Bangalore - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia PDF

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Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bangalore
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Coordinates:1258N7734E
(RedirectedfromBanglore) Bangalore(or Bengaluru[ beuu]( listen))isthe capitalcityoftheIndianstateofKarnataka.Locatedonthe DeccanPlateauinthesoutheasternpartofKarnataka.Bangalore isIndia'sthirdmostpopulouscityandfifthmostpopulousurban agglomeration.BangaloreisknownastheSiliconValleyofIndia becauseofitspositionasthenation'sleadingInformation technology(IT)exporter.[6][7][8]Locatedataheightofover3,000 feet(914.4m)abovesealevel,Bangaloreisknownforitspleasant climatethroughouttheyear.[9]Thecityisamongstthetopten preferredentrepreneuriallocationsintheworld.[10] AsuccessionofSouthIndiandynasties,theWesternGangas,the Cholas,andtheHoysalasruledtheregionofBangaloreuntilin 1537CE,KempGowdafeudatoryrulerunderthe VijayanagaraEmpireestablishedamudfortconsideredtobe thefoundationofmodernBangalore.Followingtransitory occupationbytheMarthsandMughals,thecityremainedunder theMysoreKingdom.ItlaterpassedintothehandsofHyderAli andhissonTipuSultan,andwascapturedbytheBritishafter victoryintheFourthAngloMysoreWar(1799),whoreturned administrativecontrolofthecitytotheMaharajaofMysore.The oldcitydevelopedinthedominionsoftheMaharajaofMysore,and wasmadecapitalofthePrincelyStateofMysore,whichexistedas anominallysovereignentityoftheBritishRaj.In1809,theBritish shiftedtheircantonmenttoBangalore,outsidetheoldcity,anda towngrewuparoundit,whichwasgovernedaspartofBritishIndia. FollowingIndia'sindependencein1947,Bangalorebecamethe capitalofMysoreState,andremainedcapitalwhenthenewIndian stateofKarnatakawasformedin1956.Thetwourbansettlements ofBangaloreCityandCantonmentwhichhaddevelopedas independententitiesmergedintoasingleurbancentrein1949.The citywasrenamedBengaluruin2006. Bangaloreishometomanywellrecognisededucationaland researchinstitutionsinIndia,suchastheIndianInstituteof Science(IISc),IndianInstituteofManagement(Bangalore)(IIMB), andNationalInstituteofMentalHealthandNeurosciences (NIMHANS).Numerouspublicsectorheavyindustries,technology companies,aerospace,telecommunications,anddefence organisations,suchasBharatElectronicsLimited(BEL),Hindustan AeronauticsLimited(HAL),NationalAerospaceLaboratories(NAL), BharatHeavyElectricalsLimited(BHEL),IndianSpaceResearch Organisation(ISRO),Infosys,andWiproareheadquarteredinthe city.Ademographicallydiversecity,Bangaloreisamajor economicandculturalhubandthesecondfastestgrowingmajor metropolisinIndia.[11]ThecityalsohousestheKannadafilm industry.Asagrowingmetropolitancityinadevelopingcountry, Bangaloreconfrontssubstantialpollutionandotherlogisticaland socioeconomicproblems.[12][13]WithaGrossdomesticproduct (GDP)ofUS$83billion,Bangaloreislistedfourthamongthetop15 citiescontributingtoIndia'soverallGDP.[14]
Bangalore
Bengaluru
MetropolitanCity
Clockwisefromtop:UBCity,Infosys,Glasshouseat LalBagh,VidhanaSoudha,Shivastatue,Bagmane TechPark
Nickname(s):SiliconvalleyofIndia.
Contents
1Etymology
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banglore
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2History 2.1Earlyandmedievalhistory 2.2Cityfoundationandearlymodernhistory 2.3Latermodernandcontemporaryhistory 3Geography 3.1Climate 4Civicadministration 4.1Pollutioncontrol 4.2Slums 5Economy 6Transport 6.1Air 6.2Rail 6.3Road 7Demographics 8Culture 8.1Artandliterature 8.2Theatre,music,anddance 9Education 10Media 11Sports 11.1CitybasedClubs 12Sistercities 13Seealso 14References 15Furtherreading 16Externallinks
Bangalore
Coordinates:1258N7734E Country State Region District NativeLanguage Established Government Type Body Mayor Commissioner Area[2] Metropolitan City Elevation[3] India Karnataka Bayaluseem BangaloreUrban Kannada 1537 MayorCouncil BBMP BSSatyanarayana H.Siddaiah[1] 1,276km2 (493sqmi) 920m(3,020ft)
Etymology
Thename"Bangalore"representsananglicisedversionofthe Kannadalanguagename,"Bengaru"[ beuru]( listen).The earliestreferencetothename"Bengaluru"wasfoundinaninth centuryWesternGangaDynastystoneinscriptionona"vragallu" ( )(literally,"herostone",arockedictextollingthevirtuesof awarrior).InthisinscriptionfoundinBegur,"Bengaluru"isreferred toasaplaceinwhichabattlewasfoughtin890CE.Itstatesthat theplacewaspartoftheGangaKingdomuntil1004andwas knownas"Bengavaluru",the"CityofGuards"inHalegannada(Old Kannada).[15][16]
Population(2011)[4] Metropolitan 9,621,551 City Rank 3rd Density 7,500/km2 (20,000/sqmi) Metro[5] 8,499,399 Metrorank Metropolitan Demonym Timezone Pincode(s) Areacode(s) Vehicle registration Officiallanguage Climate 5th 8,728,906(5th) Bangalorean IST(UTC+5:30) 560xxx 91(0)80XXXXXXXX KA0105,KA41,KA50, KA51,KA53 Kannada BW(Kppen)
Anapocryphal,thoughpopular,anecdoterecountsthatthe12th centuryHoysalakingVeeraBallalaII,whileonahunting expedition,losthiswayintheforest.Tiredandhungry,hecame acrossapooroldwomanwhoservedhimboiledbeans.The gratefulkingnamedtheplace"bendakaaluru"(literally,"townof Website www.bbmp.gov.in boiledbeans"),whicheventuallyevolvedinto"Bengalru".[15][17][18] (http://www.bbmp.gov.in/) SuryanathKamathhasputforwardanexplanationofapossible floraloriginofthename,beingderivedfrombenga,theKannadatermforPterocarpusmarsupium(alsoknownas theIndianKinoTree),aspeciesofdryandmoistdeciduoustrees,thatgrewabundantlyintheregion.[19]
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On11December2005,theGovernmentofKarnatakaannouncedthatithadacceptedaproposalbyJnanpithAward winnerU.R.AnanthamurthytorenameBangaloretoBengaluru.[20]On27September2006,theBruhatBengaluru MahanagaraPalike(BBMP)passedaresolutiontoimplementtheproposednamechange.[21]Thegovernmentof Karnatakaacceptedtheproposal,anditwasdecidedtoofficiallyimplementthenamechangefrom1November 2006.[22][23]However,thisprocesshasstalledduetodelaysingettingclearancesfromtheUnionHomeMinistry.[24]
History
Mainarticle:HistoryofBangalore
Earlyandmedievalhistory
ArecentdiscoveryofStoneAgeartifactsduringthe2001censusofIndiaat Jalahalli,SidhapuraandJadigenahalli,allofwhicharelocatedon Bangalore'soutskirtstoday,suggestprobablehumansettlementaround 4,000BCE.[25]Around1,000BCE(IronAge),burialgroundswere establishedatKoramangalaandChikkajalaontheoutskirtsofBangalore. CoinsoftheRomanemperorsAugustus,Tiberius,andClaudiusfoundat YeswanthpurandHALindicatethatBangalorewasinvolvedintransoceanic tradewithancientcivilisationsin27BCE.[26]
TheBegurNageshwaraTemplewas builtinBangalorearoundc.860,during thereignoftheWesternGanga Dynasty.
