Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
INDIANA
DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS
FINAL REPORT
^^.
%.
UNIVERSITY
FINAL REPORT
Final Report
by
9-11-18 C-36-67R
Prepared as Part of an Investigation Conducted by Joint Highway Research Project Engineering Experiment Station, Purdue
University, in Cooperation with the Indiana Department of Highways.
http://www.archive.org/details/developmentofeneOOpart
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Indiana
of
Department
the
research.
Dr.
major
professor,
Donn
E.
offering
the He
needed
gui-
suggestions
and
encouragement.
Walker
for
would like to
his
input
and
Smith
in
putting
and
a
the
manual
together
were
greatly
for
appreciated,
her
special
the
help
in
typing
manuscript.
Finally,
the support
and encouragement
from
his
wife
Kimm throughout the graduate course work and during the long
hours spent
on
this
ill
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
"
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER
1.1 1.2 1.3
1
xii
1
INTRODUCTION
2 3
7
CHAPTER
2.1
BUILDING SELECTION
2.2 2.3
14
29
CHAPTER
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Introduction Required Material for Completing the BIF Form.... Procedures for Completing the BIF Form Instructions for Filling Out the BIF Form with Examples Major Section I, Division A,B,C 3.4.1 Major Section II, Division A 3.4.2 Major Section II, Division B, Part 1 3.4.3
and 2.
29 29 32
35 44 48
50
3.4.4
3.4.5 3.4.6
3.4.7
3.4.8 3.4.9
Major Section II, Division C, and 2, Sections a and b Major Section II, Division D, Sections a and b Major Section II, Division D, Continued, Sections c, d, e Major Section II, Division D, Sections a and b Major Section II, Division E, Sections a, b, c, d, and e Major Section III, Division A
Part
Part
53
1,
55
58
2,
62
1,
64 68
iv
3. A. 10
III, III,
IV
V
Division Division
B C
69 73 75
78 78
VI
CHAPTER
4.1 4.2
99
99
4.3
4.4
Introduction Required Material to Complete the Building Site Visit Procedures for Completing the Site Visit.. 4.3.1 Interior Building Inspection 4.3.2 Exterior Building Inspection Procedures for Completing a Building Survey 4.4.1 Determining Building Dimensions 4.4.2 Building Material Identification 4.4.3 Major Energy Using Systems Identification
5
112
CHAPTER
5.1 5.2
114
114 115 128
131
5.3 5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7 5.8
Introduction................... Transmission Heat Losses........... Infiltration Heat Losses Required Material to Complete Heat Loss Calculations.... Procedures to Complete Heat Loss Calculations... 5.5.1 Instructions for Form 5.1 5.5.2 Instructions for Form 5.2.. Transmission Heat Loss Calculations... 5.6.1 Floor-on-Grade. 5.6.2 Floor-Below-Grade 5.6.3 Wall-Below-Grade 5.6.4 Wall-Above-Grade.... 5.6.5 Partitions Separating Conditioned and Unconditioned Space 5.6.6 Roof.... 5.6.7 Windows and Skylights 5.6.8 Doors Infiltration Heat Loss Calculations Determining Annual Heating Requirements 5.8.1 Annual Heating Requirement Example
. .
.
CHAPTER
6.1 6.2
LIGHTING CALCULATIONS
6.3 6.4
Introduction Lighting Systems 6.2.1 Fluorescent Lighting. Required Material for Completing Lighting Calculations Lighting Calculation Procedures
Lighting Level Determination Lighting Level Determination Example Zonal Cavity Lighting Calculations Zonal Cavity Calculation Example
CHAPTER
7.1
242
242 243 245 253
Introduction..... Required Material for Completing the Energy Consumption Survey.. Procedures for Calculating the EUI EUI Example
8
CHAPTER
8.1
256
256 259 259 259
8.2 8.3
8.4
Introduction Required Material to Complete ECO Analysis Procedure for Completing ECO Analysis..... 8.3.1 Instructions for Form 8.1 8.3.2 Energy Conservation Opportunity Analysis Example..... Potential Capital ECOs..
9
CHAPTER
9.1
9.2
9.3
REFERENCES APPENDICES
Appendix A Energy Audit Forms... Appendix B Noncapital Energy Conservation Opportunity Check List
287
315
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table
3.1
5.1
Page
76
120
5.2
123
5.3
5.4
Thermal Resistances
of
....124
135
5.5
5.6
5.7
5
.8A
175
5.8B
5.9
176
178
5.10
5.11
184
185 185
191
5.12
5.13
vil
5.14
6.1
192 200
6.2
6.3
Typical Fluorescent Lamp Data Currently Recommended Illuminance Categories and Illuminance Values for Lighting Design-Target Maintained Levels. Illuminance Values, Maintained, in Lux, for a Combination of Illuminance Categories and User, Room and Task Characteristics
205
209
6.4
216
6.5
Percent Effective Ceiling or Floor Cavity Reflectance for Various Reflectance Combi nat ions ... 229
6.6
231
6.7
235 274
275
276
277
8.1
Building Type
Alternatives....
8.2
8.3
Building Type II Alternatives Building Type III Alternatives Building Type IV Alternatives..... Building Type
V
8.4
8.5
Alternatives.
278
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1.1
Page
2.1
13 16 18
2.2
2.3
3.1
30
3.2
33
3.3
36
37
37
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
38
38
3.8
3.9
39
39
3.10
3.11
40
40
41 41
3.12
3.13
ix
3.14
41 43
3.15
3.16
47
3.17
Division A.....
49
3.18
3.19
BIF Example Major Section II, Division B, Part 1 BIF Example Major Section II, Division B, Part 2.. BIF Example Major Section II, Division C, Part 1 and 2, Section a and b BIF Example Major Section II, Division D, Section a and b
51
52
3.20
54
3.21
.57
3.22
3.23
...
58
Division D,
61
3.24
BIF Example Major Section II, Division D, Part 2, Section a and b....
63
3.25
Location
of
65
3.26
BIF Example Major Section II, Division E, Part 1, Sections a, b, c, d and e BIF Example Major Section III,
67
3.27
Division A
69
3.28
71
3.29
Division
Division
B C
73 74
3.30
3.31
75
3.32
5.1
79
119
119
5.2
5.3
127
5.4
130
5.5
133
137
5.6
5.7
140
141
5.8
5.9
Floor- on-Grade
Plan View of Floor-on-Grade From Which the . . , Perimeter of the Floor is Calculat ed
, . .
142
144
5.10
5.11
<..
145
5.12
146
148 149 150
5.13
5.14
Example
Form 5.1
5.15
5.16
Wall- Be low-Grade
152
154
155 157
5.17
5.18
5.19
Wall- Above-Grade
Wall Section for Example 4A
5.20
5.21
158 159
5.22
5.23
160
163
164
5.24
5.25 5.26
Example
Form 5.1
165
167
^1
5.27
168
169
171
5.28 5.29
5.30
5.31
173 183
5.32
183
5.33
5.34
6.1
184
191
Correction Factor,
vs.
Degree Days.
199
6.2
.202
219
221
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
7.1
228
.....240
252
254
255
7.2
7.3
8.1
Calculation Example
Form 8.1 Potential Energy Conservation Opportunities Simple Payback Analysis Form Form 8.2 Estimate Work Sheet
Form 8.1 Potential Energy Conservation Opportunities Simple Payback Analysis Form Example
,
263
264
8.2 8.3
267
8.4
268
xii
ABSTRACT
May MSCE, Purdue University, Brett Michael. Partridge, An Energy Audit Manual For Indiana of Development 1985, Donn E. Department of Highway Buildings. Major Professor: Hancher
.
The purpose of
this study
was
to
develop
an
Energy
Audit
in
their
existing
buildings.
a
The
would allow an
indiis
The manual
a
major
the user
through
data
gathering
process.
This
data
Is
energy supply*
Based on this
information,
alternative
cally
energy
to
evaluated
conservation
A
simple
used to determine If
CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
. 1
Statement of Purpose
the
An energy audit
is
evaluation
of
energy consumption
of
within
energy congoal
of
The
in
conservation
a
is
to
reduce
the
amount
energy
required to operate
dollar
amount
that
must
be
The purpose of
this
study
was
to
develop
of
an
Energy
The
Audit
Manual
for
Highways.
to
purpose of
energy
the manual
on
to
enable
the
IDOH
perform
audits
their
The majority of
the
energy
crunch
the
time,
the
energy efficiency of
facility;
therefore,
several energy
of
build-
.2
Objectives
this
study was
to
develop
an
Energy
of
conservation
program.
The
In
so
that
person
without
lot
of
The
first-time user
of
sections
of
the manual in
to
servation
ings.
opportunities
this
that
To do
ponents
and
lighting
systems
floors,
walls,
windows
and
lighting
lighting.
and exterior
of
building
can
often
increase the
energy
of
con-
sumption
efficiency
of
the
building.
Other areas
energy
mechaniAnalysis
the
scope of
manual.
However,
this
is
an important area in
proThe
goal of tion
this
to
energy
conserva-
Department
was
to
identify
specific
areas
within
tunities
alterna-
tive solutions
are the most
cost
effective.
on
These
of
alternative
a
solutions
will
be
evaluated
the basis
to
present an evaluation
pro-
cedure
are
to
the most
back periods.
energy
conservation
opportunities
within
the
the
a
energy
separate
audit
process.
Each
major
step
is
covered in
chapter.
Chapter
2
is
8
the
Introduction
the seven
to
this
manual.
of
Chapters
through
cover
major steps
the
Chapter
2,
Building
Selection,
a
presents
of
selection
building out
the possible
Chapter
3,
Building
Inforthe
Form,
is
important chapter of
,
referred to as BIF,
data
to
for
the
BIF
is
properly
filled
experts
in the
sulted
regarding
the
particular
Chapter
4,
to
take
be
of
Chapter
building's heat
6,
loss
dur-
winter
months.
Chapter
Lighting Calculations,
7,
comparable
energy
consumption
Chapter
8,
outlines
the procedures
energy conser-
cost effective
return.
The flow of
l.l.
the
is
shown in Figure
that
the
owners,
blue-
Therefore,
set
of
able will determine in which order the BIF and Site Visit
completed
CHAPTER
Building Selection
YES
NO
CHfiPTER Form
CHAPTER
Buiiajng Infomation
BullOlng Survey
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Form
Site Visit
Bullolng InronnaUon
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Lighting CalculatJons
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
Energy Conservation
Opporurlty Analysis
Figure 1.1
CHAPTER
2.1
BUILDING SELECTION
Introduction
of
Highways
of
Is
responsible
for
these buildings
poor.
Newer
buildings
constructed
constructed
prior
to
this
time.
or
Therefore,
it
older buildings,
buildings,
first.
audit
Using
key
a
variables
that
affect
however,
can
of
audit
first
be
made.
of
the
is
building,
in
the number
operation,
and the
dollars
bills,
square
foot
spent
on
the
building's utility
to
audit
first
can be made
2.2
P roce
du res
for
S electing
Building
manageable,
It
suggested
that
it
be
done
a
on a
district by district
the
basis.
task
ings
of
to
by
districts
will
of
Poten-
tial
Energy
of
ment
classified
the
buildings within the State into six major building types and
"other".
the
Figure 2.3,
this
shows
of
brief
descriptions
each
assumptions
that
should
be
first
assumption
is
all
buildings
that
buildings
the
of
that
are
of
similar construction
and
operate
under
relative amount
energy.
Some
use
of
ones are
the weather,
peoples' habits
who
the
building,
Ener-
system
that
requires
energy
to
operate.
Two
buildings of
consumption
For
the
a
if
the
operating
is
building that
consume
the
northern section
of
will
more
energy
of
State
due
to
Che
difference
in
weather.
is
However,
the
weather conditions
By
evaluating
the
eliminated.
Another
would
a
be a
building that
loads to run
consume
more
energy
if
Therefore,
group,
it
.
building has
not
be
operation
unique
to
the
should
buildings
Third,
into
the
"Other"
classification
These buildings
their
type
along
with
unique
buildings
a
within
will have to be
evaluated on
10
1:
type
through
VI
and
year of construction
is
operated
months
Form follows:
2.1,
STEP 3:
onto
as
Building Selection,
see Figure
2.1,
Column
Enter
descriptive
name
for
each
Year of
construction
"Year
1,
Column
etc...
Column
building
occupied
11
Column
etc...
Column
of
con-
Column
expenses
for
Column
(Col.
7)
area
(Col. 6)
Column
by
8),
unit
cost
of
utilities
(Col.
1,
cost equal to
etc.*.
Column
10
3,5
and
Column
11
according
10
to
the
column
1
,
total No
et c
The
buildings should
in
he
audited
according
to
their
ranking
and so on.
each building
within
or,
each
group
first,
the worst
build-
12
Is
offered only as
suggestion
This
first
tunities.
the
from imporA
"other"
Department.
13
Form
2.1
Building Selection
^iidltor
DISTRICT
. .
.
Date
.
Type
Building
2
3
8 9
10
11
Year
Usage
Area
Utility
$/SF
Tot
Ro*
Figure 2.1
Form 2.1
Building Selection
14
2.3
to
i.
llus
ra
(^.
Che
building
is
selection procedure.
The
given
dis-
trict.
Figure 2.2
with
the
is
Form 2.1
Building
Selection
filled
in
fictitious data.
type IV
Column
Buildlng
1935
1
Year of construction
Of the type I building A is the oldest
40
40
Building A is occupied the second highest time (NOTE A,B,C all 2's)
600
Column 6Column
7-
2100
Column 8-
3.5
2
3.5
sura
to
15
of
the
type IV buildings,
buildC
should
buildings
and
second,
building
we
fourth.
If
look,
at
types
C
to
IV
collectively,
building
from
III,
type
I,
building
build-
ings
audited.
but
it
The
is
final
order
judgement,
bui Idings
.
16
Form
2.1
Building Selection
A.Kiitnr
Joe smltn
ni?;TR!nT
Exaiiple
....
4 6 5
Date
_
. .
1
Type
Bullolng
8 9 $/SF
10
11
Rank
Year
usage
Area
Udllty $
TOL
Type!
Building
A
c
1980
1981
40
40 40
1 1 1
2852
5740
3000 naao
130
4
6
EMldlngB
Building
Z 3
2852
2852
LOO
1.40
3
1
3 2
1982
Typen
BUlldJf^
Bulldir^
A
B
1970 1965
3 2
1
40
40
2 2
1
1900
20(H1
1870
LOO
LIO
4
2
1
3 2
1
2200 3000
1700
16tK]
6 3
11
Building
1960
1971
50
40
25W
190)
1500
L20
.90
BuUdlngD
BuliaingE
4
1
5
3
4 2
1960
40
L07
Type ra
Building
Building
A
B
50
40 40
.90
3 2
1
5
6 6
2 3
2
2
LIO
1.25
2
2
Building
Type IV
Building
A
B
1935
40
2 2 2
1 1
600
33
3
2
3
1
5
8
7 7
11
Building
3 4
2
40
40
3
2 2
BidldlngC
Building Building
4
2
D
E
50 50
1500
L5
Figure 2.2
Form 2.1
17
Figure 2.3
Building Type
I:
General Description:
Frame
-
gabled roof
Length:
Widths
Roof
62
feet
feet
46
shingle roof
Walls
12"
Insulat ion.
Use
Picture
IB
_,
^,
T-r^j^^w-r
.,
-:J^--
"^l?^^
I-C-V- '"It^^-'^'.'^^^^-lh.'
'."'
'
!^-^
Building Type
Figure 2.3
Building Type
las
L F I
cat
on
19
Figure 2.3
Continued
General Description;
Frame
gabled roof
Length
Width:
63,5 feet
30.0 feet
Roof
Walls
insulation.
Use
Unit
storage building.
Picture
One
front
view.
20
Building Type
II
Figure 2.3
Continued
21
Figure 2.3
Continued
gabled roof.
Length:
Width:
160.5 feet
40.0 feet
Roof
insulation.
Walls
insulation.
Use
Picture
22
Figure 2.3
Continued
23
Figure 2.3
Continued
Length:
Width:
165.8 feet
63.0 feet
Roof
Center:
Outside:
t-up
roof
Wall
East section:
bri ck veneer
Center section;
Wes
At
t
t
12" block.
sect Ion
12" block.
ic
walls
Insulated raetal
s
Ld
ng
Use
Picture
24
!^^rr*j^-;;'i;,*-^'-"^^^^^'':''"~"'v
Building Type IV
Figure 2.3
Continued
25
Figure 2.3
Continued
Building Type
V:
General Description:
Frame
Length:
Width:
Roof
121.8
f-eet
52.8 feet
built-up roof.
Walls
Use
Sub-district garage.
One front
Picture
26
Building Type
Figure 2.3
Continued
27
Figure 2.3
Continued
Roof
Wall
Use
Supply building;
Two front
storage
Picture
28
Building Type VI
Figure 2.3
Continued
29
CHAPTER
3.1
After
referred to as
to
BIF
complete set
of
BIF
forms
that
are
be
used
in
the
is
energy
a
Appendix A.
The BIF
used
by
the
to
do
an
energy
3 .2
To fill
required
a
on
the
BIF
of
the
energy
auditor
complete set
If
of
bluethis
.
possible,
blueprints
to
should
a
be
set
as-built drav/ings
the
Also,
ing.
the
try
obtain
set
of
specifications for
the
build-
descriptive part of
In most
situations,
a
of
BIF
forms
will
be
needed
to
audit
building.
However,
for
buildings such as
30
the Type
IV
that have
multiple
sections,
it
is
suggested
there are
that
the
sections.
BIF
the
use
three
forms
sections,
SECTION A
SECTION B
SECTION C
common
wall section
and B
Common
Elevation
Common
BIF
Walls
SEC A
BIF SEC B
BIF SEC
Plan
NORTH
Figure 3.1
When auditing
using
3.1,
a
building with
for
multiple
as
sections
and
separate
BIF
each section,
shown in Figure
to
the
common
walls
between
the
different
B
sections.
The
B
common walls
and
C
would
31
not
be
identified
C
on
the BIF
if
the inside
temperature in
is
loss
the
between secsame
tions.
If
in Figure
3.1
inside
temperature,
Section
would
have descriptions for the West and East walls and for
of
the portions
com-
and C,
Section
of
section C,
When there
two sections,
to
be
is
temperature difference
between
heat
accounted for.
temperature
of
assume section A
B
had
an
inside
60
and section
perature
in be
72
Therefore,
there is
difference
to
section A
at
the
common
the
wall
between
energy
secin
and
loss
on
the
for
the heat be
loss
the heat
calculations.
5.
This point
will
discussed
further in Chapter
If
set
to
of
blueprints
filled out
available
selected,
the
be
set
of
32
3.3
collect
data
loss and In
and 6,
respectively.
it
is
do
the heat
loss
calculations
necessary to
A conditioned space
heat
one
added
that
via
mechanical systems.
An unconditioned space is
Figure 3,2
the
indicates
the
major
building
space.
the
components
and
include
that
exterior walls,
by
material
of
dif-
For example,
in Figure
3.2 was
the first
feet.
The
section
of
BIF
for
the
North
wall
with
description
the
a
block construction,
respective
dimensions and
tion with
its
point
will
be
33
LEGEND
mi
r/.v.'!
Roof
&
Ceiling
r.'sW^vl
Basement Floor
Interior Partition
IXsWi
Pitched roof
Exterior Wall
(nortji side)
Figure 3.2
34
to
explained
below for
Next,
a
set
of
blue-
prints available.
out the
the
of
filling
The
BIF without
of
set
specifics
are
example
with
set
of
1,
building
2,
possible.
Some
of
Information
requested
on
the
be
4,
5.
the BIF
without
set
of
1.
building
survey
(see
2.
5.
35
3,4
section
out
of
Chapter
specifics
of
filling
ling out
informa-
tion
is
of
required
by
the BIF.
process
is
information
This
example
The
com-
following
fill
of
pages
represent
example
building
used
to
out
information
that
that
one
to
would
^
obtain
or
determine from
BIF.
the
fill
out
the
form.
