Motor Control

Single Phase AC Motor In single phase induction motors, a single phase supply voltage is 'split' into two phase currents to create a rotating magnetic field in order to start the rotation of the rotor. The principle of operation for these motors is the same as the 3 phase induction motor in that, they consist of a stator winding(s) inducing currents in a 'caged rotor'. The types of motor define the method used to achieve the phase splitting. Types of single phase AC induction motor are: Split Phase Capacitor Shaded Pole Repulsion The capacitor and Shaded pole tend to be the most common. A capacitor run motor consists of a capacitor connected between a main and auxiliary winding to provide phase shift between these windings and hence a rotating flux. A shaded pole motor consists of a stator winding with the pole of the stator slotted to receive a 'shading ring'. The resultant phase shift between stator and shaded pole set up a rotating flux in the rotor. Applications include power tools, washing machines clothes dryers, vacuum cleaners, fans, food processors. Motor Control Circuit

Three Phase Asynchronous Motor

In asynchronous motors the induction principle is used, whereby a conductor is placed in an electromagnetic field which is then influenced by a force, which tries to move it through the magnetic field. In the AC induction motor the magnetic field is placed in the stationary part (stator). The conductors influenced by the electromagnetic force are located in the rotor. The stator consists (usually) of 3 windings (phases) displaced 120 electrical degrees apart. When fed by a 3 phase alternating current they induce a current in the conductors of the rotor. The interaction of the magnetic field produced by the stator and the current carrying conductors in the rotor causes the rotor to be 'dragged' round by the stator field. Applications include hoists, cranes conveyer belts, traction control, washing machines, HVAC systems. 3 Phase Motor Control

Three Phase Synchronous AC Motor

Similar to the BLDC motor, the rotor of a permanent magnet synchronous AC motor consists of permanent magnets. The stator has 3 phase windings distributed sinusiodally as opposed to the salient pole distribution found in a BLDC motor. The stator when energised by a 3 phase alternating current creates a synchronously rotating flux which causes the rotor to rotate synchronously with it. Due to the sinusoidal excitation of the windings the resultant torque generated by this motor is much smoother than that of the BLDC motor. Applications include compressors, pumps, fans, dishwashers, washing machines, servo controls. Brushed DC Motor

The stator contains two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor contains windings connected to the voltage supply via brushes and a mechanical commutator. The opposite polarities of the energised winding and the stator magnet are attracted and the rotor rotates until is aligned with the stator. Just as the rotor reaches alignment, the brushes move across the commutator contacts and energise the next winding causing continuous rotation. The speed of the motor is proportional to the voltage applied to it. Reversing the connections to the motor reverses the direction of rotation. Applications include toys, toothbrushes, shavers, cordless tools, small fans. BrushLess DC (BLDC) motor

A DC brush type motor has a permanent magnet stator and a wound rotor. The configuration of a brushless motor is reversed, i.e. a permanent magnet rotor and a wound stator. Furthermore, there are two types of brushless motors; the type that has an outer rotating magnet or the type that has an inner rotating magnet assembly. In a brushless DC motor the position of the coils (phases), with respect to the permanent magnet field, are sensed and the current switched electronically (commutated) to the appropriate phases. Hall Effect sensors are typically used to sense the rotor position. Otherwise, sensorless techniques are used. Applications include compressors, pumps, fans, dishwashers, washing machines, door openers, HVAC systems.

Universal Motor

These motors are similar to a brushed DC motor in that it uses a rotor with brushes and a commutator. However, the stator uses windings instead of permanent magnets. The basic principle is still the same. A series wound motor has the stator windings in series with the rotor. A shunt wound motor has the stator windings in parallel with the rotor winding. The more common series wound motor is also called a universal motor. It is universal in the sense that it will run equally well from an ac or dc voltage source. Reversing the polarity of both stator and rotor cancel each other and so the motor rotates in the same direction regardless of polarity. Applications include power tools, washing machines, clothes dryers, vacuum cleaners, fans, food processors.

Reference: http://www.ee.nec.de/applications/industrial/motor_control/030_general_motor_control/index.html