TheregionofmoderndayBangalorewaspartofseveralsuccessiveSouth Indiankingdoms.Betweenthefourthandthetenthcenturies,theBangalore regionwasruledbytheWesternGangaDynastyofKarnataka,thefirst dynastytosetupeffectivecontrolovertheregion.[27]TheWesternGangas ruledtheregioninitiallyasasovereignpower(350550),andlateras feudatoriesoftheChalukyasofBadami,followedbytheRashtrakutastill thetenthcentury.[19]TheBegurNageshwaraTemplewascommissioned around860,duringthereignoftheWesternGangaKingEregangaNitimarga IandextendedbyhissuccessorNitimargaII.[28][29]Attheendofthetenth century,theCholasfromTamilNadubegantopenetrateinareaseastof Bangaloreitlaterbegantoextenditscontroloverpartsofpresentday Bangalore,suchasDomlurontheeasternsideofthecity.[27]Around1004, duringthereignofRajendraCholaI,theCholasdefeatedtheWestern Gangas,andcapturedBangalore.[28]Duringthisperiod,theBangalore regionwitnessedthemigrationofmanygroupswarriors,administrators, traders,artisans,pastorals,cultivators,andreligiouspersonnelfromTamil NaduandotherKannadaspeakingregions.[27]TheChokkanathaswamy templeatDomlur,theAigandapuracomplexnearHesaraghatta,Mukthi NatheshwaraTempleatBinnamangala,CholeshwaraTempleatBegur, SomeshwaraTempleatMadiwala,datefromtheCholaera.[28]
In1117,theHoysalakingVeeraBallalaIIdefeatedtheCholasintheBattle ofTalakadinsouthKarnataka,andextendeditsruleovertheregion.[28] WiththecollapseoftheCholas,especiallyafter1250,migrationsfrom AndhraPradeshbeganintokarnatakaandTamilNadu.[27]Bytheendofthe13thcentury,Bangalorebecamea sourceofcontentionbetweentwowarringcousins,theHoysalarulerVeeraBallalaIIIofHalebiduandRamanatha, whoadministeredfromtheHoysalaheldterritoryinTamilNadu.[28]VeeraBallalaIIIhadappointedacivicheadat Hudi(nowwithinBangaloreMunicipalCorporationlimits),thuspromotingthevillagetothestatusofatown.After VeeraBallalaIII'sdeathin1343,thenextempiretoruletheregionwastheVijayanagaraEmpire,whichitselfsaw theriseoffourdynasties,theSangamas(13361485),theSaluvas(14851491),theTuluvas(14911565),and theAravidu(15651646).[30]DuringthereignoftheVijayanagaraEmpire,AchyutaDevaRayaoftheTuluva DynastyraisedtheShivasamudraDamacrosstheArkavatiriveratHesaraghatta,whosereservoiristhepresent city'ssupplyofregularpipedwater.[31]
SomeshwaraTemple(c.1890),dates fromtheCholaera
Cityfoundationandearlymodernhistory
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ModernBangalorehaditsbeginningin1537byavassaloftheVijayanagaraEmpire,KempGowdaI,whobuilta mudbrickfortontheordersofAchutaDevaRayaatthesitethatwouldbecomethecentralpartofmodern Bangalore.KempGowdareferredtothenewtownashis"gandubhmi"or "LandofHeroes".[18]Withinthefort,thetownwasdividedintosmaller divisionseachcalleda"pete"(IPA:[pete]).Thetownhadtwomainstreets ChikkapetStreet,whichraneastwest,andDoddapetStreet,whichran northsouth.TheirintersectionformedtheDoddapetSquaretheheartof Bangalore.KempGowdaI'ssuccessor,KempGowdaII,builtfourtowers thatmarkedBangalore'sboundary.DuringtheVijayanagararule,many saintsandpoetsreferredtoBangaloreas"Devaryanagara"and "Kalynapura"or"Kalynapuri"("AuspiciousCity").[33] AfterthefalloftheVijayanagaraEmpirein1646,Bangalore'srulechanged handsseveraltimes.KempGowdadeclaredindependence,thenin1638,a largeAdilShahiBijapurarmyledbyRamadullaKhanandaccompaniedby theMarathaemperorShhjiBhnsldefeatedKempGowdaIII,[33]and BangalorewasgiventoShhjiasajagir(feudalestate).In1687,theMughal generalKasimKhan,underordersfromAurangzeb,defeatedEkojiI,sonof Shhji,andleasedBangaloretoChikkadevarajaWodeyar(16731704),the thenruleroftheKingdomofMysore.[34]AfterthedeathofKrishnaraja WodeyarIIin1759,HyderAli,CommanderinChiefoftheMysoreArmy, proclaimedhimselfthedefactoruleroftheKingdomofMysore.HyderAliis creditedwithbuildingtheDelhiandMysoregatesatthenorthernand southernendsofthecityin1760.[35]ThekingdomlaterpassedtoHyder Ali'ssonTipuSultan.HyderandTipucontributedtowardsthebeautification ofthecitybybuildingLalBaghBotanicalGardensin1760.Underthem, Bangaloredevelopedintoacommercialandmilitarycentreofstrategic importance.[33]
BangaloreFortin1860showing fortificationsandbarracks.Thefortwas originallybuiltbyKempeGowdaIasa mudfortin1537.
BangalorefortwascapturedbytheBritisharmiesunderLordCornwallison 21March1791duringtheThirdAngloMysoreWarandformedacentrefor BritishresistanceagainstTipuSultan.[36]FollowingTipu'sdeathinthe FourthAngloMysoreWar(1799),theBritishreturnedadministrativecontroloftheBangalore"pt"totheMaharaja ofMysoreandwasincorporatedintothePrincelyStateofMysore,whichexistedasanominallysovereignentityof theBritishRaj.Theoldcity("pt")developedinthedominionsoftheMaharajaofMysore.TheResidencyof MysoreStatewasfirstestablishedinMysoreCityin1799andlatershiftedtoBangalorein1804.Itwasabolishedin 1843onlytoberevivedin1881atBangaloreandtobecloseddownpermanentlyin1947,withIndian independence.[37]TheBritishfoundBangaloretobeapleasantandappropriateplacetostationtheirgarrisonand thereforemovedtheircantonmenttoBangalorefromSeringapatamin1809nearHalsur,aboutfourmilesnortheast oftheCity.Atowngrewuparoundthecantonment,byabsorbingseveralvillagesinthearea.Thenewcentrehad itsownmunicipalandadministrativeapparatus,thoughtechnicallyitwasaBritishenclavewithintheterritoryofthe WodeyarKingsofthePrincelyStateofMysore.[38]Twoimportantdevelopmentswhichcontributedtotherapid growthofthecity,includetheintroductionoftelegraphconnectionstoallmajorIndiancitiesin1853,andarail connectiontoMadrasin1864.[39]
BangalorePalace,builtin1887inTudor architecturalstylewasmodelledonthe WindsorCastleinEngland.[32]
Latermodernandcontemporaryhistory
Inthe19thcentury,Bangaloreessentiallybecameatwincity,withthe"pt",whoseresidentswerepredominantly Kannadigas,andthe"cantonment"createdbytheBritish,whoseresidentswerepredominantlyTamils.[40] Throughoutthe19thcentury,theCantonmentgraduallyexpandedandacquiredadistinctculturalandpolitical salienceasitwasgoverneddirectlybytheBritishandwasknownastheCivilandMilitaryStationofBangalore. WhileitremainedintheprincelyterritoryofMysore,Cantonmenthadalargemilitarypresenceandacosmopolitan civilianpopulationthatcamefromoutsidetheprincelystateofMysore,includingBritons,AngloIndians,and migrantTamillabourersandcontractors.City,ontheotherhand,hadalargelyKannadaspeakingpopulation.[41] Bangalorewashitbyaplagueepidemicin1898thatclaimednearly3,500lives.Thecrisiscausedbytheoutbreak catalysedthecity'ssanitationprocess.Telephonelineswerelaidtohelpcoordinateantiplagueoperations. Regulationsforbuildingnewhouseswithpropersanitationfacilitiescameintoeffect.Ahealthofficerwasappointed andthecitydividedintofourwardsforbettercoordination.VictoriaHospitalwasinauguratedin1900byLord Curzon,thethenGovernorGeneralofBritishIndia.[42]NewextensionsinMalleswaramandBasavanagudiwere developedinthenorthandsouthofthept.[43]In1903,motorvehiclescametobeintroducedinBangalore.[44]In