36
28' 0"
18' 0-
-10' 0"
Wall Construction
Mech.
15' 0"
room
s
30" 0"
""
Basement
Concrete
Main Floor
Conference room
Brlck/Block
Storage
15'
wood
Siding
room
70' 0"
3"
by
r
ooor
man
50'
(metal)
IV by IV ovemead ooor
IV by IV ovemead door
Figure 3.3
37
BricK/Block Typical
Basement
Area
Wood
Siding Typical
Figure 3,4
2S' 0"
42' 0"
Figure 3,5
38
Exterior Sheating
m-iii'iinn
Brick/Block
Figure 3.6
II
II
Ext Sheating
Wood
Siding
Figure 3.7
39
Felt building
membrane
Plywood sheating,
0.5 inch
rafter^
Figure 3.8
i.
F=t^
I
V
^ inch face brick
Y-
Figure 3,9
40
Gypsum Wallboard,
0.5 inch
Figure 3,10
Figure 3.11
41
*-.
Soil
Figure 3.12
y
f
\ \ \ y ^
'^
-^
__
-soil
'
"
Figure 3.13
Siding,
wood
0.5 by 8 inch
in. o.c.
Figure 3.14
42
In
fill
out
the
BIF,
example BIF
at
the
end
of
this
Each figure
represents
portion
of
BIF
that portion of
the
BIF
filling
out
are
followed
the figure
that
the
instructions
pertain to
A word of
caution;
and
a
thereBIF will
fore
the
information
contained within
The
example
building
was
the
created
to
try
to
cover
the
determine
for
his/her
buildings.
Therefore,
the
buildings
the
information that
shown
the
example.
divided into six major
Roman numerals
the
I
The BIF is
sections
which
are
identified
section
The
3
I
by
to VI.
For example,
of
major
covers
general description
the
building.
breakdown
.
under
shown in Figure
.15
43
I.
-MAJOR SECTION
A.
General Description
A,
General
-Division A, PART
a.
-Part
-Part
1,
SECTION
b.
1,
SECTION
PART
2,
-Division
a.
A.
-Part -Part
2,
SECTION
b.
2,
SECTION
B.
-Major Section
I,
DIVISION
(repeated )
B,
Buildng Type
II.
-MAJOR SECTION 11
Building Characteristics
to VI)
Figure 3.15
BIF
44
numeral
major
are
section,
Figure 3.16
the
for
example
BIF
of
the example
3.4.1
Major Section
covers
the
3
I,
Division A,B,C
of
Major section
general description
the
building
as
divisions^
follows:
Division A General
Division
Division
is
Building Type
Operating Schedule
the
Division A
building.
This
"contact person".
person
who
works
in
the
building.
able to walk the energy auditor through the building durthe site
ing
the
build-
Division Describe
the
is
brief
description
of
the
building type.
the
45
exterior
and roof
of
the
building.
This
walls
Next,
ing
was
buildof
constructed.
(
Year(s)
and
description
energy consumption
items as additional
of
the
build-
ing.
This
insulation,
storm windows,
may not be
new roofs,
on
shown
the
can
blueprints.
be
Information
about
building
visit
.
modifications
Division
The
is
the
operating schedule
is
of
the
building.
evening,
times
the
building
in use
information
be
ollows
This
that
Days /wk
refers
the
to
the number of
is
days
per
week
building
3.16
occupied.
is
For example,
in Figure
the building
occupied
days a week
Time
This
refers
it
to
the
time the
building
opens
and when
closes.
total hours
that
Hou rs
This
is
the
the building is
operated
46
For example,
in Figure
3.16
the
building
is
occupied
This
a
days
a
week
5
is
hours
day for
week.
Tempera tu re
This
is
the
normal
operating
temperature
(thermostat
setting)
.
winter months
No.
of
Occupant s
This
refers
to
people
who
work
in
specified.
time
of
should be noted.
47
FORM
3.
I.
General Description
A)
General:
Name of Suilding
==.T
Address
^TF^ELT
Telephone Number
^^^-QOOO
District
<^gAt^Fg'^Cl>'^iLlE-
Sub-District
(:;lp=4-iFt7^C>^^ltLE.
Contact Person
Building use:
!(:?.
MAII-tTEhiAMcE.
Position
(^fAPA^E-
Q)
Building Type:
6rA^A/:^h
Description
A^A
6gl6l^
g'U
g)U76l^
kUlL
^fFi6
Ae&A-
jJgg^i?
"^ic7ii-J<:^
iJa^g-t?
^Tucx
Year of Construction
\^ jC/
(
iJaLL
uJiTi4
t^ufrLs- CK^-i^C>.
C)
Operating Schedule:
Time Days from per to
u)k
Hours
Operating Temperature
SUM. WIN.
No.
of
Occupants
DAY
"^
g,A^_
_
^fH
Eveninq Ueekend
Other
Figure 3.16
I,
48
3. A.
Major section
and is broken into
covers
the
building
C,
characteristics
and E.
divisions A, B,
of
D,
Division A Photographs
Division
B
Building
Division
Division
Division
A will
Division building
B,C,D,
the
be
If
the
being
audited
set
of
blueprints,
divisions
If
and E
can be
building
being
not have
be
set
of
blue-
prints,
sitevisit.
Division
the
A
exterior
photographs
of
of
of be
building*
all sides
Photographs
should
also
taken
of
servation problems.
attached
tion of
on
These
additional
photographs
is
a
can
be
separate sheets.
of
Figure 3.17
representa-
two photographs
the example
building.
49
II.
Building Characteristics
A) Photographs of Building:
.^^[^
\
^plli"
fti6Sigi!isi^i
1'
ffgr^
p
\
"
--...-,..,-,.-...----.-.
6^7UT^1
Elevation
Uie^T
Elavation
Elevation
Elevation
Figure 3.17
50
3.4.3
B,
Part
and
Division
plans.
is
preparation
of
building
floor
during
the
site visit.
This
of
energy
conservation
prob-
sketch the
floor
plan
for
each
set
of
measuring
the
rooms
during
the site
visit.
1
and Part
but use as
additional
needed.
blueprints
floor
and
record
major
changes
in
the
building
plans.
for
used
is
and
approximate
dimensions.
Figure 3,18
the
for
example
building.
The
use
numbering system to
plan
site visit.
51
D)
Floor ^A-serjEKiT
MECK RCOM
10'
Dy 15'
STORAGE ROOM
10'
by
15'
CONFERENCE ROOM
18"
by 30'
Figure 3.18
52
!)
Floor
Ma1|4
r^-
'~
(l)
GARAGE AREA
REST ROOMS
ID'
42' Dy 30"
(?) OFFICE
la'oy lo'
(D
(T)
Dy 12*
OFFICE
(t)
13'
by
ID*
STCRAGE
14"
by
12'
STAIRS
(a) HALL
Figure 3.19
53
C,
Part
and
2,
Division
is
Is
the floors.
1
There
Sec-
part
and part
in
2.
tion
the
floor
construction
dimensions.
ditioned
the floor
the
and
section
that
'b'
is
for
For floors
are
on
sketch
cross
section of
construction.
of
indicate
thickness
each material
that
are
identified
4
building.
The basement
floor is
in
length
and 30 feet
inch
thick conIt
is
in
width.
However,
if
the
basement
floor floor
in the example
building were
to be
not
heated
then
,
this
would
not
be
have
This
would now
and
the
space
heat
5A
C> Floors:
1)
Location
a)
f^A^EKlE^T
Floor Construction
Description
U"
THICK CONCRETE
/L
'yjjjx
SOIL
Cross Section
b)
Floor Dimensions
Ulidth
Length__&__
2) Location
a) Floor
"^^
6j'AgA(;-jE.
Construction
Description
6"
THICK CONCRETE
SOIL
Cross Section
b) Floor
Dimensions
Width
Length
^l.
^^
Figure 3.20
BIF E Example Major Section II, Division C, Part 1 and 2, Section a and b
55
3.4.5
1,
Division
tion.
is
Each part
is
for the
describing
four
separate wall.
include
exterior walls.
However,
there
is
an Interior wall
it
will have
if
be
identified
on
the
BIF
required.
Section
wall
*a'
is
the
construction
and
for
a
sketching
wall
discussed earlier,
is
a
construction
within
Figure
3.21,
of
cross
sections
the
the
exterior
construction
of
the
office
area.
The
concrete
is
the
construction
of
the
base-
from
the
blueprints.
During
ble
on
the
sketch.
This
should
be
56
not
show up in
as
the
photographs.
the
This
can
include
such
Information
doors,
condition of
etc.
example
building has
see Figure
section ^a'.
Section *b'
and dimensions.
is
for
a
the
wall
construction
description
Enter
and
enter
the
length
and
width
of
each
wall section.
wall
'
57
D)
uns
1)
Location
.jJ^EOl
Description
siding,
a) Wall Construction
wood
Q.5
by Sinch
aspnalt Impregnaxeo
WOOD
SIOiNG
sheallng, ttBincn
aa
BLOCK
^
*
. ; l ;
!
i |
.n
I I
.
;
^^^^^^
4"
face brick
BASEMENT WALL
Cross Section
8"
iWck concrete
Ditxen wiTOT^
pam
Elevation
b) Wall
Construction
Construction
Uo?^
^''^I^^ Length
1^
M"^'
Height
\^
\^
1^
feJ^^^K - l^LonK.
Length
Height Height
2g>'
Figure 3.21
58
D,
e
Part
Continued,
Section
in
*c'
is
window
construction
the
exterior walls.
Single,
in
the winis
glazing.
This area
of
calculated
dow
the win-
frame.
that
glass.
Indicate
of
if
the
windows
storm
windows
or
approximate areas.
This
ft
of
have
shading.
can
be
provided by curtains,
blinds,
etc.
Enter the sq
the
Indicate
window
frame
steel or wood.
is
measured
frame,
edge
3
.
of
,
the
glass
>.
to
the
the window
see Figure
22
'
in
Figure 3.22
59
Section *d'
The
Is
for describing
the
door
construction.
Description
NO. -
each type of
door.
Usage -
of
If
people per
the
hour
that
these doors.
in emergency
situations,
of
enter zero.
door in inches.
Thkness -
the
Height/Width
of
the
door
in
Area -
Calculate the area for each door type by multiplying the NO., height, and width together
through
exterior
a
walls.
Infiltration
enters into
wall,
around
lets
window
air into the building where the flow or air can not
controlled.
are None,
of
Indicate
or Many.
if
the
Few,
number
loose-fitting windows.
loose-fitting doors.
weather
of
indicate
the
if
the
of
doors
the
are
properly
hold.
stripped
and
condition
thres-
60
air-conditioners
ducts do
not
and
the building.
Indicate
if
the
exhaust
have
properly
working
back-draft
dampers.
Draft
the
dampers
prevent
Is
exhaust duct
of
not
Finally,
type
crack
building uncontrolled.
Figure 3.23
is
D,
Part
1,
Sections
that feet
c,
and e.
of
building
has
60
square
The window
inches wide.
Section *d' of
no
Figure
3.23 indicates
the In
that
doors.
doors
a,
In
or
b,
some cases
have
any
windows.
and e.
no
just
Section
of
there
is
Genwill
erally
is
61
G^C?
sq,
ft. ft.
sq.
inches)
sq. ft.
Insulating Glazed
(space
inches)
sq. ft.
Storm Windows
Other (specify)
sq.
ft.
ft.
Shading (soecifu)
H/A-
s^.
ALlirllMUKl
(z.
inches
Door Construction
Description
No.
Usage
(Per/hr)
Thkness (inches)
Height
(ft-in)
Width
(ft)
Area
<sf)
M/A
>
Infiltration
Cracks through walls None
Few
e>fe^l^Ehi
Many
Loose-fitting windows
Loose-fitting doors
hi
^
/A
'4
^^C^\a>^
jJA
H/A
Figure 3.23
BIF Example Major Section II, Division D, Part 1, Sections c,d, and e
62
3.4.7
D,
Part
2,
and
for division D,
part
3
are
4
exactly the
of
division D.
Parts
and
of
division
Included in
3
the
instructions.
However,
division
at
D,
parts
the
and 4,
are
the end of
is
chapter and it
previous
the
wall
section,
not
necessary
to
repeat
description.
Figure 3.24
part
in Figure
3.24 describes
the
the wall
roof
of
it
level on
and West
elevations.
Since this
type
wall
is
con-
struction
was
not
it
neces-
sary to describe
Next,
on
that
there are
no
comments
the
East
elevation.
This
indicates that
Also,
there are no
notice
that
though
the wood
63
2> Location
Z^>^
Description
exterior plywood sneaiing. 0.51ncn
a) Uall Construction
PLYWOOD
SIDING
^<fm !
WOOD
SIDING
ac
SEE
NORTH WALL
WOOD
SIDIM3 CeSCRIPTlON
BASEMENT WALL
Cross Section'
Elevation
b> Uall
Height
Height
g'
\^
^'
Length
^^'
^<^'
Height
1^
Figure 3.24
Division D,
6A
3.4.8
E,
e
Part
1,
Division
tion.
and
2
is
the description of
the
roof
construcPart
1
There
are
constructions.
the
Section 'a'
roof
is
for
construction.
cross
sec-
section.
Describe the
pitch
the
roof,
material used,
for the
Section ^b'
in
is
dimensions
the width
of
the
roof
described
the
section
distance
^a'.
is
Enter
and
length of
roof.
of
This
the
exterior
that
wall.
does
not
of
the
roof
the
roof
is
pitched,
3.25
for
enter
distance
along
the pitch.
See Figure
location
measurements.
65
Figure 3.25
Section
of
*c'
is
and
condition
the
roof.
exterior portion of
is
the
roof
roofs
of
the
color
if
usually
dark.
the
roof and
possible determine
may
roof.
its
The age of
the
roof
give
some
Indication
condition.
for describing skylights that may
a
Section 'd'
in
is
exist
the
a
roof.
sketch
cross section
thru
Section
for
determining
the
area
of
of
the
,
skylights
the
in
section *d'.
skylights
the
sky li gh
rame
66
Figure 3.26
ing. roof
For
this
is
the
roof
section
of
the
example
build-
example building,
2
there is
is
not
necessary.
67
E) Roof:
1)
Location
Eh4Tigg.
g>Uilpi'-'6r
a) Roof Construction
Description
AspTialt sfilfigles
Felt building
membrane
0.5 i^c^es
Plywood shealing,
Inches
on center
Cross Soction
b)
Roof Dimensions
le'
Width
-ho
Length
70
8'^"
Pitch
c> Roof
Color
^
poor
Condition
good age
fair
d)
Skv Lights
Descr iption
Single pane glass
Cross Section
e)
Skglight Area
No.
'2-
Length
lO
Width
eUidth
4
S(l.
No.
Length
ft.
Figure 3.26
68
3.4.9
broken Into
A -
Division
Heating,
Kitchen Systems
Division
Division
B C
Lighting Interior
Lighting Exterior
is
Division A
for
heating,
equipment
space
that
page of
numbered
codes
filled
out
example
building.
The
consult
the
with
69
III
Fuel Tgpe(A>
Thermostat Setting- F
Sum. Win.
1.
Space Heating
O'^
OT.
l-=b
vJ/A
7<=^
2.
ZZ
Z'^
t^/A
lo
no"
>J/A
\\o
3.
37
hJA
4.
9.
Kitchen
(J/A
(J/A
KiA
Figure 3.27
Division
3.4.10
Division
is
lighting survey
of
the
interior.
been
During
the
site
visit
that have
building
sur-
This sys-
the number of
fixtures in use
the
70
fixture)
number
of
lamp
abbreviation
number
(see
Chapter
section
6.2.1)
*
the footcandle
level for
several
locations
in
the
room.
The footcandles
can be
measured
with
of
light
meter
described
cedures,
in
the
equipment section
4
the site
visit pro-
see Chapter
section 4.2,
Figure 3.28
is
the
of
the
example
the
floor plan
is
large enough,
the
information will
if
useful in
the
lighting
levels
be
reduced.
further in Chapter
71
ceiling- 9 ft
(T)
MECK ROOM
10'
Dy
15*
90 fC
^
y
(F)
STORAGE ROOM
10'
Dy
15'
80 fc
90 fc
CONFERENCE ROOM
18'
by
30'
Figure 3.28
visit,
he/she
can
finish
the office.
plans
to
Division
of
calculations.
Room
-
Enter
descriptive name
of
of
the
room.
Area -
Enter the ceiling height in feet Enter the fixture height in feet
-
Total Watts
for
each
room.
total
watts
is
the
number of
fixtures
6
times
the watts
per fixture.
See Chapter
7 2
section 6.2.1
lamp of
ple,
a
for
fluorescent fixture.
exam-
the
15
conference
4
has
fixtures with
per
4
each
at
46
watts
ture is
lamp.
watts
per
for
fixture.
the
Therefore,
the
15
total watts
conference room is
fixtures
times
184 watts
total watts.
the
is
room.
dles
This
footcan-
measurements.
room
4
For
example,
the
conference
from
had
measurefootcan-
ments
dles.
or
an average
level of
82.5
73
B) Lighting
Interior:
Room
Area
(sf
)
Ceil. Hght.
<ft.
)
Fi Hght. <ft
Total Matts
Avg.
Lgt Lev.
<fc)
Usage (hrs/uk)
-ZO
tjibeACxt-
l<oO
\o
^
Zlf^O
\o
gz.^
hJ/A
^MFeeei^iCE
^.Mo
c^AeAi^t
lZd:P<5'
IL'
M860
7^
^bo
M'S
PKT &r^4
'=b-TT>eA6rt.
\zc
\(og
3
lO
8
^
^<^g S7fc
lo
=.
3o
O-aLL
(5FFvce
C>PPI6.
(OA
loo
\^>o
8
.^
Ms
'^TAl^^
Figure 3.29
Division
3.4.11
C,
Division
lighting.
is
lighting
for
the
survey
of
the
exterior
Part
is is
con-
the method of
control or
for
lights are
The
information
The entries
74
Location
Type -
of
the
llght(s).
of
light fixture
Total-watts
location,
are
activated.
or
Manual,
(specify)
Usage
-
Photocell,
Timer
Other
Determine the
that
the
average
hours
per
week
C)
Lighting Exterior:
1)
Building Perimeter
Location
Type
Total Uatts
Method of control
Usage
(hrs/uik)
|\g>
^ E^T
-SoottA
FLg'g'p
2QOO
'5
Mai^uaL
Mat^u/^L
f Lgcc?
coo
U&
2) Parking Area
Location
Tgpe
Total Watts
Usage (hrs/uk
'-^'^
'^ootA
Zccxx>
Figure 3.30
Division
75
3.4.12
Major Section IV
for entering the climatic
5
Major section IV
will
be
is
data
that
used
in Chapter
for
the heat
loss
calculations.
by
The climatic
in Table
cities
district
3.1.
heating
a
degree-day
base over
a
(HDD)
is
an average temperature
below
day
65
24-hour period.
of
For
F
example,
15
with
an
average
days.
1
temperature
A
50
would have
is
heating degree-
cooling degree-day
a
(CDD)
an average
temperature
over
65
base.
Heating
IV.
Climatic Data
0ut3icle Temperature
(winter)
^"='F
CEplcit=>
Average Annual Heating Degree Days Average Annual Cooling Degree Days
Main Wind Direction and Velocity
ns^
>^^P-T^
/lO '^fA
Figure 3.31
76
Table 3.1
Dislricf
City
OuUlde
Temperature
AVG
Annual
AVG
Annual
AVG
Winter
HDD
ODD
Wind
Vel.
