'\

q
!_-

!"J-=+

Microwaves

* pertains to wavelengths in the microwave

30
GHz.

sBectrum, ranging from 0.3 cm and coresponding to frequencies-ianging from 1 to 100

A.

ADVANTAGES OF RADIO LINKS OVER CABLE NETWORKS:

Radio links are favored over cable networks for communication over rough or inaccessible terrain. 2' communication over water can frequently be accomplished economically in spite of the radio reflecting characteristics of water. 3. Insta[ation time pressurei frequenily favor radio sorutions. 4' Property-acquisition problems tend to b9 minimized, since radio system require a small plot every 30 to 50 Km co*pured io trt" need for a continuous right of way for cables. 5' Systems Gan be reconflgured geographically to meet changing needs, whereas, it is almost never practiial io retrieve a buried cable. 6' Occasionally, restoration of communications after a natural disaster is a signiflcant mission for microwave radio,

1'

B.

DISADVANTAGES OF

MDIO UNKS:

1'

2'

However, accumulated experiences has provided statistical models to describe these conditions as they affect the radio si=t *; the suceessful operation of tens of thousands of microwave hops attest guidancewhichthesemodelsprovideforsystem.design, to the satisfactory Limited to short distances (LoS), there is a neeO- for relays for longer distances.

Radio transmission through the lower atrnosphere is subject to propagation impairments, which result in sporadic occurrences of transmissiin iu[ages.

C. Differences between microwave and HFIVHF:

Band

Transmission
Irtedium

Antenna Used

Transmitter to Oparating Antenna Signal frequency Foflfl and

or 30 - 300 Mhz Current 10m-10cm Electromagnetic 1.0 - 30 Ghz vvaves 30 - 0.3 em

HF/VHF

Wire

Dipole

Voltage

Ufavelenoth

Microwave

Waveguide

Parabolic/Horn

Microwave is distinguished from other radio applications by its frequency range and by the use of high directive antennas, These distinguishing featui"s occur in both terrestrial and satellite systems but the design problems -are diffierent enough to warrant separate engineering treatment.

Terrestrial applicdions are primarily of a point-to-point nature and use the frequency range from about I to 40 Ghz,

iy=W n
D. FREQUENCIES USED IN MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS (1 TO 40 Ghz):
Microwa.ve frequencies are used for communication systems because it is practical to focus the radio energy into a beam and thus contrite i-nigr,e, percentage of that energy at a receiving location inin would be the case for lower frequencies, 2' spectrum availability; at the lower frequencies where non-directional antennas are desired for broad coverage system, the requests allocation have beel very great, as a result, only nurio*for spectrum iprii", ure normally licensed; thus it is practical to build'systems to handle large quantities of voice, video and data traffic, Spectrum demands in a low frequencies are high; so assigned bandwiath rir each station is narow to accommodate as many stations as possible. 3' Syste.T.s operatjng in the higher frequency bands (in the vicinity of 11 Ghz) can utilize smaller antennas and do not require as much terrain ilearance. 4' In densely, populated areas and on t,igrt-tramC intercity i"uiJi, low frequency channels may not be avaitibh; but atmospherii-iauseo propagation impairments, particularly rain attenuation, inirease substantially at frequencies above 10 Ghz. 5. usage developed first at the lower frequencies, in the vicinity of 2 Ghz to 4 Ghz because of the.availability of hardwa.e; ihe technical factor of b"tt". beam focusing and. the regulatory factor of spectrum shortage both motivated an upward movement of frequencies utilized.

1'

E.

CHOICE OF FREQUENCY BAND FOR A NEW SYSTEM:

1'

2,

The availability of frequency assignment must first be investigated; a newly ,-1. coordinate the choice of operatins f"g.ui."d frequencies with all other licensed systems within rz5 mi[i *u.rriJ*iio; is facirtated by companies "fspeciatizing in maintaining rquencies and locations already licensed. If spectr:urn 5 not a limiting factor, the choice can Ibe made on the basis of Iilability. As a practical matter, frequencies in the vicinity of 3, # are most commonly used for long-haul, multi_hop systems or in 'emely heavy rainfall.

g:f:H^:I:fT., !o L:*:!:_gj*$frdinarion

F.

