives, Rebublican etc) 5: Right wing party (Progressive party, Vlaams Belang etc.) 6: Other parties V44. Changing of party/ candidate positions. In the story, are there any comments that a particular party or politician is changing its position regarding government regulation? 0. No 1. Yes, position has not been changing 2. Yes, position has been changing V44a + V45 V44a. To which political party is this comment directed? (If this applies to several parties choose only party listed as main actor or main source) 1: Left wing party (Socialists/greens etc) 2: Center left party (Labor, social democrats etc) 3: Center party (Christian Democrats/ liberals etc) 4: Center right party (Conservatives, Rebublican etc) 5: Right wing party (Progressive party, Vlaams Belang etc.) 6: Other parties V45: In what direction is it said that a party\actor has changed its position: 1. Party/candidate are now more opposed to government regulation 2. Party/candidate are now more supportive of government regulation V46. Is any party/candidate position described as extreme? 0. No 1. Yes V46 V46a. Which party? 1: Left wing party (Socialists/greens etc) 2: Center left party (Labor, social democrats etc) 3: Center party (Christian Democrats/ liberals etc) 4: Center right party (Conservatives, Republican etc) 5: Right wing party (Progressive party, Vlaams Belang etc.) 6: Other parties V47. Is there description of disagreement within a party over the issue of government regulation? 0. No 1. Yes V47a
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V47a. Which party? 1: Left wing party (Socialists/greens etc) 2: Center left party (Labor, social democrats etc) 3: Center party (Christian Democrats/ liberals etc) 4: Center right party (Conservatives, Republican etc) 5: Right wing party (Progressive party, Vlaams Belang etc.) 6: Other parties
33
Education (Norway and Sweden only) (If V13/V14 = code 17)

V48. Is the main focus of the content generally negative towards some aspect of the education system? 0: No 1: Yes 2: Does not apply V49. Is there a discussion about foundational skills (reading/writing, mathematics, and natural science)? 0: No 1: Yes, should be more focus on foundational skills 2: Yes, should be less focus on foundational skills V50. Is there a discussion about academic differences between pupils in schools? 0: No 1: Yes, there are too large differences between pupils 2: Yes, there are no large differences between pupils V51. Is there a discussion about the teaching of social skills in the education system? 0: No 1: Yes, there should be more focus on social skills 2: Yes, there should be less focus on social skills V52. Is there a debate about education in relation to the national welfare system? 0: No 1: Yes, the current education system illustrates a great welfare system 2: Yes, the current education system illustrates problems with the welfare system V53. Is there a debate about gender differences in the education system? 0: No 1: Yes, the education system favours girls 2: Yes, the education system favour boys 3: Yes, the education system does not create gender differences V54. Is there a debate about differences between social classes in schools? 0: No. 1: Yes, the education system favours middle- or upper class 2: Yes, the education system favours the lower class 3: Yes, social classes are irrelevant for success in the education system V55. Is there a debate about education and ethnicity? 0: No 1: Yes, the education system favours ethnic citizens 2: Yes, the education system favours immigrants 3: Yes, ethnic background is irrelevant for success in the education system
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V56: Is there a debate related to education infrastructure (buildings, ict, restructuring, etc)? 0: No 1: Yes, there are problems or a conflict related to infrastructure 2: Yes, positive aspects related to infrastructure are debated 3: Yes, infrastructure is debated in a balanced or a neutral way V57: Actor/source criticising current education policy/system: Is there a source or an actor in the news story that criticize current educational policies? (If more than one, pick the most important by a combination of amount of time, frequency and order of appearance). - No criticism go to V60 - Yes, politician from a party in government - Yes, politician from a party in opposition - Yes, academics, other experts - Yes, from organization (e.g. teacher unions) - Yes, public official - Yes, other actors V58: Who does main criticiser blame? Who does main criticiser blame for current problems? 8. Current government 9. Former government 10. The profession (teachers, incl the teachers education) 11. Academics (e.g. bad pedagogic theories) 12. Public official 13. Other 14. None V59: Reference to national measurement: Do the main criticiser use results on national measurements as an argument for his/her view? 6. No 7. Yes 8. Cant tell V60: Reference to international measurement: Do the main criticiser use results on international measurement (e.g. PISA & TIMMS) as an argument for his/her view? 9. No 10. Yes 11. Cant tell V61: Reference to other countries Does the main criticiser refer to other countries in arguing the way he/she does? 1. No 1 99. List of countries (see appendix for country codes)
35
V62: Actor/source defending current educational policy/system: Is there a source or an actor in the news story that defend current educational policies? (If more than one, pick the most important by a combination of amount of time, frequency and order of appearance). 7. No actor defending policy/system this is last variable to be coded 8. Yes, politician from a party in government 9. Yes, politician from a party in opposition 10. Yes, academics, other experts 11. Yes, from organization (e.g. teacher unions) 12. Yes, public official 13. Yes, other actors V63: Who gets the credit? If there are identified actors that defend the education system/policies, who do they give credit to? 8. Current government 9. Former government 10. The profession (teachers, incl the teachers education) 11. Academics 12. Public official 13. Other 14. None V64: Reference to national measurement: Do the main defender use results on national measurement as an argument for his/her view? 3. No 4. Yes 5. Cant tell V65: Reference to international measurement: Do the main defender use results on international measurement (e.g. PISA and TIMMS) as an argument for his/her view? 3. No 4. Yes 5. Cant tell V66: Reference to other countries Does the main criticiser refer to other countries in arguing the way he/she does? 2. No 3. 99. List of countries (see appendix for country codes)
36
APPENDIX 1 WORLD COUNTRIES 0 Domestic 1 Afghanistan 2 Albania 3 Algeria 4 Andorra 5 Angola 6 Antigua & Barbuda 7 Argentina 8 Armenia 9 Australia 10 Austria 11 Azerbaijan 12 Bahamas 13 Bahrain 14 Bangladesh 15 Barbados 16 Belarus 17 Belgium 18 Belize 19 Benin 20 Bhutan 21 Bolivia 22 Bosnia & Herzegovina 23 Botswana 24 Brazil 25 Brunei Darussalam 26 Bulgaria 27 Burkina Faso 28 Burma (Myanmar) 29 Burundi 30 Cambodia 31 Cameroon 32 Canada 33 Cape Verde 34 Central African Republic 35 Chad 36 Chile 37 China 38 Colombia 39 Comoros 40 Congo 41 Democratic Republic of the Costa Rica 42 Cte d'Ivoire 43 Croatia 44 Cuba 45 Cyprus 46 Czech Republic 47 Denmark 48 Djibouti 49 Dominica
50 Dominican Republic 51 Egypt 52 El Salvador 53 Equatorial Guinea 54 Eritrea 55 Estonia 56 Ethiopia 57 Fiji 58 Finland 59 France 60 Gabon 61 Gambia 62 Georgia 63 Germany 64 Ghana 65 Greece 66 Grenada 67 Guatemala 68 Guinea 69 Guinea-Bissau 70 Guyana 71 Haiti 72 Honduras 73 Hungary 74 Iceland 75 India 76 Indonesia 77 Iran 78 Iraq 79 Ireland 80 Israel 81 Italy 82 Jamaica 83 Japan 84 Jordan 85 Kazakhstan 86 Kenya 87 Kiribati 88 Korea, North 89 Korea, South 90 Kuwait 91 Kyrgyzstan 92 Laos 93 Latvia 94 Lebanon 95 Lesotho 96 Liberia 97 Libya 98 Liechtenstein 99 Lithuania 100 Luxembourg 101 Macedonia
37
102 Madagascar 103 Malawi 104 Malaysia 105 Maldives 106 Mali 107 Malta 108 Marshall Islands 109 Mauritania 110 Mauritius 111 Mexico 112 Micronesia 113 Moldova 114 Monaco 115 Mongolia 116 Montenegro 117 Morocco 118 Mozambique 119 Namibia 120 Nauru 121 Nepal 122 The Netherlands 123 New Zealand 124 Nicaragua 125 Niger 126 Nigeria 127 Norway 128 Oman 129 Pakistan 130 Palau 131 Palestinian State* 132 Panama 133 Papua New Guinea 134 Paraguay 135 Peru 136 The Philippines 137 Poland 138 Portugal 139 Qatar 140 Romania 141 Russia 142 Rwanda 143 St. Kitts & Nevis 144 St. Lucia 145 St. Vincent & The Grenadines 146 Samoa 147 San Marino 148 So Tom & Prncipe 149 Saudi Arabia 150 Senegal 151 Serbia 152 Seychelles 153 Sierra Leone
154 155 Singapore 156 Slovakia 157 Slovenia 158 Solomon Islands 159 Somalia 160 South Africa 161 Spain 162 Sri Lanka 163 Sudan 164 Suriname 165 Swaziland 166 Sweden 167 Switzerland 168 Syria 169 Taiwan 170 Tajikistan 171 Tanzania 172 Thailand 173 Togo 174 Tonga 175 Trinidad & Tobago 176 Tunisia 177 Turkey 178 Turkmenistan 179 Tuvalu 180 Uganda 181 Ukraine 182 United Arab Emirates 183 United Kingdom 184 United States 185 Uruguay 186 Uzbekistan 187 Vanuatu 188 Vatican City (Holy See) 189 Venezuela 190 Vietnam 191 Western Sahara* 192 Yemen 193 Zaire 194 Zambia 195 Zimbabwe 196 Arctic 197 Antarctica 198 Historical states (e.g. USSR, Yugoslavia) 199 Other 200 Everywhere/ nowhere (country not important)
38
201 Asia 202 Oceania 203 North America 204 South America 205 Africa 206 Middle East 207 Europe
39
Reliability
Missing data material Coordinating data collection in six countries definitely represents a challenge and it is almost inevitable that there will be some missing data material. An overview over missing cases for each country/medium and the reason why these cases are missing are presented below. As for news broadcasts omitted or rescheduled due to sports; omitted broadcasts were not replaced and is therefore listed below as missing. Rescheduled newscasts were coded and are included in the dataset. There was no missing data material for The Netherlands or for Norway. Belgium 2 Medium 1, PBS, 01.07: missing data material. Medium 2, commercial channel, 01.25: missing data material. Medium 3, elite newspaper, 01.24 & 11.22: missing data material. Sweden Medium 4&5, 0106: January 6th is a national holiday in Sweden and thus there were no newspaper editions on this date. Medium 2, commercial channel, 01.19, 01.21 & 01.24: news broadcasts omitted due to sports. UK Medium 2, commercial channel, 01.24: news broadcasts omitted due to sports. US Medium 2, ABC, 11.22 & 11.23: news broadcasts omitted due to sports. Medium 4, USAToday: Published Monday thru Friday. We believe the overview shows that the data is as complete as can be expected for such a large study. In principle the data should have included 252 separate TV recordings over 21 dates and 321 newspaper editions over 18 dates, giving us a total of 573 recordings/editions to collect. Of this, only 4 recordings/editions (below 1 percent) are missing due to technical problems. Intercoder reliability Great effort has also been made to secure good reliability of this study. The simplest and most common method of reporting intercoder reliability is the percent agreement statistic. This statistic reflects the number of agreements per total number of coding decisions. Holsti's (1969) coefficient of reliability (C. R.) provides a formula for calculating percent agreement: the number of agreements between two different coders divided by the number of judgements. For percent agreement figures, Riffe, Lacy, and Fico (1998) state that, in communication research, "a minimum level of 80% is usually the standard" (Riffe, D., Lacy, S., & Fico, F.(1998). Analyzing media messages: Quantitative content analysis. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.) We selected a random sample of news items to be coded
2
Week 2 for the regional newspaper is a proxy consisting of every other date from week 47 & week 4.
40
by two different coders. For television, we selected one broadcast from each outlet from a random week. The same was done for the different newspapers we double coded one edition of the elite and the tabloid 3 newspapers for each country. The dataset consists of several subsets and the ICR-test refers to the main part of the dataset (variables 1 thru 14). The following variables are included in the test: V3 Date V4A Medium V5a/b Placement/unit V6 Status of news item V7B/C Size (percent of page/seconds recoded) V8 Section V9 News frame V10* Primary country mentioned V13* Primary issue The marked * variables were recoded: V10 V10_x Primary country mentioned Domestic (value 0) Foreign (Values > 1) V13 V10_x Primary issue Hard news (values 1 40) Soft news (Values 41 -99) The tables below show the results of the intercoder reliability test. The overall coefficient of reliability (C. R.) is 0,94 which is well above a minimum level of 80 percent agreement between coders. The tables show a high level of intercoder reliability for both television and newspapers for all six countries. We believe the high intercoder reliability is a result of intense preparations and training of coders. Details about ICR for each media type for all six countires can be found in the tables. IRC total (television & newspapers)
US Number of jugdements Number of agreements C.R. N 3731 3446 0,92 376 UK 3487 3280 0,94 352 Netherlands 4702 4420 0.94 238 Belgium 6318 5900 0.93 322 Sweden 1879 1759 0,94 191 Norway 2674 2542 0,95 271 Total 22791 21347 0,94 1750
Regional newspapers are not included in the ICR-test.
41
IRC Television all countries

