Ht t p. //www. t leprescaa. cam | af at leprescaa.

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I0wlk IlN KNKll
1he
exp
eco
f|e
mo
pow
power systems ana|ys|s
erts at rescon enab|e eff|c|ent,
nom|ca| use of power by us|ng
|d measurements and computer
de||ng to ana|yze
er system
LlecLrlcal LqulpmenL AsseL ManagemenL llfe cycle sLarLs wlLh
professlonally and carefully deslgned elecLrlcal sysLem, from
Lhe lnlLlal concepLual sLage.
lL lncorporaLes a load flow sLudy, shorL clrculL analysls Lo
deLermlne equlpmenL raLlngs and speclflcaLlons.
CompuLer alded proLecLlve devlce coordlnaLlon sLudy ensures
a rellable, dependable and secure proLecLlon scheme for Lhe
elecLrlcal sysLem.
Arc flash hazard analysls are also carrled ouL Lo deLermlne Lhe
level of L requlred by Lhe malnLenance sLaff for personnel
safeLy.
MoLor acceleraLlon generaLlon sLarLup & LranslenL sLablllLy
sLudles would ensure LhaL moLor sLarLlng does noL resulL ln
depressed volLages for a longer perlod duraLlon.
1he generaLors go Lhrough a Lrouble free loadlng and sysLem ls
sLable enough on exLernal faulLs and swlLchlng evenLs.
rescon offers comp|ete power system ana|ys|s
serv|ces us|ng L1A wh|ch |s wor|d's most w|de|y
used power system ana|ys|s too|
I0wlk lkvlCl
App||cat|ons
- LlecLrlcal ower SysLems
- Mlnlng, peLrochemlcal, lndusLrlal and uLlllLy secLors
8enef|ts
- Lconomlcal and efflclenL use of power
- 8ellable supply of power durlng sysLem operaLlon
- 8educed operaLlon cosLs
Ieatures
- ueLalled reporLlng.
volLage, CurrenL & power facLor
aL varlous locaLlons ln Lhe sysLem
- 1oLal sysLem approach for compleLe & Lhorough
evaluaLlon
- 8ellable supply of power durlng sysLem operaLlon
- 8educed operaLlon cosLs
CVLkVILW
Ht t p. //www. t leprescaa. cam | af at leprescaa. cam
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I0wlk IlN KNKll
Load I|ow
Motor]
rotect|ve Dev|ce Coord|nat|on
Arc I|ash nazard Ana|ys|s
Short C|rcu|t
generators startup
& 1rans|ent Stab|||ty
Stud|es
narmon|c Study
Load f|ow
1rans|ent motor start|ng
Short c|rcu|t
rotect|ve dev|ce coord|nat|on sLudy
narmon|c study
A base sLudy ls performed Lo deLermlne Lhe sLeady-
sLaLe operaLlng characLerlsLlcs of Lhe elecLrlcal
sysLem.
1hls sLudy examlnes how Lhe elecLrlcal sysLem wlll
reacL when lndlvldual moLors are sLarLed or when
groups of moLors are sLarLed slmulLaneously.
1he calculaLlons of faulL-currenL levels aL all buses
ln Lhe sysLem are sLudled Lo mlnlmlze Lhe
consequences of a poLenLlal shorL clrculL ln Lhe
sysLem.
roLecLlve devlces, such as clrculL breakers, fuses,
and relays, are examlned and properly coordlnaLed
Lo proLecL personnel and equlpmenL.
1hls sLudy ls recommended on sysLems LhaL have
20 or more nonllnear loadlng produced by
equlpmenL such as varlable-speed drlves, arc
welders, and fluorescenL ballasLs.
1ICAL CWLk SS1LM ANALSIS
I k l C 0 N
I0wlk lkvlCl

LCAD ILCWS1UDILS

Cne of Lhe mosL common compuLaLlonal procedures used ln
power sysLem analysls ls Lhe load flow calculaLlon. 1he
plannlng, deslgn, and operaLlon of power sysLems requlre such
calculaLlons Lo analyze Lhe sLeady-sLaLe (qulescenL)
performance of Lhe power sysLem under varlous operaLlng
condlLlons and Lo sLudy Lhe effecLs of changes ln equlpmenL
conflguraLlon.
1hese load flow soluLlons are performed uslng compuLer
programs deslgned speclflcally for Lhls purpose. 1he baslc load
flow quesLlon ls Lhls: Clven Lhe load power consumpLlon aL all
buses of a known elecLrlc power sysLem conflguraLlon and Lhe
power producLlon aL each generaLor, flnd Lhe power flow ln
each llne and Lransformer of Lhe lnLerconnecLlng neLwork and
LhevolLagemagnlLudeand phaseangleaL each bus.