LFTTER DESIGNATIONS FOR I*ffSROWAVE MNDS:

BAND FRmUNtr
P

RANGE (Ghz)

L S

c
X K

a
V
W

0.225 - 0.390 0,390 - 1.550 1.550 - 5.200 3.900 - 6.200 5.200 - 10.900 10.900 - 36.000 36,000 - 46.000 46,000 - 56.000 s6.000 - 100.00

*:4

{-t, . .r*fl4FFF-

G. ADVANTAGES OF T\4ICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS:

- 9600kbps) 2. High retiabitity through airersify telf,niqu"s 3. Lower poygr consumption (excbpt t.opoi 4. Carry wideband circuits for high ipeeO aita / high quality voice channels q, High degree of privacy - easfOatb encrvption 6' could be fitted with anti-jam equip#6nt, adaptive modems and other
7, Fonrard error correction and hifless switching B. Microprocessor-controiled pre-detection iomIining
H.
ROLE OF MICROWAVE IN SYSTEMS:

I'

targe information handring capacity (2s6

accessories

system. Microwave is commonly used to convey multiple teleBhone conversations from one location to anotheri possibly vii one or more intermediate or sites' The telephone users do not expect to experience crosstalk locations frsm other telephone conversations sharing the same microwave equipment system. other / sources of noise or interference due to the microwave iyrr"*should also be imperceptible. Microwave is also used to interconnect data services (computer keyboards, CRJ, displays, etc.) with control and monitoring-derices terminals, at remotely located sites along a pipeline. For the user, the microwave interconnection should he transparent portion of his total system; to achieye this: 1. The eguipment specifications must be consistent with transparency the system, 2, The equipment must meet or exceed its technicil ferformance ipdcirication. 3. The microwave system must be designed to mari effective ,s" oi tne equipment specifications.

The usual function of a microwave system is to serve as an interconnecting medium for other equipment, which is considered the "reai,, communication

I.

APPUCATIONS OF LOS MICROWAVE

1,

2. 3.

4,
q

6, 7.

8.

Psint to point links as a backbone or tails of large networks for common carriers, specialized common carriers and private g6vernrnent entittes. Point to multipoint systems for TV, telephony, dati or various mixe$ thereof Transport of TV or other video signals such'as CATV head end extension, broadest transport and studio-transmitter- link (STL). Specialized digital and digital data networks. : Pow.er.and pipeline companies for the transport of telemetry, command and control information. Air traffic control center interconnectivity. lhort haul {short distances) applications such as linking offlces and buildings in congested urban areas; final connectivities for cemmon carierc/ specialized common carriersl tails off fiber optic trunks. Military applications: fixed point to point, point to multipoint and transportable point to Boint

F,

:n

tfiese applications are now being tgr1pcrcrl by fiber opuc links. Fiber optic is p:[d::

"f,*::,ulq,

-c3ryioeraorv

s'ead inrormiiio"'o"nooidth.

construction activities.
Common services: 1, Military 2, Operational fixed

Fiber, ;ffi;l;u;#T;

3. STL 4. Common carriers 5, CATV STL 6, CARS - community antenna radio service

].

TYPES OF STATIONS:

1, Terminals points in the system where baseband signals are either originated or terminated. 2, Repeaters points in the system where baseband signals maybe
reconfigured or where RF carriers are simply "repeated" or amplified.