US Number of jugdements Number of agreements C.R. N 261 237 0,91 62 UK 297 279 0,94 33 Netherlands 522 490 0,94 29 Belgium 1098 1010 0,92 61 Sweden 279 270 0,97 31 Norway 324 313 0,97 36 Total 2781 2599 0,93 252
IRC Newspapers all countries

US Number of jugdements Number of agreements C.R. N 3470 3209 0,92 347 UK 3190 3001 0,94 319 Netherlands 4180 3930 0,94 209 Belgium 5220 4890 0,94 261 Sweden 1600 1489 0,93 160 Norway 2350 2229 0,95 235 Total 20010 18748 0,94 1531
42
43
Frequency distributions
V2A_COUNTRY COUNTRY Valid 1 Belgium 2 Netherlands 3 Norway 4 Sweden 5 UK 6 US Total Frequency 10025 6034 6439 5849 8342 8232 44921 Percent 22,3 13,4 14,3 13,0 18,6 18,3 100,0 Valid Percent 22,3 13,4 14,3 13,0 18,6 18,3 100,0
V2B_POPULATION POPULATION OF COUNTRY IN ABSOLUTE NUMBERS Frequency Percent Valid 4600000 Norway 6439 14,3 6300000 Belgium 10025 22,3 9100000 Sweden 5849 13,0 16600000 Netherlands 6034 13,4 61100000 UK 8342 18,6 307200000 US 8232 18,3 Total 44921 100,0 V2C_CODER_IDNUMBER CODER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER Frequency Valid 1 Toril Aalberg 1763 2 Tove Brekken 3117 3 Egbert Leppink 9228 4 Audun Fladmoe 2097 5 Berit Kvaloy 10734 6 Nils Erik Bjorge 12167 7 Ron van Blokland 5815 Total 44921
Valid Percent 14,3 22,3 13,0 13,4 18,6 18,3 100,0
Percent 3,9 6,9 20,5 4,7 23,9 27,1 12,9 100,0
Valid Percent 3,9 6,9 20,5 4,7 23,9 27,1 12,9 100,0
44
V3_DATE DATE (MM/DD) Frequency Valid 0105 0106 0107 0108 0109 0110 0111 0119 0120 0121 0122 0123 0124 0125 1117 1118 1119 1120 1121 1122 1123 Total 2313 2327 2567 2570 2660 2367 179 2331 2403 2383 2539 2768 2126 219 2411 2446 2581 2719 2594 2241 177 44921 Percent 5,1 5,2 5,7 5,7 5,9 5,3 ,4 5,2 5,3 5,3 5,7 6,2 4,7 ,5 5,4 5,4 5,7 6,1 5,8 5,0 ,4 100,0 Valid Percent 5,1 5,2 5,7 5,7 5,9 5,3 ,4 5,2 5,3 5,3 5,7 6,2 4,7 ,5 5,4 5,4 5,7 6,1 5,8 5,0 ,4 100,0
V4A_MEDIUM TYPE OF MEDIUM Frequency Valid 1 Public Service (PBS) / Main Broadcast 2 Commercial / Second Largest Broadcast 3 Elite / Quality Newspaper 4 Tabloid / Popular Newspaper 5 Regional Newspaper Total 2405 1936 13687 14184 12709 44921 Percent 5,4 4,3 30,5 31,6 28,3 100,0 Valid Percent 5,4 4,3 30,5 31,6 28,3 100,0
45
V4B_CIRCULATION_NP NEWSPAPER_CIRCULATION FIGURES 2008 Frequency Valid 62290 UK-Print Regional 2304 77044 Norway-Print Regional 1948 102280 Belgium-Print Elite 1994 110999 US-Print Regional 1642 116513 Netherlands-Print 1697 Regional 127960 Belgium-Print Regional 3186 242400 Sweden-Print Regional 1932 247556 Norway-Print Elite 1813 263204 Netherlands-Print Elite 1746 284414 Norway-Print Tabloid 1969 335600 Sweden-Print Elite 1867 340899 Belgium-Print Tabloid 3888 368200 Sweden-Print Tabloid 1187 695635 Netherlands-Print Tabloid 2000 845167 UK-Print Elite 2856 1000665 US-Print Elite 3411 2293310 US-Print Tabloid 2605 3073106 UK-Print Tabloid 2535 Total 40580 Missing System 4341 Total 44921 V4C_RATINGS_TV TV_AVERAGE VIEWER RATINGS 2007 Frequency Valid 101000 Netherlands-Commercial 315 Broadcast 491000 Sweden-Commercial 343 Broadcast 494000 Norway-Commercial 283 Broadcast 630000 Belgium-Commercial 420 Broadcast 706000 Norway-PBS 426 756000 Belgium-PBS 537 1023000 Sweden-PBS 520 1630000 Netherlands-PBS 276 3750000 UK-Commercial 306 Broadcast 4850000 UK-PBS 341 8300000 US-Commercial 269 Broadcast (ABC) 8400000 US-PBS (NBC) 305 Total 4341 Missing System 40580 Total 44921
Percent 5,1 4,3 4,4 3,7 3,8 7,1 4,3 4,0 3,9 4,4 4,2 8,7 2,6 4,5 6,4 7,6 5,8 5,6 90,3 9,7 100,0
Valid Percent 5,7 4,8 4,9 4,0 4,2 7,9 4,8 4,5 4,3 4,9 4,6 9,6 2,9 4,9 7,0 8,4 6,4 6,2 100,0
Percent ,7 ,8 ,6 ,9 ,9 1,2 1,2 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,6 ,7 9,7 90,3 100,0
Valid Percent 7,3 7,9 6,5 9,7 9,8 12,4 12,0 6,4 7,0 7,9 6,2 7,0 100,0
46
V5_PLACEMENT PLACEMENT OF NEWS ITEM WITHIN MEDIUM. Pagenumber for newspapers and presentation sequence of news items for TV
Frequency Valid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 4097 2616 2240 2142 1514 2055 1651 1719 1623 1301 1304 1252 1250 1141 1122 955 918 1003 856 781 706 673 693 621 732 636 541 473 503 400 362 358 458 359 280 264 307 205 224 270 259 220 234 127 150 136 97 157 165 158 122 Percent 9,1 5,8 5,0 4,8 3,4 4,6 3,7 3,8 3,6 2,9 2,9 2,8 2,8 2,5 2,5 2,1 2,0 2,2 1,9 1,7 1,6 1,5 1,5 1,4 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,1 1,1 ,9 ,8 ,8 1,0 ,8 ,6 ,6 ,7 ,5 ,5 ,6 ,6 ,5 ,5 ,3 ,3 ,3 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,4 ,3 Valid Percent 9,2 5,9 5,0 4,8 3,4 4,6 3,7 3,9 3,6 2,9 2,9 2,8 2,8 2,6 2,5 2,1 2,1 2,2 1,9 1,8 1,6 1,5 1,6 1,4 1,6 1,4 1,2 1,1 1,1 ,9 ,8 ,8 1,0 ,8 ,6 ,6 ,7 ,5 ,5 ,6 ,6 ,5 ,5 ,3 ,3 ,3 ,2 ,4 ,4 ,4 ,3
47
Missing Total
52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 102 118 Total System
144 92 140 125 133 80 65 40 64 85 112 121 77 45 62 44 38 53 46 25 45 37 59 28 37 30 37 15 23 13 30 19 37 20 26 9 19 12 11 16 13 4 9 5 5 5 2 1 3 1 1 44593 328 44921
,3 ,2 ,3 ,3 ,3 ,2 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,2 ,2 ,3 ,2 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 99,3 ,7 100,0
,3 ,2 ,3 ,3 ,3 ,2 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,3 ,2 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 100,0
48
V5A_NEWSPAPERUNIT PLACEMENT OF NEWS ITEM IN WHICH NEWSPAPER UNIT/SUPPLEMENT Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 1 Main/First unit 23454 52,2 57,8 2 Second unit 11191 24,9 27,6 3 Third unit 5374 12,0 13,2 4 Fourth unit 561 1,2 1,4 Total 40580 90,3 100,0 Missing System 4341 9,7 Total 44921 100,0 V6_STATUS STATUS OF NEWS ITEM Valid 0 Does not apply 1 Headline/Frontpage Item 2 Other Item on Frontpage Total Frequency 38145 3787 2989 44921 Percent 84,9 8,4 6,7 100,0 Valid Percent 84,9 8,4 6,7 100,0
V7B_SIZE_TV_RECODED TV: SIZE OF NEWS ITEM IN SECONDS, RECODED Frequency Percent Valid 1 XS ( <10 sec.) 820 1,8 2 S (11 - 30 sec.) 1023 2,3 3 M (31 - 90 sec.) 711 1,6 4 L (91 - 150 sec.) 1084 2,4 5 XL (>150 sec.) 703 1,6 Total 4341 9,7 Missing System 40580 90,3 Total 44921 100,0 V7C_SIZE_NP NEWSPAPERS: SIZE OF NEWS ITEM IN PERCENTAGES OF A PAGE Frequency Percent Valid 1 Notes ( < 10 percent) 21427 47,7 2 Small (10 - 30 percent) 10247 22,8 3 Medium (30 - 70 percent) 5878 13,1 4 Large (70 - 150 percent) 2333 5,2 5 Extra Large (>150 percent) 695 1,5 Total 40580 90,3 Missing System 4341 9,7 Total 44921 100,0
Valid Percent 18,9 23,6 16,4 25,0 16,2 100,0
Valid Percent 52,8 25,3 14,5 5,7 1,7 100,0
49
V8_NEWSSECTION EXPLICIT PLACEMENT OF NEWS ITEM IN A SPESIFIC NEWSSECTION Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 1 General News 15408 34,3 34,3 2 Domestic News 2522 5,6 5,6 3 Economy and Trade 5531 12,3 12,3 4 Foreign News 2748 6,1 6,1 5 Regional/Local News 3618 8,1 8,1 6 Culture 1764 3,9 3,9 7 Sport 9592 21,4 21,4 8 Entertainment 1265 2,8 2,8 9 Lifestyle (house and home, 741 1,6 1,6 fashion, travel) 10 Traffic and Transportation 27 ,1 ,1 11 Crime 39 ,1 ,1 12 Consumer News 160 ,4 ,4 13 IT and Computers/Technology 94 ,2 ,2 14 Weather 60 ,1 ,1 15 Children 10 ,0 ,0 16 Other 1342 3,0 3,0 Total 44921 100,0 100,0 V9_NEWSFRAME CONTEXTUALISED OR DECONTEXTUALISED NEWSFRAME Frequency Percent Valid 1 Contextualized 7258 16,2 2 Decontextualized 37626 83,8 Total 44884 99,9 Missing System 37 ,1 Total 44921 100,0 V10_COUNTRY_1st PRIMARY COUNTRY MENTIONED
Valid 0 Domestic 1 Afghanistan 2 Albania 3 Algeria 5 Angola 6 Antigua & Barbuda 7 Argentina 8 Armenia 9 Australia 10 Austria 11 Azerbaijan 12 Bahamas 13 Bahrain 14 Bangladesh 15 Barbados 16 Belarus 17 Belgium 21 Bolivia 22 Bosnia & Herzegovina 24 Brazil 26 Bulgaria Frequency 22350 116 3 5 2 1 19 1 94 29 3 3 3 4 1 1 247 3 6 32 16 Percent 49,8 ,3 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,2 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,5 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 Valid Percent 73,2 ,4 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,3 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,8 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1
Valid Percent 16,2 83,8 100,0
50
27 28 29 30 31 32 36 37 38 40 41 43 44 45 46 47 50 51 52 55 56 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 67 68 69 70 71 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 83 84 85 86 88 89 90 93 94 96 97 99
Burkina Faso Burma (Myanmar) Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chile China Colombia Congo Democratic Republic of Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Denmak Dominican Republic Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guatemala Guinea Guinea_Bissau Guyana Haiti Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya North Korea South Korea Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Liberia Libya Lithuania
1 18 2 9 1 40 2 260 22 148 1 2 19 8 11 50 1 34 4 2 1 34 284 1 3 14 298 14 33 9 1 3 1 7 8 84 124 32 47 119 38 466 105 103 3 2 20 18 25 1 5 16 13 8 2
,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,6 ,0 ,3 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,6 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,7 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,2 ,3 ,1 ,1 ,3 ,1 1,0 ,2 ,2 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0
,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,9 ,1 ,5 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,2 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,9 ,0 ,0 ,0 1,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,3 ,4 ,1 ,2 ,4 ,1 1,5 ,3 ,3 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0
51
100 101 102 103 104 106 110 111 114 115 117 118 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 131 132 133 135 136 137 138 140 141 142 149 150 151 155 156 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 171 172 173 176 177 180 181 182
Luxembourg Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Mauritius Mexico Monaco Mongolia Moroco Mozambique Nepal The Netherlands New Zealand Nicaraqua Niger Nigeria Norway Oman Pakistan Palestinian State Panama Papua New Guinea Peru The Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Rwanda Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Singapore Slovakia Somalia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Togo Tunesia Turkey Uganda Ukraine Unites Arab Emirates
7 1 5 1 3 11 1 45 2 1 25 1 8 261 8 4 1 7 38 5 68 379 1 2 5 5 28 5 12 302 17 26 4 17 5 2 132 28 115 41 9 4 1 59 34 7 4 9 36 1 8 56 7 38 11
,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,6 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,2 ,8 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,7 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,3 ,1 ,3 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,0
,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,9 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,2 1,2 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 1,0 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,4 ,1 ,4 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,2 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,2 ,0 ,1 ,0
52
Missing Total
183 United Kingdom 184 United States 185 Uruguay 186 Uzbekistan 188 Vatican City 189 Venezuela 190 Vietnam 192 Yemen 193 Zaire 195 Zimbabwe 196 Arctic 197 Antarctica 198 Historical States (e.g. USSR, Yugoslavia) 199 Other 200 Everywhere/nowhere (Country not important) 201 Asia 203 North America 204 South America 205 Africa 206 Middle East 207 Europe Total System
389 1514 2 2 22 17 10 5 1 39 1 13 4 39 303 16 274 9 29 25 373 30516 14405 44921
,9 3,4 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,7 ,0 ,6 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,8 67,9 32,1 100,0
1,3 5,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 1,0 ,1 ,9 ,0 ,1 ,1 1,2 100,0
V11_COUNTRY_2nd 2nd COUNTRY MENTIONED