MPH
CRAWFORDSVILLE
crawfordsvllle
3 3
5755
5351
983
1110
10
Lafayette
Terre Haute
6223
818
FORT WAYNE
Fort Wayne
1 1
1
74a
Gosnen
Huntington
708
15
830 794
1081
Marlon
Penj
-1
6125
5585
GREENFIELD
Anderson
indlaiapolls
6
2
5580
5577
981
974
10
1081
Kokomo
Muncle
2 2
5585 5500
5897
900
702
Ricnmond
snelDvllie
5399
1025
LAPCDRTE
Laporte 3 2
2
1
6349
6036
796 830
15
Gary
HoDart
Soutn Bend
Valparaiso
6036
6462
6277
830 695
705
77
Table 3.1
Con t 1 nued
Outside
District/
AVG
Anrninl
AVG
Annual
AVG
Winter
CUy
Temperature
HDD
SEYMOR
Bloomlngton
5
7
ODD
wina
vei.
MPH
4905
1177
Columous
Jeffersonvllle
5266
4132 4132 5187
889
10
10
10
1461
New
Albany
1416
1157
Seymor
VINCENTS
Beafora
5 9 6
1139
1364
10
EvansvUle
vincermes
1295
78
3.4.13
Major Section
Major Section
management
programs.
This
section
the
contact person.
3.4.14
Major Section VI
for field
Major Section VI
during
the
is
inspection
notes
notes
taken
site
visit.
These
clarify
the
the
BIF
or
of
Chapter
is
Form 3.1
the example
of
Building
Informa-
building shown in
how
a
This
is
an example
completed
79
FORM
3.
General Description
A)
General;
Nam. of Building
Address _J
E/AMPL ^U\10\^C^
Telephone Number 4'^'^-gig'gO
'^TPEE-T
Diatrlct
<:^gAUfg'g<?^v^illfc
Sub-District Cp^Fc^O^'-^^^^i.
Position
Contact Person
Building use:
lg?IJAlMTEhlAI-i^E
(^Al^^rE.
B)
Building Type:
Description
^AgA/^L
A^A
6gl6|C
g>i-|
|5>U7^|C
|JaLL
^FFl^E A/w-
l^g-tyP
^it7ii-J<S^-
UJgg'l?
^TLjg^
Year of Construction
M Ax
)
Days
per
uik
Time from to
Hours
Operating Temperature
SUM.
No.
of
Occupants
DAY
"^
g^_
_
^m
WIN.
Eveninq
Weekend
Other
Figure 3.32
80
II.
Building Charactariatic*
A) Photographs of Building:
li--^:.
-^
'^LmL. Elavation
Oi^r
Elevation
Elevation
Eltvation
Figure 3.32
Continued
81
Floor &A^tt^i->^T
ceiling- 9 ft
(T)
MECH.
ROOM
10'
Dy
15'
V"^
90 fc
(?)
STORAGE ROOM
10"
Dy
15'
15-
90 fc
70 ^c
CONFERENCE ROOM
18'
by 30'
a lamp fixtures
larp ID F40T12CW
80 fc
Figure 3,32
Continued
82
>)
Floor
MA)H
(2) 60fC
eofc
(r20fc
20fc
85fC
7Qfc
2-a lamp
3-2 lamp
27-2
70fC
lamp fixtures
SfC
F40T12CW
flOfC
FaOT12CW
30fC 30fc
22
75fc
F60T12CW/HO
75fC
65fc
4-2 lamp
60fC
65fc 70fc
Oy
10'
5-2 lamp
_Li
(?)
F4QT12CW
90fC
F40T12CW
90fC
(T)
G/V^AGE AREA
42'
Dy
30'
OFFICE
10"
(2)
REST ROOMS
10'
Dy
12'
(?)
(7)
OFFICE
13'
Dy
10'
(?)
STORAGE
HALL
Ifl'
by
12'
STAIRS
(4)
Figure 3.32
Continued
83
C> Floarc:
1>
Location
f^A^et^EMT
a) Floor Construction
Dotcription
4"
THICK CONCRETE
SOIL
Cros* Section
b) Floor Oincnsions
Lngth_^^_
2) Location
Width
'^'^
G^/^9~^C-^^
Dtscription
6"
THICK CONCRETE
SOIL
Cross Soction
b) Floor Dimonsions
Lonoth
^t
Width
'^tP
Figure 3.32
Continued
'
84
0> Mai If
1)
Location
i)
\-dCP^\\i
Wall Construction
Dticrlption
Siding,
wood as by 81nch
aspnalt Impregnaied
Alncfi
WOOD
sheallng, asinch
nominal 2 by
wood said 16 ia
o.c.
BRICK/
BLCK
I
I
"
face brick
- ^
-'-'--
BASEMENT
W(OiLL
8"
tnick concrete
Cross Section
otm
winoK' pajn
Elevation
b) Wall
Construction
Uio^
'
"^'t^'^^ Length
^loc\C. Lenoth
"Zg'
M'^'
\Lff
Construction t^\C^
gg>'
|C?
Figure 3.32
Continued
85
c)
Uindew Construction
Singl* eiaiad
Doublt 01id
<spc
C^CZ^
sq.
s<i.
ft. ft.
>
inchas
sq.
Insulating Olazod
(spac*
ft.
inches)
sq. sq.
Storm Windows
Othar (spcifv>
ft.
ft. ft.
Shading <sp*cifg>
^i/A
sq.
ALUMIt-l
UK
inches
Ooor Construction
Description
No.
Usage
<Per./hr)
Thkness
(inches)
Height
<ft-in)
Width
(ft)
Area
(sf)
hi/A
>
Few
Many
t^I^
M/A
H/A
H'A
Figure 3.32
Cont Inued
86
2) Location
.^T
Description
PLYWOOD
SIDING
m ^^^
?,
'V/^ g
^'^i^
l61n.
o.a
WOOD
SIDING
SEE
NORTH WALL
WOOD
SIDING CCSCRIP-nOM
BASEMENT WALL
Cross Section
Elevation
Construction
Ulcfe'C?4>lPl>J6r
Length
Length
^^'
^g^'
Height Heioht
1^'
Construction &^'^HEf-lT
l4^ll
Ig'
Figure 3.32
Continued
87
c)
Uindew Construction
Singl* 01itd Doubl* dated
(space
sq. sq.
ft.
ft.
inches)
Insulating Glazed
(space
__^_^____
sq.
ft.
inches)
sq.
Storm Windows^'
Other (specifg)
ft.
ft.
_^______
sq.
Shading (specify)
UindoiD Frame Tgpe
sq.
ft.
____________^_^___^.^^.^^_^_
inches
Frame Width
d)
Door Construction
Description
No.
Usage (Per/hr)
Thkness (inches)
Height
(ft-in)
Ulidth
Area
(sf)
(ft)
e)
Infiltration
Cracks through walls
Figure 3,32
Continued
88
I)
Location
a> Wall
'^^L^TP
Construction
DsBcription
f ^tt
hl^i2Tr]
Ui/^LL
p^^ifTic7hJ^ )
Cross Section
i.
n
irwn
n D
v\x pnverly
'
nor
does net
Elevation
b> Uall
Z^
'^'Z-'
Height Height
\^
^'^
2^'
Height
'O
Figure 3.32
Continued
89
c)
Window Construction
Single Olaied
Double eiid
(space
q
S(i.
t.
it.
inches)
Insulating Glazed
(space
"^^ ^'^
__^_^.^^_
sq-
^t.
inches)
<!
Storm Windows
Other (specify)
Shading (snecifu)
*' *t.
^^'^
sq.
ft.
ALUHlKJOti
inches
Door Construction
Description
i^tpo
-riAvi
No.
Usage (Per/hr)
Thkness (inches)
i.-s
Height
(ft-in)
Width
(ft)
Area
(sf)
\o
7'
zi
\Aooo-6if^^.
\Ae3oO-
^2
-7'
z.\
MAti
to
l-"^
e)
Infiltration
Cracks through walls
None
Feu
Many
Loose-fitting windows
Loose-fitting doors
^TAgACf^ - Mai4
\^/A^
Cfcg-e
r*/^
>^/A
Figure 3,32
Continued
90
4) Location
i^^'^
a) Wall Construction
DBtcription
fP^
^\.-<\Aoa^
^l(?l(J(ir
Cross Section
Elevation
b)
Height
Height
5'*=^'
\iA
Construction
6g-'<^t
- 6Lg!::.K-
Length Lpnnth
Construction 6A'SEHEUT
l4tIl
'^xg'
Height
lO'
Figure 3,32
Continued
91
c>
Window Construction
Single 01zd Double Olated
(pace
sq.
sq..
ft.
ft.
___^.^^.^ inches)
sq.
Insulating Glazed
(space
ft.
inches)
Storm Windows
Other (specify)
Shading (specify)
_____^_^^
sq. sq.
sq.
ft. ft.
ft.
________^____________^_^__
inches
Door Construction
Description
No.
Usage
(Per/hr)
>^/a
Thknets (inches)
Height
(ft-in)
Width
(ft)
Area
(sf)
t.1
MTAL-MAr4
U/A
7*
^'
e>
Infiltration
Cracks through wall*
None
Few
Many
Figure 3,32
Continued
92
E) Roof:
1)
Location
EhJTlgg.
g'Ullpll-l^
) Roof Conttruction
Description
Asphalt shingles
Felt building
membrane
0.5 inches
Plywood sheating,
on center
Cross Ssction
b) Roof Oifliensions
I
\'i'
Width
3C7
Lonoth
70
8'^"
>itch_\
Condition
dark
Color
light
good ag
^
Condition
d>
fair
poor
14
Skv Lights
Description
Single pane glass
Cross Ssction
)
Skglight Area
No. No.
Length
^O
Width
eUidth
5<^
sq.
ft. ft.
Length
sq.
Figure 3,32
Continued
93
2) Location.
a) Roof Construction
Otccription
Cross Section
b> Roof Difliensions
Width
c> Roof Color and
Length
Condition
dark
Color
light
good
Condition
d)
fair _____
poor
Sky Lights
Dascription
Cross Saction
)
Length Length
.Width.
sq.
sq.
ft.
Width.
ft.
Figure 3,32
Continued
94
III.
A> Fill
Fuel Tupe(A)
1.
Space Heating
'
VJ/A
7<^
2.
Space Cooling
Hot Water
tz
ZM
rJ/A
l^/A
_
wo"
Vi/A
3.
37
\\o
4.
5.
Kitchen
lO/A
tJA
Figure 3.32
Continued
95
A.
Furl Typ:
01 Coal
06 07 08 09
Mechanical Etiuipment: Heating Systein ' 10 Lou pressure steam boiler 11 High pressure steam boiler 12 Hot uater boiler 13 Forced air furnace 14 Resistance 15 Heat pump 16 Other (specify
)
Cooling System 17 Absorption 18 Centrifugal 19 Reciprocating 20 Mindoui/uall unit 21 Heat pump 22 Other CEjOT^LAjg. (specify)
Hot Mater System 24 Hot uater heater 29 Boiler heat exchanger 26 Booster/reheat 27 Solar assisted 28 Other (specify)
C.
Terminal Units
29 Radiator 30 Fan coil/radiator 31 Single zone 32 Multi-zone
33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40
D.
Efficiency analysis
Unit Description
Nameplate Output(BTU/hr).
Unit Description
_=
Efficiency.
Nameplate Output(DTU/hr)
Unit Description
Nameplate Input(BTU/hr).
_=
Efficiency.
Nameplate lnput(BTU/hr).
_=
Efficiency.
Figure 3.32
Continued
96
B)
Lighting Interior:
Room
Araa
(sf.
>
Ceil. Hght.
<ft.
)
Fi. Hght.
(ft.
>
Total Watts
Avg.
Lgt.Lov.
<fc)
Usage (hrs/uk)
-^-T&gAdt^
)(pg
to
276.
3c
4>TA\es
Figure 3.32
Continued
97
Building Perimeter
Location
Tgpe
Total Uatts
Method of control
Usage (hrs/uk>
Ue^T
-^OOTjA
FLc7ct7
2Ct>o
'=5>COO
HamoaL
MA)^U/s.L
H&
\\t>
PU5&C7
Location
Type
Total Watts
Method of control
Majoa.L
Usage (hrs/uk
=0(^
'Soot A
Z.CCOO
Figure 3.32
Continued
98
IV.
Climatic Data
OutsidB Temperature
(winter)
^"F
^ ^^ ^P^
i
SIdP-tA
/tO ^fA
NO NO
None
Energg Audit
Completed
Started
Completed
Started
None
VI.
Figure 3.32
Continued
99
CHAPTER
4.1
Introduction
the
energy
auditor
to
finish
to
operating
mind
of
building.
However,
keep
that
one
to
possible.
Preferably
However,
if
it
necessary to do
to
arrange
time
when
the
building
will
not
be
4.4
vey.
After
energy
survey,
100
4 .2
Form 3,1
12
ft.
tape measures
flashlight
light meter
35
mm camera
thermometer
contact thermometer
thermomeA
equipment
should
be
readily available.
light
General Electric Lamp Business Division Nela Park Cleveland, OH 4A112 Phone (216) 266-2121
Huygen Corporation
0. Box 316 Wauconda, XL 60084 Phone (312) 381-4050
P.
It
is
each
of
auditor
obtain
the
lighting survey
101
is
to
However,
light
meter
not
The
contact
used in
of
surof
good to temperatures
second class
is
good for
temperatures
up
600-700 deg F.
auditing
process.
surface
panies:
pyrometer
Alnor Instrument Company 7301 N. Caldwell Avenue 60648 Niles, IL Phone (312) 647-7866
4,3
inspecting
(ECOs) exist.
ECOs
are
implementing
any,
monetary expense.
and to implement
a
the capital
of
type,
money.
must be
Therefore,
for
capital
an economic analysis
are
economically
102
feasible.
is
The
covered in Chapter 8,
visual inspection.
During
the
site
not
servation
idea
of
measures,
but will
to
good
the
type of items
site
visit.
4.3.1
having
any
questions
blueprints,
begin.
answered
a
about
the
of
walk-through
at
the
Begin
one end of
For each
room,
mark
necessary
information
that have
been prepared
beforehand.
The
following
items
require
visual
can not
the
condi-
tion of
A.
Window Construction
*
cracks
between
the
window
103
frame
sections.
*
blinds,
etc.
for
shad-
types
as
described
on
the
blue-
prints and note any changes. Door Construction Inspect doors for weather stripping and the condition
of
the
thresholds.
C.
Infiltration
*
for
cracks
oropenings.
*
Inspect the
exhaust
ducts
.
for
-.
proper
back
draft
dampe r s
104
D.
Lighting System
Identify the type of light fixtures
and
lamps,
see
Chapter 6.
Determine
If
ballasts
have
been
disconnected
for
meter
the
only
be
section
completed
the
a
lighting
survey
can not
without
light meter.
Verify
the
lighting
system
layout
and
note
any
General Inspection
*
have
the
comments
about
the
operating conditions
in
building,
levels
to
such as,
low
drafts
the
winter,
lighting
to high,
105
floors,
and
light fixtures
and
dirt
floors
systems
perf ormance
A. 3.
energy
auditor
should
exterior inspection
is
the
condi-
tion
of
the
A.
Exterior Walls
*
of
the
building.
cracks
between
the
window
descriptions
obtained
i.e.
room
106
B.
Roof
to
used
in
the
as
building
building
information
is
form
the
(BIF)
and
filling
it
out
the
inspected,
be
obtained.
may
also be
This will
help
to
clarify the information and may also prompt the energy auditor
to remember
A .4
Building Survey
when
the
necessary
of
building
being
audited
does
existing blueprints.
determine the
same
The purpose of
to
set
of
architectual blueprints.
identificaIt
the
building.
energy
is
inexperienced
auditor
107
does
of
not
audit
set
building,
he/she
will
and
4.4.1
experiencing
as
identified
in
is
accuracy
cal
the
measurements
critical,
doors,
but
each typimust be
building component,
i.e. walls,
windows,
measured.
should be followed in
outline
and
enter
the
dimensions.
on
These
the
BIF.
Floor Plan
108
'
1^10 '-^
k-10'-^
'
;4';
:4'; :4';
4'
L4
.J....
7.
West Eievauon
STEP
2:
elevations
and
identify
th.
Garage Area
85
fc
Cell 14'
80 fc
Storage
30-4
90 fc
lamp fixtures
Office
Ceil 8'
I
0 fc Lght 8* 85 fc
-80'-
20'100*-
STEP
3:
Identify
the
rooms
ture heights.
109
STEP 4:
width
and
pitch
no
4,4.2
Identifying the
building
of
Is
in
constructing
the
the
building's
only
be
materials.
Again,
the
energy
auditor
should
the
components
experiencing
heat
loss
as
identified
In
Chapter 3.
identify Its
not
difficult to
determine
composition
of
may
be
very
difficult
to
of
the
material.
component.
For
It
building
may
be If
impossible
to
ness.
the thickness
the
composition
of
building
indoor and outdoor air temperatures and the inside surthe building component.
face temperature of
For buildings
that
the
its
each
material.
For
buildings
by
identified
determine
[2].
visual
Inspection,
the
energy
with
the
auditor
can
the U coefficient
for walls
following method
Ill
STEP
1:
and
outdoor
air
temperatures
a
sun-
day or at
night.
STEP
2:
inside
surface
tem-
calibrated
contact thermometer.
STEP
3:
of
heat flow
through
the
wall
inside
air
temperature,
coefficient
Values
of
is
described in Chapter
inside film
of
.
in section 5.2,
the
coeffiThe
cient
5.2
Chapter 5.
as
4.1
follows:
,^ (4.1)
,,
Heat flow
- inside surface temp. inside air temp. '^ ^. , ,,. inside film coefficient
,
.
STEP
4:
of
heat flow,
now
calcu-
overall
(A. 2)
For example,
determine the
coefficient for
an
exte-
the
following conditions:
68 F
20 F
Outdoor temperature
Inside wall surface temperature
59.4F
11 2
0.68
Rate
of
heat
flow
12.65
Btu/h
0.68
12 .6
Overall
value
0.263
68
20
This
calculation procedure
each
it
the
the
locations
the
wall
sketches.
It
is
can be
completed at
several
later time.
at
also
good idea
to
take
readings
different
value to be
cal-
single reading.
coefficient
if
a
of
the
roof has an
to
attic,
identifying
the
building materials
U
is
not
diffi-
cult.
To determine the
value is known.
4.4.3
is
not
diffiIn
set
of
existing blueprints.
113
most
cases,
the
majority
of
the
identified on
of
the
the
original blueprints.
BIF,
the the
By
inspection
major
are
114
CHAPTER
5.1
The
transfer will be
is
used
to
determine
amount
of
heat
that
average
is
amount
heat
that
is
function
with
the
many variables.
for all
the heat
losses within
given
facility
the
By focusing on
a
major variables,
building
losses heat
After
is
it
the
buildcon-
calculated
energy
sumption
tion.
ing
loss
can then be
the
build-
components
have
order to
evaluate
115
energy
point,
in
conservation
alternatives
of
from
an economic stand-
the
building must be
known
on
order
determine
what
impact
energy consumption.
Heat
lost
is
from
building
of
via
transmission
losses
is
a
and
infiltration.
Determination
these heat
It will
major
auditor
to
determine
what sections of
the
building can be
effi-
5.2
radiation
[3,4]
This
is
constant process
flow
of
is
simply
the
heat
inside the building to the outside due to the temperabeing hotter indoors
a
than outdoors.
Heat always
flows
from
hot
body to
process
is
Therefore,
reduced,
if
the
amount
of
heat
lost
in
the amount
heat
determining
transmission
heat
loss es
is
116
(U)
(A)
(TD)
(5.1)
whe re
is
the heat
loss
thru
the
building
component,
BTU/hr.
the heat
is
is
the area
of
building component, ft
2
.
TD
is
the
of
temperature
the
difference
between
the
two
sides
building component,
degrees F.
is
calculated for
each
floor,
building
and roof
component
separately.
typical
The
window
and
door
will
value of U is
determined
Resistance
of
is
flow
heat
and is
A
directly proportional to
materials insulatR
ing
value.
value
Increases in magnitude.