Satellite VS Microwave linkl Earth station - satellite Terminal stations - microwave repeater

NorE: 1. A terminal station maybe eonnected to several links; a repeater works in just one chain,
2. An earth station works with one number of earth stations.

stellite; a sateltite works with any

K. TRANSMISSION

METHODS

A, Advantages of Analog lrlicrowavel 1. In small mediurn sized systems: superior voice channel performance 2. For most system sizes: performance advantage for'roi.* channel
modem users

data

3. Given sirnilar bandwidth and the voice channel capacity: much higher

4' Give similar system gain and bandwidth;

B, Advantages of Digital Microwayes:
1. No

system gain

higher voice channel capacity

(T-U data. 4. Given similar bandwidth and voice channel capacity: much higher data or T1 capacity. 5. Given similar data or T-1 capacity: much rnore bandwidth efficiency for data or T-1 transmission. 6, Given similar system gain and bandwidth: higher data or T-1 capacity,

?, No baseband slot allocation difference to consider 3. Performance advantage for. voice userc in large systems and for high speed

difference between voice and data threshold to consider

in an.analog system wrrere voiie-ininner perfo*nani".**uins usabre when the received signal tevel nai faded below tnelerJ which wiil iause data channet outage. The digital.-system equivalent to basebanJ'r."qu"ncy slot allocation, which maj.es absolutely no diffeience in'cfrannei O"*qffici, unlike the analog FM systems where the highest baseband frequen.v irot usuafly has the worst noise,

rn Digital microwave system, both voice and data channels are affected similarly by signal fading, in contt di to the differen.""in voice ir,ann"r ano data channel performance

L.
A,

CATEGORIES OF MICROWAVE: LOS Communications; 1' Use row transmit power and highry-directionar 2. subject to earth burge and othir ooit.u.tions antennas 3. Maximum distance of singre rink: 3oio 50 statue miles 4, Operates at VHF band and above

B. Tropospheric Scatter Communications:

t'

operates over ohstructed_ q"th qr nJvono Los by beaming signats towards the troposphere at about 15 Km from ihe earth. 5' provide reriabre communications up to +oo rtutue miles 6. uses parabolic antennas with diameters of 4"5, g or 1g meters 7 ' operates between 300Mhz to 10 crri itrrough the common volume volume is determined by the anrenna iize and scartering Iff*t?*[r:n

4'

1' Requires very high-powered beam of electromagnetic 2. Beyond LOS / over the horizon .o**uni."tions 3. Uses refractive properties or tropoirreiic turourences

energy (1 to 10Kw)

M. FACTORS AFFECTING MICROWAVE ENERGY:

Fading - variation of field strength caused by the changes in transmission medium i.e. atmospheric conditidns and wave direction 2' Refraction - change in direction aue to changes in transmission medium densities, temperature, Bressure and water vapor, 3' Absorption energy tiss due to abiorption of waves by atmospheric elements such as rain, snow, oxygen, crouds ana vapors,4' Diffraction the chang.e in 'irspagation dlrectisn- of waves due to differences in density / velocity oi *"Oiu*, 5' Attenuation - a decrease in the intensity of energy due to spreading of energy transmission rine rosses between two antennii. , 6. Reflection - occurs when waves strike smooth surfaces 7' Ducting and thermal inversion papped waves uouri* back and forth in a l truririoitv inversion, duct caused hy temperature and i.e. ir,i.t*er air is on top instead of being at the bottom, 8' Earth Bulge - earth's curvature presents "LOS,, obstruction and must be compensated using 4/3-earth radius for atmospheric fenOing of waves.

1'

':+]#
.l

SELECTION OF .SITES:

I.

Site Considerations:

5' The mean sea level elevation of the site at the recommended 6' A full description or recommendation for .n u.i*rr'ioaa
7

coordinates, political access roads uno- pnvri.ur 6oj6cts -witn which it can be id,f;n{,,;,:l:n, 2' Any unusuar weather conditions be expected in the area. 3' A description of the physical to inaracteristics or-ihe site, indicating the amount of leveling required, removal or roo<{ tre", oi other structures. *. sit6 to uny'.o*merciat, mittary or privare airporr mi,l"gi:?;lr[,,ll.rd.
improved road to the proposed building location, sites wherein building- cobe .est.i.tioni maybe involved should be avoided. rhe where commerciar eiectrii or suitabrl ,Ji"s" tower location from the nearest

1'

A full description af each site by geographicar

8'

'

s'

l:ffijJ::ltion

il;;.