Valid 0 Domestic 1 Afghanistan 2 Albania 3 Algeria 5 Angola 7 Argentina 8 Armenia 9 Australia 10 Austria 12 Bahamas 13 Bahrain 17 Belgium 18 Belize 21 Bolivia 22 Bosnia & Herzegovina 24 Brazil 26 Bulgaria 28 Burma (Myanmar) 29 Burundi 30 Cambodia 31 Cameroon 32 Canada 33 Cape Verder 36 Chile 37 China Frequency 364 105 8 9 2 12 1 33 14 1 3 138 3 2 7 13 7 7 1 2 3 16 1 3 104 Percent ,8 ,2 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,3 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,2 Valid Percent 6,8 2,0 ,1 ,2 ,0 ,2 ,0 ,6 ,3 ,0 ,1 2,6 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,2 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,3 ,0 ,1 1,9
53
38 Colombia 40 Congo 41 Democratic Republic of Costa Rica 43 Croatia 44 Cuba 45 Cyprus 46 Czech Republic 47 Denmak 51 Egypt 54 Eritrea 55 Estonia 56 Ethiopia 57 Fiji 58 Finland 59 France 60 Gabon 61 Gambia 62 Georgia 63 Germany 64 Ghana 65 Greece 67 Guatemala 68 Guinea 70 Guyana 71 Haiti 73 Hungary 74 Iceland 75 India 76 Indonesia 77 Iran 78 Iraq 79 Ireland 80 Israel 81 Italy 83 Japan 84 Jordan 85 Kazakhstan 86 Kenya 88 North Korea 89 South Korea 93 Latvia 94 Lebanon 95 Lesotho 96 Liberia 97 Libya 100 Luxembourg 101 Macedonia 102 Madagascar 104 Malaysia 105 Maldives 106 Mali 107 Malta 110 Mauritius 111 Mexico 113 Moldova
7 34 1 7 30 6 13 45 27 2 5 8 1 14 199 1 1 9 192 3 12 1 2 1 2 8 24 51 10 23 90 30 468 51 45 2 7 31 3 14 3 7 1 5 3 28 1 1 3 1 6 1 1 18 2
,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,4 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,4 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,2 ,1 1,0 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0
,1 ,6 ,0 ,1 ,6 ,1 ,2 ,8 ,5 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,3 3,7 ,0 ,0 ,2 3,6 ,1 ,2 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,4 ,9 ,2 ,4 1,7 ,6 8,7 ,9 ,8 ,0 ,1 ,6 ,1 ,3 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,5 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,3 ,0
54
114 Monaco 117 Moroco 118 Mozambique 121 Nepal 122 The Netherlands 123 New Zealand 125 Niger 126 Nigeria 127 Norway 128 Oman 129 Pakistan 131 Palestinian State 134 Paraguay 135 Peru 136 The Philippines 137 Poland 138 Portugal 139 Qatar 140 Romania 141 Russia 142 Rwanda 149 Saudi Arabia 151 Serbia 153 Sierra Leone 155 Singapore 156 Slovakia 159 Somalia 160 South Africa 161 Spain 163 Sudan 164 Suriname 166 Sweden 167 Switzerland 168 Syria 169 Taiwan 171 Tanzania 172 Thailand 176 Tunesia 177 Turkey 180 Uganda 181 Ukraine 182 Unites Arab Emirates 183 United Kingdom 184 United States 188 Vatican City 189 Venezuela 192 Yemen 194 Zambia 195 Zimbabwe 197 Antarctica 198 Historical States (e.g. USSR, Yugoslavia) 199 Other 200 Everywhere/nowhere (Country not important)
1 40 1 3 257 7 3 12 21 2 56 526 1 12 3 29 9 1 14 153 27 44 12 2 2 4 57 23 76 4 3 67 24 1 3 2 23 5 25 9 111 12 144 481 10 6 3 2 11 5 7 13 23
,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,6 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 1,2 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,3 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,2 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,2 ,0 ,3 1,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1
,0 ,7 ,0 ,1 4,8 ,1 ,1 ,2 ,4 ,0 1,0 9,8 ,0 ,2 ,1 ,5 ,2 ,0 ,3 2,8 ,5 ,8 ,2 ,0 ,0 ,1 1,1 ,4 1,4 ,1 ,1 1,2 ,4 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,4 ,1 ,5 ,2 2,1 ,2 2,7 9,0 ,2 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,2 ,1 ,1 ,2 ,4
55
Missing Total
201 Asia 203 North America 204 South America 205 Africa 206 Middle East 207 Europe Total System
24 49 9 37 43 396 5370 39551 44921
,1 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,9 12,0 88,0 100,0
,4 ,9 ,2 ,7 ,8 7,4 100,0
V12_COUNTRY_3rd 3rd COUNTRY MENTIONED