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1906,BangalorebecameoneofthefirstcitiesinIndiatohaveelectricity fromhydelpower,poweredbythehydroelectricplantsituatedin Shivanasamudra.[45]TheIndianInstituteofSciencewasestablishedin 1909,whichsubsequentlyplayedamajorroleindevelopingthecityasa scienceresearchhub.[46]In1912,theBangaloretorpedo,adefensive explosiveweaponwidelyusedinWorldWarIandWorldWarII,wasdevised inBangalorebyBritisharmyofficerCaptainMcClintockoftheMadras SappersandMiners.[47] Bangalore'sreputationasthe"GardenCityofIndia"beganin1927withthe SilverJubileecelebrationsoftheruleofKrishnarajaWodeyarIV.Several projectssuchastheconstructionofparks,publicbuildingsandhospitals wereinstitutedtoimprovethecity.[48]Bangaloreplayedanimportantrole duringtheIndianindependencemovement.MahatmaGandhivisitedthecity in1927and1934andaddressedpublicmeetingshere.[26]In1926,the labourunrestinBinnyMillsduetodemandbytextileworkersforpaymentof bonusresultedinlathichargingandpolicefiring,resultinginthedeathof fourworkers,andseveralinjuries.[49]InJuly1928,therewerenotable communaldisturbancesinBangalore,whenaGaneshidolwasremoved fromaschoolcompoundintheSultanpetareaofBangalore.[50]In1940,the firstflightbetweenBangaloreandBombaytookoff,whichplacedthecityon India'surbanmap.[46]
AviewofBangalorePeteduringthe 1890s
AfterIndia'sindependenceinAugust1947,Bangaloreremainedinthenewly carvedMysoreStateofwhichtheMaharajaofMysorewastheRajapramukh (appointedgovernor).[51]The"CityImprovementTrust"wasformedin1945, andin1949,the"City"andthe"Cantonment"mergedtoformtheBangalore CityCorporation.TheGovernmentofKarnatakalaterconstitutedthe BangaloreDevelopmentAuthorityin1976tocoordinatetheactivitiesof TheBangaloretorpedowasinventedin thesetwobodies.[52]Publicsectoremploymentandeducationprovided Bangalorein1912. opportunitiesforKannadigasfromtherestofthestatetomigratetothecity. Bangaloreexperiencedrapidgrowthinthedecades194151and197181, whichsawthearrivalofmanyimmigrantsfromnorthernKarnataka.By1961,Bangalorehadbecomethesixth largestcityinIndia,withapopulationof1,207,000.[33]Inthedecadesthatfollowed,Bangalore'smanufacturingbase continuedtoexpandwiththeestablishmentofprivatecompaniessuchasMICO(MotorIndustriesCompany),which setupitsmanufacturingplantinthecity. Bythe1980s,itwasclearthaturbanizationhadspilledoverthecurrentboundaries,andin1986,theBangalore MetropolitanRegionDevelopmentAuthority,wasestablishedtocoordinatethedevelopmentoftheentireregionas asingleunit.[52]On8February1981,amajorfirebrokeoutatVenusCircusinBangalore,wheremorethan92lives werelost,themajorityofthembeingchildren.[53]Bangaloreexperiencedagrowthinitsrealestatemarketinthe 1980sand1990s,spurredbycapitalinvestorsfromotherpartsofthecountrywhoconvertedBangalore'slargeplots andcolonialbungalowsintomultistoriedapartments.[54]In1985,TexasInstrumentsbecamethefirstmultinational corporationtosetupbaseinBangalore.Otherinformationtechnologycompaniesfollowedsuitandbytheendofthe 20thcentury,BangalorehadestablisheditselfastheSiliconValleyofIndia.[33]Duringthe21stcentury,Bangalore hassufferedterroristattacksin2008,2010,and2013.
AviewofBangaloreCantonment(c. 1895)
Geography
Mainarticle:Bangaloregeographyandenvironment BangaloreliesinthesoutheastoftheSouthIndianstateofKarnataka.ItisintheheartoftheMysorePlateau(a regionofthelargerPrecambrianDeccanPlateau)atanaverageelevationof900m(2,953ft).[55]:8Itislocatedat 12.97N77.56Eandcoversanareaof741km2(286sqmi).[56]ThemajorityofthecityofBangaloreliesinthe BangaloreUrbandistrictofKarnatakaandthesurroundingruralareasareapartoftheBangaloreRuraldistrict.The GovernmentofKarnatakahascarvedoutthenewdistrictofRamanagarafromtheoldBangaloreRural district.[citationneeded]
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ThetopologyofBangaloreisflatexceptforacentralridgerunningNNESSW.ThehighestpointisVidyaranyapura Doddabettahalli,whichis962metres(3,156feet)andliesonthisridge.[57]Nomajorriversrunthroughthecity, thoughtheArkavathiandSouthPennarcrosspathsattheNandiHills,60kilometres(37miles)tothenorth.River Vrishabhavathi,aminortributaryoftheArkavathi,ariseswithinthecityatBasavanagudiandflowsthroughthecity. TheriversArkavathiandVrishabhavathitogethercarrymuchofBangalore'ssewage.Aseweragesystem, constructedin1922,covers215km2(83sqmi)ofthecityandconnectswithfivesewagetreatmentcentreslocated intheperipheryofBangalore.[58] Inthe16thcentury,KempeGowdaIconstructedmanylakestomeetthetown'swaterrequirements.The KempambudhiKere,sinceoverrunbymoderndevelopment,was prominentamongthoselakes.Intheearlierhalfof20thcentury,the NandiHillswaterworkswascommissionedbySirMirzaIsmail(Diwanof Mysore,192641CE)toprovideawatersupplytothecity.Currently,the riverKaveriprovidesaround80%ofthetotalwatersupplytothecitywith theremaining20%beingobtainedfromtheThippagondanahalliand HesaraghattareservoirsoftheArkavathiriver.[59]Bangalorereceives800 millionlitres(211millionUSgallons)ofwateraday,morethananyother Indiancity.[60]However,Bangaloresometimesdoesfacewater shortages,especiallyduringthesummerseasonmoresointheyearsof lowrainfall.ArandomsamplingstudyoftheAirQualityIndex(AQI)of TheHesaraghattaLakeinBangalore twentystationswithinthecityindicatedscoresthatrangedfrom76to 314,suggestingheavytosevereairpollutionaroundareasoftraffic concentration.[61] Bangalorehasahandfuloffreshwaterlakesandwatertanks,thelargestofwhichareMadivalatank,Hebballake, UlsoorlakeandSankeyTank.Groundwateroccursinsiltytosandylayersofthealluvialsediments.ThePeninsular GneissicComplex(PGC)isthemostdominantrockunitintheareaandincludesgranites,gneissesand migmatites,whilethesoilsofBangaloreconsistofredlateriteandred,fineloamytoclayeysoils.[61] Vegetationinthecityisprimarilyintheformoflargedeciduouscanopyandminoritycoconuttrees.Though BangalorehasbeenclassifiedasapartoftheseismiczoneII(astablezone),ithasexperiencedquakesof magnitudeashighas4.5.[62]
Climate
Bangaloreexperiencesatropicalsavannaclimate(KppenclimateclassificationAw)withdistinctwetanddry seasons.Duetoitshighelevation,Bangaloreusuallyenjoysamoremoderateclimatethroughouttheyear,although occasionalheatwavescanmakethingsveryuncomfortableinthesummer.[63]ThecoolestmonthisDecemberwith anaveragelowtemperatureof15.4CandthehottestmonthisAprilwithanaveragehightemperatureof 32.8C.[64]ThehighesttemperatureeverrecordedinBangaloreis38.9C(102.0F)(recordedinMarch1931)and thelowesteveris7.8C(46.0F)(recordedinJanuary1884).[65][66]Wintertemperaturesrarelydropbelow12C (54F),andsummertemperaturesseldomexceed3435C(<100F).Bangalorereceivesrainfallfromboththe northeastandthesouthwestmonsoonsandthewettestmonthsareSeptember,OctoberandAugust,inthat order.[64]Thesummerheatismoderatedbyfairlyfrequentthunderstorms,whichoccasionallycausepoweroutages andlocalflooding.Theheaviestrainfallrecordedina24hourperiodis179millimetres(7.0in)recordedon1 October1997.[67]
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Month RecordhighC(F)
Jan
Feb
ClimatedataforBangalore Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