10'Any other facts that can be determined at the time of the suryey, which might bear on the proposed construction.

[:i"j:l*::;..o**unication

is desired, rhe nearest tetephone facitity shoutd

II. Site Requirements;

1'

Terminal sites - locations of the transmitting and receiving antennas locations of existing structures or terminal faciliiiei.

Consider the following : l' Height o-f existing buildings - is it possible to mount an antenna fixture withoutfear of path.brockige by other buirdingsi b. possibirity of future buildin{construction aton{ the path c' structural adequateness or tne building- ii ini.rrii fixtures are to bJ rnounted at the roof. d, Future floor additions e' If the above considerations are not met, a separate tower on the building lot maybe the solution.
LOS Siting procedures:

construct path profile chart using contour maps and profile charts, b. conduct field inspection to determine ground suitability, antenna erection, equipment shelter buirding -unJ amount of
Use path profiling Software if available

a'

c' use equipment such as: ,-["y

transit,
radio_ _a-rtimeters, DME,' compass or RDF for triangulation.

required.

clearing

radios, binocurars, surveyor,s ane.oid' nuio**t*.r, etc. use

d, conduct aerial reconnaissance and take aerial photographs if possible, to determine accessibility or roaos, po*". lines and evade
;H".lP,'li, ,.x" :*:ff ISliffiXi*",:iJ;, l:;::#,ffi' g. conduct soir tests for structurar foundation;66".

reflecting bodies of water, obstructions, navigationar hazards, etc.

h'

2, Intermediate

Repeater Sites:

Factors to be csnsidered:

t'

#jffi?ioHeisht

take advantage of rhe naturat etevation ro ctear

b,

c,

d.
e.

f.
g, h.

for obstruction removal to ensure LOS. Reflection smooth surface ma cause a second signar to refrect to the receiving antenna. out_of-phasi signats rrOing or canceflation of desired signal. ptot. patti pi"nf" t" determinl ii"qu..y / existence of clearance between the .os raoio p;ih unJ te*ain. crearance required depends on the radius of the iirrl r[in"iior*. access is very importani,'Jn road must be :;i:?.#:ilrenance "..**s The need of AC power of suitable voltage, also of telephone facilities and other utilities like water, The possibility of interference, internal or externar to the system. ground of soil foundation / on wnich to build the station. ]vne security requirements againJr iiregar intrusion ina Lnotage of facilities. Navigational hazards poseO by tofiers to air transport.

Terain: obstructions - ttq! vegetation, buildings block or absorb microwlvt;;ogy. pran and other obstructions that requirements

ilttd;il li"

MICROWAVE coTII M u NIcATIoNs

applied to those-radio frequency and wavelengths that are short enough to have some of the properties of righi. 30 Ghz or so io o.s cm)

urcRowAvE - a term

(ii;

difference between free-space expected gain and scatter hop,

otherwise knows as antenna gain degradation,istneofthetroposcattervolume.Itisthe

its measured gain on tropospheric

BEAIIIWTDIH - the measure of a unilateral antenna's directional properties of directivity measured from two points on either side of maximum radiation where field sfrength drops by 3 dB.

hybrid diversity.

DIvERsrrY - is the u$e of redundant system to reduce the effects of fading. There are few available methods of diversity - rpace, r*qr"n.y, polarization, cross band, and

FADE l'lAR'GrN - is the extra strength needed in order to assure that enough signal (30 - 40 dB) reaches the -receiving antenna and must be available to iompensate for fades, is the difference between field strength or $," level nor*"tty received and the threshold level.

It

HoRrzqN ANGLE - the angle at which the antenna must be aimed to clear the horizon. F9RWARD SCATTERTNG - a phenomenon whereby high-powered electromagnetic waves are refracted in a forward direction resulting 'rroni flie'ilrUulence caused hy moisture
and eddies of wind current.