Frequency Valid 0 Domestic 1 Afghanistan 2 Albania 3 Algeria 5 Angola 7 Argentina 8 Armenia 9 Australia 10 Austria 11 Azerbaijan 16 Belarus 17 Belgium 19 Benin 22 Bosnia & Herzegovina 24 Brazil 26 Bulgaria 29 Burundi 32 Canada 33 Cape Verder 36 Chile 37 China 38 Colombia 40 Congo 43 Croatia 44 Cuba 45 Cyprus 46 Czech Republic 47 Denmak 51 Egypt 55 Estonia 56 Ethiopia 58 Finland 59 France 62 Georgia 63 Germany 64 Ghana 65 Greece 73 Hungary 74 Iceland 75 India 76 Indonesia 77 Iran 82 42 1 7 1 4 2 9 6 1 1 40 2 3 13 10 1 10 1 2 39 2 5 2 6 2 9 18 52 4 1 11 112 3 76 3 9 10 11 23 1 12 Percent ,2 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,2 ,0 ,2 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 Valid Percent 3,8 2,0 ,0 ,3 ,0 ,2 ,1 ,4 ,3 ,0 ,0 1,9 ,1 ,1 ,6 ,5 ,0 ,5 ,0 ,1 1,8 ,1 ,2 ,1 ,3 ,1 ,4 ,8 2,4 ,2 ,0 ,5 5,2 ,1 3,5 ,1 ,4 ,5 ,5 1,1 ,0 ,6
56
78 Iraq 79 Ireland 80 Israel 81 Italy 83 Japan 84 Jordan 86 Kenya 89 South Korea 90 Kuwait 93 Latvia 94 Lebanon 96 Liberia 97 Libya 99 Lithuania 100 Luxembourg 101 Macedonia 104 Malaysia 105 Maldives 110 Mauritius 111 Mexico 114 Monaco 117 Moroco 118 Mozambique 122 The Netherlands 123 New Zealand 126 Nigeria 127 Norway 129 Pakistan 131 Palestinian State 135 Peru 136 The Philippines 137 Poland 138 Portugal 139 Qatar 140 Romania 141 Russia 142 Rwanda 149 Saudi Arabia 150 Senegal 151 Serbia 153 Sierra Leone 156 Slovakia 157 Slovenia 159 Somalia 160 South Africa 161 Spain 163 Sudan 164 Suriname 166 Sweden 167 Switzerland 168 Syria 169 Taiwan 171 Tanzania 172 Thailand 176 Tunesia
20 13 100 12 26 4 16 3 2 3 16 1 9 4 19 1 1 1 1 3 2 14 2 81 3 3 15 24 139 2 2 9 7 2 10 68 4 32 1 6 1 7 1 13 7 40 2 2 17 15 8 1 1 2 4
,0 ,0 ,2 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,2 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,3 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,2 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0
,9 ,6 4,7 ,6 1,2 ,2 ,7 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,7 ,0 ,4 ,2 ,9 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,7 ,1 3,8 ,1 ,1 ,7 1,1 6,5 ,1 ,1 ,4 ,3 ,1 ,5 3,2 ,2 1,5 ,0 ,3 ,0 ,3 ,0 ,6 ,3 1,9 ,1 ,1 ,8 ,7 ,4 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,2
57
Missing Total
177 Turkey 180 Uganda 181 Ukraine 182 Unites Arab Emirates 183 United Kingdom 184 United States 185 Uruguay 187 Vanuatu 190 Vietnam 192 Yemen 193 Zaire 194 Zambia 195 Zimbabwe 198 Historical States (e.g. USSR, Yugoslavia) 199 Other 200 Everywhere/nowhere (Country not important) 201 Asia 203 North America 204 South America 205 Africa 206 Middle East 207 Europe Total System
21 5 66 3 103 189 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 4 6 3 15 19 8 23 27 187 2142 42779 44921
,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,2 ,4 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,4 4,8 95,2 100,0
1,0 ,2 3,1 ,1 4,8 8,8 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,1 ,7 ,9 ,4 1,1 1,3 8,7 100,0
58
V13_PRIMARY_ISSUE_THEME PRIMARY ISSUE OR THEME OF STORY

Valid 1 War, armed and military conflict 2 Terrorism 3 Immigration, Refugees and Border Issues 4 Third World and Development Aid 5 Global Warming & Climate Change 6 Energy Supply and Oil Issues 7 Nuclear (dis-) armament & Other means of mass destruction 8 EU-Enlargement 9 Foreign Politics/Diplomacy 10 Other World Politics Issues 11 Housing/Urban Affairs 12 Integration 13 Environment Issues 14 Poverty, Social and Welfare Policies 15 Healthcare Issues (including child/elderly care)/Public Health 16 Labour Policies 17 Education Issues 18 Family Matters 19 Transportation and Traffic 20 Justice Affairs (incl. gun Control/Justice Department Affairs) 21 Other Domestic Politics Issues 22 Party Politics 23 Political Campaigns and Elections 24 Personal Focus on Candidates/Politicians/Public Officials 25 Democracy and Structural Reform 26 Human Rights, Civil Liberties, Freedom of Speech and Minority Discrimination 27 Government (Legislative and Executive Branch) 28 Social Unrest/Civil Strife/Labour Unrest 29 Consumer Issues 30 Other News About the Political Game 31 World Economy Development and Trends 32 Trade/Commerce 33 Prices/Interest rates 34 Monetary/Fiscal policy 35 Stock Market 36 Individual Companay Performance or Sector Performance 37 Public Sector Finance (taxes,budgets) 38 Collective Bargaining 39 Agricultural/Farming/Rural Frequency 1522 314 135 84 63 383 17 27 376 160 315 29 372 140 635 214 478 118 737 323 830 298 382 1338 62 231 221 178 430 411 1005 48 260 371 467 2738 266 35 119 Percent 3,4 ,7 ,3 ,2 ,1 ,9 ,0 ,1 ,8 ,4 ,7 ,1 ,8 ,3 1,4 ,5 1,1 ,3 1,6 ,7 1,8 ,7 ,9 3,0 ,1 ,5 ,5 ,4 1,0 ,9 2,2 ,1 ,6 ,8 1,0 6,1 ,6 ,1 ,3 Valid Percent 3,4 ,7 ,3 ,2 ,1 ,9 ,0 ,1 ,8 ,4 ,7 ,1 ,8 ,3 1,4 ,5 1,1 ,3 1,6 ,7 1,8 ,7 ,9 3,0 ,1 ,5 ,5 ,4 1,0 ,9 2,2 ,1 ,6 ,8 1,0 6,1 ,6 ,1 ,3
59
Issues/Fishing 40 Other Business Issues 41 Police Work, overall security and customs 42 Court cases and claims 43 Prison Issues and Punishment Issues 44 White Colar Crimes, Counterfeit, and Corruption 45 Sex & Drug Related Crimes 46 Violent Crimes 47 Accidents 48 Emergencies and Disasters 49 Other 911-stories 50 Fine Arts, Books, Theatre and Music 51 Popular Culture, Popular Music, Media and Film 52 Culture Industry (business issues) 53 News Media Reporting about (other) News Media 54 Religion & Church Issues 55 Personal Stories about Faith and Philosophy 56 Cultural Traditions (e.g. Easter, Hanukkah) 58 The Muhammed Cartoon-Crises 59 Other Culture 60 National (and local) sports events (incl. Mass/Popular Sport) 61 International Sports events (home team vs Foreigners) 62 Foreign Sports Events 63 Sports Stars/Celebreties 64 Sports Doping and Other types of cheating 65 Sports Economics - Including Media Sports Rights 66 Olympic Games and other megaevents in the past and future 67 Betting and Lottery 69 Other Sports 70 Hobbies, Leisure, and interior 71 Tourism 72 Beauty/fashion/fitness/wellness 73 Retirement/The Elderly 74 Shopping 75 Food and Drinks 76 Tobaccos and Cigarettes 77 Obesity 78 Alcohol and Drug Issues (e.g. Abuse Related) 79 other Lifestyle/Family/Health Issues 80 Sex/love/Romance/Weddings
964 717 1323 219 349 316 900 974 184 607 939 1373 306 330 194 11 108 2 740 2881 1210 496 2608 130 463 108 54 2244 233 348 206 32 99 265 37 17 83 709 102
2,1 1,6 2,9 ,5 ,8 ,7 2,0 2,2 ,4 1,4 2,1 3,1 ,7 ,7 ,4 ,0 ,2 ,0 1,6 6,4 2,7 1,1 5,8 ,3 1,0 ,2 ,1 5,0 ,5 ,8 ,5 ,1 ,2 ,6 ,1 ,0 ,2 1,6 ,2
2,1 1,6 2,9 ,5 ,8 ,7 2,0 2,2 ,4 1,4 2,1 3,1 ,7 ,7 ,4 ,0 ,2 ,0 1,6 6,4 2,7 1,1 5,8 ,3 1,0 ,2 ,1 5,0 ,5 ,8 ,5 ,1 ,2 ,6 ,1 ,0 ,2 1,6 ,2
60
Missing Total
81 Divorce/Battering/Suicide 82 Sensations & Curiosities (e.g. duck with four legs) 83 Other Human Interest Stories (Ordinary Citizens) 84 Other human Interest (Celebrity) 85 Hero/Villain-stories about Crimianals, Detectives, Victims 86 Royalty 87 Personal Focus on Public Officials/Scandals 88 Personal Focus on Individual Celebrity/Scandal 89 Other Entertainment 90 Science & Research 91 Innovations & News Gadgets 92 National History 93 International History 94 Technology 95 Organic/Ecology 96 Natural Disasters and Response to them 97 Weather 98 Animals 99 Other Issues/No Theme Total System
92 215 692 568 27 150 88 782 275 461 214 96 98 221 23 137 400 377 961 44890 31 44921
,2 ,5 1,5 1,3 ,1 ,3 ,2 1,7 ,6 1,0 ,5 ,2 ,2 ,5 ,1 ,3 ,9 ,8 2,1 99,9 ,1 100,0
,2 ,5 1,5 1,3 ,1 ,3 ,2 1,7 ,6 1,0 ,5 ,2 ,2 ,5 ,1 ,3 ,9 ,8 2,1 100,0
V14_SECONDARY_ISSUE_THEME SECONDARY ISSUE OR THEME OF STORY