Conductivity
conduct
heat
in
is
defined as
materials
ability
to
between
the
the
117
Conductance
in
is
materials ability to
of
transfer
heat
BTU/hr
the material.
Whereas
in
terms
of
of
per inch
thickness,
values
of
thickness
In terms
of
is
equal to:
(5.2)
whe re
is
the
resistance
thickness
of
the material.
is
the
of
the
material,
inches.
is
the
^ =
(5.3)
whe re:
is
the
resistance
of
the material.
is
the
of
conductivity,
conductance,
In
resistance
U
for
order to each
be
determine the
coefficient for
to
building
component
component
material
*
used
construct
the
must first
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Cond i t i oning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329.
118
This
table does
it
not
be
contain
all
of
the
may
be
considered
At
when
calculating
of
a
values for
building component.
a
the
surface
that
building component,
to
exists
adds
the
insulating value
these
thin
the
other materials.
of
of
layers
air
this
exist.
thin
layer
of
air.
of
building
component.
is
of
parallel
surfaces
usually
5.2.
located
in
of
wall
see Figure
The amount
a
plane
air
space
can add to
flow,
the mean
air
the
air
space,
thickness
of
of
the
air space,
value
the air
space.
Table
5.3*
lists
the
resistance
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Condi t 1 oning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329
.
119
INSIDE
I^4SIDE
msloe
film
air
--
insiae ali
film
Exterior
Interior Partition
Wall Section
OLTTSIDE
Outside aJr
film
INSIDE
INSIDE
Floor Section
KOTE: only on< air filn
Figure 5.1
Plane
air
space
cavity
in ceiling
Interior brick
W^
wall SecUon
Tnlckness of
air
space
Ja
Roof Section
Figure 5.2
Location
of
120
Table 5.1
iiKh ihkbncsa.
and conjui'tdnkci
HI
are fur ihRknrsiiu mnslfoiliun stated not per inch ihickncM All values arc for a
I'
(hiiuo (square fool) (degree lahrenhctl Icmpcralurc dilTcrence). ConduclivHici Ik} Mt per mean temperature iif 7^ r.
DwcfipiioB
Oenslly Ob/ll>)
Ctulomiry Unll
Conduc'
Uvlly
Conductance
Relsmsee>W)
Per Inch
tblehaeil
Sptdlk
Hral,
Bto/flb)
Mm Capacity
Jb.
fl'
(O
Blu
IdegF)
(l/>
(I/O
BUILDING BOARO(
BoariJf. PinrU, Subfloorlng, Sheathing Woodbocrd Panri Producti Aibestoi-cemcni board AibcslOKcmcnt board Asbestos-cement board Gypsum or plaster board Gypsum or piaster boaid Gypsum or plaster board Plywood Douglas Fij) Plywood (Douglas FIj) Plywood (Douglas Fir) Plywood (Douglas Fir) Plywood (Douglas Fir)
(
0.625 in
0.25 in 0.375 in.
0.3 In 0.623 in
0,24
25
30
28 K 2H X
28 8 111! 111!
2 511
1
060
041
54
0.26
56 08
26(1
068
021
31
110
9 86 9 K6
9 Nft 9 K6 9 86
029
3.20 2.13 1.60 1.29
I
71
1
03) Oil
06 42
77
062
0,77
041 051
0.75 in
0.5
in,
34
IS 18
07
093
1.32 2.06 1.22 1.14
0.29
0.31
1
0.78125
in
0.76 0.49
75
17
021
36 28 0.32
17
5 5
58 58
0.5 in 0-5 in
22 25
082
0,88 06 28 74
I 1
031 031
0,31
0.375 0.3125
.
in
m
18
0.94 0.7a
1.3!
0.5 in
30
14
93 U4 56 47 62
68:
7''5
5 58 5 *8 4 50
IS
19
0.40
2.i0
0.5 in
0.75
in.
18 18
080 053
0.50 0.50
0.73 0.82
1.00
1.2! 1.89
75
1
II
2 2
13
16
52 52 52
30
30
2.00
9 90
8
!0O
1.3?
40
Hardboard
Medium
50
55 63 37 50 62.5
1760
32 0,32
0,31 0.31 0,31
17 20.
II
underlay
std.
tempered
12} LOO
1.8! 1.06 O.SS
1
60
1
(.
S4 0.94
l<
47 50
19 IK 2
2
40
22
1.06
0.82 0.94
029
0.33
08 00
II
60
9(iO
BUILDING MEMBRANE
Vapor permeable felt Vapor seal. 2 layers of mopped
15-lbrell
16.70
835
plastic film
Vapor seal,
12 Nesl.
FINISH FLOORING
MATERIALS
0,48
0.81
0.
1
Carpet and fibrous pad Carpet and rubber pad Cork I Ue Terrazzo Tileasphalt. linoleum, vinyl, rubber
viisyl
2.08
1.23
25 in
I
360
1250
20.00
in.
28 08
0.01
asbestos
finish
ceramic
Wood, hardwood
0.7}
In.
INSULATING MATERIALS
BLASttCT AMDBaTT Mineral Fiber, nbrotis form processed
from rock.
approx.* approx.* approx.* approx.* approx.
stag, or glass
C.I43
0.091 0,053 0,045
190
22^'
12-40 16-54
10- 98
.10-1
02-09
,03-12
t-0
1-0
I
05-23
05-,25 07- 32
1)
-0
6-7
03-2,0
0.3-2.0
10
1-0
I
<*
8.5 in
0033
0,38
2, 6 J 4.00 4.11
301
4(1-1
42
-<!
46 46 46 46 46
BoabdakdSlais
Cellular glass
8 5 4 9 4,5
0.24
264
9 2
I
Class fiber, organic bonded Expanded rubber (rigid) Expanded polystyrene extruded Cut <;cll surface ExpAjtded polystyrene extrtidcd Smooth skin surface Expanded polystyrene extruded Smooth skin surface Expanded polystyrene, molded beads Expanded potyurethaitcf (R-I I cxp.) .^ (Thickness I In. or greaier)
025
0,22
0,25
023 040
0,29
0,20
3
029
1 26
I
19
1.0
0,28
16
3.!7
IS
2.3
6 2!
29 0.38
02 29
57
121
Table 5.1
Cont i nued
DofriprioB
Denslljr
CmlocKfy
ConducU>ll;
Unit
Coaduclance
ResisHnee'W)
Per Inch IhklineM
.y/.i...-
db/d')
Specinc Heal,
Biu/flb)
(ileiF)
Wl
Btu
til
(O
(I'.K
...J>/Q_.
)4S
16-17
18
21
o.n
22-2.4
0.19
2.9J
Acouilkal
Acoustical
(ile
tile
Si ! 70
2.
342 2.M
0.14
0.3 In
Wood orcine
Acouilical Acouitical
fiberboard
tiler
080
0.53
15
l-2i
'
0.31
tiler
0.7S In 0.35
I.S9
l.Si
1.67
0.32
4IIU
6,82
22
0.60
031
LOOSE FILL
Ceilulosic insulation (milled paper or
wood pulpl
Sawdust or shavings Wood fiber, softwoods Perliie, expanded
Mineral fiber (rock, slag or glass) approx.r 3-75-3 in approx.r 6.3-8.75 in approx.* 7.3- to in approx.r 10.25-13.75 in
Vermiculite. exfoliated
23-32
8.0-15.0
2.0-3.3
0-8.0
0.27-0.32 43 30 0.37
J ;j-J,70 2.22
033
0.33
76-1.06
2.64-145
66-1 Id
1.3
-2
3 33 2.70
11
033
0.26
0.17
08
0,6-2.0
03-71
.31-1 27
.04-12
06-2.0
0.6-2.0 0.6-2.0 7.0-8.2 4.0-6.0
19 22 30
45-1 46
06-22 07-25
1
1I-
34
.14
..34
NI-202
-.14
1
1-
0.47 0.44
2.13
4-1.64
!.2f
0.8-1 2
Roof I'^SULAflON^
Preformed, for use above deck Different roof insulations are available in different thicknesses to prov ide he design C values listed Consult individual manufacturers for actual
l i*
.
MASONRY MATERIALS
CoNCRLTea Cement mono/
Cypsum-fiber concrete 87.51t gypsum, 12.3% woodvhitH
Lightwcighl aggiega'es including expandejshale. clay or slate; expanded
slags; cinders; pumice; vetnilculite: also cellular concretes
51
50
1
0.20
23.2 10 71
6A
60
0.19 0.28
120 100 80 60 40 30
20
5 2
24
20.0
I6.U 12
36
2 5
40
0.59
1.7
1.15
86
1
0.90 70
0.')3
II
80 60
4
12.8
1.43
1.0.1
Perliie.
expanded
40 30 20
0.7t
0.30
41 2.00
I
9 6
0.32 0.22
64
30-8
90
.
0.1
Stucco
140 116
12.0
08
0.20
280
23.2
5U
5
MASONRY UNITS
Brtck, common' Brick, face'
120 130
3 in
,
20
0.19
9.0
1.23
on
80
I.
22.8 '24.7
Clay
I 1
tile,
hollow;
2 ceth 2 2
3
021
150
16
32
3.4 5 25
12.6
cell
in. in.
8 in. 10 in.
1
2 in
II
101
10.3
S2
I.Si
2.13 2 50
25 30 35
63
95
8.8 8.4
400
0.22
23 43 63
5.1
Conaete
Sand
aitd gravel
aggregate
4 Sin. I2in.
3 in.
I 40 0.90 0.78
Cinder aggregale
1.16
;..
4in. 8 in. 12 m.
3 in.
090
0,38 0.53 79 0.67
tUttc
in.
13-2
14.1
94
139
0.21
170
36
4.2
7.9
200 370
53
0.21
IIS
111
111
150
17.0
26
3
126
10.9
10.1
8 in.
050
0.44
I2in.
2.00 2.37
320
43
6.7
90
90
Same with
0.96 0.52
1.04 1.93
0.22 0.22
..
122
Table 5.1
Cont
DcrtgtkB
nued
C lomary Unit
Denilly
(Ib/tl'l
CoodM
tlvlly
(It)
CoadiiC'
liner
ReiliuCT>(ff >
SpnUle
Heal,
Bta/flkl
(O
Per laeh
For luck-
iMdrnrn
(degFI
(I/O
Ltghlwdihl aurrgiir
(cipandflil ihalc. cliy. line or ili|, puinK):
061
03] 046
20
in
lis
t.03
>
Its
Corel'* 3corc. 12m. jaili.'* Same with filled Corel'* Slone. lime or find Qypium panition tile;
filled
040
17
SI
3 11
J I2
JOiniolid
)0iii.4-cell
0.79 74
26 IS
ONI
0-20 20 20
1] 3
Gyp&um
0.75 in
0.3 in
ooa
IS
II
1
11
-1^
6(<6
3 12
iy 1
planer' Lighlweighl Bigrciaie (-ighiwcight aggregate Light weighi 8gg. on meul lath Perliie aggregate Sand aggregate Sand aggregale Sand aggregate Sand aggregate on melal laih Vgrmiculile aggregate
21
0.623 0.73
105 105
1115
2.67
11.47
Mil
0S7
020
0.09
II
10
9.10 7.70
Oil
on
oil
IS
HOOFING
Aibeitoi<mnl ihingWl
Asphalt
roll
120
rooring
476
6 50
2.27
3 110
...
AjphaU
shingli
70 70 373
.'..'..'
024
0.36 0.30
35 25 2 24-5
44
in
in.
70
01]
o.os
0.3
and
20.00
1.06
030
03I
094
SIDING MATEIUALS(OKFuTSuwita)
Shinglei
Wood, double. 16-in.. 12-in.eKpciiire ... Wood. Phil intul. backer board, 0.3123 u..
Siding
4-75 I 15
Oil
0.87
1.19 1.40 0.11
0.31
0S4
4,76 6-50
02
31
OIS
I4S
0.79
O.tl
069
1
024 035
0-35 0.28 0.21
29 5 24 3
27
1.2]
0.95
1.59
.
101
0.19
02a
0.29
028
034
ion
43
1.10 9/
1
WOODS
Maple, oak. and iimilai hard<codi pine, and limilar softivoodi Fb. pine, and similar loflwoodi
Fir
,
196 OIO
0.30 0.33 33
32
0.75 in
1.3 In.
O.SO
1.06
II
0.94 I.S9 1 II 4.11
32
05)
0.32 0-23
20
411
066
1
2.3in. 3.3in.
.12
6
9
7 1
2 20
JOg
IU6 106
KoUHftcr *ilues
irc ih
rtpfocU of
manuficluren
..r .pici: fn, .h .pprupnc fT., cm.tuncr nd iempcr..u,c ^^unJ.i.nn, of the .pe ondutLvii* vinei wiih Qbei J.amelci IuuI^Ihwi u pmducej hy JifTctcnl ilcriMUf* (hofcri N.. t(T,.rt UuiukJ be mode lo feUie any vpenfit K^t\at lu jny ipenfic ih.cUcvt
^
3
J J
imi
f..
"6
amnni
1977
wiJc vatiatHvn
ihicknc^
>r
ViJoo tt Um aged board tkiit I o change m romiucin.iy FurHiime nub Volume ln.ol...n| ..lue, of o.ile,l i.le v.nr. depcfidm, on d.urr of .he
e <
hjpicf
Ihem
i.ze. ..^d
IJJ.J J. re^oinuet ihe ipecificaiion of f oof iniolaiioo on ihe tiai of ihe C-valuet ibo*n. Boof 'Fbct brttk and common bnck do not liwain h*( these ipwrifK; denwiiei. When denuty <t
for
Prrfofm^ Abovr
ihichnesiei lo meet
ilicce -ill
Dnk
Ron/ IfiMtaaom. No
)n
I
It
made in
ihii
<beK valuei
from
tfucti'
ihon.
ferencn
all
Oau on fcctaoiular coieconoeie blocli diffw frorti ihe above data or> oxi core blocli due lo m omi weighu Wo|hc d>U on ihe oval core blocki leiieiJ are noi available. :iof uniliapproiimaieJr 7 JJ in hifh and IJ 7)in lon| Thew weighu r liven a) a
fOf
I
;onri|uraiion. diffcieni
mean
ft
It
f[^
'_Vm.h.,.peTli,e^o.rr,tnef.lwool.n.uUUon Whoe in,.U.ion i, ud. ..p b,kc.. othet p.ecauuon. most becor,de<l lokerp.n.ula.ion dry Valui eul .Jm applied flat .uifam *., wnldy. dependm, on amourvl of ven-,lat,cr. of air ,pe beneath the .Jmg. -iiha air ,p.c7lt refk^ii.e ihicknetj. lype, Bf>d appltcai;on of imutili Valueiiivenareaverago for e ai dei.in (uKlei. and ere obtained frwB leveril guvded hoibot teiu (ASTM C2 16) or eilibraied holbo'.'"f^_'"*"'^''*^ (BSS Tl) hollo* backed rypei and typei made uuni backing board) of *ood fiber, foafflcd pbatk. and gtau (tbcr Drparitim of50W or (Bore from the -aluea given may occur
nonreneciive: and on
om
123
Table 5.2
A
cApmieO
vputc
in
Uiu
Itir- fl'
h).
rckinliinct.'
i^iitliu'c
an
ait
spM,t
^nliic
citii
Ik:
litk^n tur
!)>
un mr iparc
t>l
lo* thnn
SK.(
HON
SK
e
TION
B. Urnrctancf
nU
Rfsi\lBnc'^
Surrace Emilltini
Emiiiance
ofAirSpaet
Pusltlon of
Surfftc*
Dlrrctlon
Nonrcneellvc
.
Rcflccllvc Rcflccllve
One
Surftcc
Refleclinct
In rrrccnl
of
Hal
-0.20
= 0.05
Flow
- 0.90
Average Emittancet
urfac*
emit-
Both wrfactl
cinll-
Unci
h,
IS
lh< other
taneei
b,
h,
0.90
STILL AIR
Horizontal
Sloping45 des
Verlical
Upward Upward
Horizonial
I.
14 3.73 1.37
92 to 97 80 to 95
0.05
005
12
003
0.06
0.11
0.12
Downward Downward
75to84
70 to 80 30 to 70
0.20
0.2?
1.08
o.n
0.20 0.24
0.47
0.15
Aluminum paint
050
0.J5
MOVING AIR
(Any Pojilion)
h.
h,
h,
15-mphWind
(for winter)
Any Any
6.00 0.17
4.00
25
Regular glass
5lol5 5tol5
0.90 0.84
0.82
0.77
0.82 0.72
Fof vcniilated jinci or spaces above ceilings under summer conditions (heat flnw down) sec Tahlc
Co^lJuc^JIlcc^ are for vurfaces of the slated emmilant:e facing MriuaJ blackbody surroundings at ihc same lempcrature as ihcambicn) a Values arc haicd on a -.urface-air icmpcraiure difference of 10 ileg F and for surface icmpcralurc ol 70 F.
124
Dlrnllon
of
All Spaa
OJIa.AliSptct
Mna
Tmp
(F)
O.TS-ln.Ak Spall
Ttmp
DIft*
(d.t F| to 10
0.0.1
Htil
Sparv
How
Vily<o(E*->
e.i
J1
0.7) 0.75
D.U 234
1,71
2
1
0J9
222
1
OJ
1.61
1
.9
Dja
90 JO SO
20 10 20
10 10
M)
1
2.03
1.37
51
62
7)
1.29
1
0.99 0.96
1
66
2 1)
1
20J
1.70 2.04
1
60
45 70 49
II
084
0.91
1
HorU.
Up
-JO -JO
90 JO JO
2.10
1
1.12 1.27
1
30 8)
2 21
)5 70
04 99
16
16
07S
77
17
0.93
1.02 1.07 1.20
00
2 23
1.77
2 16
2
69
66
2)
2.04
2 2 2 2
200
2.31 1.98
1.75 1.65
1
1,40
1
1.04 1 16
1.79 2 16 1.74
2 11
52 1.78
1 1 1
1)1
1 1
55
27
84
88 52
46
30
10
44 06 20 6]
06
10
56
0.76 83
96
2.78
1
1.99
92
15 1.01
1 1
081
82
45'
2 !!
Slope
Up
-so -JO
90 so
JO
20
10
2.44 2 14 2 54
1.83
1.76
22 30
090
1
02
2.03
1
1.44
20 10
10
2.08 2.62
2
204
2 !6
2
78
1.42
1
1.10 1.17
200
1
29
28
1
94
72
00
208
1.76 2 10
1.47
1.41
112
1.16
1
205
2.53
)
201
2.47
3
2.17
1.67
66 06
24
13)
0.77
162
1
30
84
47
34
SO
24
208
201
2.35
2 2
22
)0
JO
10
2 J7
46
266
2.82
2 54
Verticil
Hoiit.
20
10
293
2,90
3
-50 -50
90 JO SO
20
10 10
2.72 2.82 2 82
3
1,23
1
090
0.91 1 13
1
2.91
2 77
094
1.01
)70
3 14
3
346
3 3
1.4)
1
50 76 87
20
1.53
1 1
1)
77
02 39
32 )6
51
2.64
2 87
20
10
2.35 2.54
)9
290
372
3.5)
1.46
2.8) 3.60
3.27
1.73 1.77
2
11 1.26
1
1)9
J
04
56
M
10
2.4S
2 34
67
06
25
0.77
0.91
2.10
1.22
1
084
99
1.02
1
264
2
45' Slopt
67
2.52 2.55
Down
-JO -JO
20
10
2.91
280
2.8) ).07
)
87 1 1.89 2.19
1.24
1
343
381
7) 4.12
3
323
3.57 ).57
3.91
0.92
1 1
224 240
2.6)
39
1.45
20
10
10
2.94 3.16
3
22J
2.52
2
15 15
1.72
1
281
80
1
1
26 30
57
1,45
1
26
16
58
89
47
378 435
3.55 3.77 3,84
)65
4 18
)
290 322
2.10 2 38
2.41
2.05
221
1.22 1.44
1
66
90 50 JO
248
2
2)4
2.54
2
1.67
1
106
1.24 1.25 1.53
077
091
0.92
1.15 1.16
1
29
085
102
1
30
10
66
88
352
3.59
Hani.