38.9 (102) 34.1 37.8 (100) 33.3
Oct
Nov Dec
Year
38.9 (102) 29.38
32.1 34.5 37.0 (89.8) (94.1) (98.6) 27.6 30.2 32.9 26.1 (79)
36.4 33.1 32.4 34.2 33.0 32.0 31.2 (97.5) (91.6) (90.3) (93.6) (91.4) (89.6) (88.2) 29.4 28.1 23.9 (75) 27.5 28.3 28.0 27.0 26.2 21.1 (70)
AveragehighC(F) (81.7) (86.4) (91.2) (93.4) (91.9) (84.9) (82.6) (81.5) (82.9) (82.4) (80.6) (79.2) (84.89) DailymeanC(F) AveragelowC(F) RecordlowC(F)
21.3 23.6 (70.3) (74.5) 15.3 (59.5) 17.2 (63) 28.0 27.4 24.6 (82.4) (81.3) (76.3) 20.0 (68) 23.5 23.9 (74.3) (75) 23.7 22.2 (74.7) (72) 24.11 (75.4) 18.97 (66.14) 8 (46.4) 974.5 58.5 65.2 2,367.4
19.6 21.8 21.5 (67.3) (71.2) (70.7) 13.9 (57) 7.0 0.8 45 272.8 16.8 (62.2) 40.0 3.0 51 258.0 17.2 (63) 110.2 6.9 60 241.8
19.8 19.6 19.7 19.4 17.7 16.0 (67.6) (67.3) (67.5) (66.9) (63.9) (60.8)
8.0 11.4 (46.4) (52.5) 1.8 0.2 60 263.5 7.9 0.5 52 248.6
17.4 17.0 17.5 16.8 13.0 11.3 9.6 (63.3) (62.6) (63.5) (62.2) (55.4) (52.3) (49.3) 89.1 6.0 72 138.0 108.9 142.5 241.0 7.4 76 10.0 79 10.3 76 154.5 7.9 73 54.1 3.9 70 17.5 1.6 68
Rainfallmm(inches) (0.071) (0.311) (0.276) (1.575) (4.339) (3.508) (4.287) (5.61) (9.488) (6.083) (2.13) (0.689) (38.367)
Avg.rainydays
%humidity
Meanmonthlysunshine hours
111.6 114.7 144.0
173.6 189.0 211.8
Source#1:IndiaMeteorologicalDepartment,[68]NOAA(19711990)[69] Source#2:HKO(sunonly,19711990)[70]
Civicadministration
Seealso:InfrastructureinBangalore TheBruhatBengaluruMahanagaraPalike(BBMP,GreaterBangalore BangaloreCityImportantofficials MunicipalCorporation)isinchargeofthecivicadministrationofthecity.It Municipal Lakshminarayana wasformedin2007bymerging100wardsoftheerstwhileBangalore Commissioner: IAS[71] MahanagaraPalike,withsevenneighbouringCityMunicipalCouncils,one KSatyaNarayana TownMunicipalCounciland110villagesaroundBangalore.Thenumberof Chief Commissionerof IRS[72] [74][75] wardsincreasedto198in2009. TheBBMPisrunbyacitycouncil composedof250members,including198corporatorsrepresentingeachof IncomeTax: Mayor: BSSatyanarayana thewardsofthecityand52otherelectedrepresentatives,consistingof membersofParliamentandthestatelegislature.Electionstothecouncil (Katte areheldonceeveryfiveyears,withresultsbeingdecidedbypopularvote. Satyanarayana) [73] Memberscontestingelectionstothecouncilusuallyrepresentoneormore Police Raghavendra ofthestate'spoliticalparties.Amayoranddeputymayorarealsoelected Commissioner: H.AruadkarIPS,[72] fromamongtheelectedmembersofthecouncil.[76]ElectionstotheBBMP wereheldon28March2010,afteragapofthreeandahalfyearssincetheexpiryofthepreviouselectedbody's term,andtheBharatiyaJanataPartywasvotedintopowerthefirsttimeithadeverwonacivicpollinthecity.[77] Bangalore'srapidgrowthhascreatedseveralproblemsrelatingtotrafficcongestionandinfrastructuralobsolescence thattheBangaloreMahanagaraPalikehasfoundchallengingtoaddress.Theunplannednatureofgrowthinthecity resultedinmassivetrafficgridlocksthatthemunicipalityattemptedtoeasebyconstructingaflyoversystemandby imposingonewaytrafficsystems.Someoftheflyoversandonewaysmitigatedthetrafficsituationmoderatelybut wereunabletoadequatelyaddressthedisproportionategrowthofcitytraffic.[78]A2003BattelleEnvironmental EvaluationSystem(BEES)evaluationofBangalore'sphysical,biologicalandsocioeconomicparametersindicated thatBangalore'swaterqualityandterrestrialandaquaticecosystemswereclosetoideal,whilethecity's socioeconomicparameters(traffic,qualityoflife)scoredpoorly.[79]TheBBMPworksinconjunctionwiththe BangaloreDevelopmentAuthority(BDA)andtheAgendaforBengaluruInfrastructureandDevelopmentTaskForce (ABIDe)todesignandimplementcivicandinfrastructuralprojects.[80] TheBangaloreCityPolice(BCP)hassixgeographiczones,includestheTrafficPolice,theCityArmedReserve, theCentralCrimeBranchandtheCityCrimeRecordBureauandruns86policestations,includingtwoallwomen policestations.[81]AscapitalofthestateofKarnataka,Bangalorehousesimportantstategovernmentfacilities suchastheKarnatakaHighCourt,theVidhanaSoudha(thehomeoftheKarnatakastatelegislature)andRaj Bhavan(theresidenceoftheGovernorofKarnataka).Bangalorecontributesfourmemberstothelowerhouseofthe IndianParliament,theLokSabha,fromitsfourconstituencies:BangaloreRural,BangaloreCentral,Bangalore North,andBangaloreSouth,[82]and28memberstotheKarnatakaLegislativeAssembly.[83]
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ElectricityinBangaloreisregulatedthroughtheBangaloreElectricitySupply Company(BESCOM),[84]whilewatersupplyandsanitationfacilitiesare providedbytheBangaloreWaterSupplyandSewerageBoard(BWSSB).[85]
Pollutioncontrol
TheKarnatakaHighCourtisthe supremejudicialbodyinKarnatakaand islocatedinBangalore.
Bangaloregeneratesabout3,000tonnesofsolidwasteperday,ofwhich about1,139tonnesarecollectedandsenttocompostingunitssuchasthe KarnatakaCompostingDevelopmentCorporation.Theremainingsolidwaste collectedbythemunicipalityisdumpedinopenspacesoronroadsides outsidethecity.[86]In2008,Bangaloreproducedaround2,500metrictonnes ofsolidwaste,andincreasedto5000metrictonnesin2012,whichis transportedfromcollectionunitslocatednearHesaraghattaLake,tothe garbagedumpingsites.[87]Thecitysufferssignificantlywithdustpollution, hazardouswastedisposal,anddisorganized,unscientificwaste retrievals.[88]TheIThub,Whitefieldregionisthemostpollutedareain Bangalore.[89]
Slums
TheVikasaSoudha,situatedadjacentto theVidhanaSoudha,housesmanystate ministries.
Accordingtoa2012reportsubmittedtotheWorldBankbyKarnatakaSlum ClearanceBoard,Bangalorehas862slumsfromtotalofaround2000slums inKarnataka.Thefamilieslivingintheslumarenotreadytomoveintothe temporaryshelters.[90][91]42%ofthehouseholdsmigratedfromdifferent partsofIndiaand43%ofthehouseholdshadremainedintheslumsforover 10years.TheKarnatakaMunicipality,workstoshift300familiesannuallyto newlyconstructedbuildings.Onethirdoftheseslumclearanceprojectslack basicserviceconnexions,60%ofslumdwellerslackcompletewatersupply linesandshareBWSSBwatersupply.[90][92]
Economy
Mainarticle:EconomyofBangalore Seealso:HousinginBangalore
Atypicaltrafficspeedinterceptorused bytheBangaloreCityTrafficPolice
BangalorecityskylineshowingUBCitytotheleftandRichmondareatotheright
Bengaluru's 52346crore(US$8.0billion)economy(200607NetDistrictIncome)makesitoneofthemajor economiccentresinIndia,[93]withthevalueofcity'sexportstotalling 43221crore(US$6.6billion)in200405.[94] Withaneconomicgrowthof10.3%,BangaloreisthesecondfastestgrowingmajormetropolisinIndia,[95]andis alsothecountry'sfourthlargestfastmovingconsumergoods(FMCG)market.[96]TheForbesmagazineconsiders thecityasoneof"TheNextDecade'sFastestGrowingCities".[97]Withapercapitaincomeof 74709(US$1,100)
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in200607,[93]thecityisthethirdlargesthubforhighnetworthindividualsandishometoover10,000dollar millionairesandabout60,000superrichpeoplewhohaveaninvestablesurplusof 4.5crore(US$688,500)and 50lakh(US$76,500)respectively.[98] TheheadquartersofseveralpublicsectorundertakingssuchasBharatElectronicsLimited(BEL),Hindustan AeronauticsLimited(HAL),NationalAerospaceLaboratories(NAL),BharatHeavyElectricalsLimited(BHEL), BharatEarthMoversLimited(BEML)andHMT(formerlyHindustan MachineTools)arelocatedinBangalore.InJune1972theIndian SpaceResearchOrganisation(ISRO)wasestablishedunderthe DepartmentofSpaceandheadquarteredinthecity. BangaloreiscalledastheSiliconValleyofIndiabecauseofthe largenumberofinformationtechnologycompanieslocatedinthe citywhichcontributed33%ofIndia's 144214crore(US$22billion) ITexportsin200607.[99]Bangalore'sITindustryisdividedinto threemainclustersSoftwareTechnologyParksofIndia(STPI) InternationalTechPark,Bangalore(ITPB)andElectronicsCity.UB City,theheadquartersoftheUnitedBreweriesGroup,isahighend commercialzone.[100]InfosysandWipro,India'sthirdandfourth largestsoftwarecompaniesareheadquarteredinBangalore,asare manyoftheglobalSEICMMLevel5Companies . ThegrowthofIThaspresentedthecitywithuniquechallenges. Ideologicalclashessometimesoccurbetweenthecity'sITmoguls, whodemandanimprovementinthecity'sinfrastructure,andthe stategovernment,whoseelectoralbaseisprimarilythepeoplein ruralKarnataka.[101]Theencouragementofhightechindustryin Bangalore,forexample,hasnotfavouredlocalemployment development,buthas,instead,increasedlandvaluesandforced outsmallenterprise.[102]Thestatehasalsoresistedthemassive investmentsrequiredtoreversetherapiddeclineinintracity transportwhichhasalreadybeguntodrivenewandexpanding businessestoothercentresacrossIndia.Bengaluruisahubfor biotechnologyrelatedindustryinIndiaandintheyear2005,around 47%ofthe265biotechnologycompaniesinIndiawerelocatedhere includingBiocon,India'slargestbiotechnologycompany.[103][104]