Valid 1 War, armed and military conflict 2 Terrorism 3 Immigration, Refugees and Border Issues 4 Third World and Development Aid 5 Global Warming & Climate Change 6 Energy Supply and Oil Issues 8 EU-Enlargement 9 Foreign Politics/Diplomacy 10 Other World Politics Issues 11 Housing/Urban Affairs 12 Integration 13 Environment Issues 14 Poverty, Social and Welfare Policies 15 Healthcare Issues (including child/elderly care)/Public Health 16 Labour Policies 17 Education Issues 18 Family Matters 19 Transportation and Traffic 20 Justice Affairs (incl. Gun Control/Justice Department Affairs) 21 Other Domestic Politics Issues Frequency 148 40 44 8 18 31 8 89 17 17 15 62 28 59 38 33 16 56 35 87 Percent ,3 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,2 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,2 Valid Percent 4,3 1,2 1,3 ,2 ,5 ,9 ,2 2,6 ,5 ,5 ,4 1,8 ,8 1,7 1,1 1,0 ,5 1,6 1,0 2,5
61
22 Party Politics 23 Political Campaigns and Elections 24 Personal Focus on Candidates/Politicians/Public Officials 25 Democracy and Structural Reform 26 Human Rights, Civil Liberties, Freedom of Speech and Minority Discrimination 27 Government (Legislative and Executive Branch) 28 Social Unrest/Civil Strife/Labour Unrest 29 Consumer Issues 30 Other News About the Political Game 31 World Economy Development and Trends 32 Trade/Commerce 33 Prices/Interest rates 34 Monetary/Fiscal policy 35 Stock Market 36 Individual Companay Performance or Sector Performance 37 Public Sector Finance (taxes,budgets) 38 Collective Bargaining 39 Agricultural/Farming/Rural Issues/Fishing 40 Other Business Issues 41 Police Work, overall security and customs 42 Court Cases and Claims 43 Prison Issues and Punishment Issues 44 White Colar Crimes, Counterfeit, and Corruption 45 Sex & Drug Related Crimes 46 Violent Crimes 47 Accidents 48 Emergencies and Disasters 49 Other 911-stories 50 Fine Arts, Books, Theatre and Music 51 Popular Culture, Popular Music, Media and Film 52 Culture Industry (business issues) 53 News Media Reporting about (other) News Media 54 Religion & Church Issues 55 Personal Stories about Faith and Philosophy 56 Cultural Traditions (e.g. Easter, Hanukkah) 59 Other Culture 60 National (and local) sports events
31 16 124 6 129 31 25 37 22 101 12 22 14 7 69 24 2 15 54 36 143 7 65 28 178 76 6 36 37 87 5 41 36 1 6 60 8
,1 ,0 ,3 ,0 ,3 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,2 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,2 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,3 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,4 ,2 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,2 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0
,9 ,5 3,6 ,2 3,8 ,9 ,7 1,1 ,6 2,9 ,3 ,6 ,4 ,2 2,0 ,7 ,1 ,4 1,6 1,0 4,2 ,2 1,9 ,8 5,2 2,2 ,2 1,0 1,1 2,5 ,1 1,2 1,0 ,0 ,2 1,7 ,2
62
Missing Total
(incl. Mass/Popular Sport) 61 International Sports events (home team vs Foreigners) 62 Foreign Sports Events 63 Sports Stars/Celebreties 64 Sports Doping and Other types of cheating 65 Sports Economics - Including Media Sports Rights 66 Olympic Games and other megaevents in the past and future 67 Betting and Lottery 69 Other Sports 70 Hobbies, Leisure, and interior 71 Tourism 72 Beauty/fashion/fitness/wellness 73 Retirement/The Elderly 74 Shopping 75 Food and Drinks 76 Tobaccos and Cigarettes 77 Obesity 78 Alcohol and Drug Issues (e.g. Abuse Related) 79 Other Lifestyle/Family/Health Issues 80 Sex/love/Romance/Weddings 81 Divorce/Battering/Suicide 82 Sensations & Curiosities (e.g. duck with four legs) 83 Other Human Interest Stories (Ordinary Citizens) 84 Other human Interest (Celebrity) 85 Hero/Villain-stories about Crimianals, Detectives, Victims 86 Royalty 87 Personal Focus on Public Officials/Scandals 88 Personal Focus on Individual Celebrity/Scandal 89 Other Entertainment 90 Science & Research 91 Innovations & News Gadgets 92 National History 93 International History 94 Technology 95 Organic/Ecology 96 Natural Disasters and Response to them 97 Weather 98 Animals 99 Other Issues/No Theme Total System
12 3 26 7 1 2 6 24 4 21 17 7 12 16 10 6 20 93 6 6 30 125 36 10 16 15 87 58 59 14 11 22 60 2 9 46 66 19 3430 41491 44921
,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,2 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,3 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,2 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,0 7,6 92,4 100,0
,3 ,1 ,8 ,2 ,0 ,1 ,2 ,7 ,1 ,6 ,5 ,2 ,3 ,5 ,3 ,2 ,6 2,7 ,2 ,2 ,9 3,6 1,0 ,3 ,5 ,4 2,5 1,7 1,7 ,4 ,3 ,6 1,7 ,1 ,3 1,3 1,9 ,6 100,0
63
V15A_STORYACTOR_MAIN MAIN ACTOR IN NEWS STORY Frequency Valid 1 Cabinet Minister 558 2 Representative from party A (Left wing 17 parties_Socialists/greens etc.) 3 Representative from party B (Center left parties - Labour, social 52 democrats etc.) 4 Representative from party C (Center Parties -Christian 16 Democrats/Liberals etc.) 5 Representative from party D (Center Right parties 49 Conservatives, Republican etc.) 6 Representative from party E (Right Wing Parties - Progressive 9 party, Vlaams belang etc.) 7 Representative from other party 22 8 Foreign Politician 165 9 Government official 369 10 NGO representative 373 11 Academics, other experts 134 12 Business leaders/Private 4003 companies 13 Celebrities 6 14 Journalists/media 8 representatives 15 Ordinary Citizens 803 16 Anonymous actors 45 Total 6629 Missing 99 Does not apply/INAP 1040 System 37252 Total 38292 Total 44921
Percent 1,2 ,0
Valid Percent 8,4 ,3
,1
,8
,0
,2
,1
,7
,0 ,0 ,4 ,8 ,8 ,3 8,9 ,0 ,0 1,8 ,1 14,8 2,3 82,9 85,2 100,0
,1 ,3 2,5 5,6 5,6 2,0 60,4 ,1 ,1 12,1 ,7 100,0
V15B_STORYACTOR_MAIN_GENDER GENDER OF MAIN STORY ACTOR Frequency Percent Valid 1 Female 366 ,8 2 Male 1556 3,5 Total 1922 4,3 Missing 3 Does not apply/cannot 5313 11,8 tell System 37686 83,9 Total 42999 95,7 Total 44921 100,0
64
V16A_STORYACTOR_2nd 2nd ACTOR MENTIONED IN NEWS STORY Frequency Percent Valid 1 Cabinet Minister 241 ,5 2 Representative from party A (Left wing 15 ,0 parties_Socialists/greens etc.) 3 Representative from party B (Center left parties - Labour, social 57 ,1 democrats etc.) 4 Representative from party C (Center Parties -Christian 19 ,0 Democrats/Liberals etc.) 5 Representative from party D (Center Right parties 45 ,1 Conservatives, Republican etc.) 6 Representative from party E (Right Wing Parties - Progressive 4 ,0 party, Vlaams belang etc.) 7 Representative from other party 15 ,0 8 Foreign Politician 86 ,2 9 Government official 246 ,5 10 NGO representative 254 ,6 11 Academics, other experts 100 ,2 12 Business leaders/Private 1142 2,5 companies 13 Celebrities 5 ,0 14 Journalists/media 6 ,0 representatives 15 Ordinary Citizens 332 ,7 16 Anonymous actors 18 ,0 Total 2585 5,8 Missing 99 Does not apply/INAP 497 1,1 System 41839 93,1 Total 42336 94,2 Total 44921 100,0 V16B_STORYACTOR_2nd_GENDER GENDER OF 2nd STORY ACTOR Frequency Percent Valid 1 Female 180 ,4 2 Male 734 1,6 Total 914 2,0 Missing 3 Does not apply/cannot 2161 4,8 tell System 41846 93,2 Total 44007 98,0 Total 44921 100,0
2,2
,7
1,7
,2 ,6 3,3 9,5 9,8 3,9 44,2 ,2 ,2 12,8 ,7 100,0
65
V17A_STORYACTOR_3rd 3rd ACTOR MENTIONED IN NEWS STORY Frequency Valid 1 Cabinet Minister 112 2 Representative from party A (Left wing 10 parties_Socialists/greens etc.) 3 Representative from party B (Center left parties - Labour, social 40 democrats etc.) 4 Representative from party C (Center Parties -Christian 14 Democrats/Liberals etc.) 5 Representative from party D (Center Right parties 46 Conservatives, Republican etc.) 6 Representative from party E (Right Wing Parties - Progressive 3 party, Vlaams belang etc.) 7 Representative from other party 11 8 Foreign Politician 31 9 Government official 70 10 NGO representative 132 11 Academics, other experts 35 12 Business leaders/Private 514 companies 14 Journalists/media 3 representatives 15 Ordinary Citizens 89 16 Anonymous actors 4 Total 1114 Missing 99 Does not apply/INAP 663 System 43144 Total 43807 Total 44921 V17B_STORYACTOR_3rd_GENDER GENDER OF 3rd ACTOR Frequency Valid 1 Female 91 2 Male 371 Total 462 Missing 3 Does not apply/cannot 1314 tell System 43145 Total 44459 Total 44921
Percent ,2 ,0
,1
3,6
,0
1,3
,1
4,1
,0 ,0 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,1 1,1 ,0 ,2 ,0 2,5 1,5 96,0 97,5 100,0
,3 1,0 2,8 6,3 11,8 3,1 46,1 ,3 8,0 ,4 100,0
Percent ,2 ,8 1,0 2,9 96,0 99,0 100,0
66
V18A_STORYACTOR_4th 4th ACTOR MENTIONED IN NEWS STORY Frequency Valid 1 Cabinet Minister 49 2 Representative from party A (Left wing 4 parties_Socialists/greens etc.) 3 Representative from party B (Center left parties - Labour, social 11 democrats etc.) 4 Representative from party C (Center Parties -Christian 9 Democrats/Liberals etc.) 5 Representative from party D (Center Right parties 15 Conservatives, Republican etc.) 6 Representative from party E (Right Wing Parties - Progressive 3 party, Vlaams belang etc.) 7 Representative from other party 10 8 Foreign Politician 19 9 Government official 24 10 NGO representative 68 11 Academics, other experts 11 12 Business leaders/Private 279 companies 14 Journalists/media 2 representatives 15 Ordinary Citizens 52 16 Anonymous actors 3 Total 559 Missing 99 Does not apply/INAP 752 System 43610 Total 44362 Total 44921 V18B_STORYACTOR_4th_GENDER GENDER OF 4th ACTOR Frequency Valid 1 Female 48 2 Male 193 Total 241 Missing 3 Does not apply/cannot 1065 tell System 43615 Total 44680 Total 44921
Percent ,1 ,0
,0
2,0
,0
1,6
,0
2,7
,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,2 ,0 ,6 ,0 ,1 ,0 1,2 1,7 97,1 98,8 100,0
,5 1,8 3,4 4,3 12,2 2,0 49,9 ,4 9,3 ,5 100,0
Percent ,1 ,4 ,5 2,4 97,1 99,5 100,0
67
V19A_SOURES_QUOTES_1 SOURCES FOR QUOTES_1 Frequency Valid 1 Cabinet Minister 425 2 Representative from party A (Left wing 23 parties_Socialists/greens etc.) 3 Representative from party B (Center left parties - Labour, social 65 democrats etc.) 4 Representative from party C (Center Parties -Christian 27 Democrats/Liberals etc.) 5 Representative from party D (Center Right parties 77 Conservatives, Republican etc.) 6 Representative from party E (Right Wing Parties - Progressive 8 party, Vlaams belang etc.) 7 Representative from other party 26 8 Foreign Politician 139 9 Government official 495 10 NGO representative 462 11 Academics, other experts 521 12 Business leaders/Private 2131 companies 13 Celebrities 6 14 Journalists/media 119 representatives 15 Ordinary Citizens 298 16 Anonymous actors 56 Total 4878 Missing 99 Does not apply/INAP 1748 System 38295 Total 40043 Total 44921 V19B_SOURES_QUOTES_1_GENDER GENDER OF SOURCE_1 Frequency Valid 1 Female 690 2 Male 3094 Total 3784 Missing 3 Does not apply/cannot 1918 tell System 39219 Total 41137 Total 44921
