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N. Witkowski
Introduction
Based on Introduction to Solid State Physics 8th edition Charles Kittel Lecture notes from Gunnar Niklasson http://www.teknik.uu.se/ftf/education/ftf1/FTFI_forsta_sidan.html 40h Lessons with N. Witkowski
house 4, level 0, office 60111, e-mail:witkowski@insp.jussieu.fr Semiconductor physics Specific heat Superconductivity Magnetic susceptibility X-ray diffraction Band structure calculation
Given between 23rd feb-6th march Registration : from 9th feb on board F and Q House 4 ground level Info comes later
Home work
5 hours, 6 problems document authorized Physics handbook for science and engineering Carl Nordling, Jonny Osterman Calculator authorized Second chance in june
Single crystals
Polycristalline crystals
diamond
Quasicrystals
Amorphous materials
Outline
Corresponding chapter in Kittel book
[1] Crystal structure [2] Reciprocal lattice [3] Diffraction [4] Crystal binding no lecture [5] Lattice vibrations [6] Thermal properties [7] Free electron model [8] Energy band [9] Electron movement in crystals Metals and Fermi surfaces [10] Semiconductors [11] Superconductivity [12] Magnetism
1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7,9 8 9 8 10 11
Introduction
Aim :
A : defining concepts and definitions B : describing the lattice types C : giving a description of crystal structures
A. Concepts, definitions
A1. Definitions
Crystal : 3 dimensional periodic arrangments of atomes in space. Description using a mathematical abstraction : the lattice Lattice : infinite periodic array of points in space, invariant under translation symmetry. Basis : atoms or group of atoms attached to every lattice point
Crystal = basis+lattice
A. Concepts, definitions
A. Concepts, definitions
A2.Primitive cell
Standard model
A. Concepts, definitions
Wigner-Seitz cell
planes bisecting the lines drawn from a lattice point to its neighbors
A. Concepts, definitions
larger cell used to display the symmetries of the cristal Not primitive
B. Lattice types
B1. Symmetries :
Translations
three 4-fold axes of a cube four 3-fold axes of a cube six 2-fold axes of a cube
Mirror reflection : reflection about a plane through a lattice point Inversion operation (r -> -r)
planes of symmetry parallel in a cube
B. Lattice types
5 types
general case :
special cases :
square lattice: |a1|=|a2| , = 90 hexagonal lattice: |a1|=|a2| , = 120 rectangular lattice: |a1||a2| , = 90 centered rectangular lattice: |a1||a2| , = 90
B. Lattice types
B. Lattice types
B. Lattice types
B. Lattice types
B. Lattice types
B. Lattice types
B. Lattice types
B. Lattice types
a3
a2
Bcc cell : a, 90, 2 atoms/cell Primitive cell : ai vectors from the origin to lattice point at body centers Rhombohedron : a1= a(x+y-z), a2= a(-x+y+z), a3= a(x-y+z), edge a 3 Wigner-Seitz cell
y a1
B. Lattice types
fcc cell : a, 90, 4 atoms/cell Primitive cell : ai vectors from the origin to lattice point at face centers Rhombohedron : a1= a(x+y), a2= a(y+z), a3= a(x+z), edge 2a Wigner-Seitz cell
x
B. Lattice types
different way of stacking the closepacked planes Spheres touching each other about 74% of the space occupied
fcc : 3 planes A B C hcp : 2 planes A B
C. Crystal structures
lattice described by set of parallel planes usefull for cristallographic interpretation In 2D, 3 sets of planes Miller index
Interception between plane and lattice axis a, b, c Reducing 1/a,1/b,1/c to obtain the smallest intergers labelled h,k,l (h,k,l) index of the plan, {h,k,l} serie of planes, [u,v,w] or <u,v,w> direction
http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/miller_indices/lattice_index.php
C. Crystal structures
inverses : 1/3 , 1/2 , 1/2 integers : 2, 3, 3 h=2 , k=3 , l=3 Index of planes : (2,3,3)