Aerospace: HAL:IJTprototypeinitshangar.
IT: TheheadquartersofInfosys,India'sthird largestITcompany,islocatedinBengaluru
Transport
Air
BangaloreisservedbytheKempeGowdaInternationalAirport(IATA: BLR,ICAO:VOBL)whichstartedoperationsfrom24May2008.Thecity wasearlierservedbytheHALAirportwhichwasIndia'sfourthbusiest airport.[106][107][108]ItisnowthefourthbusiestairportinIndiaintermsof passengertrafficandthenumberofairtrafficmovements(ATMs)with about280perday.[109]Theairportisaround40kilometres(25miles) fromthecitycentre.Themosthasslefreewaytocommuteisbytaxi. MerucabsandEasycabshavetaxispresentintherankattheairport. Therearealsocertainprivatecabcompanies.[citationneeded]
ThenewKempeGowdaInternationalAirport islocatedinDevanahalli.
Rail
ArapidtransitsystemcalledtheNammaMetroisbeingbuilt.A7kilometres(4miles)stretchfromBayappanahalli toMGRoadwasopenedtopublicon20October2011.[110]Oncecompleted,thiswillencompassa42.3km (26.3mi)elevatedandundergroundrailnetworkcomprising41stations.Itisexpectedtoconnectcentrallocations inBangaloretoDevanahalliandtheChikballapurregions.[111][112]Thismuchdelayedprojectisthecity'sprimary responsetotheworseningintracitytransportinfrastructurewhichhasbecomeamajordeterrenttocontinued businessgrowth.
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BangalorecomesunderBangalorerailwaydivisionoftheSouthWesternRailwayzoneoftheIndianRailways. BangaloreCityRailwaystationandYeshvantpurJunctionconnectittotherestofthecountrythroughtheIndian Railways.TheBangaloreRajdhaniExpress connectsthecitytoNewDelhi,thecapitalofIndia.Bangaloreisalso connectedbyrailtomostcitiesinKarnataka,aswellasMumbai,Kochi,Chennai,Coimbatore,Kolkata,Hyderabad, Indore,Belgaum,Hubli,Mysore,Bhagalpur,Tatanagar,Bhopal,andothermajorcitiesinIndia.[113]Thesprawling RailWheelFactoryisAsia'ssecondlargestmanufacturerofWheel&AxleforRailwaysandheadquarteredin Yelahanka,Bangalore.[citationneeded]
Road
BusesoperatedbyBangaloreMetropolitanTransportCorporation(BMTC) areanimportantandreliablemeansofpublictransportavailableinthe city.[114]Whilecommuterscanbuyticketsonboardingthesebuses, BMTCalsoprovidesanoptionofabuspasstofrequentusers.[114] BMTCrunsairconditionedluxurybusesonmajorroutes,andalso operatesshuttleservicesfromvariouspartsofthecitytotheBengaluru InternationalAirport.[115]TheKarnatakaStateRoadTransport Corporationoperates6,918buseson6,352schedules,connecting BangalorewithotherpartsofKarnatakaaswellasotherstates.The mainbusdepotsthatKSRTCmaintainsaretheKempegowdaBus Station,locallyknownas"Majesticbusstand",wheremostoftheout stationbusesplyfrom.SomeoftheKSRTCbusestoTamilNaduand AndhraPradeshplyfromShantinagarBusStation,SatelliteBusStation atMysoreroadandBaiyappanahallisatellitebusstation.[116]BMTCis thefirstmetropolitantransportcorporationtointroduceairconditioned busesinIndia. Threewheeled,greenandblackautorickshaws,referredtoasautos ,are apopularformoftransport.Theyaremeteredandcanaccommodateup tothreepassengers.Taxis,commonlycalledCityTaxis ,areusually availableonlyoncall.Taxisaremeteredandaregenerallymore expensivethanautorickshaws.[117]
BMTC'sVolvobusesareapopularmodeof commutingwithinBangalore.[105]
AschematicmapofBangalore.
Therearecurrently1,000[citationneeded]vehiclesbeingregistereddailyin BangaloreRTOs.Thetotalnumberofvehiclesasondateare38.8lakhvehicles [citationneeded],witharoadlengthof 11,000kilometres(6,835miles).
Demographics
Withanestimatedpopulationof8.5million PopulationGrowth in2011,[5]Bangaloreisthethirdmost Census Pop. % populouscityinIndiaandthe18thmost [120] 1941 406,760 populouscityintheworld. Bangalore wasthefastestgrowingIndianmetropolis 1951 778,977 91.5% afterNewDelhibetween1991and2001, 1961 1,207,000 54.9% withagrowthrateof38%duringthedecade. 1971 1,654,000 37.0% ResidentsofBangalorearereferredtoas 1981 2,922,000 76.7% Bangaloreans inEnglishand St.FrancisXavierCathedralisthemother 1991 4,130,000 41.3% BengaloorinavaruinKannada.[121]Asper churchoftheRomanCatholicArchdiocese 2001 5,101,000 23.5% the1991census,thelinguistic ofBangalore demographicsofBangalorewere:Kannada 2011 8,425,970 65.2% (38.38%),Tamil(21.38%),Telugu(16.66%), Source:CensusofIndia [118][119] Urdu(12.65%),Malayalam(2.99%),Hindi(2.64%),andothers.[122]Thecosmopolitan natureofthecityhasresultedinthemigrationofpeoplefrom ReligioninBangalore otherstatestoBangalore,[123]whichhasinrecentyearsgiven [124] Percent risetotensionsbetweenimmigrantsandlocals. Accordingtothe2001censusofIndia,79.4%ofBangalore's populationisHindu,roughlythesameasthenational average.[125]Muslimscomprise13.4%ofthepopulation,which
Hindus Muslims 80.4% 12.4%
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againisroughlythesameasthenationalaverage,while Christians 5.8% ChristiansandJainsaccountfor5.8%and1.1%ofthe Jains 1.1% population,respectively,doublethatoftheirnationalaverages. Others 1% Thecityhasaliteracyrateof89%.[126]Roughly10%of Bangalore'spopulationlivesinslums [127]arelativelylow Distributionofreligions proportionwhencomparedtoothercitiesinthedevelopingworld IncludesSikhs(<0.1%),Buddhists(<0.1%). suchasMumbai(50%)andNairobi(60%).[128]The2008 NationalCrimeRecordsBureaustatisticsindicatethatBangalore accountsfor8.5%ofthetotalcrimesreportedfrom35majorcitiesinIndiawhichisacascadialincreaseinthe crimeratewhencomparedtothenumberofcrimesfifteenyearsago.[129] Bangaloresuffersfromthesamemajorurbanisationproblemsseeninmanyfastgrowingcitiesindeveloping countries:rapidlyescalatingsocialinequality,massdisplacementanddispossession,proliferationofslum settlements,andepidemicpublichealthcrisesdurtoseverewatershortageandsewageproblemsinpoorand workingclassneighbourhoods.[130]ThemostcommonlanguagesspokeninBangaloreareKannada,Urdu,English, Tamil,Telugu,andHindi.[131]AvernaculardialectofKannada,knownasBangaloreKannada(orthesouthern dialectofKannada)isspokeninBangaloreandtheadjoiningMysoreregions.[132]Englishisextensivelyspokenand istheprincipallanguageoftheprofessionalandbusinessclass.[133] TheMysoreGazetteerByBLRiceliststhecensusdataofBangalorein1881.[134]Hereisanextract:Theclasses whichnumberover10,000arethefollowing,inorderofstrength.Theseaccountfor716,289,or89.35percentofthe population:Wokkaliga(225,511),Holeya(81,369),Musalmans(69,227),Madiga(46,128),Kuruba(41407),Lingayita (32894),Brahmana(29,882),Tigala(29,192),Banajiga(28,437),NativeChristians(15,656),Beda(15,339),Panchala (14,046),Agasa(11,447),Marata(10,616).Besidestheabovethefollowingareimportanttradingclasses:Nagarta (5,289),Komati(4,766),andMudali(1,625).TamilspeakersweretheMudali(1625)andthepartlyTigala(29,882). TheMaratispeakersnumbered10616.TheHindustanispeakerswereMusalmans(69,227).Therestoftheclasses hadbothKannadaandTelugupopulations. AccordingtotheNewCambridgeHistoryofIndiabyBurtonStein[135]thenorthofthefuturecoreofthe(Mysore) KingdomwastheareacalledMarasuNadu(ModerndayBangaloreandTumkurdistricts)dominatedbyoneofthe largesectionsofTeluguspeakingKarnatakapeasantrytheMorasuVokkaligas.TotheSouthofthefuturecoreof theMysoreempirewasKonguNaduwithitsmixedpopulationofKannada,TeluguandprincipallyTamils.Tothe eastandnortheastwereTeluguchieftainsthemostpowerfulofwhomwasthelordofMulbagal. FurtheraccordingtotheTheMysoreGazetteerByBLRice.[134]TheReddiarechieflyintheeastandnorthand havenumeroussubdivisions.TosomeextenttheyseemtobeofTeluguorigin,andrepresentthesubjectsofthe ancientRattavadi,orkingdomoftheRattas. ThemajorcommunitiesofBangalorewhosharealonghistoryinthecityaretheKannadigas,Tamilians,andthe Telugus.[136]Alreadyinthe16thcentury,BangalorehadspeakersofTamil,Telugu,andMarathi,besidesthosewho spokeKannada.[137]TamilspeakingsettlersmigratedtoBangaloreinthreemajorwaves,thefirstafterthe10th century,whentheCholasofTamilNaducapturedthecitythesecondduringtheVijayanagaraperiod,andthethird, inthe18thcentury,aftertheneedformilitiaincreasedfortheMysorerulers,NawabsofArcot,andtheBritishEast IndiaCompany.[138][139]AnarticleintheHindustatesasfollows:WhilethemigrationofTamilspeakingpopulation toBangalorewasaresultofthepresenceofBritishtroops,peoplefromtheTeluguspeakingregioninitiallycameto BangaloreoninvitationbytheMysoreroyalty(afewofthemhavelineagedatingbacktoKrishnadevaraya),while thearrivaloftheMarathispeakersinBangalorewasahistoricalprocesswhenBangalorewasunderMaratha rule.[140] OthercommunitiesincludetheTuluvasandKonkanisofcoastalKarnataka,Malayalees,Rajasthanis,Gujaratis, Sindhis,andBengalis.[136]BangaloreoncehadalargeAngloIndianpopulation,thesecondlargestafterCalcutta. Today,therearearound10,000AngloIndiansinBangalore.[141]ChristiansformasizeablesectionofBangalorean society,withMangaloreanandGoanCatholicsformingasignificantportionofthecity'sChristiancommunity.[142] Muslimsformaverydiversepopulation,consistingofDakhiniandUrduspeakingMuslims,KutchiMemons, Labbay,andMappilas.[143]
