Pe SGR

Energy Spectrum
Radioactivity Logs
Pe SGR
Energy Spectrum
Radioactivity Logs
Objectives :
1. Photoelectric Absorption Effect (Gamma Rays)
Volumetric Absorption U =
b
Pe Record Pe
Pe = Quicklook Mineralogy Identifier

maa
+ U
maa
form MID Plot #2
2. Spectral Gamma Ray
subdivision of natural radioactivity into
K, Ur, Th components
Pe SGR
Pe Curve
Photoelectric Absorption
of low energy Gamma Rays
Pe SGR
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Photoelectric Absorption by Electrons
function of 1) nature of atom
2) electron shell
3) GR energy
Photoelectric Absorption Index Pe
Pe = [Z / 10]
3.6
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Photoelectric Absorption Index Pe
sensitive to atomic number Z
direct Mineralogy Indicator
only slightly sensitive to porosity
Pe SGR
Pe
uses modified Density tool
measure count rates in
discrete energy windows
Pe almost porosity independent
almost GAS independent
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Pe vs. Porosity
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Pe Mineral ID
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Log Anomalies
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D,N,GR + Pe
Model
Pe SGR
Input into MID Plot #2
U = Pe
b
( )
1
t f t maa
U U U = +
1
t f
maa
t
U U
U

Pe SGR
U
maa
for MID Plot #2
Pe SGR
MID Plot #2
Pe SGR
MID Plot #2b
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Clay Influence
on matrix sensitive logs
GR SGR Pe
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Photoelectric Absorption Pe
Summary :
special Density tool measuring low energy gamma
population
inverse of formations ability to absorb weak GRs
Pe related to atomic # Z insensitive to porosity
Pe = Quicklook mineralogy identifier superior model
U
maa
+
maa
generate MID Plot #2
excellent resolution
Pe SGR
Spectral Gamma Ray
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Standard Gamma Ray Tools
Measure GR intensity globally
GR = f K + g U + h Th
where f, g & h are tool parameters
( detector constants )
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Emission
Spectra
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Potassium Radiation
due to
40
K isotope only
emits GRs of one single energy only
@ 1.42 MeV
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Uranium Radiation
due to isotopes and daughter elements of
238
U
emit GRs of several different energies
most isolated emission at 1.76 MeV
due to
214
Bi
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Thorium Radiation
due to isotopes & daughter elements of
232
Th
emit GRs of several different energies
most isolated emission at 2.62 MeV
due to
208
Tl
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Spectrum Degradation
energy of emitted GRs reduced while traveling
through formation
pair production and Compton scattering
detector sees a continuous range of energies
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Spectrum Degradation
Limited Resolution of Detector Crystal
Germanium (liquid nitrogen temp.)
Bismuth Germanate
Sodium Iodide (Tl activated)
Cesium Iodide ( Na activated)
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Emission
Spectra
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Degraded Spectrum
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Spectral GR
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Uranium
Markers
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Ratio
Presentation
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Potassium Occurrence
Immature Detrital Sediments
arkoses, greywacke
sandstones rich in K
feldspars and micas
Clays
illite
glauconite
Potassium Evaporites
sylvite
langbeinite
kainite
carnallite
polyhalite
glaserite
Algal Limestones
Pe SGR
Uranium Occurrence
Immature Detrital Sediments
arkoses, greywacke
tuffaceous sandstones
silts (heavy minerals assn)
Chemical Sediments
carbonates (fractures)
phosphates
scaling and plating
Organic Matter
algal
humic
sapropelic
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Thorium Occurrence
Shales
adsorbed on clay
minerals
Silts
heavy minerals assocn
Arkoses and greywacke
igneous rock fragments
Tuffaceous Sandstones
Residual Sediments
after U & K eliminated by
weathering
least soluble of
radioactive sediments
below unconformities
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Spectral Gamma Ray Applications
Mineralogy Identification
potassium evaporites
sand / shale discrimination
mica or feldspar content
radioactive silts (U, Th)
organic matter (U)
clay vs. non clayey
radioactive material
carbonates
U in clean carbonates
More Accurate Vsh determination
Clay Mineral Identification
Fracture Detection
Difficult Well to Well Correlations
Source Rock Potential
Detection of Unconformities
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Th / K Ratio
Unconformities
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Scaling & Plating Ba(Ra)SO
4
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Water
Incursion
NORM
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Ba(Ra)SO
4
Water
Fingering
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Open
Fractures
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Healed
Fractures
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Fractured
Limestone
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Fractured
Carbonate
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Source Rock Potential
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Source Rock
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Spectral Gamma Ray Ratios
Th / U < 2 --------- marine
Th / U > 7 --------- continental
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Mica
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Mineralogy ID
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Clay Mineral ID
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Spectral Gamma Ray
Summary :
subdivision of natural radioactivity
into K, U, Th components
improved resolution between
shale and non-shale
evaluation of source rock potential
fractures and reservoir anomalies
improved mineralogy identification