Oowg
-JO -JO
20
10
2 67 2.94
35
89
45
82
02
20
10
2,96 3 23
3.28
3.18
4.18
)96
4.02
2.8)
1.81
I
1.30
15)
1,89 1.90
425
4.60
217
3
47 47
441
4 51
36
471
342
2.28 2.30
1)1 69
1
1.71
125
Table 5.3
Continued
OknUM
9l 1
Ak
Mm
(Fl
Air
kpMt
TMIi
^
l.i-la.AkiMM*
ilel'
0.03
2
}JA:Akttm>'
IfM
IIM riM
Tfp, >
90 SO
IMl}
(dti'l
10 10 10 20
10
a.os
0.)
1
M2
6.77
0.01
CM
264
201
vaiM<rr><
*.2
1.83 1.38 1.93 1.79
.J
'l.l3
(.82
JS
241
1
71
Hofil
1.87
2
81
1.45
1.01 1.04
1.21
"284
2.09 2.80 2.25
2.71
080
0.84 0.9)
1.03 1.12
50
2
1
40
95
Up
-30 -SO
90 SO JO
2.01
2-43
1
2.35
1.91
20
10 10
94
2.37
2.92 2.14 2.89
2.31
1.23
266
2.11 2,62
2 14
1.10 1.28
1.38
1)6
I.3S
2 19
1.26
2.65
3.18
1)2 147
1.47
1.20
1.33
1.67
l.ll 1.13
2.73
1.86
1.61
1
Stop*
Up
-JO -50
90 JO SO
30 10 20 10 20
10 10
206
2.74
30 2.79
2
223 269
2.17 2.64
3
99 82
0.80 0.84
0.82
2.26
3 12
0.86
094
1.04 1.1)
1.21
1
295
2.35 2.87
210
190
2.2)
1.97 2.33
1)4
1
2.42
1)4 1)1
1.34 1.54
I.7S 1.24
09<
1.06 16 1.25
1
2.12
1.88
49
298
2.34
2.22
271
3.99 2.58 3 79 2.76
3
2.23 2.25
1
1.49 1.69
1.27 1.2)
1
35
287
3.69 2.67
2.29 2.79
3
1.39
66
30
10
246
355
2.66 3.35 2.58
84
0.87 0.90
1.02
40
255
3.40 2.71
2)9
2 10 2.51
45
363
2.88
Vcniul
Hull.
-50 -JO
90 30 JO
20 10 20 10
10
51
1.48 1.67
1.12 1.2)
1.3)
349
2.82
33)
2.75
3
0.85
0.91 1 01 1 14
1
123
1.42
1.51
167
1.73
23 SO
2.64
3 31
321
1.66
1.91
230
2.67 2.49 2.2> 2,73 2.66 3.02 2.90
).31
3.41
1.37
1
1.48
340
4.81
3.51
30
194
1
30
5.07 3.58
45*
Slope
Don
U
10
10
5.10 3.15
2.68
3
4.92
16
433
3.30 4 36
3.63
34
0.90
1.00 1.08 1.27 1.34 1.57 1.68 1.00
1.22 1.24 1.62 1.64
1.40
1
4.74
3.11
37
4.39
3.77
4.32
3.64 4.32
-30 -SO
90 SO SO
Hoita.
20
10
10
362 467
6.09 6.27
6.61
7
280
.
201
2.29
3.40
70
4.30
10.01
533
5.63
30
10
Down
-50 -50
20 10 20
10
03
590 643
6.66
7.20 7.52
2.79 3.18 3 27
143
1.70
0.94
1.14
1.13
1.19
8.17
9.6
11.13 10.90 11.97 11.64 12.98
391
4.00 4.77
73 2.19
1
9 27
9.52
1.49
1.51
1
181
1
93
2.47
7 31
2.22
7.73
285
2.89
99
1032 1049
11.39
08
2!2
3.25
6.02
8.09
491
2.01
6.)6
334
2.18 2.22
Mnicrpolahiin
is
Jiffercnccs.
and
cffeciivc emiiiancc
".
Inlerpolalion and
given by
I//:"
I/c;
I.
where
e^
and
r- nrc
thecmiliancnofthesurfacesof (he
air
apace
(S
tnnn B
of
( jhlf
.\
1)
for ihc
RcM^Mncc
I
downward
hermal rcsiitancc values were determined from the relation R = C. uV^rr C = A. + AVi.. h, is the conduction-convection cocfTicicnt. Wi, E ((460 + /i)j'. and /,.. is the mean icmpcralurc of Ihc air space. For inlerpolalion from Table 3,4 to air 0016) and compute W values from the above relations space thicknesses less than 5 in (as in msulaimg window glass). >issumc/f, = 0.795 (+
IS
2 in, in
__^__^^
Housing Kesearch
i*aper
Kiscd on National Uureau of Standards data presented (lovcrnmcni Printing Office. Washington 20402.
1954. U.S.
::
126
resistance
the
has
U
been
determined
for
the
and air,
total
following
equa-
Rj
+ R2 + R3 +
+ R
(5.4)
whe re
is
the
heat
transfer
coefficient,
BTU/hr/ft /TD.
and R_ are
the resistances
of
R. ,R
materials
1,
and 3.
is
the
resistance
of
the
nth material in
the
building component.
or
U =
(5.5)
where
is
R-
the
total resistance of
the
material
in
The
calculation
are
procedures
for
for
transmission
heat
losses
,
explained
the
major
5.6.
building components
in section
127
Sky-light
Windows
Figure 5.3
128
5.3
Infiltration
cracks
in
the
building thru
cracks
the
building's facade,
Infiltration
is
Ventilation
provide
the
proair
cess
for
building to
fresh
the
occupants
combustion processes.
and
The difference
the way
between
Infiltration
ventilation
is
in
ing.
building
an
uncon-
trolled
in a
controlled manner.
a
Ventilation air
fans,
in
is
usually
brought
into
building
is
with
Ventilation
ment.
that
the
to an
very important
providing
safe
environ-
On
the
other
hand,
infiltration
is
is
additional air
increase
bills
in
enters
an
in
amount
money
that
must
be
spent
on utility
due
Therefore,
one
goal
the
is
energy
process
is
to
that
produces Infiltration in
two story
building
is
wind pressure.
tors
pre-
vailing
and
direction,
obstructions
such
as
nearby
129
buildings,
hills,
trees,
and shrubbery
[3].
To analyze
first determine
The two situa-
from what
tions
a
coming from.
a
in which wind
applys pressure to
building is through
broadside
or
quartering wind.
the
building.
If
the
building
being
audited has
broadside wind,
doors,
and
walls
is
on
the
the
building that
the
broadside wind
wind
is
blowing on
only
will be analyzed.
the
In the quartering
the quartering wind
situation,
two walls
that
blowing on will be
analyzed
The best way
is
to
determine
to
ask.
tains
building
via
infiltration
This air is
the
re-
ferred to
see Fig.
5.4,
and is always
equal
in quantity
of is
By
air
that
exits
building,
infiltration
also
reduced.
Therefore,
be
recommend actions
limit
infiltration.
\
130
T Exfliuatlon
I
,
(5 sides)
1
\\V^VV \v ExfmraUon\^2
sides)
| '
'
'
'
Lkkkkkkkkkk
tttttt
inflllrat
^^:
on
1 side)
BROADSIDE WIND
QUARTERING WIND
Figure 5.4
by
Broadside and
Because
sure
of
the
that
effect
wind
pres-
and
the
difficulties
is
in
determining
direction,
tion
infiltration
contributed
by
infiltration,
but
the
to
a
occurs
in
and what
inf
It
ration.
determining
infiltration
heat
131
.08
TD
cf m
(5.6)
whe re
the heat
is
loss
due
to
infiltration in BTU/hr
1.08
has units
of
BTU/hr/cfm/ F.
temperature difference in
degrees
TD
cfm
is
the
cfm.
The
is
in
deter-
losses
explained
in section
5 .4
Completed BIF
Copies
of
(U)
Cal-
culation
Form,
FORM
5.2
see Appendix A.
Tables
Pencil
5 .1
to
.12
Calculator
'132
5 .5
Form 5.1
loss
calculations to be done in
ing procedures
systematic manner.
to
The follow-
take
in
using
the
forms
followed
the procedures
for
losses
5.5.1
STEP
I:
form,
see
Figure
page 13
7.
STEP
2:
Complete Section
1.
of
the form.
of
the
building
com-
ponent.
Do
this
in
it
3.
Indicate the
inches.
This
thickness
is
of
the
material
important
in
especially
for
STEP
3:
Complete Section
component
of
the form
for
1.
each
building
identified in Section
133
1.
coefficient
transmission
two columns
is
being calculated.
values of
l/K,
Section
This
is
has
for
R,
and
U.
required
for
As
building
an example,
components
a
transmission paths.
nal
2
nomi-
in.
by
in.
batt
insulation,
and 0.5
transmission
two heat
paths.
Figure
shows
the
location
the
transfer paths.
PATH ONE
PATH TWO
0.5 In,
0.5
ia sheating and
by 8 la lapped siding
In
0.5 Ut.
wood
sUid,
05
in.
05 by
in.
lapped siding.
The
combination
total
of
the
of
material in path
has
difof
ferent
value
resistance
and
coefficient
'
134
ra
due
to
the
different combinations
the
of
material
in
the
two paths.
of
By weighting
transmls-
value of
wall.
studs
in
the wall or
roof
sections
the
t
determines
the
roof
section
is
calcu-
(5.7)
avg-
is
the
wall
or
roof
sect ion
PI-
is
for path
from
Table 5.4.
PI-
is
the
calculated
P2-
is
the
from
Table 5.4.
P2-
is
the
calculated
the percentages
for
the
different fram-
sizes
and spacings.
that
follow.
135
Table 5.4
Percentage
Material
Ind-ies
Between Framing
At Framing
12 16
1
by
24 32 12
16
94 95 97 98
06 OS 03 02 12
10 06
2 by
24
32
88 90 94 95
05
by
12 16
79
24 32
84 90 92
21 16
10 08
4 by
12 16
71
29 22 15
11
24 32
78 85 89
136
STEP
CONTINUED
Using Table 5.1 enter
tivity
1.
2.
the
value
of
conduc-
for
the
3.
the
Thick-
ness with
the
Conductivity.
enter
the
4.
value
of
of
sec-
5.
component
sum
the
of
resisthe sec-
tances
to
get
total resistance
tion.
6.
value where
paths,
.
1/R
7.
two
calculate
5.4.
an
average
value using Eq
137
Foim
5.1
Transmission
Coefficient
(LI )
Calculation
Form
Building
1.
STEP
nnatinn
Sheet No.
Date
Dale
SECTION
Cross
section
STEP 2
Thk.
SECTION
1
1/k
STEP 3
1
ConslitJcUon
IN.
1/k
3 4
NOTE:
Eacil form can be used for several. COflnpooents by separating each cornponent wlUi a solid dark line.""
1
mill
-_
J. II
I'll!
lllHl.y
IIHILIIU
Figure 5.6
(U)
Calculation Sheet
'
138
5.5.2
STEP
1:
of
the
form,
see
Figure
STEP
2:
Complete section
1.
Enter
ponent
brief
the
building com-
2.
Enter the
3.
the
building
component
in
4.
Calculate
between
ponent
.
the
the
temperature
two
difference
the
TD
sides
of
building com-
5.
the
Area
and TD together.
6.
Repeat steps
ponent
thru
for each
building
com-
7.
STEP
3:
Complete Section
INFILTRATION
139
1.
of
the
infiltration
and
calculate
the
heat
loss
due to infiltration
of
heat
loss.
3.
4.
infiltration
heat
140
Form
5.2
Building
1
^^EP
nraMnn
Aiirlltnr
Dale
r.hrk'r1
Ry
(^IF)
Dale
TnslrlR Tftrnperature
Op
OutslfiR
TempRrature
CTable 3.1)
Op
SECTION
SItH 2
BUILDING COMPONENT
U
VALUE
AREA
SO.
FT.
TD
Q
BTU/HR
Op
4
SuD-total
SECTION 2
SIbP 3
2
sijo- total
3
1
TOTAL
Figure 5.7
141
5.6
Instructions are
heat losses
thru
the
determining
transmission
5.6.1
Floor-on-Grade
grade,
3
DESCRIPTION:
s
A floor
is
a
on
sometimes referred to as
and
less
lab-on-grade,
floor
ft
below-grade and in
5.8.
see F.igure
Location of Eage
Insulation
Grade
Floor
A
A
is
Floor
Floor
is
Figure 5.8
Floor-on-Grade
14 2
of
the
floor
in
see
Figure
5.9.
The perimeter
distance is
calculated as follows:
perimeter
whe re
2(L) + 2(W)
(5.8)
perimeter
is
the
outside
distance
around
the
floor in ft.
L
-
is
the
length of
the
floor in ft
W -
is
the width of
NOTE: A
to
is
value
be
determined.
required.
of
Form 5.1
not
T
widui ,w
(ft)
i
Lengtn
,L
(ft)-
Figure
5.9
Plan View of Floor-on-Grade From Which the Perimeter of the Floor is Calculated
IA3
STEP
2:
the heat
loss
per
foot
STEP
3:
Calculate the heat loss through the floor by multiplying the heat loss factor with the perimeter.
Table 5.5
Heat Loss of Concrete Floors at or Near Grade Level per Foot of Exposed Edge
R =
R =
2.5
Edge
Insulation
60 55 50 45 40
No Edge Insulation
75 65 60 55 50
EXAMPLE
FLOOR-ON-GRADE
heat
loss
Calculate the
through
the
loor-on-grade
Outside Temperature
Floor Dimensions
100
ft
by
50
ft
Insulation
*
None
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Condi t i oning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329
.
144
Outside
Partial
section of
Figure 5.10
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
perimeter
2(L) +
2(W)
perimeter
perimeter
STEP
= =
2(100) + 2(50)
300
ft
2:
the
out
door
design
temperature
The heat
loss
is
q
q
=
=
=
perimeter
(300
heat
loss
factor
16,500 BTU/hr
145
5.6.2
Floor-Below-Grade
see Fig.
DESCRIPTION:
3
A floor-be low-grade
5.11,
is
located
ft
or
greater below-grade.
Exterior wall
""
fc
J
T
Floor-Below-Grade
umm
Mi
mw
wiwwiw n w wiw*wwwiytwi
"
"'
"
Figure 5.11
Floor-Below-Grade
floor
the
section
value on
Tables
5.1
and
Form 5.2.
STEP
2:
of
the
floor
and
enter
it
on
The area is
calculated as follows:
x
Area
(L)
(w)
(5.9)
:
:
146
whe re
the floor
Area L -
is
the area
of
in sq
ft.
is
the
length
of
the
floor
measured
from
is
the width
of
the
floor
measured
from
Figure 5.12
STEP
3:
TD
between
of
inside
the
Form
calculated as follows:
TD = t,
i
(5.10)
whe re
147
is
the
inside temperature
from
top
of
Form
5.2.
t s
is
the
temperature
of
5.6
STEP
4:
using Eq
5.1.
Table 5.6
WalL Floor
a
Location
soil
Avg
Soil
Deptn
(iothes)
Temp.
Temp.
(degF)
(degF)
34
to 36
North
36 ana deeper
to 36
36.5
39
36
38
central
36 and deeper
to 36
36
South
36 and deeper
Th location refers to the
4Q5
45
the Central third of the state, and the Southern third of the state.
EXAMPLE
FLOOR-BELOW-GRADE
the
loor-be low-grade
148
Inside Temperature
Floor Dimensions
I
70F
50
ft
by
50
ft
nsu lat i on
none
INSIDE
Exterior wall
Partial section of
Figure 5.13
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
Calculate
the
the
and
5.2
and
transfer
see Fig.
5.14.
149
SECTION
Cross Section
SECTION
Tnk.
consirucllon
1/k
R
.92
1/k
/ ^
:SoiK>'
.08
.32
1.24
- 1/R
.8065
Figure 5.14
Example
Form 5.1
STEP
2:
Area
= =
x W ft
x
Area
Area
50
50
ft
2500 sq ft
STEP
3:
The TD is
TD = ti TD = TD =
70
-
ts
40
30F
STEP 4:
The heat
=
loss q
is
q
q q
X A
X X
TD
=
=
0.8065
2500
sq
ft
40 F
80,650 BTU/hr
150
5.6.3
Wall-Below-Grade
extends
more Chan
3
DESCRIPTION:
below grade,
A wall
below grade
ft
Figure 5.15
Wall-Below-Grade
1:
loss
and
is
not
necessary to calculate
value
STEP
2:
see Fig.
5.16,
of
the
wall-
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Condi t oning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329.
151
5.2.
The
calculated as follows:
[(L)(H)(No. of walls)] - (openings)
(5.11)
Area
where
Area is
sq
the area
ft.
of
wall-below-grade
in
is
in ft.
H -
is
the height
of wall
in ft.
No. of Walls -
is
the number of
walls
with
same
dimensions
Openings
is
the area
of
the
wall
in
ft.
Methods for
through
calculating
these
in the
heat
losses
chapter.
152
Length, L
Grade.
Heigth,
Figure 5.16
STEP
3:
average
temperature
The TD
of
is
the
calculated
as
fol-
TD =
t.
savg
(5.12)
whe re
the temperature
TD
is
difference.
is
the
153
savg
is
temperature
from
Table
5.6.
STEP
4:
using Eq
5.1.
Table 5.7
R-13
R-8
R-13
4 5
.110
6
7
0.067 0.064
3
For
on
feet
or
treat
EXAMPLE
WALL-BELOW-GRADE
through
the
wall-below-grade
Inside Temperature
Wall Dimensions
70F
four at
two
ft
high by 50 ft long
Openings
Insulation
154
R-4
floor
Figure 5.17
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
ft
below
grade
the
with
heat STEP
R-4
loss
insulation
factor is 0.089.
is
2:
The area
Area
((H)(L)(
[(8
NO.
of
Walls)]
(openings)
Area =
[2(3
Area
= =
1600
1494
ft ft
106
sq
ft
Area
STEP
3:
The TD
is
TD = ti - tsavg
TD
=
70 -
38
155
TD =
32F
loss
STEP 4:
The heat
is
q
q q
Area x TD
=
=
(0.089)(1494)(32)
4255
BTU/hr
5,6,4
Wall-Above-Grade
does
not
DESCRIPTION
than
3
A wall-above-grade
extend
greater
ft
below grade,
see Fig.
5.18,
Wall-above-grade
Figure 5,18
Wall-Above-Grade
Determine
for
transfer
the
156
STEP
2:
of
the
wall-above-grade
3
(this
the
portion
ft
or
less
below-
3:
outside
:
temperature.
The TD
Is
calculated as
follows
TD =
t, 1
(5.13)
whe re
t.
i
and
are
STEP
4:
using Eq
5.1
EXAMPLE 4A
wall-above-grade
Inside Temperature
70
3
Outside Temperature
Wall Dimensions
F
10 10
two at two at
ft ft
Openings
157
Figure 5.19
SOLUTION
STEP
The U value for the wall section is determined and
1:
because
the
wall
has
one heat
transmission path,
see
Fig.
158
SECTION
Cross
Section
SECTION
TTlk.
Construction
IN.