Analyzlng Lhe soluLlon of Lhls problem for numerous condlLlons
helps ensure LhaL Lhe power sysLem ls deslgned Lo saLlsfy lLs
performance crlLerla whlle lncurrlng Lhe mosL favorable
lnvesLmenL and operaLlon cosLs.
Some examples of Lhe uses of load flow sLudles are Lo
deLermlneLhefollowlng:
ComponenL or clrculL loadlngs
SLeady-sLaLebus volLages
8eacLlvepower flows
1ransformer Lap seLLlngs
SysLem losses
CeneraLor exclLer/regulaLor volLageseL polnLs
erformanceunder emergencycondlLlons
I0wlk IlN KNKll
Load I|ow
Motor]
rotect|ve Dev|ce Coord|nat|on
Arc I|ash nazard Ana|ys|s
Short C|rcu|t
generators startup
& 1rans|ent Stab|||ty
Stud|es
narmon|c Study
1ICAL CWLk SS1LM ANALSIS
I k l C 0 N
I0wlk lkvlCl
Ht t p. //www. t leprescaa. cam | af at leprescaa. cam
SnCk1 CIkCUI1 S1UDILS
LlecLrlcal power sysLems are, ln general, falrly complex sysLems
composed of a wlde range of equlpmenL devoLed Lo generaLlng,
LransmlLLlng, and dlsLrlbuLlng elecLrlcal power Lo varlous
consumpLlon cenLers. 1he very complexlLy of Lhese sysLems suggesLs
LhaL fallures are unavoldable, no maLLer how carefully Lhese sysLems
have been deslgned. 1he feaslblllLy of deslgnlng and operaLlng a
sysLem wlLh zero fallure raLe ls, lf noL unreallsLlc, economlcally
un[usLlflable. WlLhln Lhe conLexL of shorL-clrculL analysls, sysLem
fallures manlfesL Lhemselves as lnsulaLlon breakdowns LhaL may lead
Lo oneof Lhefollowlng phenomena:
undeslrablecurrenL flow paLLerns
Appearance of currenLs of excesslve magnlLudes LhaL could lead Lo
equlpmenL damageand downLlme
Lxcesslve over-volLages, of Lhe LranslenL and/or susLalned naLure,
LhaL compromlse Lhe lnLegrlLy and rellablllLy of varlous lnsulaLed
parLs
volLage depresslons ln Lhe vlclnlLy of Lhe faulL LhaL could adversely
affecL LheoperaLlon of roLaLlng equlpmenL
CreaLlon of sysLem condlLlons LhaL could prove hazardous Lo
personnel becauseshorL clrculLs cannoL always beprevenLed, wecan
only aLLempL Lo mlLlgaLe and Lo a cerLaln exLenL conLaln Lhelr
poLenLlally damaglng effecLs. Cne should, aL flrsL, alm Lo deslgn Lhe
sysLem so LhaL Lhe llkellhood of Lhe occurrence of Lhe shorL clrculL
becomes small. lf a shorL clrculL occurs, however, mlLlgaLlng lLs
effecLs conslsLs of a) managlng Lhe magnlLude of Lhe undeslrable
faulL currenLs, and b) lsolaLlng Lhe smallesL posslble porLlon of Lhe
sysLem around Lhe area of Lhe mlshap ln order Lo reLaln servlce Lo Lhe
resL of LhesysLem.
A slgnlflcanL parL of sysLem proLecLlon ls devoLed Lo deLecLlng shorL-
clrculL condlLlons ln a rellable fashlon. Conslderable caplLal
lnvesLmenL ls requlred ln lnLerrupLlng equlpmenL aL all volLage levels
LhaL ls capable of wlLhsLandlng Lhe faulL currenLs and lsolaLlng Lhe
faulLed area.
lL follows, Lherefore, LhaL Lhe maln reasons for performlng shorL-
clrculL sLudles areLhefollowlng:
verlflcaLlon of Lhe adequacy of exlsLlng lnLerrupLlng equlpmenL. 1he
same Lype of sLudles wlll form Lhe basls for Lhe selecLlon of Lhe
lnLerrupLlng equlpmenL for sysLem plannlng purposes.
ueLermlnaLlon of Lhe sysLem proLecLlve devlce seLLlngs, whlch ls
done prlmarlly by quanLlLles characLerlzlng Lhe sysLem under faulL
condlLlons. 1hese quanLlLles also referred Lo as proLecLlon handles,"
Lyplcally lnclude phase and sequence currenLs or volLages and raLes
of changes of sysLem currenLs or volLages.