Percent ,9 ,1
,1
1,3
,1
,6
,2
1,6
,0 ,1 ,3 1,1 1,0 1,2 4,7 ,0 ,3 ,7 ,1 10,9 3,9 85,2 89,1 100,0
,2 ,5 2,8 10,1 9,5 10,7 43,7 ,1 2,4 6,1 1,1 100,0
Percent 1,5 6,9 8,4 4,3 87,3 91,6 100,0
68
V20A_SOURES_QUOTES_2 SOURES FOR QUOTES_2 Valid 1 Cabinet Minister 2 Representative from party A (Left wing parties_Socialists/greens etc.) 3 Representative from party B (Center left parties - Labour, social democrats etc.) 4 Representative from party C (Center Parties -Christian Democrats/Liberals etc.) 5 Representative from party D (Center Right parties Conservatives, Republican etc.) 6 Representative from party E (Right Wing Parties - Progressive party, Vlaams belang etc.) 7 Representative from other party 8 Foreign Politician 9 Government official 10 NGO representative 11 Academics, other experts 12 Business leaders/Private companies 13 Celebrities 14 Journalists/media representatives 15 Ordinary Citizens 16 Anonymous actors Total 99 Does not apply/INAP System Total Frequency 157 13 Percent ,3 ,0 Valid Percent 7,3 ,6
47
,1
2,2
31
,1
1,4
63
,1
2,9
7 18 42 211 254 315 708 2 48 213 30 2159 538 42224 42762 44921
,0 ,0 ,1 ,5 ,6 ,7 1,6 ,0 ,1 ,5 ,1 4,8 1,2 94,0 95,2 100,0
,3 ,8 1,9 9,8 11,8 14,6 32,8 ,1 2,2 9,9 1,4 100,0
Missing
Total
V20B_SOURCES_QUOTES_2_GENDER GENDER OF SOURCE_2 Frequency Valid 1 Female 385 2 Male 1487 Total 1872 Missing 3 Does not apply/cannot 813 tell System 42236 Total 43049 Total 44921
Percent ,9 3,3 4,2 1,8 94,0 95,8 100,0
69
V21A_SOURCES_QUOTES_3 SOURCES FOR QUOTES_3 Frequency Valid 1 Cabinet Minister 63 2 Representative from party A (Left wing 8 parties_Socialists/greens etc.) 3 Representative from party B (Center left parties - Labour, social 34 democrats etc.) 4 Representative from party C (Center Parties -Christian 18 Democrats/Liberals etc.) 5 Representative from party D (Center Right parties 46 Conservatives, Republican etc.) 6 Representative from party E (Right Wing Parties - Progressive 3 party, Vlaams belang etc.) 7 Representative from other party 9 8 Foreign Politician 18 9 Government official 97 10 NGO representative 122 11 Academics, other experts 162 12 Business leaders/Private 349 companies 13 Celebrities 1 14 Journalists/media 18 representatives 15 Ordinary Citizens 119 16 Anonymous actors 14 Total 1081 Missing 99 Does not apply/INAP 645 System 43195 Total 43840 Total 44921 V21B_SOURCES_QUOTES_3_GENDER GENDER OF SOURCE_3 Frequency Valid 1 Female 195 2 Male 763 Total 958 Missing 3 Does not apply/cannot 767 tell System 43196 Total 43963 Total 44921
Percent ,1 ,0
,1
3,1
,0
1,7
,1
4,3
,0 ,0 ,0 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,8 ,0 ,0 ,3 ,0 2,4 1,4 96,2 97,6 100,0
,3 ,8 1,7 9,0 11,3 15,0 32,3 ,1 1,7 11,0 1,3 100,0
Percent ,4 1,7 2,1 1,7 96,2 97,9 100,0
70
V22A_SOURCES_QUOTES_4 SOURCES FOR QUOTES_4 Frequency Valid 1 Cabinet Minister 42 2 Representative from party A (Left wing 6 parties_Socialists/greens etc.) 3 Representative from party B (Center left parties - Labour, social 10 democrats etc.) 4 Representative from party C (Center Parties -Christian 11 Democrats/Liberals etc.) 5 Representative from party D (Center Right parties 16 Conservatives, Republican etc.) 6 Representative from party E (Right Wing Parties - Progressive 2 party, Vlaams belang etc.) 7 Representative from other party 7 8 Foreign Politician 4 9 Government official 51 10 NGO representative 58 11 Academics, other experts 76 12 Business leaders/Private 172 companies 14 Journalists/media 14 representatives 15 Ordinary Citizens 66 16 Anonymous actors 8 Total 543 Missing 99 Does not apply/INAP 702 System 43676 Total 44378 Total 44921 V22B_SOURCES_QUOTES_4_GENDER GENDER OF SOURCE_4 Frequency Valid 1 Female 89 2 Male 389 Total 478 Missing 3 Does not apply/cannot 764 tell System 43679 Total 44443 Total 44921
Percent ,1 ,0
Valid Percent 7,7 1,1
,0
1,8
,0
2,0
,0
2,9
,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,2 ,4 ,0 ,1 ,0 1,2 1,6 97,2 98,8 100,0
,4 1,3 ,7 9,4 10,7 14,0 31,7 2,6 12,2 1,5 100,0
Percent ,2 ,9 1,1 1,7 97,2 98,9 100,0
71
V23_MAINARGUMENT_IMMIGRATION MAIN ARGUMENT TOWARDS IMMIGRATION Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 1 General anti 41 ,1 20,2 immigration/immigrants argument 2 Neutral or generally pro 162 ,4 79,8 immigration/immigrants argument Total 203 ,5 100,0 Missing System 44718 99,5 Total 44921 100,0 V24_ECON_IMMIGRATION REFERENCE TO ECONOMIC ARGUMENTS REGARDING IMMIGRATION Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 181 ,4 88,7 1 Yes, immigrants exploit benefits 7 ,0 3,4 2 Yes, need immigrants as 16 ,0 7,8 labour/human resources Total 204 ,5 100,0 Missing System 44717 99,5 Total 44921 100,0 V25_CULTURE_IMMIGRATION REFERENCE TO CULTURAL ARGUMENTS REGARDING IMMIGRATION Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 198 ,4 97,1 1 Yes, immigrants is a threat to 2 ,0 1,0 national/local culture 2 Yes, immigrants create 4 ,0 2,0 cultural diversity Total 204 ,5 100,0 Missing System 44717 99,5 Total 44921 100,0 V26_CRIME_IMMIGRATION REFERENCE TO CRIME ARGUMENTS REGARDING IMMIGRATION Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 170 ,4 83,3 1 Yes, immigrants 30 ,1 14,7 increase/create crime 2 Yes, immigrants are victim of 4 ,0 2,0 crime Total 204 ,5 100,0 Missing System 44717 99,5 Total 44921 100,0
72
V27_LAWS_IMMIGRATION REFERENCE TO LAWS REGULATING IMMIGRATION Frequency Percent Valid 0 No 158 ,4 1 Yes, need stricter/maintain laws to reduce immigrants of 28 ,1 limit immigrant rights 2 Yes, need to maintain/improve laws that 18 ,0 secures immigrants rights (prevent discrimination) Total 204 ,5 Missing System 44717 99,5 Total 44921 100,0 V28_FRAME_IMMIGRATION FRAMING OF IMMIGRANT STORY Frequency Valid 1 As a problem 45 2 As a resource 15 3 Both a problem and a 21 resource Total 81 Missing 4 Cannot say 123 System 44717 Total 44840 Total 44921
8,8 100,0
Percent ,1 ,0 ,0 ,2 ,3 99,5 99,8 100,0
Valid Percent 55,6 18,5 25,9 100,0
V29_GEOGRAPHY_IMMIGRATION REFERENCE TO ORIGINATION OF IMMIGRANTS Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 99 ,2 48,5 1 Yes, Western Europe, North 3 ,0 1,5 America, Oceania 2 Yes, Eastern Europe (including 25 ,1 12,3 Russia) 3 Yes, South America, Asia or 77 ,2 37,7 Africa Total 204 ,5 100,0 Missing System 44717 99,5 Total 44921 100,0 V30A_RELIGION_EXPLICIT_IMMIGRATION EXPLICIT REFERENCE TO RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND OF IMMIGRANTS Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 186 ,4 91,2 1 Yes, Christians 2 ,0 1,0 2 Yes, Muslims 16 ,0 7,8 Total 204 ,5 100,0 Missing System 44717 99,5 Total 44921 100,0
73
V30B_RELIGION_IMPLICIT_IMMIGRATION IMPLICIT REFERENCE TO RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND OF IMMIGRANTS Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 155 ,3 76,0 1 Yes, Christians 7 ,0 3,4 2 Yes, Muslims 36 ,1 17,6 3 Yes, other religion 6 ,0 2,9 Total 204 ,5 100,0 Missing System 44717 99,5 Total 44921 100,0 V31_SKIN_IMMIGRATION PICTURES REFLECTING IMMIGRANT SKIN COMPLEXION Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 135 ,3 66,2 1 Yes, mainly immigrants with 43 ,1 21,1 dark skin complexion (non-white) 2 Yes, immigrants with dark and white skin complexion equally 5 ,0 2,5 represented in pictures 3 Yes, mainly immigrants with 21 ,0 10,3 white skin complexion Total 204 ,5 100,0 Missing System 44717 99,5 Total 44921 100,0 V32_SOURCES_IMMIGRATION IMMIGRANTS QUOTED OR CITED Frequency Percent Valid 0 No 158 ,4 1 Yes 39 ,1 Total 197 ,4 Missing 2 Cannot tell 2 ,0 System 44722 99,6 Total 44724 99,6 Total 44921 100,0
V33A_PARTY_EXTREME_IMMIGRATION PARTY POSITION DESCRIBED AS EXTREME TOWARDS IMMIGRATION Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 196 ,4 96,1 1 Yes 8 ,0 3,9 Total 204 ,5 100,0 Missing System 44717 99,5 Total 44921 100,0
74
V33B_IDENTITY_EXTREME_PARTY_IMMIGRATION IDENTITY OF EXTREME PARTY Frequency Percent Valid 2 Center left party (Labor, Social 1 ,0 democrats etc.) 4 Center Right Party 2 ,0 (Conservatives, Republican etc.) 5 Rigth wing party (Progressive 5 ,0 party, Vlaams belang etc.) Total 8 ,0 Missing System 44913 100,0 Total 44921 100,0
Valid Percent 12,5 25,0 62,5 100,0
V34A_PARTY_DISAGREEMENT_IMMIGRATION PARTY DESCRIBED AS DISAGREEING/DIVIDED OVER IMMIGRATION Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 187 ,4 98,4 1 Yes 3 ,0 1,6 Total 190 ,4 100,0 Missing System 44731 99,6 Total 44921 100,0 V34b_IDENTITY_DIVIDED_PARTY_IMMIGRATION IDENTITY OF DISAGREEING/DIVIDED PARTY Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 2 Center left party (Labor, Social 2 ,0 66,7 democrats etc.) 5 Rigth wing party (Progressive 1 ,0 33,3 party, Vlaams belang etc.) Total 3 ,0 100,0 Missing System 44918 100,0 Total 44921 100,0 V35_MAINARGUMENT_REGULATION MAIN ARGUMENT TOWARDS GOVERNMENT REGULATION Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 1 General anti government 124 ,3 1,7 regulation/ pro free market 2 General pro government 771 1,7 10,5 regulation / anti free market 3 Neutral towards government 6452 14,4 87,8 regulation / free market Total 7347 16,4 100,0 Missing System 37574 83,6 Total 44921 100,0
75
V36_ECON_GROWTH_REGULATION REFERENCE TO ECONOMIC GROWTH Frequency Percent Valid 0 No 6275 14,0 1 Yes, government regulation will reduce growth/free market 36 ,1 will increase growth 2 Yes, government regulation will increase growth/free market 340 ,8 will reduce growth 3 Yes, but not related to government regulation/free 697 1,6 market (totally neutral) Total 7348 16,4 Missing System 37573 83,6 Total 44921 100,0 V37_ECON_STABILITY_REGULATION REFERENCE TO ECONOMIC STABILITY Frequency Percent Valid 0 No 6549 14,6 1 Yes, government regulation will reduce stability/free market 25 ,1 will increase stability 2 Yes, government regulation will increase stability/free 424 ,9 market will reduce stability 3 Yes, but not related to government regulation/free 349 ,8 market (totally neutral) Total 7347 16,4 Missing System 37574 83,6 Total 44921 100,0 V38_INDIV_FREEDOM_REGULATION REFERENCE TO INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM Frequency Percent Valid 0 No 7275 16,2 1 Yes, government regulation will reduce individual freedom/ free 25 ,1 market increase freedom 2 Yes, government regulation will increase individual freedom/ free 19 ,0 market reduce freedom 3 Yes, but not related to government regulation/free 28 ,1 market (totally neutral) Total 7347 16,4 Missing System 37574 83,6 Total 44921 100,0