1/k
R
.17
1/k
'
/
fl.5
.20
.9 .9
<-;
2
4.5 .20 .20
.9
.1
//
0.5
.68
3.65
= 1/R
0.274
Figure 5.20
STEP
The area
2:
is
Area
Area Area
= =
[(H)(L)(
NO.
of Walls)]
(openings)
= =
1500 1338
sq
ft ft
ft
Area
STEP
sq
3:
The TD
ii
TD = ti - to
TD =
TD
=
70 67 F
159
STEP 4:
The heat
loss
is
=
=
Area
x TD
q q
(0.274)(1338
24,563 BTU/hr
sq
ft)(67F)
EXAMPLE 4B
wall-above-grade
Outside Temperature
Wall Dimensions
3F
two at two at
8 8
ft high by 20 ft high by 40
ft ft
long long
ft
Openings
one garage
ft by 6 by 7 ft door at 10 ft
at
ft
by
ft
Figure 5.21
'
160
SOLUTION
STEP The
1:
value for
the
the
wall
section
the
Is
determined
see Fig.
between
5.22.
framing
and at
framing,
SECTION
Cross
section
SECTION
ThK.
Between Studs
1/k
At Studs
1/k
Construction
IN.
R
.17
.81
R
.17
- Outside Surface - - Siding Wood 0.5 x 8ln. fi - - Sheallng 0.5 aspnalt Imp. s _ - - 2xaln. wood studs 16 In o.c. /; ^~ - 3.5 In. Bait insulation / / - - sneet Rock /
1 1*
.81
>
1.32
1.32
11
.45 .68
4.38
.45
.68
s s s * s
>.
/
/
--
inside Surface
R U uavg
- 1/R -
7.81
w.a5
.0693
.128
.0752
Figure 5.22
After the
flow
value
U
is
determined for
the
two
.
heat
5.7
as
paths,
:
avg is
calculated using Eq
follows
Between Framing
At
U
U
= =
0.0693
0.128
Framing
161
From Table
2
5 .4
by
16
Inches on center
90
10
% Z
Between Framing
At
Framing
U avg
U
(0,90)(0.0693) +
) (
. 1
28
avg = 0.0752
STEP
2:
The area of
the wall
is
Area
Area
= =
[(H)(L)(No.
[(8
f t
) (
of
Walls)]
2)
(openings)
20
ft)
+ (8 ft)(40 ft)2]
ft) +
[2(4
(10
Area
960
sq
139
sq
ft
Area = 821
sq
STEP
3:
The TD is
TD = ti - to
TD = 70 TD =
67F
STEP 4:
The heat
loss
is
Area x TD
sq
q q
= =
(0.0752)(960
4,837
ft)(67F)
BTU/hr
162
5.6.5
DESCRIPTION:
uncon-
ditioned
space
any
5.23,
STEPS
and
are
the
same St ips
and
of
Walls-Above-
Grade
STEP
3:
of is
space.
The TD
calculated as follows:
TD = t^
-
t^.
(5.14)
where
TD
the temperature
is
difference,
degrees F.
t.
is
the
F
inside
temperature
from
Form
5.2,
degrees
is
the
temperature
of
uncondi-
tioned space,
STEP
4:
degrees F.
163
Heated Space
Direction of heat flow
Heated space
Direction of heat flow
mmmm^:^:^
wx ^
vmwm
Figure 5.23
164
EXAMPLE
5
"
through
the
wall
partition
Inside Temperature
70 F
Unconditioned Temp.
Wall Dimensions
40 F
9
ft
by 50
ft
3
Openings
one
door at
ft
by
ft
Heated Space
ft
Figure 5.24
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
Calculate the
Fig.
5.25.
see
165
SECTION
Cross
section
SECTION
ink.
Between studs
1/k
At Studs
1/k
Constaicilon
IN.
R
.68
R
.68 .45
Inside Surface
Sheet Rock
2x-ln.
0.5
AS
.91
wood stud 24
In
o.a
3.5
4.38
Air Space
Concrete Block
Inside Surface
cinder
1.72
1.72
.68
.68
4.04
7.91
U U
- 1/R
.2252
.1264
.2193
avg
Figure 5.25
U avg
Example
Form 5.1
Between Framing
At
0.2252
.1264
at
24
Framing
2
U =
by 4
inches
on
center
Between
Framing
94%
6%
(
At Framing
U avg.
U =
=
(0.94)(0.2252) +
0.2193
.06
(0
264
avg.
STEP
2:
(openings)
166
Area
= =
[(9
ft)(50 ft)]
sq ft
21
(3
ft)(7 ft)
Area
Area
STEP
450
sq
ft
429 sq
ft
3:
The TD is
TD = tl - ti'
TD TD
70
40
30"F
STEP 4:
The heat
loss
is
q q q
= = =
Area x TD
sq
f t
) (
(0.2193)(429
2822 BTU/hr
30 F
5.6.6
Roof
DESCRIPTION:
roof
consists
of
the
ceiling,
joists
of
and
roofs
waterproofing
are
membrane.
flat
167
celling
Joists or
rafters
Pitched Roof
Flat
Roof
Figure 5.26
1:
Determine the
Tables 5.1
to
for
the
roof
construction
using
5.3
STEP
2:
of
the
roof,
see Fig.
5.27,
and
168
Exterior walls
Front view
Pitched Roof
siae view
Area
[2(L
x W) - openings]
Flat
Roof
/PEA -
(L
xw) - Openings
Figure 5.27
STEP
3:
(TD)
between
.
temperatures using Eq
5.13.
STEP
4:
EXAMPLE 6A
5.27 with
Inside Temperature
70F
3
Outside Temperature
169
Roof Dimensions
21
ft
by
100
ft
Pitch
4:12
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
Calculate
enter
5.28.
the
and
5.1,2,3 and
and
value
see Fig.
SECTION
SECTION 2
"mk.
Between Rafters
1/k
At Rafters
1/k
Consiaicllon
IN.
R
.17
R
.17
cxilslde Surface
Aspnall snlngies
Fell Paper
M
.06 .77
In
.44
.06
.77
Plywood sneatlng
2x4-la wood rafters 16
Ball Insulation
oc
4.38
11
.as .45
sneel Rock
Inside Surface
.62
.62
*""
^
1J.51
6.89
u U
- l/R
.Q7
.145
.081
avg -
Figure 5.28
U avg
is
calculated as follows
U
=
Between Framing
At
0.074
Framing
U =
0.145
170
Between Framing
At
90%
10%
Framing
U
U
avg = (0.90)(0.074) +
10
) (
14
avg
0.081
STEP
2:
The
roof area
Is
A =
2(L X W) - openings
A = A =
2(100
4
ft
sq
21
ft)
200
ft
STEP
3:
The TD is
TD
o
3
TD =
70 -
TD = 67 "f
STEP 4:
The heat
loss
(q)
is
q q
q
= =
=
X A X TD
(0.081)(4200 sq ft)(67F)
22,822 BTU/hr
EXAMPLE 6B
FLAT ROOF
in
conditions as Example 6A
171
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
5.2,
calculated,
SECTION
Cross
Section
SECTION 2
Constaicllon
IN.
1/k
R
.17
1/k
R
.17
//
.625
7.5
.33 .78
.33 .78
9.06
-
19
AS
l:-x'^:;-.-]
0.5
MS
.61
""
.61
^
21. J4
R u U
11.4
- l/R
.0069
.0877 .0493
avg -
Figure 5.29
U avg
is
calculated as follows:
U
=
Between Framing
At
0.0469
Framing
U =
0.0877
Between Framing
At Framing
96%
4%
17 2
avg
=
=
(0.0469)(0.96) +
0.0493
.08
7 7 ) (
.04
avg
STEP
2:
A = A = A =
(L
W) ft
sq
X
openings
100
(40
ft)
4000
ft
STEP
3:
The TD
is
TD
o
3
TD = TD =
70 70
F
STEP 4:
The heat
= =
=
loss
(q)
is
q
q q
X A X
TD
(0.0493)(
4000 sq ft)(67F)
13,212 BTU/hr
5.6.7
DESCRIPTION:
Windows and
composed
for
of
any
translucent
material,
usually
glass,
the purpose of
see Fig.
5.30.
173
y(
Single Glazed
\
Figure 5.30
1:
of
heat
transmission from
is
required.
Table
STEP
2:
applicable,
and
multiply
it
with the
on
Enter this
value
Form
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Condit i oning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329.
174
The
glass
procedure
for
determining
is
the
percent
as
follows:
)(H
S &
percent Glass
whe re
100
(5.15)
W
g
and H
g
are
of
the
exposed
glass,
WW
and H
are
the width
of
the
window
measured
ft.
STEP
3:
of
the window(s)
and
enter
the
A =
(W
)(H
)(No.
of
windows)
(5.16)
whe re
is
of
each
typical
window,
ft.
ft
ft
by by
8
ft
windows
4
2
ft.
3
Therefore,
by
4
there are
typical
8
and
a
typical
by
windows
for
total of 88 sq ft.).
in Eq
and H
5.15.
'
175
No. of windows -
is
the number of
typical windows
STEP
4:
TD
STEP
5:
Table 5.8A
Overall Coefficients of Heat Transmission of Windows and Sky lights BTU/ (hr /ft /F )
,
Kxlerior \crtinl
PaneK
Winler*
Exterior Morlrontal
Drtcripllon
Panels (SkyUchts)
Summer"*
Summer
Winter
No
Mat Glnss"
Single Glass
Insulating Cibss.
-' 1
Induur
Indoor
No
Indoor
indoor
Shade
Shade
0X1
5X
Shade
Shade"**
04
10
(tKI
OK.l
:i
Double'
space space
*
"^
16
m
in
III,
air
;iir
iiif
OftS
Oh:
5K
1,4
1
(IM
n
'<^
n ^1
s:
'2
sp.icc*
44
52 4K 4:
0.S7
54
4'J
?l)
iH^
0^'
1/2
tn
4ir \p;tcc.
km
i;niilt.incc
coating'
IX
r - 0.20
17
1?
(
m
u
(f
016
42
4(.
1)
4X
<
.
^-
40 W)
0.1S
(144
IX 4
1
0^:
<;/.
(Ml
44
ly
4X
IK
1,
air
space'
40 36
U.W
11
11
:h
Slorm Windows
1
in
to 4 in air spaces'*
liO
4M
Mi
(u:
I'laslic
Bubbles*
Single Walled
IJiiubIc
OKO
46
1^
Watled
'0
176
Table 5.8B
Mil
.1
I. II
,i.l|i<
ll<'.|'
|i..ll,.
Mi>l|lc
l)rM'rl|tlloil
lrl|>lr
Stiiritl
''
i.Hii.IliiiihK
.i.l
<'l
)
I
(J)t\
(^IKU
Wlndim.
(Id
'
iM|>K i.'Ki
iMIIIiIm'I
.'I
I'^'lUs
.!
^l.^
Wiiul.mA
All (ilass^
1
,-i'"
(HI
11 (1
D'lS
(I'Hl
'{
.),iliri(;
I'll
L-illiLT
i.iU'it
^;l,^^.
s III.
Id- l.lvinj:
,iif
sp.iLC.
.ill
Ollk-I
^:l.l^^
w
(H/
McMl
OKS 20
1 1
O.KO
i.:o'"
iiLi'
'=\Vltulo^^ dL-.tin
''Kl'Iltv
:*i-m
til.iw
2Vifi
^:l.l'.^.
II
:*i-.n
^l.r
Sliding Palio
Door
y^
1
Wood Frame
Mclal Frame
m
1(1"'
(in
1i) uinij.mv \\iili iiLi;lij:ihk' I'p.iquc arc 'lor tKMi How up M.ir hiMl ll.. <tnvn ^U;is(.iJ on iiiLM 111 opviiiliy. nnl muil Mirl.uf
;i
"'Viilucswillbi.ksslli.irilhcNi-^hcnnicliiUiishiintllnmiL-intorpoMlctlKTm.ilhiiaks In MtinLMhiTiniii lo iir k-vs lliiin ihiiM.- loi itu- jll^iss Window iiiiinur;ictiifi.r>. simiild he cnnMilU-d lor >.pCLilit d.Ua oiildnor .iir. 7() iiiMdi; .iir U'nip n,iliir;il ..oructlion IS inpli miuloor .-nr \clotit\.
I
I
hii-.ik dcsitinv
'
^.llm-
"7
>
mph odidoor
apph
outdoor
.iir:
75
I-
inside
.iir nnliJf.il
ion\cclion.
Lirid
_i;l.i/in(;
Mil.ir r.idi.ilinn
:4K
Mm
(hi
li
\;ilin.-<
I
roller sh.idcs
1
1
luTL-tipmcilol ilK-.ihiut
vircL-ns
iisul
l.li.Il'rM^lhL^hc^^ll.llrl.M^l.l^tl.
iii.illv
.
A'
loi i-.ii.lnvpi.-ol
iii:lill\
dr,lvvlll(r,lp^^(l^^.,n\ J.'m'
vvi
llK-..ddilio[i.il A'
is.ippioMin.iMMl
/i
iv
Nl
Hm
1!
lumMi
M
I I
llie ;iddilio[i.il
.ippfo\im.ilcl\
(1
24 ilu
EXAMPLE
window
shown
in
Outside temperature
Type
No.
of
3F
windows
Shade
None
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
.10
177
STEP
2:
Using Eq
5.15
the percent
glass
Is
%
%
glass = [(3)(5)/(3.5)(5.5)]
glass 78% use 80%
100
0.90
(1
.10)(0.90)
U =
0.99
5.16
the area is
STEP
3:
Using Eq
A =
A =
(3.5
t)(5.5
t)(5)
96.25 ft
STEP 4:
The TD is
TD = TD =
72 69 "f
STEP
5:
(0.99)(96.25 sq ft)(69''F)
6,575 BTU/hr
5.6.8
Doors
and
out
DESCRIPTION:
of
a
building.
17 8
1:
Determine coefficient
of
heat
transmission
from
2:
of
the
Door(s)
of
a
and
enter
the
Form 5.2,
The area
door Is measured
3:
Calculate the TD
STEP 4:
(q).
Table 5,9
Summer
Storm Door*'
Metal
0.39
0.34
Thickness'
1-in.
No Storm Door
0.64
Wood
0.30 0.28 0.27 0.24
No Storm Door
0.61
1.25-in.
1.5-in.
2-in.
0.55
0.53
0.49
0.43
Steel Door^*
0.33 0.29
0.47
0.42
1.75-in.
A-^
0.59 0.19
0.47
B"
C
'Nominal thickness
''Values lor
50%
0.58
0.18
0.46
wood storm doors are for approximately storm door values apply tor any percent of glass.
fiber
"A = Mineral
core (2
lb/ft')
"B = Solid urethane loam core with thermal break. C = Solid polystyrene core with thermal break
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Condi t i oning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329.
179
EXAMPLE
Outside temperature
Type of door
No.
3F
Solid wood,
and
1.25
in.
no storm door
of
doors
SOLUTION
STEP
I:
U =
STEP
2:
The area is
A =
(W)(H)(No. of doors)
(4
A =
ft)(7 ft)(2)
A =
56ft^
STEP 3:
The TD is
70 67 "f
TD =
TD
STEP
4:
The heat
=
=
loss
is
q
q
X A
X TD
(0.55)(56 sq ft)(67F)
180
2,064
BTU/hr
5.7
To
determine
that
Is
the
amount
air
In
(cfm)
doors and
windows.
Equation
entering
a
5.17
can
be
(5.17)
where:
is
the
infiltration in cfm.
outside wall area in sq ft.
is
the
is
followed
in
using
equation
STEP
1:
climatic
section
of
STEP
2:
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Ai r-Condi t 1 onlng Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329
.
181
STEP
3:
Solve for Ap
where
=
0.95.
STEP A:
STEP
5:
Determine
y-
Ap,,
from step
STEP 6:
the
is
windtotal
the
any windows
and doors.
7:
Calculate
STEP 8:
To
equation 5.18
used.
xf
(5.18)
whe re
the infiltration in cfm through perimeter the windows and
is
gaps
in
doors.
is
the
and doors
1
P
*
is
With permission of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Condi t ioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA 30329.
182
to
be
used
In
applying
Eq
.18;
STEPS
to
same as
for Eq
5.17.
STEP 4:
Determine
5:
STEP
6:
Determine
where:
For windows,
is
the
total
of
length
of
the
gap
between
movable
sections
frame,
For
is
length of
the
gap
sur-
7:
Calculate
After
windows,
has
walls,
doors
is
and
put
the
total
infiltration.
183
10
IS
20
25
30
35
40
V,
in
mph
Figure 5.31
0.7
0.6
K = 1.3
d
0.2
0.1
I O S <
/ ^ ^
/ ^^
0. to
\^ /
^^
:=0 .66-
^ -*
K = UJI
0.6
OS20
0.,
0.iK)
a.so
Ap in Inches of Water
Figure 5.32
184
4.0
3.5
^
k = 6.
-.<
/ ^'
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5 1.0
7^-
yy
y
- -^
k
/ /H
03
k^
0.10
^ ^ ^
0.20
k =
2.
r^ _
O.SO
0.60
0.30
0.40
Ap in
Inches of Water
Figure 5.33
Table 5.10
l.akifte
C'oefflcirni
Description
--
0.22
Tight Fitting
Wall
Constructed under close supervision of workmanship on wall joints. When joints seals appear inadequate they must be re-done
--
0.66
A -1.30
Poor construction quality control or an older building having separated wall joints
185
Table 5.11
Window Classification
Wood
DoMble-Hung (l^ked)
Other Types
light Kitlini!
Weatherstripped
Wood Casement
Windiiw
k
--
Average
Cap
1.0
(1/64 in crack)
Horizontal Sliding Windows; Weatherstripped. Note: if average gap (1/64 in. crack)
this
could be tight
fitting
Weatherstripped
window
Urge Gap
(3/32
in.
crack)
window
and Horizontal Windows; Non-
l.misc Filling
Vertical
Window
k
6.0
Sliding
Weatherstripped
Table 5.12
light Fitting
A = 1.0
often character-
of new doors
Small perimeter gap having stop trim fitting properly around door and Weatherstripped
Large perimeter gap having poor and weatherstripped
or
6.0
186
EXAMPLE
through
the
wall
Outside Temperature
3F
Windward side
North Wall
10
1
North
ft
by
50
ft
ft
4
Openings
Window condition
Wind Velocity
door at 3 windows at
by ft
ft
6
by
ft
non-weather stripped,
large gap
15
mph
firs.
Wind velocity
15
mph
STEP
2:
-=
Ap
c
0.12
STEP
3:
Therefore
Ap
0.12
and
(C
P)
0.95
Solving for Ap w
187
Ap
0.12(0.95)
=
Ap
w
=
0.114
0.66
STEP
4:
k.
STEP
5:
With Ap
0.114 and
0.66,
from
Fig.
5.32
?= A
STEP
6:
0.16
10
ft
50
ft
500
sq
ft
Openings
Door
3
ft
X
x
ft
(21
sq
ft)
Windows
2(4
ft
ft)
(48
sq
ft)
431
sq
ft
STEP
7:
Calculate
A *
X
using Eq
5.17
Q Q
^
A
sq
431
ft
0.16
Next,
STEP
to
3:
equal
to
0.114.
188
STEP
4:
k.
6.0
for
non-weather
stripped
windows
From Table 5.12,
STEP
5:
=
k.
6.0
for
1.45
for
both
windows
and
STEP
6:
for
windows
and
=
P
2(3
=
ft
ft)
20
24
ft
2(6) +
3(4) =
=
ft
ft
per window
Therefore
Total
STEP
7:
48
20
68
ft
Calculate
Q Q =
= = P
X
using
Eq
5.18.
I
ft
(1 .45)
68
equals
69
cfm or
168
cfm.
using
Eq
.08
X X
TD
cfm
x
.08
(70-3)
168cfm
189
12,156 BTU/hr
5.8
After
Infiltration
Its
heat
an estimate of
annual heat-
day
an approximate heating
requirement
for
an
average
a
year.
Therefore,
the
actual
given year
average
energy
consumption.
consumption
culated
data
may
be
use
his
best
of
consumption
being
equal
to
the
calculated
the
a
economic evaluation.
building
are
losses
known,
better
will
be
the energy
conservation alternatives.
The annual heating requirement is calculated using
the
24
FC =
TD
X 'n
x~V
(5.19)
190
whe re
FC
is
fuel consumption.
is
the
load due to
in
Infiltration
losses
BTU/hr.
is
for the
building
from
the BIF.
is
the
interim
correction
see Fig.
factor
5.34
for
heating
below.