KI{rFE-FDGE qIFfRAGTroil !h* ability of a radio wave to be bent stightly over the a sharp obstacle' A sharper 9dg. cuus"s less attenuation and at higher frequencies, there are lesser diffraction effects,

edge of

I{UITfPATH TBSNSiIISSI9I{ - is the process when a signal takes severat paths in addition to the direct path to go to a receiving antenna, by reflection and / or refraction of waves.
RADro p4TH

the actual path over which microwave signals are proBagated

R4DI9 HOBIZON - a point at which a radio path is tangent to earth,s surface,

sc+IrER AI{qLE

- either of the two acute angles formed poftions of the troposheric scaHer beam (lower Soundaries) by the intersection of two ta;gent to earth,s.surface. Keeping the angle small effectively reduces the overall path itteniation. -

SGATEER voLUl{E otherwise known as "cornmon vorumei the comrnon encrosed area where two beams intercept.

ffi;rfir:?ghJffiffX.a
THRESHOtD LEYEL T'RQ?pF?HERrG'

horizontar ray exrendins from the radiation

lowest signal tevel that wiH be intelligible at the radio receiver

sqlITEB

fril;H:",rrTff%;lffir
I!'.INDow range than the others.

scattering of waves due to differing hmperature tropospnirii r"v"'i resutins to different

and

desrees or

of microwave ftequencies more easiry passed by the

atmosphere

*rF
MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES
A. TIIA,IOR BAilD DESIGNATIONS
0.225 - 0.390 GHz 0.39 - 1.S5 GHz 1.55 - 5.20 GHt .90 - 6.20 GHz s.20 - 10.9 GHt 10.9 - 36.0 GH, ggo - 4s.0 GH, 46.0 - s6.0 GH'
BAT{D
LD
I

133.30 - 76.90 cm 76.90 - 19"37 cm 19J7 - s.77 cm 7.69 - 4.84 cm 5;t7 - 2.7s am U.59 - 8.34 mm 8.34 - 6.52 mm 6.52 - 5.36 mm
YYTIVELENGTT{ 1_3? - o 760

B, DET4IIED IrlXCRowAvE SPECTRUM DESIGI{ATIONS

390 456
51O FREOUEIUCY Lt> - syu MHz

LI

* zls

- 468 Mr-{z - 510 MHz

Mu

n64tr-ntroo

0.169 - 0.645 m

Ly

ts
LK

Lf
Se Sb

rlf,U - 155U MHz I+}U - 155U MH7 1.55 - r.es cui r.e) - 1..u5 Gt-lz 1.85 - 2.Oo GHz 2.00 - 2.40 GHz 2.40 - 2.60 GHz 2.60 - 2.7fi GHz Z,lU - Z.9U GHZ
2.90

725 - 78O MHz /6V - gUU MHZ 900 - 950 MHz

St
Sq Sy Sg

5s
Sa

Sw Sh

5.IU - 3.4O GHz 5.4U - 3.7O G14z E./u : J,gA GHZ

- 3.i0

GHz

3.qo-6?n(;H

Sd Xa Xq

Xy

r.YU - r+.lu Gl-{z 4.2A - 5.20 GHz }.zu - 5.50 GHz 5qN.E?ECLIu,/3 - 6.7t) GHz

0.588 - 0.413 rn 0.413 - 0.3&t m - 0,333 m -g.1B4 0.384 - 0.315 m 0.315 - A.ZZZ m 0.222 - 0.207 m 9.207 - 0,193 m 19.37 - 18.18 cm 18.18 - 16.21 cm 16.21 - 15.00 cm 15.00 - 12.S0 cm 12.50 - 11.54 cm 1!.54 - 11.11 cm 11.11 - 10.34 cm 10.34 - 9.68 cm 9.68 - 8.82 cm q.82 - 8.11 cm 8-11 - 7 6Q nrn 7.E9 - 4.84 cm 7.69 - V.L4 cm 7.t4 - 5.77 cm