Culture
Mainarticle:CultureofBangalore
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Bangaloreisknownasthe"GardenCityofIndia"becauseofitsgentle climate,broadstreets,greeneryandthepresenceofmanypublicparks, suchasLalBaghandCubbonPark.[144]Bangaloreissometimescalledas the"PubCapitalofIndia"andthe"Rock/MetalcapitalofIndia"becauseof itsundergroundmusicsceneanditisoneofthepremierplacestohold internationalrockconcerts.[145]InMay2012,LonelyPlanetranked Bangalore3rdamongtheworld'stop10citiestovisit.[146] BiannualflowershowsareheldattheLalBaghGardensduringtheweekof RepublicDay(26January)andIndependenceDay(15August).Bangalore Karagaor"KaragaShaktyotsava"isoneofthemostimportantandoldest festivalsofBangalorededicatedtotheHinduGoddessDraupadi.Itis celebratedannuallybytheThigalacommunity,overaperiodofninedaysin themonthofMarchorApril.TheSomeshwaraCarfestivalisanannual processionoftheidoloftheHalasuruSomeshwaraTemple(Ulsoor)ledby theVokkaligas,afarmingcommunityinsouthernKarnataka,occurringin April.KarnatakaRajyotsavaiswidelycelebratedonNovember1andisa publicholidayinthecity,tomarktheformationofKarnatakastateon1 November1956.OtherpopularfestivalsinBangaloreareUgadi,Ram Navami,EidulFitr,GaneshChaturthi,St.Mary'sfeast,Dusshera,Diwali andChristmas.[147][148] Thediversityofcuisineisreflectiveofthesocialandeconomicdiversityof Bangalore.[149]Bangalorehasawideandvariedmixofrestauranttypesand cuisinesandBangaloreansdeemeatingoutasanintrinsicpartoftheir culture.Roadsidevendors,teastalls,andSouthIndian,NorthIndian, ChineseandWesternfastfoodareallverypopularinthecity.[150]Udupi restaurantsareverypopularandservepredominantlyvegetarian,regional cuisine.[151]
BangaloreKaraga,oneoftheoldestand mostimportantfestivalsinBangalore
Artandliterature
Bangaloredidnothaveaneffectivecontemporaryartrepresentation,as comparedtoDelhiandMumbai,untilrecentlyduringthe1990s,severalart galleriessprangup,notablebeingthegovernmentestablishedNational GalleryofModernArt.[152]Bangalore'sinternationalartfestival,Art Bengaluru,wasestablishedin2010,andisSouthIndia'sonlyart festival.[153] KannadaliteratureappearstohaveflourishedinBangaloreevenbefore KempeGowdalaidthefoundationsofthecity.Duringthe18thand19th centuries,KannadaliteraturewasenrichedbytheVachanas (aformof Yakshaganaatheatreartofcoastal rhythmicwriting)composedbytheheadsoftheVeerashaivaMathasin Karnatakaisoftenplayedintownhall Bangalore.Asacosmopolitancity,Bangalorehasalsoencouragedthe growthofTelugu,Urdu,andEnglishliteratures.Theheadquartersofthe KannadaSahityaParishat,anonprofitorganisationthatpromotestheKannadalanguage,islocatedin Bangalore.[154]Thecityhasitsownliteraryfestival,knownasthe"BangaloreLiteratureFestival",whichwas inauguratedin2012.[155]
Theatre,music,anddance
BangaloreishometotheKannadafilmindustry,whichchurnsoutabout80Kannadamovieseachyear.[156] BangalorealsohasaveryactiveandvibranttheatreculturewithpopulartheatresbeingRavindraKalakshetra[157] andthemorerecentlyopenedRangaShankara.[158]ThecityhasavibrantEnglishandforeignlanguagetheatre scenewithplaceslikeRangaShankaraandChowdiahMemorialHallleadingthewayinhostingperformances leadingtotheestablishmentoftheAmateurfilmindustry.[158] KannadatheatreisverypopularinBangalore,andconsistsmostlyofpoliticalsatireandlightcomedy.Playsare organizedmostlybycommunityorganizations,buttherearesomeamateurgroupswhichstageplaysinKannada. DramacompaniestouringIndiaundertheauspiciesoftheBritishCouncilandMaxMllerBhavanalsostage
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performancesinthecityfrequently.[159] BangaloreisalsoamajorcentreofIndianclassicalmusicanddance.[160]Theculturalsceneisverydiversedueto Bangalore'smixedethnicgroups,whichisreflectedinitsmusicconcerts,dance performancesandplays.PerformancesofCarnatic(SouthIndian)andHindustani(North Indian)classicalmusic,anddanceformslikeBharatNatyam,Kuchipudi,Kathakali, Kathak,andOdissiareverypopular.[161]Yakshagana,atheatreartindigenousto coastalKarnatakaisoftenplayedintownhalls.[162]Thetwomainmusicseasonsin BangaloreareinAprilMayduringtheRamNavamifestival,andinSeptemberOctober duringtheDussherafestival,whenmusicactivitiesbyculturalorganizationsareattheir peak.[161]ThoughbothclassicalandcontemporarymusicareplayedinBangalore,the dominantmusicgenreinurbanBangaloreisrockmusic.Bangalorehasitsownsub genreofmusic,"BangaloreRock",whichisanamalgamationofclassicrock,hardrock andheavymetal,withabitofjazzandbluesinit.[163]NotablebandsfromBangalore includeRaghuDixitProject,Kryptos,InnerSanctum,Agam,AllTheFatChildren,and Swaratma.
Education
Seealso:EducationinIndiaandListof educationalinstitutionsinBangalore
Aclassicaldanceris seendisplayingher expressionatthe Nrityagram'sgardenin Bangalore.
Untiltheearly19thcentury,educationin Bangalorewasmainlyrunbyreligiousleadersandrestrictedtostudentsof thatreligion.[164]Thewesternsystemofeducationwasintroducedduring theruleofMummadiKrishnarajaWodeyar.Subsequently,theBritish WesleyanMissionestablishedthefirstEnglishschoolin1842,andthe BangaloreHighSchoolwasstartedbytheMysoreGovernmentin 1858.[165][166] InpostIndependentIndia,schoolsforyoungchildren(16Month5years) arecalledNursery,kindergartenorPlayschoolwhicharebroadlybasedon MontessoriorMultipleIntelligence[167]methodologyofeducation.[168] PrimaryandsecondaryeducationinBangaloreisofferedbyvariousschools whichareaffiliatedtooneoftheboardsofeducation,suchasthe SecondarySchoolLeavingCertificate(SSLC),IndianCertificateof SecondaryEducation(ICSE),CentralBoardforSecondaryEducation (CBSE),InternationalBaccalaureate(IB),Internationalgeneralcertificateof secondaryeducation(IGCSE)andNationalInstituteofOpenSchooling (NIOS).[169]SchoolsinBangaloreareeithergovernmentrunorareprivate (bothaidedandunaidedbythegovernment).[170][171]Bangalorehasa significantnumberofInternationalSchoolsduetoexpatsandITcrowd.[172] Aftercompletingtheirsecondaryeducation,studentseitherattendPre University(PUC)orcontinueHighSchoolinoneofthreestreams Arts, CommerceorScience.[173]Alternatively,studentsmayalsoenrollin Diplomacourses.Uponcompletingtherequiredcoursework,studentsenroll ingeneralorprofessionaldegreesinuniversitiesthroughlateral entry.[174][175] TheBangaloreUniversity,establishedin1886,providesaffiliationtoover 500colleges,withatotalstudentenrolmentexceeding300,000.The universityhastwocampuseswithinBangaloreJnanabharathiandCentral College.[176]UniversityVisvesvarayaCollegeofEngineeringwas establishedintheyear1917,byBharatRatnaSirM.Visvesvaraya,At present,theUVCEistheonlyengineeringcollegeaffiliatedtoBangalore University.UVCEisoneoftheprestigiousinstitutioninIndia.Bangalorealso hasalargenumberofprivateEngineeringCollegesaffiliatedto VisvesvarayaTechnologicalUniversity.Notableamongthemparticularlyfor
IndianInstituteofScienceoneofthe premierinstitutesofscienceinIndia
IndianInstituteofManagement Bangalore,oneofthepremier managementinstitutesinIndia
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undergraduatedegreesareBMSCollegeofEngineering,R.V.CollegeofEngineering,P.E.S.Instituteof Technology,M.S.RamaiahInstituteofTechnology,SirM.VisvesvarayaInstituteofTechnologyandBangalore InstituteofTechnology. IndianInstituteofScience,whichwasestablishedin1909inBangalore,isthepremierinstituteforscientific researchandstudyinIndia.NationallyrenownedprofessionalinstitutessuchastheNationalCentreforBiological Sciences(NCBS),UniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Bangalore(UASB),InstituteofBioinformaticsandApplied Biotechnology[IBAB],NationalInstituteofDesign(NID),NationalInstituteofFashionTechnology(NIFT),National LawSchoolofIndiaUniversity(NLSIU),theIndianInstituteofManagement,Bangalore(IIMB),theIndianStatistical InstituteandInternationalInstituteofInformationTechnology,Bangalore(IIITB)arelocatedinBangalore.Thecity isalsohometothepremiermentalhealthinstitutioninIndiaNationalInstituteofMentalHealthandNeuroSciences (NIMHANS).Bangalorealsohassomeofthebestmedicalcollegesinthecountry,likeSt.John'sMedicalCollege (SJMC)andBangaloreMedicalCollegeandResearchInstitute(BMCRI).[177][178]TheM.P.BirlaInstituteof FundamentalResearchresearchinstitutehasabranchlocatedinBangalore.[179]