TD
is
temperature difference
of
from
the
climatic section
the
the BIF.
is
rated
full
load
efficiency
factor,
see
Table 5.13.
V
is
of
the
fuel
used
in
the
The units of
in
consumption
the units
of
calculated
V.
V
Eq.
5.19
a
are
function
of
should
always be in
ties
unit
of
of
Where the
watts,
oil
is
quantietc.
are
in
units
gallons,
#2
of
For
example,
the
heating
value
the
fuel
140,000
BTU/gal,
Therefore,
units
will be in gallons.
191
following
5.19.
example
and
of
Eq
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
DEGREE DAYS
Figure 5,34
Correction Factor,
[3]
Table 5.13
(n)
0.65
0.55
Gas
192
Table 5.14
Fuel
Oil
#2
//6
Heating Value
Electricity
Natural Gas
Manufactured Gas
Anthracite Coal
Bitumonous Coal
14,000 Btu/lb
12,000 Btu/lb
5.8.1
building
140,000 BTU/hr
20,000 BTU/hr
5000
70F
Outside Temperature
Fuel
Fuel Cost
#2
3F
oil per gal
$1 .25
SOLUTION
of
per
year
193
us ing Eq
5.19.
140,000 + 20,000
5000
160,000 BTU/hr
TD
70F
3F
67*'f
0.65 for
//2
ifl
5.14
5.19
(160,000BTU/hr)(5000)(24)(0.6)
(
67 F)(
FC =
1889.5 gal
=
=
)(
Fuel Cost
Therefore,
the
cost
this
building
during
the
winter
is
approximately
$2,362.
194
utility bills
tion matches
can
be
to
determine
the
the actual.
by
If
there
large difference,
it
caused
several factors.
being the
building
or the
component
materials
were
incorrectly
identified
proper value
the actual
energy
The
consumption
is
based
on
5.17
is
an
average
consumption.
actual
Chapter
determining
losses
energy
consumption.
After
the
heat
culated,
Chapter
to
con-
sumption.
195
CHAPTER
LIGHTING CALCULATIONS
Int roduct Ion
6.1
Energy conservation in
building's
existing
lighting
is
system
can
be
achieved
in two ways.
is
to
activated.
For exte-
lighting,
this
timers or photocells
off
the
lights
automatically.
Timers
can
be
set
off
the
lights at predetermined
needed.
However,
the
Timers
are
therefore
efficient
as
photocells
controlling exterior
sensitive
device
lighting demands.
that
Photocells are
light
and rising of
is
The evaluation of
exterior
lighting
not
that
of
detailed
and
will
analysis
com-
lighting
This
system
can be
to
reduce
by
the
amount
of
power consumed.
accomplished
with
196
more
efficient
one,
by
reducing
the
number
to as
of
light fixtures,
,
"luminal res"
with
in
use.
Replacing
ones
existing
an
the
lighting economic
cost
of
systems
more
efficient
requires
for
replacing
the
existing
system.
This
analysis
of
will
be
covered in Chapter 8.
tures,
Reducing the
number
light
fix-
however,
reductions can be
made
in
number of
The purpose of
this
chapter
is
to
introduce the
energy
auditor
to
the
necessary
improve-
The evaluation of
be
taken lightly.
Proper lighting
must
safe
The material
lES
and
by
McGuiIt
W.,
[6].
a
refer-
ence
the
need arises.
Also,
the
need arises.
at
chapter
should
least
enable
the
energy
auditor
to
197
determine
exist
in
If
possible
energy
conservation
opportunities
the
lighting system.
6.2
Lighting Systems
building's lighting system
con-
sist
of
the
interior lighting.
Exterior lighting
is
used
constitute
But
major portion of
the
lighting electribe
load.
a
installed
low cost,
rior
analysis.
There-
fore,
ing system.
The
is a
level of
function
ties
of
the
reading
a
light
of
light
fixture
produces
is
lamps per
each
is
lamp.
amount
its
of
light
stated in
used
a
terms of
luminous output.
luminous
to
quantify
the
output.
definition,
standard
198
candle burning at
the
center
light
of
sphere with
ft
radius
of
lumen of
of
to
interior surface
the
sphere.
existing
on
lighting
system
plane.
is
the
level
of
illumination
the
visual task
is
taking place.
a
person sitting at
of
amount
a
light
of
that
reaches
visual
task
plane
is
function
acted
the
by
light
the
then
upon
reflectance
task plane.
values
of
the
ceiling, walls,
percentage
light.
in
and
are
reflect incident
floors
and
Table 6.1*.
Illumination
abbreviated
fc.
is
If
measured
light
is
in
terms
of
a
footcandles,
surface at the
of
falling on
the
level
illumina-
the
surface
is
one footcandle.
Footcandles are
is
a
equal
one
footcandle.
is
The
level of
a
illumination on
as
visual
in
task plane
measured with
light meter
discussed
Chapter
*
From Shu t t lewor th Riley, Mechanical and Electrical Systems for Construction McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983.
,
199
walls 40 - 60
z
Floors 20
Figure 6,1
200
Table 6.1
Percent
White Plaster White Terra Cotta Limestone, light color Light Marble Concrete stucco light brick Medium-color stone (limestone and sands tone ), tan and gray (rough)
,
Wood finishes Light Birch Dark oak Light oak Dark mahogany and walnut
42
13 34
8
80 50
25
84
82
81
80
78
Primrose
Pearl gray Ivory Very light gray Cream Medium gray Bronz e Sky blue Tan Dark gray Very dark gray
72
71
70 70 44 38 37
35 28 19
201
light
fixture
is
the
lamp.
lamp
uses
There
interior
lighting:
incandescent,
(HID).
fluorescent
and
high-intensity-discharge
used
in
residential
applications
cations.
used
in
applications
not
critical.
HID
light
is
discharged.
the
fluorescent.
discussion
of
Therefore,
this
fluorescent
the
need arises
lES
to
analyze an Incandescent or
HID
system,
the
LIGHTING
HANDBOOK
is
an excellent
reference.
6,2,1
Fluorescent Lighting
The
of
cylindrical
glass
tube
The cylindrical
mixture
An
of
an
inert
gas
and
small
amount
of
mercury.
arc is
mer-
which
releases
The tube is
phosphorescent
material
it
which
and is
the
basic
202
BULB
Utually straight glass
tube.
PHOSPHOR
also be
CATHODE
"Hot cathode"
end of lamp
is
EXHAUST TUBE
Air
is
May
circular or
U-haped.
each coated
at
this
Color of
light
made
of coiled-
coil or singlecoil
tungsten wire.
STEM PRESS
BASE
Several different types
LEAD-IN-WIRES
Connect to the base pins and carry the current to ar>d from the cathodes and the mercury arc.
used to connect the tamp to the electric circuit and to support the lamp in the lampholder.
Figure 6.2
[6]
203
Fluorescent lamps
letters
and numbers
are
identified
with
series
of
fluorescent lamp;
the
lamp abbre-
lamp watts,
light produced.
Table 6.2
gives
ical
fluorescent
lamps.
From this
table,
additional lamp
calcula-
lighting
tions.
total watts
lamp
watts
plus
A typical
lamp abbreviation
is
FA0T12CW.
This
lamp
40
lamp watts 40
T12 - lamp
diameter 12/8
of
an inch
is
located under
the
"Rapid
start-preheat
de t ermined
lamps"
From McQuiness, W., Stien, B., Reynolds, J., Mechanical Elect rical Equipment for Building 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
and
,
204
Lamp length -
48
inches
46
20,000 hours
3150
2770
This
cent
It
to
type of
by
lamps
catalogs
located in
locate
particular
lamp
if
it
can not
Table 6.2.
A fluorescent
lamp
requires
ing
The UL
(Underwriters
CBM
Laboratories)
label
assures
intrinsic
safety.
(Certified Ballast
(Electrical
the
watts
per
fixture
ballast
watts
'
205
If
lllh
If
i a
t
<"
*
I
^ I
ill
3 5
ss
ISCSSS
ff>
lO
3 i
rl, =
a
to -
f
I
I n
^
lu *^
If
IB
h>
7,
sssssss
8S88SS!S88S SSS8
| 8 S
o 5 o O ID ' Q ID O
i!n
O -
ifl
"
_
yi
(/I
>
Si
=1
'i
SI
d^
>-
< <
1|
o.
hi
ft
'5~:
s
e
CO
hT)
U^
Pv
f*
A O O O ft (M (M
i/>
^.
I"
4-1
c
01
a =
o
(0 0) Vj
R8
O
RSS5SS5SSS
P- lO
C S 8 S
s C S S C S
SISSCS?
oo(Mr>rtn
;scs
S^
S
tt
(O
<
iTtDOiAi/io
o 3
8888
o
a.
188888
88SSSSS
S83,'fi;
#
Is
.
,8
I
i I 1
s;
Is
>
00
Q) iD
iC ^.
ff>
H
1
CM
II
o o o o o o e 9
1^
CD
Is
lf
t
:
IB
3 Erj"KoK>*.rtrtdi*,
I
01
iH
n
oO O O O f S I I I I J
:
O O
I I > >
5 a.6 SCI
i i 5 L> S O O
(^'
( (
(J
o
t-
'
r^
f^
C*
rvj
rri
to
C
(Si
lOOOOOOOOO
I
'
^ K K ^
)-
ti )-
<
ft
I-
m V
(SJ
I i
f~
206
6 .3
Completed BIF
Tables 6.1
to
6.7
Figure
6.5
Form 6.1
A
see Appendix
Calculator
Pencil
6 .4
Illumination levels
directly
using
a
building
can
be
measured
calculation.
lev-
lighting
late the
tor
to
lighting levels.
However,
value
lighting levif
calculated
measured
lighting
is
the
Zonal
Cavity
Method.
allows the
separately.
Each
room
is
divided into
celling cavity.
207
floor cavity.
The
reflectance
value
of
cavity
to determine
provide
the
specified
the
footcandle
level.
Therefore,
the
to
first step in
lighting
of
calculation
procedure
is
determine
task
.
the
level
lighting
is
established,
light fixtures
a
that are
required.
to
com-
parison
the
If
can be made.
the calculated
is
a
number
less
a
than
the
actual,
there
change in the
produce
energy
sav-
6.4.1
place
STEP
1:
the
type
of
of
activity
a
place
in
the
room.
An example
a
visual
vehicle.
208
STEP
2:
Select
Parts
"Illuminance
I
Category"
Nine
from
of
Table
6.3
and
II.
ranges
Illuminance
ranges
The nine
designated
"A"
through "I",
lux
covering illumior
2
nance
f
to
200
ootcandles
STEP
3:
Determine "Illuminance
Category
(Step
2)
Range",
Table
using
6.4
Illuminance
based on the
the
from
impor-
visual task,
background
reflectance.
of
in Table
10
to
put
the
illumi-
From lES Lighting Handbook Application Volume 1981 Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, New York, 1981.
,
209
Table 6.3
Currently Recommended Illuminance Categories and Illuminance Values for Lighting Design-Target Maintained Levels
in Interiors
Ranges
Illuminance
ol Illuminances
Type
ol Activity
Reference Work-Plane
Foolcandles
Category
20-30-50
50-75-100
100-150-200
2--3-S
5--7.5 -10
Simple orientation
visits
lor short
temporary
B C D
E F
10-15- 20
con-
200-300-500
500-750-1000
1000-1500-2000
20-30-50
50--75- too
Illuminance on task
of visual tasks of
medium
lov,;
con-
100-150-200
Perlormance ol visual tasks of low contrast and very small size over a prolonged period Perlormance Performance
of
2000-3000-5000
200-300-500
Illuminance
on
task.
ol very
5000-7500-10000
10000-15000-20000
500-750-1000
1000-1500-2000
size
210
Table 6.3
Continued
II
.
Continued
I 1
Area/Activity
Audit or iums
luminance Category
task.)
Drafting Mylar High contrast media, India ink, plastic leads, soft graphite leads Low contrast media; hard graphite leads Vellum High contrast Low contrast Tracing paper High contrast Low contrast Overlays Light table Prints
Blue line
E F
E F E F
E E F
Educational facilities
Class rooms General (see Reading) Drafting (see Drafting) Science laboratories Lecture rooms Audience (see Reading) Demons t rat ion Shops (see Part III, Industrial Group) Sight saving rooms Study halls (see Reading) Typing (see Reading)
211
Table 6.3
Continued
II
.
Cont Inued
Area/Act ivity
Elevators,
freight and passenger
Illuminance Category
C
C
Exhibition halls
Food service facilities Dining areas
D
C B E
F F E F F E
tacks
Inactive stacks Book repair and binding Cataloging Card files Carrels, individual study areas (see Reading) Circulation desks Map, picture and print rooms (see Graphic design and material) Audiovisual areas Audio listening areas Microform areas (see Reading)
D B D D E
D D
Locker rooms
212
Table 6.3
Continued
II
Cont inued
1 1
Area /Act i vl ty
luminance Category
Offices Accounting (see Reading) Conference areas (see Conference rooms) Drafting (see Drafting) General and private offices (see Reading) Libraries (see Libraries) Lobbies, lounges and reception areas Mail sorting Off-set printing and duplicating area
C E
Reading Copied tasks Ditto copy Micro-fiche reader Mimeograph Photographs, moderate detail Thermal copy, poor copy Xerograph Xerography, 3rd generation and greater Electronic data processing tasks CRT screens Impact printer good ribbon poor ribbon 2nd carbon and greater Ink jet printer Keyboard reading Machine rooms Active operations Tape storage Machine area Equipment service Thermal print Handwritten tasks #3 pencil and softer leads #4 pencil and harder leads Ball-point pen Felt-tip pen Handwritten carbon copies Non photographically reproducible colors Chalkboards
E B D E F D E
D E E D D D D
C E E
E F D D E
F E
213
Table 6.3
Continued
II.
Cont inued
1 1
Area/Activity
Printed tasks
6
type
Glossy magazines Maps Newsp rint Typed originals Typed 2nd carbon and later Telephone books
Service spaces (see also Storage rooms) Stairways, corridors Elevators, reight and passenger Toilets and wash rooms
E D D E D D E E
C C C
214
Table 6.3
Continued
III.
Industrial Group
1 1
Area/Activity
Assembly S imple Moderately difficult Difficult Very difficult Exacting
service Garages Repai rs Active traffic areas Write-up
luminance Category
D E F G
E
C
D E F 6 H
D D
D
F
215
Table 6.3
Cont i nued
III
Cont Inued
I
Area/Act i vi ty
Paint shops Dipping, simple spraying, firing Rubbing, ordinary hand paitlng and finishing art, stencil and special spraying Fine hand painting and finishing Extra-fine hand painting ad finishing
lluminance Category
D E G
Service spaces (see also Storage rooms) Stairways, corridors Elevators, freight and passenger Toilets and wash rooms Storage rooms or warehouses
I
B 6 C
nact ive
C
216
Table 6.4
Illuminance Values, Maintained, in Lux, for a Combination of Illuminance Categories and User, Room and Task Characteristics
a
Room
lllumirianco CllogO'iUft
Wotghting FHclort
Avnrflgc ol
CV.mpants Agos
Avorago
Room
3ufln< o
C
100 100
100
Under 40
Over 70
20
20
50 50
50
30-70~'
Under 30
20 20
40-55
Ovor 70
50
75
100 150
30-70
Under 30
30 SO 30 50
50
b
lluminnnce on Task
100
75
200
150
Over 55
Over 70
30-70
Under 30
100 100
200 200
Weigtitiny roclors
Illuminance Categories
Avaragp
of
Work-
Demand
lor
Task Dat.kground
e.b Aq.-s
Speed nnd/or
Accuracy'
Nl
RcUcclnncG {per
cr^rl)
O"
2000 2000 3000 2000
H"
5000
Under 40
Over 70
200
500
500 750 500
1000
10000 10000
30-70
Under 30
1
5000
7500 5000 7500 7500 7500 7500
7600
15000
10000 15O00 15000
Over 70
30-70
750
750
3000 3000
3000 3000
r
'
"
Under 30
Over 70
1500
1500 1500 1500
1000 1600 1500
750
750
15000 15000
15000
30-70
Under 30
750
3000
2000
40-55
Nl
Ovor 70
500
750 760 750
5000
7500 7600
10000 15000
15000
30-70
Under 30
1
300
300 300
Over 70
1500
1500 1500
1500'
7500 7500
7500
15000
15000
30-70
Under 30
300 300
300 300 500
750 750
15000
15000
15000
Over 70
~750
750
1000
7500
1
30-70
Under 30
Ovor 55
Nl
1500
7500
10000
7500
2000
1500 1500 1500 1500 1500
20000
15000 15000 15000
15000
Over 70
300 300
300
750
30-70
Under 30
1
750 750
750 750
1000
3000 3000
3000 5000 3000
Over 70
300
300
500
30-70
Undor 30
7500
10000
15000
2000
1500
20000
15000
Over 70
.-'0-70
300
500
750
1000 1000
ht|hhnc)
7500 10000
10000
2000 2000
5000
5000
20000
Under 30
000
20000
Nl = nol ifnpoflanl.
- (niporltHPt,
'
OtiUnnnO by
,-|
romJiHKition ol
217
6.4.2
confer-
room
located
in
the
basement
of
the
example building
has
The
following
information
been
Average ageTask-
40-55 years
Conferring (see Conference rooms and Reading Xerography copies, 3rd generation. Table 6.3)
Important
82.5 fc
(I)
light levelLamp
type-
F40T12CW
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
conferring
STEP
2;
Conference Rooms
Conferring
Critical seeing (refer to individual task)
Illuminance
218
40-55 yrs
I
30-70%
category
flux is 750.
be
the
flux
is
300
and under E
the
Therefore,
in
the
level of illumination
that
750
should
maintained
the
75
of
conference
fc.
room
is
than
one
type
visual
trols
.
6.4.3
Form 6.1
tions
to be
is
provided to enable
in
a
the
lighting
calcula6.3.
in
done
systematic manner,
the
see Figure
to
steps
take
[6]
top for
of
the
is
form.
the
average
maintained
illumination
design
The
remain-
219
FORM
6.1
Form
QENCRW. DEFORMATION
Building
ana
Room
loentlflcatlon
for aeslgrc
fc
Lamp
Data:
.
Catalog rajmoet:
STEP
1:
Fill In
sketch at tight
STEP
2:
Room
Cavity Ratlo^
RCR CCR -
FCR
^fc
STEP
5:
Taoie
6.6.
CU-
SELECTION OF
JTEP
6:
Room
surface
am
depreciation
depreciation
burnouts factor
dirt depreciation
LDO
UJF
factors atrove^
CALCtJLATIONS
STEP
7:
Complete Calculations as
follows:
Number of
lurrfnalres -
(Eq. 6.9)
Number
of limlnalres
(Eq. 6.5)
(
Room
Area,
L x W,
In sq ft)
Footcandles
Calculated by:
OatiK
Figure 6.3
Form 6.1
220
STEP
1:
Fill in sketch.
The
room
is
divided
into
three
is
the
ceiling.
For
fluorescent fixtures
ceiling
mounted
directly
to
the
(surface
is
mounted)
to
and therefore
equal
the
zero.
the
space between
The floor
of
cavity is the
space
between
the
bottom
the
the
visual
task
plane
floor.
and
The
is
labeled h
fixture plane.
h
labeled
and
is
the
floor
cavity
is
labeled h^ and
the
dis-
the
floor.
cies
ft.
In
draft-
ing rooms
is
36
to
38
in.,
in
shops 42 to 48 in.
of
the
room
the
ceiling
room cavity,
Reflectance
the
locating
surface
221
/.
_l
,. '
%%><^</i%^.^"''^g%' ////
///.<
/'/vcavlly ///:
//////////
7 /-"/
////
cc
7
cavity
re
fc
Room
visual Task Plane
Figure 6.4
[6]
material
of
the
If
cavity
material
6.1,
cannot
reflectance
80%,
20%.
wall
reflectance
50%,
STEP
2:
using
.