5-77-54{rrn

5.45 - 5.22 cm 5.a2 - 4.84 cm

Xd

xb
Xr Xc
XI
XS

6.20 6.25 6.90

6.25 GHz 6.90 GHz

7-OO GHz

Xx

xf
XK
KP

Ks Ke Kc
KU

Kt
Kq

Kr m
Kn KI Ka Qa Qb Qc Qd VA

Vb
VC

Vd Ve

10.90 - 12.25 GHz L7.25 - 13.25 GHz 13.25 - 14.25 GHz 14.25 - 15.35 GHz 15.35 - 17.25 GHz 17.25 - 20.50 GHz 20.50 - 24.50 GHz 24.5A - 26.50 GHz 26.50 - 28.50 GHz 28.50 - 30.70 GHz 30.70 - 33.00 GHz 33.00 - 36.00 GHz 36.00 - 38.00 GHz 38.00 - 40.00 GHz 40.00 - 42.00 GHz 42.00 - 44.00 GHz 46.00 - 48.00 GHz 48.00 * 50.00 GHz 50.00 - 52.00 GHz 52.00 - 54.00 GHz 54.00 r 56.00 GHz

8.5O-QOOltl-lz 9.00 - 9.60 GHz 9.60 - 10.00 GHz 10.00 - 10.25 GHz 10,25 - 10.90 GHz

/.oo - 8.50

GHz

4.84 - 4.80 cm 4.80 - 4.35 cm 4.35 - 4.29 cm 4.29 - 3.53 cm 3.53 - 3.33 cm 3.33 - 3.13 cm 3.13 - 3.00 cm 3.00 - 2.92 cm 2.92 - 2.75 cm 27.52 - ?4.49 24.49 - 22.64 mm ?,2.64 - 21.05 mm 21.05 - 19.54 mm 19.54 - 17.39 mm L7.39 - 14.63 mm 14.63 - L2.24 mm L2.24 - 11.32 mm 11.32 - 10.52 mm 10.52 - 9.77 mm 9.77 - 9.09 mm 9.09 - 8.33 mm 8.33 * 7.89 mm 7.89 - 7.50 mm 7.50 - 7.14 mm 7.t4 - 6.82 mm 6.52 - 6.25 mm 6.25 - 6.00 rnm 6.00 - 5.77 mm 5.77 - 5.55 mm 5.55 - 5.36 mm

1. LrNE-OF-STGHT

. . o .

(LOS) COMMUNTCATTONS. use low transmit power and highly directional antennas Subject to earth bulge and other obstructions Max distance of single link 30 to 50 statue miles Operates VHF band and aboye

2. TROPOSHERIC SCATTER COMMUNICATIONS Requires very high powered beam sf electromagnetic energy (I to l0 kw) Beyond LOS I over the horizon communications o Uses refractive properties of troposheric turbulences a operates over obstructed path or beyond los by beaming signals towards the troposphere at about 15 km from the eartfi a Provides reliable communications up to 400 statue miles a uses parabolic antennas with diameters of 4.s, 9 or 1g meters a operates between 300 MHz to 10 GHz through the common vo{ume a The common volume is determined by the antenna size and scattering characteristics,

'.

LOS PROPAGATION

LINE-OF-SIGHT (LOS) DISTANCE - the straight-line distance from the antenna to the horizon. Radio horizon extends beyond optical horizon resulting from refraction in the earth's atmosphere. Radio Horizon distance may be calculated using the formulas:

,1
-D\
LOS HORTZON prSTA{CF
The refractive index decreases with height above the earth,s surface because of changes in atmospheric condition, i.e. humidity, temperature or pressure. Changes in media density from high to low bends I refracts waves toward earth's surface, reducing earth's curuature and extending radio horizon, Refraction vary with atmospheric and climatic conditions. For average conditions, the direct path distance can be plotted as a straight line by increasing the earth's radius by a factor of 4/3 or 1.33 (K vary from 1.0 in dry climates, to 0.66 in hot, humid climates) since the actual earth's radius is 3960 miles, the effective radius for calculating the radio horizon is 3960 x 1.33 or s2B0 statue miles,

o a

t.
L"*H?:"r?:

ffjg::"S.i:::';11:f ,. ::::::,11l :'":.i:ti" Iink svstem o*i ir'*'Iim;"ilti. ilH'::J:,j:ll""Hl;*i l Fiffi .[:ross between areas separated *j.r^1"^TI! by inaccessible ^ terrain, 3, Mav he ir"lo.atlrr crri$6.1 *a xr^! L-r,
I*,lj,y^."rll.:T:.d population density.
3: t'ff$:';-:i:f,ff Hi:llITl".*?"*r.T^T::,iTf:!*lrit?tes

rl::,:T-req-uired to cover a siven tarse disrance when :i#:f: ,:.I."^TT*iT-;;t^il;;ili';'i;lBi;Jffi

SX?
ra

rse stretches or water or

to mebt totr-.onn.cting requirements of areas of tow

iHl;*Tl[t-ff i,T? system over the same route. 6' Allows multi-channel communications with isolated areas, especially when intervening territo.ry.rimits.or prevents the use of repeaters, 7 ' Desirable for multi-channel communications in iactical military field environment for links from 30 to 2.00 mites iSO _ g+o k*l iong 8. Thin-rine miritary svstems wiilriinr<s;i,i;';6ffiires (1480 km) rons.
transmission loss 2. Path loss variability.;-19!e_orotogical effects 1 effective distance / climate types 3. (ENERGY PER BIT) / (NOISE PER*HERTZ EANbWTD;HI Deray dispersion / correration bandwioirr r murti_rever signaring
1. Basic

:lH,::::"op*i.out"-[iffi ;d;';#;'.f

of another porfticar adminisrrarion.

Select sites (radio, equipment plus tower locations) that are in Los of each other to maximize signal strength. 2' select an operational frefiuency band considering RF interference environment and legal restraints. 3' Develop path profiles to determine radio tower heights. If tower heights exceed a certain economic rimit, repeat step 1 to oiiig ihe sites croser together or the path along the route. . reconfiguring 4' Perform path calculations, Aner setting a propagation reliability expressed as a percenrase f time, the RsL wiu be aboie tii.*,rr,olo i"r*rlFyi'ii#fr"**nt threshold) of the FM receiver. set signal teveimirgin for fading under all anticipated climatic conditisns. u' So?j,y$,:^p:j|,::*ev / Gather additionar pranning information vitar to the installation project
"l

1'

6. Establish a frequency plan and necessary operational parameters 7. Determine.equipment configurations to achieve the fade margins in most economical manner / satisry technical.& legal *quir**ents. consider transmitter output, distance between siations, antenni size and height, Fresnel Zones, etc. 8, M.ake necessary plans.l design and instalf equipment 9. Align Antenna Beam, rine uilequipment, checriout equipment performance and secure customer acceptance.

1'
2. 3, 4,

5. 6. 7.

9o19yct path oroflle chart using contour maps and profiting charts. use path Profiling software if available. Conduct field inspection to determine ground suitability, antenna erection, equipment shelter buirding and amounl of clearinj required. use equipment such as; radios, binocularslru*"yort transit, radio altimeters, DME, aneroid.z-way barometel, gtc. use compass or RDF for triangulation. conduct aerial reconnaissance and take aeriar pholographs if possibre, to determine accessibiliry of.roads, power lines, and evade reflecting bodies of water, obstructions, navigational hazards, etc, Test signal strength / conduct propagation test. Determine wind-loading effects for tswer design, Conduct soil test for structural foundation design.

1. l+.lYE

Of SIGHT (LOSI - no obstruction exists and antennas could ..seeo other,

each

beam just barely touches the obstruction qr there is a zero clearance. 3. OBSTRIf9TEP P+TH - the microwave beam is hindered by an obstruction.

2.

EB$UN$-EAIS - the microwave