4,6
9,5 100,0
5,8
4,8 100,0
,3
,4 100,0
76
V39_INDIV_RIGHTS_REGULATION REFERENCE TO INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS/OPPORTUNITIES Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 7146 15,9 97,3 1 Yes, government regulation will reduce individual rights / free 21 ,0 ,3 market will increase rights 2 Yes, government regulation will increase individual rights / free 51 ,1 ,7 market will reduce rights 3 Yes, but not related to government regulation/free 130 ,3 1,8 market (totally neutral) Total 7348 16,4 100,0 Missing System 37573 83,6 Total 44921 100,0 V40_INEQUALITY_REGULATION REFERENCE TO INEQUALITY/WELFARE Frequency Percent Valid 0 No 7129 15,9 1 Yes, government regulation will increase inequality / free market 33 ,1 + 2 Yes, government regulation will 77 ,2 reduce inequality / free market 3 Yes, but not related to government regulation/free 103 ,2 market (totally neutral) Total 7342 16,3 Missing System 37579 83,7 Total 44921 100,0 V41_UNEMPLOY_REGULATION REFERENCE TO UNEMPLOYMENT Frequency Valid 0 No 6401 1 Yes, government regulation will reduce unemployment/free 256 market 2 Yes, government regulationw ill increase unemployment/free 51 market + 3 Yes, but not related to government regulation or free 641 market (totally neutral) Total 7349 Missing System 37572 Total 44921
Valid Percent 97,1 ,4 1,0 1,4 100,0
Percent 14,2 ,6
,1
,7
1,4 16,4 83,6 100,0
8,7 100,0
77
V42_TAXES_REGULATION REFERENCE TO TAXES Valid 0 No 1 Yes, government regulation will not increase taxes/free market 2 Yes, government regulation will increase taxes / free market + 3 Yes, but not related to government regulation/free market (totally neutral) Total System Frequency 7047 76 Percent 15,7 ,2 Valid Percent 95,9 1,0
97
,2
1,3
131 7351 37570 44921
,3 16,4 83,6 100,0
1,8 100,0
Missing Total
V43A_PARTY_CLEARNESS_REGULATION PARTY POSITION DESCRIBED AS (UN)CLEAR TOWARDS REGULATION Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 7196 16,0 98,6 1 Yes, position is clear 85 ,2 1,2 2 Yes, position in unclear 17 ,0 ,2 Total 7298 16,2 100,0 Missing System 37623 83,8 Total 44921 100,0 V43B_IDENTITY_UNCLEAR_PARTY_REGULATION IDENTITY OF (UN)CLEAR PARTY Frequency Percent Valid 1 Left wing party 7 ,0 (Socialists/Greens etc.) 2 Center left party (Labor, Social 31 ,1 democrats etc.) 3 Center Party (Christian 33 ,1 democrats/liberals etc.) 4 Center Right Party 10 ,0 (Conservatives, Republican etc.) 5 Rigth wing party (Progressive 3 ,0 party, Vlaams belang etc.) 6 Other parties 15 ,0 Total 99 ,2 Missing System 44822 99,8 Total 44921 100,0
Valid Percent 7,1 31,3 33,3 10,1 3,0 15,2 100,0
78
V44A_PARTY_CHANGE_REGULATION REFERENCE TO PARTY CHANGING POSITION TOWARDS REGULATION Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 5287 11,8 99,6 1 Yes, position has not been/is 4 ,0 ,1 not changing 2 Yes, position has been/is 16 ,0 ,3 changing Total 5307 11,8 100,0 Missing System 39614 88,2 Total 44921 100,0 V44B_IDENTITY_CHANGE_PARTY_REGULATION IDENTITY OF CHANGING PARTY Frequency Percent Valid 1 Left wing party 1 ,0 (Socialists/Greens etc.) 2 Center left party (Labor, Social 5 ,0 democrats etc.) 3 Center Party (Christian 5 ,0 democrats/liberals etc.) 4 Center Right Party 3 ,0 (Conservatives, Republican etc.) 5 Rigth wing party (Progressive 4 ,0 party, Vlaams belang etc.) Total 18 ,0 Missing System 44903 100,0 Total 44921 100,0 V45_DIRECTION_CHANGE_PARTY DIRECTION OF CHANGE PARTY/ACTOR Frequency Percent Valid 1 Party/candidate are now more opposoed to government 3 ,0 regulation 2 Party/Candidate are now more supportive of government 13 ,0 regulation Total 16 ,0 Missing System 44905 100,0 Total 44921 100,0
Valid Percent 5,6 27,8 27,8 16,7 22,2 100,0
Valid Percent 18,8
81,3 100,0
79
V46A_PARTY_EXTREME_REGULATION PARTY POSITION DESCRIBED AS EXTREME TOWARDS REGULATION Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 5262 11,7 100,0 1 Yes 2 ,0 ,0 Total 5264 11,7 100,0 Missing System 39657 88,3 Total 44921 100,0 V46B_IDENTITY_EXTREME_PARTY_REGULATION IDENTITY OF EXTREME PARTY Frequency Percent Valid 3 Center Party (Christian 1 ,0 democrats/liberals etc.) 6 Other parties 1 ,0 Total 2 ,0 Missing System 44919 100,0 Total 44921 100,0
V47A_PARTY_DISAGREEMENT_REGULATION PARTY DESCRIBED AS DISAGREEING/DIVIDED OVER GOVERNMENT REGULATION Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 5160 11,5 99,9 1 Yes 5 ,0 ,1 Total 5165 11,5 100,0 Missing System 39756 88,5 Total 44921 100,0 V47B_IDENTITY_DIVIDED_PARTY_REGULATION IDENTITY OF DISAGREEING/DIVIDED PARTY Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 1 Left wing party 1 ,0 16,7 (Socialists/Greens etc.) 2 Center left party (Labor, Social 2 ,0 33,3 democrats etc.) 3 Center Party (Christian 2 ,0 33,3 democrats/liberals etc.) 4 Center Right Party 1 ,0 16,7 (Conservatives, Republican etc.) Total 6 ,0 100,0 Missing System 44915 100,0 Total 44921 100,0
80
V48_MAINFOCUS_EDUCATION MAIN FOCUS TOWARDS EDUCATION SYSTEM Frequency Percent Valid 0 No 144 ,3 1 Yes 19 ,0 2 Does not apply/INAP 8 ,0 Total 171 ,4 Missing System 44750 99,6 Total 44921 100,0 V49_FOUNDATIONAL_EDUCATION DISCUSSION ABOUT FOUNDATIONAL SKILLS Frequency Percent Valid 0 No 100 ,2 1 Yes, should be more 3 ,0 focus on foundational skills Total 103 ,2 Missing System 44818 99,8 Total 44921 100,0
Valid Percent 84,2 11,1 4,7 100,0
V50_PUPIL_DIFFERENES_EDUCATION DISCUSSION ABOUT ACADEMIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PUPILS Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 99 ,2 96,1 1 Yes, there are too large 4 ,0 3,9 differences between pupils Total 103 ,2 100,0 Missing System 44818 99,8 Total 44921 100,0 V51_SOCIAL_EDUCATION DISCUSSION ABOUT SOCIAL SKILLS Frequency Valid 0 No 100 1 Yes, should be more focus on 4 social skills Total 104 Missing System 44817 Total 44921
Percent ,2 ,0 ,2 99,8 100,0
V52_WELFARESYSTEM_EDUCATION DISCUSSION ABOUT WELFARE SYSTEM IN RELATION TO EDUCATION Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 101 ,2 97,1 1 Yes, current education system 3 ,0 2,9 illustrates great welfare system Total 104 ,2 100,0 Missing System 44817 99,8 Total 44921 100,0
81
V53_GENDER_EDUCATION DISCUSSION ABOUT GENDER DIFFERENCES IN EDUCATION SYSTEM Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 103 ,2 99,0 1 Yes, education system 1 ,0 1,0 favours girls Total 104 ,2 100,0 Missing System 44817 99,8 Total 44921 100,0 V54_SOCIALCLASSES_EDUCATION DISCUSSION ABOUT SOCIAL CLASSES IN SCHOOLS Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 99 ,2 95,2 1 Yes, the education system 5 ,0 4,8 favours middle- or upper class Total 104 ,2 100,0 Missing System 44817 99,8 Total 44921 100,0 V55_ETHNICITY_EDUCATION DISCUSSION ABOUT ETHNICTY AND EDUCATION Frequency Percent Valid 0 No 101 ,2 1 Yes, Education System favours 1 ,0 ethnic citizens 3 Yes, ethnic background is irrelevant for success in education 2 ,0 system Total 104 ,2 Missing System 44817 99,8 Total 44921 100,0
Valid Percent 97,1 1,0 1,9 100,0
V56_INFRASTRUCTURE_EDUCATION DISCUSSION ABOUT EDUCATION INFRASTRUCTURE Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 89 ,2 85,6 1 Yes, there are problems or a 5 ,0 4,8 conflict related to infrastructure 2 Yes, positive aspects related to 4 ,0 3,8 infrastructure debated 3 Yes, infrastructure is debated 6 ,0 5,8 in balanced or neutral way Total 104 ,2 100,0 Missing System 44817 99,8 Total 44921 100,0
82
V57_ACTOR_CRITICIZE_EDUCATION ACTOR OR SOURCE CRITICISING CURRENT EDUCATIONAL POLICIES Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No, criticism 85 ,2 82,5 1 Yes, politicial from a party in 2 ,0 1,9 government 2 Yes, politician from a party in 2 ,0 1,9 opposition 3 Yes, academics, other experts 3 ,0 2,9 4 Yes, from organization (e.g. 4 ,0 3,9 teacher unions) 5 Yes, public official 3 ,0 2,9 6 Yes, other actors 4 ,0 3,9 Total 103 ,2 100,0 Missing System 44818 99,8 Total 44921 100,0 V58_BLAME_EDUCATION WHO IS BLAMED BY MAIN CRITICISER Frequency Valid 1 Current government 6 3 The profession 2 5 Public official 2 6 Other 3 7 None 6 Total 19 Missing System 44902 Total 44921
Percent ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 100,0 100,0
Valid Percent 31,6 10,5 10,5 15,8 31,6 100,0
V59_NATIONAL_MEASUREMENT_EDUCATION1 RESULTS OF NATIONAL MEASUREMENTS USED AS ARGUMENT FOR CRITICISM Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 52 ,1 98,1 1 Yes 1 ,0 1,9 Total 53 ,1 100,0 Missing System 44868 99,9 Total 44921 100,0 V60_INTERNATIONAL_MEASUREMENT_EDUCATION1 RESULTS OF INTERNATIONAL MEASUREMENT (PISA/TIMMS) AS ARGUMENT FOR CRITICISM Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 81 ,2 98,8 1 Yes 1 ,0 1,2 Total 82 ,2 100,0 Missing 2 Can't tell 1 ,0 System 44838 99,8 Total 44839 99,8 Total 44921 100,0
83
V61_COUNTRY_EDUCATION1 REFERENCE TO OTHER COUNTRIES BY CRITICISER Frequency Percent Valid 0 No 81 ,2 183 United Kingdom 1 ,0 203 North America 1 ,0 Total 83 ,2 Missing System 44838 99,8 Total 44921 100,0
Valid Percent 97,6 1,2 1,2 100,0
V62_ACTOR_DEFENDING_EDUCATION ACTOR OR SOURCE DEFENDING CURRENT EDUCATIONAL POLITICIES Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No, criticism 94 ,2 93,1 1 Yes, politicial from a party in 2 ,0 2,0 government 4 Yes, from organization (e.g. 2 ,0 2,0 teacher unions) 5 Yes, public official 2 ,0 2,0 6 Yes, other actors 1 ,0 1,0 Total 101 ,2 100,0 Missing System 44820 99,8 Total 44921 100,0 V63_CREDIT_EDUCATION WHO GETS THE CREDIT FROM MAIN DEFENDER Frequency Percent Valid 1 Current government 2 ,0 6 Other 1 ,0 7 None 5 ,0 Total 8 ,0 Missing System 44913 100,0 Total 44921 100,0
Valid Percent 25,0 12,5 62,5 100,0
V64_NATIONAL_MEASUREMENT_EDUCATION2 RESULTS OF NATIONAL MEASUREMENTS USED AS ARGUMENT FOR DEFENCE Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 40 ,1 97,6 1 Yes 1 ,0 2,4 Total 41 ,1 100,0 Missing System 44880 99,9 Total 44921 100,0 V65_INTERNATIONAL_MEASUREMENT_EDUCATION2 RESULTS OF INTERNATIONAL MEASUREMENTS USED AS ARGUMENT FOR DEFENCE Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 41 ,1 100,0 Missing System 44880 99,9 Total 44921 100,0
84
V66_COUNTRY_EDUCATION2 REFERENCE TO OTHER COUNTRIES BY DEFENDER Frequency Percent Valid Percent Valid 0 No 41 ,1 100,0 Missing System 44880 99,9 Total 44921 100,0
85
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ISS REPORT NO.