Media
ThefirstprintingpressinBangalorewasestablishedin1840inKannadabytheWesleyanChristianMission.In 1859,BangaloreHeraldbecamethefirstEnglishbiweeklynewspapertobepublishedinBangaloreandin1860, MysoreVrittantaBodhinibecamethefirstKannadanewspapertobecirculatedinBangalore.[180][181]Currently, VijayaKarnatakaandTheTimesofIndiaarethemostwidelycirculatedKannadaandEnglishnewspapersin Bangalorerespectively,closelyfollowedbythePrajavaniandDeccanHeraldbothownedbythePrinters(Mysore) LimitedthelargestprintmediahouseinKarnataka.[182][183]OthernewspaperslikeMidDay ,BangaloreMirror,and Udayavaniprovidelocalisednewsupdates.Ontheweb,ExplocityprovideslistingsinformationinBangalore.[184] BangaloregotitsfirstradiostationwhenAllIndiaRadio,theofficialbroadcasterfortheIndianGovernment,started broadcastingfromitsBangalorestationon2November1955.[185]TheradiotransmissionwasAM,untilin2001, RadioCitybecamethefirstprivatechannelinIndiatostarttransmittingFMradiofromBangalore.[186]Inrecent years,anumberofFMchannelshavestartedbroadcastingfromBangalore.[187]ThecityprobablyhasIndia'soldest Amateur(Ham)RadioClubBangaloreAmateurRadioClub(VU2ARC),whichwasestablishedin1959.[188][189] BangaloregotitsfirstlookattelevisionwhenDoordarshanestablishedarelaycentrehereandstartedrelaying programsfrom1November1981.AproductioncentrewasestablishedintheDoordarshan'sBangaloreofficein 1983,therebyallowingtheintroductionofanewsprograminKannadaon19November1983.[190]Doordarshanalso launchedaKannadasatellitechannelon15August1991whichisnownamedDDChandana.[190]Theadventof privatesatellitechannelsinBangalorestartedinSeptember1991whenStarTVstartedtobroadcastits channels.[191]ThoughthenumberofsatelliteTVchannelsavailableforviewinginBangalorehasgrownoverthe years,[192]thecableoperatorsplayamajorroleintheavailabilityofthesechannels,whichhasledtooccasional conflicts.[193]DirectToHome(DTH)servicesarealsoavailableinBangalorenow.[194] ThefirstInternetserviceproviderinBangalorewasSTPI,Bangalorewhichstartedofferinginternetservicesinearly 1990s.[195]ThisInternetservicewas,however,restrictedtocorporatesuntilVSNLstartedofferingdialupinternet servicestothegeneralpublicattheendof1995.[196]Currently,Bangalorehasthelargestnumberofbroadband InternetconnexionsinIndia.[197]InApril2013,BangalorebecamethefirstIndiancitytogetfreeWiFihotspots, whenfreeWiFiwaslaunchedinM.G.RoadandBrigadeRoad.[198]
Sports
Bangalore'spleasantclimatemakesitasuitableplaceforavarietyofoutdoorsports.Cricketisbyfarthemost popularsportinBangalore.Bangalorehasmanyparksandgardenswhichprovideexcellentpitchesforan impromptugameofcricket.[199]AsignificantnumberofnationalcricketershavecomefromBangalore,including formerIndiancricketteamcaptainsRahulDravidandAnilKumble.Someoftheotherplayerswhohaverepresented IndiaincludeJavagalSrinath,GundappaVishwanath,SyedKirmani,E.A.S.Prasanna,B.SChandrashekar, VenkateshPrasad,SunilJoshi,RobinUthappa,VinayKumar,RogerBinnyandAbhimanyuMithun.Manychildren playgullycricketontheroadsandinthecity'smanypublicfields.Bangalore'sinternationalcricketstadiumisthe M.ChinnaswamyStadium,whichhasaseatingcapacityof55,000[200]andhashostedmatchesduringthe1987 CricketWorldCup,1996CricketWorldCupandthe2011CricketWorldCup.TheChinnaswamyStadiumisalsothe homeofIndia'sNationalCricketAcademy [201]
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TheIndianPremierLeaguefranchiseBangaloreRoyalChallengers,the PremierHockeyLeaguefranchiseBangaloreHifliers,andtheKarnataka PremierLeaguefranchiseesBangaloreBrigadiersandProvidentBangalore arebasedinthecity.India'sDavisCupteammembers,Mahesh Bhupathi[202]andRohanBopanna[203]alsoresideinBangalore.Thecity hoststheWomen'sTennisAssociation(WTA)BangaloreOpentournament annually.BeginningSeptember2008,Bangalorehasalsobeenhostingthe KingfisherAirlinesTennisOpenATPtournamentannually.[204]Bangaloreis alsohometotheBangaloreRugbyFootballClub(B.R.F.C)[205] Bangalorehasanumberofeliteclubs,likeCenturyClub,TheBangalore GolfClub,theBowringInstituteandtheexclusiveBangaloreClub,which countsamongitspreviousmembersWinstonChurchillandtheMaharajaof Mysore.[206]TheHindustanAeronauticsLimitedSCisbasedinBangalore. OthersportspersonalitiesfromBangaloreincludenationalswimming championNishaMillet,worldsnookerchampion,PankajAdvaniandformer AllEnglandOpenbadmintonchampionPrakashPadukone.[207]
TheM.ChinnaswamyStadiumis Bangalore'spremiercricketstadium.
CitybasedClubs
Club RoyalChallengers Bangalore BangaloreHifliers KarnatakaLions KarnatakaBulls HALBangalore BengaluruFC BangaBeats Karnataka Bulldozers Sport Cricket Field hockey Field hockey IPL PHL WSH League Stadium Span
M.Chinnaswamy 2008 Stadium Bangalore HockeyStadium Bangalore HockeyStadium Kanteerava IndoorStadium 2005 2008 2011 2011
BangaloreMarathon2006
Volleyball IVL Football Football ILeague ILeague
Bangalore N/A FootballStadium Bangalore 2013 FootballStadium Kanteerava IndoorStadium 2013
Badminton IBL Cricket
Celebrity M.Chinnaswamy 2010 CricketLeague Stadium
Sistercities
Bangaloreiscurrentlytwinnedwithfoursistercities:[208][209][210][211] City Minsk SanFrancisco Chengdu Cleveland[212] Region MinskRegion California Template:CountrydataSichuan Ohio Country Belarus UnitedStates China UnitedStates
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Seealso
BangaloreatWikipediabooks ListoftallestbuildingsinBangalore OutlineofIndia ListoftouristattractionsinBangalore
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Sarma,I.K.(1992).TemplesoftheGangasofKarnataka.ArchaeologicalSurveyofIndia.ISBN019560686 8. Srinivas,Smriti(2004).LandscapesofUrbanMemory:TheSacredandtheCivicinIndia'sHightechCity (reviseded.).OrientBlackswan.ISBN9788125022541. GovernmentofKarnataka(1990).KarnatakaStateGazetteer:BangaloreDistrict. Raman,A.(1994).BangaloreMysore(illustrateded.).OrientBlackswan.ISBN9780863114311. C.HayavadanaRao(1929).TheMysoreStateGazetteer. Nair,Janaki(2005).ThePromiseoftheMetropolis:Bangalore'sTwentiethCentury (illustrateded.).Oxford UniversityPress.ISBN9780195667257. Pinto,JerrySrivastava,Rahul(2008).TalkoftheTown.PenguinBooksIndia.ISBN9780143330134.
Furtherreading
Hasan,Fazlul.BangaloreThroughTheCenturies.Bangalore:HistoricalPublications,1970. Plunkett,Richard.SouthIndia.LonelyPlanet,2001.ISBN1864501618 Vagale,UdayKumar."PublicSpaceinBangalore:PresentandFutureProjections" (http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd05172004231956/unrestricted/4.pdf)PDF(773KB).Digital LibrariesandArchives.2006.VirginiaTech.27April2004. Hunter,Cotton,Burn,Meyer."TheImperialGazetteerofIndia" (http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/),2006.Oxford,ClarendonPress.1909. "Bangalore."EncyclopdiaBritannica(http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Bangalore).1911ed.
Externallinks
BruhatBengaluruMahanagaraPalike(Municipalgovernment)(http://www.bbmp.gov.in/) OfficialwebsiteofBangaloreDevelopmentAuthority(http://www.bdabangalore.org/) Bangalore(http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Karnataka/Localities/Bangalore//)attheOpenDirectory Project BangaloretravelguidefromWikivoyage Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bangalore&oldid=578845380" Categories: Bangalore Bangalorerailwaydivision 1537inIndia CitiesandtownsinKarnataka DivisionsofIndianRailways Hightechnologybusinessdistricts Indiancapitalcities SouthWesternRailwayZone MetropolitancitiesinIndia
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon26October2013at17:19. TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmay apply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy. WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.
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Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Clockwisefromtop:UBCity,Infosys,Glasshouseat LalBagh,VidhanaSoudha,Shivastatue,Bagmane TechPark