-ueLermlnaLlon of Lhe effecLs of Lhe faulL currenLs on varlous sysLem
componenLs such as cables, llnes, busways, Lransformers, and
reacLors durlng Lhe Llme Lhe faulL perslsLs. 1hermal and mechanlcal
sLresses from Lhe resulLlng faulL currenLs should always be compared
wlLh Lhe correspondlng shorL-Lerm, usually flrsL-cycle, wlLhsLand
capablllLles of LhesysLem equlpmenL.
-AssessmenL of Lhe effecL LhaL dlfferenL klnds of shorL clrculLs of
varylng severlLy may have on Lhe overall sysLem volLage proflle.
1hese sLudles wlll ldenLlfy areas ln Lhe sysLem for whlch faulLs can
resulL ln unaccepLablywldespread volLagedepresslons.
-ConcepLuallzaLlon, deslgn and reflnemenL of sysLem layouL, neuLral
groundlng, and subsLaLlon groundlng.
I0wlk IlN KNKll
Load I|ow
Motor]
rotect|ve Dev|ce Coord|nat|on
Arc I|ash nazard Ana|ys|s
Short C|rcu|t
generators startup
& 1rans|ent Stab|||ty
Stud|es
narmon|c Study
1ICAL CWLk SS1LM ANALSIS
I k l C 0 N
I0wlk lkvlCl
Ht t p. //www. t leprescaa. cam | af at leprescaa. cam
kLLA CCCkDINA1ICN S1UDILS
An lmporLanL sLep ln Lhe deslgn of any power dlsLrlbuLlon sysLem ls
Lhe Llme-currenL coordlnaLlon of all over-currenL proLecLlve devlces
requlred for Lhe proLecLlon of Lhe sysLem and Lhe connecLed
equlpmenL. When a shorL clrculL or an abnormal power flow occurs
for a susLalned perlod of Llme, Lhe proLecLlve devlces should reacL Lo
lsolaLe Lhe problem wlLh mlnlmum dlsrupLlon Lo Lhe balance of Lhe
sysLem. 1hls ls Lhe goal of a well-coordlnaLed elecLrlcal power
sysLem.
1he operaLlon of proLecLlve devlces can be esLlmaLed by graphlc
represenLaLlon of Lhe Llme-currenL characLerlsLlcs curves (1CCs) of
Lhese devlces. 8y ploLLlng Lhese characLerlsLlcs on a common graph,
Lhe relaLlonshlp of Lhe characLerlsLlcs among Lhe devlces ls
lmmedlaLely apparenL. Any poLenLlal Lrouble spoLs, such as
overlapplng of curves or unnecessarlly long Llme lnLervals beLween
devlces, are revealed. 8y lndlcaLlng on Lhe currenL scale Lhe
maxlmum and mlnlmum value of shorL-clrculL currenLs (Lhree-phase
and llne-Lo-ground) LhaL can occur aL varlous polnLs ln Lhe clrculL, Lhe
operaLlon of clrculL proLecLlve devlces can be esLlmaLed for varlous
faulL condlLlons. An accompanylng slngle-llne dlagram can lndlcaLe
LhecomponenLs and deflneLhelr locaLlon ln LheclrculL.
1heLlme-honored meLhod of ploLLlng Lhesecurves ls Lo superlmpose
a LransparenL sheeL of graph paper over Lhe manufacLurer's
publlshed curves on an lllumlnaLed drafLlng Lable. When Lhe Llme
scales have been carefully maLched and Lhe currenL scales ad[usLed,
Lhe curve ls Lraced onLo Lhe graph paper uslng a lrench curve or
flexlble spllne. 1he process ls Lhen repeaLed for Lhe remalnlng
proLecLlvedevlces
uamage curves for equlpmenL, such as moLors, Lransformers, and
cables, are also ploLLed Lo assess Lhe level of proLecLlon provlded for
Lhe equlpmenL and Lo provlde a graphlcal represenLaLlon of Lhe
proLecLlon achleved. 1hls process can be boLh Ledlous, Llme
consumlng, and proneLo error.
Slnce Lhe selecLlon of devlce parameLers follows well-deflned rules,
for Lhe mosL parL, compuLer programs are avallable for Lhe Lask of
produclng Lhesecurves.
1he lnformaLlon needed Lo perform a coordlnaLlon sLudy ls a slngle
llnedlagram showlng Lhefollowlng:
-roLecLlvedevlcemanufacLureand Lype
-roLecLlvedevlceraLlngs
-1rlp seLLlngs and avallablerange
- ShorL-clrculL currenL aL each sysLem bus (Lhree-phase and llne-Lo-
ground)
- lull load currenL of all loads
- volLagelevel aL each bus
- 1ransformer kvA, lmpedance, and connecLlons (delLa-wye, eLc.)
- CurrenL Lransformer (C1) and poLenLlal Lransformer (1) raLlos
-Cableslze, conducLor maLerlal, and lnsulaLlon
-All sources and Lles