MEDIA SYSTEMS AND THE CHARACTER OF NEWS A CROSS-NATIONAL CONTENT ANALYSIS

Tove Brekken & Toril Aalberg 2010

ISS REPORT NO. 75

MEDIA SYSTEMS AND THE CHARACTER OF NEWS A CROSS-NATIONAL CONTENT ANALYSIS

Tove Brekken & Toril Aalberg 2010

Trondheim February 26th 2010

Tove Brekken and Toril Aalberg

NRK1: Dagsrevyen (1900) TV2: Nyhetene (2100)

Het Laatste Nieuws 1. Main 2. Economy, Sports, Culture

De Telegraaf 1: Main 2: Culture, Sports, Economy

Aftonbladet 1. Main 2. Sports 3. Entertainm. / Lifestyle* Gteborgs Posten 1. Main

The Sun 1. Main 2. TVBiz

Gazet van Antwerpen 1: Main

De Twente Courant Tubantia 1: Main

Glasgow Herald 1. Main

Immigration (If V13/V14 = code 03 or 12)

Labour Lib.Dem Conservatives

Vlaams LPF Belang All other parties are coded as 6.

Labour Lib.Dem Conservatives

Vlaams LPF Belang All other parties are coded as 6.

Government regulation (If V13/V14 = code 14-16 and 31-40)

Labour Lib.Dem Conservatives

Labour Lib.Dem Conservatives

Labour Lib.Dem Conservatives

Vlaams LPF Belang All other parties are coded as 6.

Labour Lib.Dem Conservatives

Vlaams LPF Belang All other parties are coded as 6.

Education (Norway and Sweden only) (If V13/V14 = code 17)

Sweden 335 600 368 200 242 400

UK 845,167 3,073,106 62290

US 1,000,665 2,293,310 110,999

Remaining variables only to be coded if V13/V14 is coded as

Government regulation (If V13/V14 = code 14-16 and 31-40)

Education (Norway and Sweden only) (If V13/V14 = code 17)

Regional newspapers are not included in the ICR-test.

IRC Television all countries

IRC Newspapers all countries

Valid Percent 14,3 22,3 13,0 13,4 18,6 18,3 100,0

Percent 3,9 6,9 20,5 4,7 23,9 27,1 12,9 100,0

Percent ,7 ,8 ,6 ,9 ,9 1,2 1,2 ,6 ,7 ,8 ,6 ,7 9,7 90,3 100,0

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 102 118 Total System

144 92 140 125 133 80 65 40 64 85 112 121 77 45 62 44 38 53 46 25 45 37 59 28 37 30 37 15 23 13 30 19 37 20 26 9 19 12 11 16 13 4 9 5 5 5 2 1 3 1 1 44593 328 44921

Valid Percent 18,9 23,6 16,4 25,0 16,2 100,0

Valid Percent 52,8 25,3 14,5 5,7 1,7 100,0

Valid Percent 16,2 83,8 100,0

1 18 2 9 1 40 2 260 22 148 1 2 19 8 11 50 1 34 4 2 1 34 284 1 3 14 298 14 33 9 1 3 1 7 8 84 124 32 47 119 38 466 105 103 3 2 20 18 25 1 5 16 13 8 2

7 1 5 1 3 11 1 45 2 1 25 1 8 261 8 4 1 7 38 5 68 379 1 2 5 5 28 5 12 302 17 26 4 17 5 2 132 28 115 41 9 4 1 59 34 7 4 9 36 1 8 56 7 38 11

389 1514 2 2 22 17 10 5 1 39 1 13 4 39 303 16 274 9 29 25 373 30516 14405 44921

,9 3,4 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,7 ,0 ,6 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,8 67,9 32,1 100,0

1,3 5,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 1,0 ,1 ,9 ,0 ,1 ,1 1,2 100,0

V11_COUNTRY_2nd 2nd COUNTRY MENTIONED

7 34 1 7 30 6 13 45 27 2 5 8 1 14 199 1 1 9 192 3 12 1 2 1 2 8 24 51 10 23 90 30 468 51 45 2 7 31 3 14 3 7 1 5 3 28 1 1 3 1 6 1 1 18 2

,1 ,6 ,0 ,1 ,6 ,1 ,2 ,8 ,5 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,3 3,7 ,0 ,0 ,2 3,6 ,1 ,2 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,4 ,9 ,2 ,4 1,7 ,6 8,7 ,9 ,8 ,0 ,1 ,6 ,1 ,3 ,1 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,5 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,3 ,0

1 40 1 3 257 7 3 12 21 2 56 526 1 12 3 29 9 1 14 153 27 44 12 2 2 4 57 23 76 4 3 67 24 1 3 2 23 5 25 9 111 12 144 481 10 6 3 2 11 5 7 13 23

24 49 9 37 43 396 5370 39551 44921

,1 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,9 12,0 88,0 100,0

V12_COUNTRY_3rd 3rd COUNTRY MENTIONED

,9 ,6 4,7 ,6 1,2 ,2 ,7 ,1 ,1 ,1 ,7 ,0 ,4 ,2 ,9 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,7 ,1 3,8 ,1 ,1 ,7 1,1 6,5 ,1 ,1 ,4 ,3 ,1 ,5 3,2 ,2 1,5 ,0 ,3 ,0 ,3 ,0 ,6 ,3 1,9 ,1 ,1 ,8 ,7 ,4 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,2

21 5 66 3 103 189 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 4 6 3 15 19 8 23 27 187 2142 42779 44921

,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,2 ,4 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,4 4,8 95,2 100,0

1,0 ,2 3,1 ,1 4,8 8,8 ,1 ,0 ,0 ,1 ,0 ,1 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,1 ,7 ,9 ,4 1,1 1,3 8,7 100,0