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

BangalorePalace,builtin1887inTudor architecturalstylewasmodelledonthe WindsorCastleinEngland.[32]

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ClimatedataforBangalore Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep

111.6 114.7 144.0

173.6 189.0 211.8

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

ElectricityinBangaloreisregulatedthroughtheBangaloreElectricitySupply Company(BESCOM),[84]whilewatersupplyandsanitationfacilitiesare providedbytheBangaloreWaterSupplyandSewerageBoard(BWSSB).[85]

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

IT: TheheadquartersofInfosys,India'sthird largestITcompany,islocatedinBengaluru

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Therearecurrently1,000[citationneeded]vehiclesbeingregistereddailyin BangaloreRTOs.Thetotalnumberofvehiclesasondateare38.8lakhvehicles [citationneeded],witharoadlengthof 11,000kilometres(6,835miles).

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Aclassicaldanceris seendisplayingher expressionatthe Nrityagram'sgardenin Bangalore.

IndianInstituteofManagement Bangalore,oneofthepremier managementinstitutesinIndia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Volleyball IVL Football Football ILeague ILeague

Bangalore N/A FootballStadium Bangalore 2013 FootballStadium Kanteerava IndoorStadium 2013

Badminton IBL Cricket

Celebrity M.Chinnaswamy 2010 CricketLeague Stadium

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bangalore - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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