MBBS Th3L03 AnatomicalTerminology

BarbaraWebb

IntroductiontoAnatomy
Therearemanyaspectstotheorganisationofthehumanbodywhichyouwillbe introducedtointhecourseofyourstudies. Inanatomytheaimsaretoconsiderthestructuresofthebody,theirrelationshipsto eachotherandtheirfunctions. Toachieve T hi these th aims i the th structures t t maybe b examined i dfrom f different diff tviewpoints. i i t Theseinitiallywillincludemicroscopicandgrossanatomybutdevelopmental, medical,radiographicandsurgicalanatomywillalsobeconsidered. Grossanatomyconsidersthelargerstructuresandfeatureswhichcanbeseenbythe nakedeye.Itcanbestudiedbyexaminingthesurfacestructuresorinternallyby lookingattheregionsofthebodye.g.thehead,thoraxetc,orsystematicallyby consideringthemajororganssystemswhichinclude,amongstothers,the musculoskeletalandcardiovascularsystems. systems Whichevermethodofstudyisuseditisimportanttolearnthelanguageofthesubject possibletodiscussthestructures&functionsofthebody ywithout sothatitisp ambiguity.

TheAnatomicalPosition
Byconventionalldescription yassumesthatitis ofthebody standingerectwith:

1.Thetoespointingforward 2.The h eyesdirected di dtothe h horizon 3 The 3. h armsareb bythe h side id 4.Thepalmsofthehandsface f forward d

Planesof theBody

Sagittal:averticalplanedividingthebodyintorightandleftsides. Coronal:averticalplanedividingthebodyintofrontandbackparts. Transverse:anhorizontalplanedividingthebodyintoupperandlowerparts.

TermsofRelationship
Anterior Posterior Superior Inferior M di l Medial Lateral Superficial f l Deep Proximal Distal Internal External Ipsilateral Contralateral Towardthefrontofthebody Towardthebackofthebody Towardthehead Towardthesolesofthefeet T Toward dthe th median di plane l Awayformthemedianplane Toward dthe h surface f ( (skin) k ) Towardtheinteriorofthebody Towardthetrunk Awayfromthetrunk Withinabodycavity Outsideabodycavity Onthesameside Ontheoppositeside

Lateral P i l Proximal

Medial

Lateral S Superior i

Distal Inferior

Movements
Severaltermsareusedtodescribethemovementsofthebody.Allaredescribedwithreference totheanatomicalposition. Thesimplestmovementisglidingwheretwosurfacesslidepasteachother.Movementcan occurinanydirectionbutthedistancetravelledissmall. small Othermovementsoccurinpairsofoppositesandareeitherangularorrotationary.

Angular Movements

Rotational Movements

Thereareanumberofspecialterms whichapplytospecificjointsofthe b d body.

PrinciplesofAnatomicalOrganisation Skin
Theskincoverstheoutersurfaceofthebodyandtheinternalstructures areseparatedbyconnectivetissueintocompartments.

Functions
1. Protection 2. Thermoregulation 3 P 3. Provides id sensoryi information f i about b surroundingenvironment 4. VitaminDsynthesis

StructureofSkin

Skin
Th skin The ki consists i t of fthree th l layers: 1. 2. 3 3. Theepidermis Thedermis Thesuperficialfascia(hypodermis)

TheEpidermis
Theepidermisiscomposedofthemaincelltypewhicharekeratinocytes(90%) andthreelessabundanttypes;melanocytes,Langerhanscells,andMerkel cells.

TheDermis
Composedmostlyofconnectivetissuewithcollagenandelasticfibresand fibroblasts,macrophagesandadipocytes. Bloodvessels,nerves,glandsandhairfolliclesarepresentinthedermis.

SuperficialFascia
Thesuperficialfasciaisfoundimmediatelybeneaththedermisand containscollagen&elasticfibresbutalsoavaryingamountoffat exceptingintheear&eyelid.

Functions
1. Storageofbothwater&fat. 2. Protectionagainstmechanicalshockasthefat&wateractasa cushion 3. Thermalinsulationasthefat&waterprovideaneffectivebarrier againstrapidlossofbodyheat. 4 Conduction, 4. C d ti t tot transport tnervesand dblood bl dvessels l to t th theskin. ki

Fascia

DeepFascia
Beneaththesuperficialfasciaisthedeepfasciawhichahighlyorganised connectivetissuelayerwhichinvestsdeepstructuresdividingthebodyinto compartments. t t U Unlike lik th thesuperficial fi i lf fascia i th thed deepf fascia i contains t i little littl fatandthecollagenfibresaremoreorganisedrunninginparallelfashion.

Functions
1.Conduction Bloodvessels&nervesaretransportedviathefascias 2 Movementofmuscle 2. Muscleswrappedindeepfasciaareabletoslideovereachother. 3. Attachmentforsomemuscles Somemusclese.g.temporalis&somelimbmusclesgainpartialattachment fromdeepfascia. 4.Capsulesaroundorgansandglands

FasciaoftheThigh

FasciaoftheLeg

SerousMembranes
Threeserousmembraneslinetheinternalcavitiesofthebodyconsisting ofmesotheliumandsupportedbylooseconnectivetissue. tissue 1.ThePleura 2.ThePericardium 3.ThePeritoneum Thesemembranesarethindoublelayeredstructureswiththeinner layerbeingintimatewiththevisceraandtheouterlayeranchoredto thebodywall. Thereisasmallspacebetweenthetwolayersfilledwithfluidto minimisedfrictionduringmovement.

Serous Membranes

BloodVessels

Arterial System

BloodPressure

VenousSystem

LymphaticSystem

ReviewQuestions
Terminology Explainthemeaningofthefollowingwords: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Psoas Fibula Atrium Somite Pectoral

Circulation Explaintheroleofvalvesinthecirculatorysystem Usingtwonamedarteriesexplainhowtheirnamerelatestotheregioninwhichtheyare f found dand dstatewhich hi hregions i they h arecontinuous i with. ih Fascia Describethefasciasurroundingamusclecompartmentandexplainhowtheinvestingfascia separateseachmuscleinthecompartment