Eq.
6.1,
6.2,
and Floor
6.3.
5h
L+W
re L
X
(6.1)
is
1
.
of
the
222
and W
are
the
1.
the
room
from
Step
CCR
5h
L+W
cc L
X
(6.2)
where
h
is
1 .
the height
of
from
Step
and W are
the same as
in Eq
6.1
FCR
where;
5h
L+W
fc L
X
(6.3)
is
the height
of
the floor
STEP
3:
reflectance
(p
cc
from
Table
6.5
the
light
then CCR
fix=
223
STEP 4:
Obtain effective
from Table 6.5.
FCR
=
floor
If
=
cavity
reflectance
(p^
the floor Is
and p, ^f c
STEP
5:
Obtain coefficient
*
of
a
utilization (CU)
selection
of
from
Table
light
6.6
Table 6.6 is
common
fixtures.
the
6.6
particular
does
room
a
being
analyzed.
fixture,
If
Table
not have
similar
coef-
ficients
utilization.
may be necessary,
an
given
of
for
effective
floor
cavity
reflectance
20%.
Table 6.7
values
of
and
10%,
This
correction factor
floor
should be used
when
the
effective
cavity
reflectance is 30 or 10%.
STEP
6:
Loss
luminous output
the initial
output
the
lamp.
of
This
initial
level is
temperaon
accumulation
output deprecia-
conditions.
These
factors
From McQuiness, W., Stlen, B., Reynolds, J., Mechanical and Elect rical Equipment for Building 6th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
,
224
are
tor
component factors:
Light
output
reduced
when
b.
Voltage to Luminaire
indoor installation.
Use
"1"
for
normal
c.
Ballast Factor
when
a
Lumen
depreciation
occurs
fixture.
Use
d.
- This
results
is
proportional
to
age.
thru
above
are
maintenance.
For
the
purposes
of
e.
Room Surface
Dirt
This
factor
is
225
Clean Room, frequent maintenance: Medium conditions and frequency of cleaning Dirty room, infrequent maintenance:
:
0.95.
0.90. 0.85.
f.
This factor
depends
lamps.
Lamps
This
the
can
be
replaced
on
a
group basis.
at
constitutes
same
time
replacing
group of lamps
to
they
bur-
nout.
Group Replacement
Replacement on Burnout
0.88 0.85 0.88
g.
Burnouts
- This
factor depends on
maintenance
Use the
schedules
and method of
replacement.
following values:
Group replacement of lamps:
.0.
0.95.
226
h.
This
fac-
depends
on
the
luminaire design,
space,
and
atmo-
mainte-
schedule.
The maintenance
category is
of
The
type
atmo-
then
thru h are
recoverable
and
initial state.
light fixtures
walls
and
thru h together.
LLF=a xb xc xd xe xf xg xh
STEP
7:
Complete Calculations.
Calculate
the
number
of
^"
'>'
using
Eq
227
Footcandles
=
) (
CU
(LLF)
(L)(W)
(6.5)
for
each
etc.,
major
do not
room
In
the
building.
Hallways,
closets,
building,
is
possible
that
light fixtures
Once it has
a
been
determined
be
that
the
the number
of
light fixtures in
room can
fix-
reduced,
to
critical decision is to
The
decide
which
tures
the
remove.
critical
light
location.
the
Therefore,
light
fixtures
that
directly
before removing
to insure
lighting levels at
the
task
plane will not drop below the standards set in Table 6.3.
"
228
Category
Category
11
1S%
Smidirecl,
II
Of
mote
surlacf
mounlJ vid
i%
uplifhlBopn
Of touvfred
"W
100
Free limcn
louvtr
oAo
Bare limps
(Safes)
Strip
* * *
WsS^C5t?ia.'
'^
JU'' ^
Clean
**
v *" T ~ - \^
V
1 1 1
"*^
- ^ ;:
"*1
^Ml
!!!l
C/ea
f)
"
3^
TT"
Hole
Lf
\ ., N^
3 6
MM/um
'
90"-ll5*2or
'H\
"^e Ttfin,
ranti20-25
1
11
uiitng
.^
--
^
4S 46 St S4 57 60
3
m Dunted mi
t
smooth.
SI aiijhl
_
6 9
12 15 18 21
ve rliul lidM.
12
IS
18
21
24 27
iO 33 36 39 4?
24
2?
30
36 39 42
45 48 51
54 5;
SO
MonIM
Months
Category
Semrdirrct.
tl
III
Less than
Category IV
15%
Direct
T^ TTT TT ^ T
(s*4
100
surface
mounled add
i%
uplightsopen
or louvercd
aio] /-A^
^*^
Louver less
Ihan
t
/<fi*
^^^"<^^
:rlOO
\oo^
Suflace suspended
Open louvered
Lighted ceiling louvercd
inch
:::
^
**
^ ^ < ^^
&
80
'"^
^
hk
;;-
l?^"^"^--
"^
'
V\
^
^\
'"'^
"^ ^
it;
'V
^X X.
"
50
3
^^ =^-..^
21
^"~
12
15
IB
21
24 27
30
33 3 39
42
4b 43
51
5)
57
60
12
15
18
24
2;
30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51
54 5;
60
Months
Months
Category
15%
or
V
more
Direct
Category VI
Totally
difKt
uplight
add
i%
SemtdirKt
Enclosed recessed
Surtace suspended
WW
100
TEZsT
lOO
X
^
^_ '\
"*^
Totally indirect
1,
Semldirect
.
1
Lighted uilings.
covers, urns
^""^-^
A-^^^--.
~
~
^
^^^
"^
^,
'^ ^,
S,
\
\
^^
""^"^::-"'~"
_
3 6
\ Ns N V\
:i.
"
"v
"v
.,
12
15
16
2t
24 27
30
33 36 39 42
4S 48 51
57
60
12
15
18
21
24 2;
30 33 38 39 42 45 48 51
54
5;
60
Months
Months
Figure 6.5
(LDD)
[6]
229
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59 55 50 46 42 38 35 32
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34 30 27 24 21
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75 69 63 57 52 47
42 38 34 31 28
65 60 55
37 34 31 28 25
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235
Table 6.7
For For
30% 1 0%
Percent Effective
Ceiling Cavity
Reflectance,
p^^
80
50 30
10
70
50
10
10
Percent Wall
Reflectance, p
50
30
50
30
10
50
30
10
Room
Ratio
1.07
1.05
1
1.07
1.06 1.05
1.04
1.06
1.04
1.04
1.01
1.01
1.06
1.05
1.04 1.03 1.03
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
03
1.03 1.02
1.01
1.05
1.04 1.03
1.03
1.03
1.02 1.02
1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01
1.01
1.03 1.02
1.02 1.02
1.03
1.02
1.02
1.01 1,01
1.00 1.00
1.00
1.02
1.01
1.01 1.01
1.02
1.02 1.02
1.01
1.02
1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01
1.03 1.03
1.02
1.01
1.01 1.01 1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01 1.01
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.02
1.00
1.00
1.02
1.01
6.4.4
conference
lighting system.
the
known
about
lighting system:
Illumination Range
Area Ceil Height
75
fc
sq
540
9 9
ft
ft ft
Fixture Height
Lamp Abbreviation
No.
of
F40T12CW
15
4
Fixtures
236
SOLUTION
STEP
1:
of
the
three
cavities,
length
and cavity
reflectances.
Celling Cavity
h h
cc
re
fc
Room Cavity
Floor Cavity
L = 30
18
=9-2.5
=
6.5
ft
h^
2.5
ft
ft ft
=
W =
Ceiling Reflectance
Wall Reflectance
80%
=
=
50%
20%
Floor Reflectance
STEP
2:
5(6 .5)
30 + 18
(30)(18)
RCR
CCR
=
.89
FCR
5(2.5)
30 +
18
(30)(18)
FCR
1.11
STEP
3:
therefore
cc
80%
237
STEP 4:
30
(20)
10
50
50
.1
26
26
11 y
FCR
1
I
.11
.2
26
12
In
effective
floor
cavity
.1
11 y
.11
.2
12
Solve for y:
y =
(i^-i2)if^ -
1.2) + 12 1.2)
11.1
10
11.1
238
Sol ve for x
(20 -
X =
11.1)
X =
15 .55
use
16%
STEP
5:
Obtain coefficient
6.6.
is
of
utilization (CU)
from
Table
The
similar to fixture
in Table
6.6.
cc
50%
RCR
2
.59
X
2.89
3
.51
Interpolate to solve:
STEP
CU =
0.52
6:
Determine LLP.
Non recoverable
=
0.9
Recoverable
Room Surface Dirt
Lamp Lumen Depreciation
= = =
0.9
0.85
0.95
Burnouts
LDD
0.78
239
Calculate LLF:
LLF
LLF
= =
0.9
.51
0.9
0.85
0.95
0.78
STEP
7:
Complete Calculations
No .Luminal res
=
(75fc) (12,600)
=
X x
(30) (0.52)
X
X
(18) (0.51)
No.
of
Luminaires
12.12
use
12
fixtures
Footcandles
(12)
(12.600)
(30)
(0.52)
(18)
(0.51)
Footcandles
74.25
Figure 6.6
is
Form 6.1
of
the
240
FORM
6.1 Zonal
Building
and
Room
laentiflcatlon
for design:
Lamp
Data:
color:
Type and
FOOTIZCW
,
Catalog nurfier:
^2^00
CO
STEP
STEP
1; Fill In
sketch at righL
forrrwlas.
2:
re
65 25
Room
Cavity Ratlo^
RCR CCR ^
2JB9
n o
J
.1
'c-
FCR
Ul
/CCC
STEP
3:
60
.
STEP STEP
*
5:
pfc
16
CU
25
.
SELECTION OF
STEP
fc
Room
aa
Lamp
burnouts factor
a95
LDO
-^
LLF
051
CALCULATIONS
STEP
7:
Complete Calculations as
follows:
Numoer of
li^nlnalres
'
(Eq.6.a)
1Z12 use 12
(izara) X (osz) X (051)
fixtures
(Eq. 6.5)
(
Room
Area,
L x W,
In sq ft)
(12)
X (16)
71.25
fC
Calculated by;
Date:
Figure 6.6
Form 6.1
24
Calcu-
lations
is
to
The results of
room had
total of
value
of
82,5 fc.
3
Therefore,
can
be
concluded
that
approximately
the
to
room
The
important decision
If
deterhas
a
disconnect.
the
the
room
conference
table
in
center,
but
only to
It
is
fixture.
continue
to
consume
242
CHAPTER
7.1
Introduction
survey
a
An energy
consumption
used
to
is
the
accounting
By
of
actual
energy
operate
building.
obtaining
energy
stating
actual
consumption
can be determined.
is
An effective way of
of
in terms
conditioned
year,
(or month).
This is referred to as
(EUI).
EUI =
(7.1)
whe re
the Energy Utilization Index.
EUI-
is
is
the area
sq
of
the
building that
is
ft.
the
time period of
the EUI.
The
energy
consumption
survey
the
is
broken
into
two
periods.
tion.
consumpprior
to
implementing
243
The
the amount
of
building
present
state.
performance
of
the ECO's
can be evaluated.
last
for
period of
comparison
of
the
base
some
indication
tion.
of
the ECOs'
the
Second,
data collected
calculating
an
EUI
building
energy
waste
may
be
7.2
A.
B.
Energy
consumption
data
depending
upon
the
energy
source used:
244
1.
bills
for
one
2.
FUEL OIL:
To
i.
calculate
of
the
monthly
consumption
the
amount
gallons
of
each
delivery
month
ii.
is
needed;
oil
the
in
dollars
iii.
#2, #4,
#5
or
#6.
3.
NATURAL GAS:
i.
ii.
content
of
the
gas
number
if
of
BTU
If
per
it
cubic
is
foot)
the
available.
BTU
not available,
.
use
1030
per
cubic
foot
4.
STEAM:
for
If
steam is purchased,
full year,
the
monthly
bills
the
the same
cubic
5.
If
any
(coal,
wood,
etc.)
is
245
used,
and
the
the heat
.
content
of
the
fuel
unit
is
needed
6.
station
obtain
7.3
Form 7,1,
to
be
7.1,
is
calculated in
STEP
1:
column
STEP
2:
used
the
building.
-
A.
ELECTRICITY
1.
majority
of
the
billing period,
from
to be 25
to
(The
40
adjust
it
consistent
246
on
form.)
number
days
in
the
a.
enter in column
of
the
total
number
b.
enter in column
the month
that
cost for
.
c.
to
calculate column
6,
cost
per
5
column
4;
d.
to
calculate the
($/MMBTU)
cost
per
million
6
BTU
multiply column
in
by
column
7.
2.
After completing
the annual totals
each
month,
.
calculate
and averages
a.
sum column
of
and enter at
the
bottom
the
column;
b.
sum column
of
and enter at
the bottom
the
column;
c.
divide the
sum
of
sura
of
4
column
by
the
column
247
annual
column
average
6;
at
the
bottom
of
multiply
column
6
the
by
annual
293
7.
average
of
and enter at
the
bottom of column
B.
1,
Enter in column
in
in
it
per
gallon.
For example,
if
enter 1.25.
and
3,
enter
9
column
8,
10.
Multiply
column
by
column
4.
To calculate the
cost
per
million
9
BTU
the
as
(column
11),
divide
column
by
.139 MMBTU/gal.
.150
MMBTU/gal.
No.
No.
oil - divide by
oil - divide
by
.152 MMBTU/gal.
.153 MMBTU/gal.
5.
. ;
24 8
1 .
sura
CO lumn
2.
3.
divide column
10
by
column
and
enter at
A.
the
bottom of column
by
9;
divide column
above
of
conversion factor
the
bottom
column
-
C.
NATURAL GAS
1.
Enter in column
each
the
consumption
(MCF).
for
If
formulas to convert:
a.
if
the bill
is
in
CCF
(100
cubic
10
MCF;
b.
if
the
bill is in
CF
(cubic
feet)
1000
MCF,
c.
if
the bill is
by
in
therms,
(
divide the
total
10.30
This
figure is
national
average
If
1030
BTU
the
content of
the
gas
249
is
known,
,
such
I.e.,
/
as
1040,
adjust
1
accordingly
10.40.)
=
therms
10.30
MCF.
2.
each
month
in
column
3.
13
the
the
lion BTU,
if
the heat
content of
is
known:
column
14
column
5.
6.
sum column 13
8.
12
and
enter
the
9.
column
15
by
divide column
14
by
.030
or
250
divide column
per
14
by
the
heat
content
D.
If
the
million
BTU
(MMBTU).
Other
STEP
3:
A.
Column
Sum
20
is
the monthly
total
energy
cost.
the
monthly
For
energy used.
used
example,
oil,
if
the
building
electricity,
in
and gas
5,
in February,
10,
column
column
and
column
13
column
20
to
the year.
bottom
of
column 20,
STEP 4:
determined easily
of
a
multiplying
form
given
the
energy
(Columns
4,8,12,
and
16)
by
in
appropriate
conversion factor.
The result
each
251
case is
the BTU
to
equivalent
of
energy consumed.
Add
together
year
STEP
determine
5:
BTU
is
per gross
con-
determined easily
in
BTU
footage
the building.
252
?
g s
'is
ci
s
s
2
i
CO
1 s Ec 8
1 i
1
1
p 5
I s g 1
1-1
h So
1 1
r^.
LU
1
e o
if
ii
^ a>
o
rH
Hh
d
<u
^
^
s
J?
-
^ >
t-
e
<i>
6 < tH
<tt ft
60
CO
i
s
'...
"
fi
CO
1
a
>.
Is
IN
|g
e
P
> <
HjH
^
i-t
S wi
s -
M
a!
M
0)
d
K
X K
i g O 1
g 8 <*
<?N
y
=>
CO
^ m TH J
iiH
^
B
1
Hi
1 a
i^
O
t i i
!
1 S
i '
1
s
<
CD
hv
l^n
IHffl
i s
a n 3
v
in
^1
t-l
^MH
1
t
|i
I*
n H H
1
u-
s
i
Kl
>
a. CM
IS
H
i
5 < a B s 1
1
8 =
- i a ku i 1
:^
s ^ 8 s
11 if
253
.4
EUI Example
Wayne,
Indiana.
The
As can be seen
heated
during
the
building
is
per floor.
the
therefore,
is
9,696 sq ft.
in
Fig.
7.3.
Follow
EUI
along
with the Instructions above and calculate the The procedure is straight forward.
in Fig.
7.3.
254
612 ,973
2086 3605
17541
4,674 8,080
36,565
Electrical Usage
Billing Period
Amount Paid dollars
1304 1593 1264 1145 1167 1873 2047 1936 1456 1162 1378 1859
kWh Used
1/10/83-2/8/83 2/8/83-2/8/83 3/10/83-4/11/83 4/11/83-5/10/83 5/10/83-6/9/83 6/9/83-7/11/83 7/11/83-8/9/83 8/9/83-9/8/83 9/8/83-10/7/83 10/7/83-11/7/83 11/7/83-12/8/83 12/8/83-1/10/84
Total
25,320 33,720
27 ,600
,360
34,920
17.742
369,480
Figure 7,2
255
1^3 B W
in
I ^
in
D
"
R s
i S ^
a Ik
^ K^
II
s
S
a
i S
<0
B 1
?
1"
^
Sf
f^
a
5 =
S - to
i
8
ii 12
w>
S o
256
CHAPTER
Introduction
conservation
of
The goal of
an
energy
analysis
is
to
improve
the
energy
As
efficiency
effective manner.
are
there
two
require
little if any
monetary
expense
covered in Chapter 4.
The
purpose
this
capital ECOs.
tion,
from
adding
insula-
replacing windows,
When implementing
cost associ-
ated
adding additional
for
cost
material
labor
to
characteriscost savings.
cost
the
building
resulting
set
in utility
the
installation
over
period
of
time.
257
is
Paythat
1
back Period,
it
SPP.
The time,
takes
for
the savings
to pay
the
Installation
cost
For examof
inches
insudue
i
lation added.
to
a
the additional
calcu-
lating the payback period for each thickness the optimal one
can be selected.
they
must
be
evaluated
one
by
item.
For example,
another
item.
Within
Once
then
the
items
can be
is
gen-
erate
list
of
In
concept,
capital
building component or
ECOs
to
be
might
work for
particular building.
possible
258
energy
conservation measures.
that
will
show
the
what
State.
This
information
capital
help
in selecting possible
items
has
been
determined,
the
alternative.
alterna-
tive within each item and should include any cost associated
with installing
costs
can include
or
implementing
the
alternative.
These
cost
to
Costs for
determined
if
from
subcontractors,
available.
Operating
alternative
has
been
deter.
presented
in
sec-
tion 8.3
259
8 ,2
Calculator
8.3
ferent
systematic manner,
followed by an illus-
8.3,1
STEP
1:
STEP
2:
the
current
system
and
alternative
being analyzed.
follows:
IC -
Initial cost
Form 8.2
is
is
a
the
cost
of
installing
the
ECO.
must
determined
Include
any
associated with
260
system,
and
the
any
cost
for
and
labor to install
a
system.
in
Equipesti-
included as
material item
the
FC - Fuel
consumption
i.e.,
is
the
amount
for the
is
of
fuel
in
gals/yr,
It
current systhat
the
hoped
alternative
nal system.
cost
savings
Eq.
should occur.
5.19 in Chapter
is
annual
fuel consumption.
FP - Projected Average Fuel Price
is
the
expected
Annual
to
Operating
Costs
are
any
expenses
required
or
proposed
alternative
after
it
has
been
installed.
STEP
After
the
Input
data
the
has
been
determined
to
and
entered
on Form 8.1,
next step is
calculate
follows:
Cost
Calculate
current
the
Annual
Fuel
(AFC)
for
the
261
Consumption
(FC)
and
Fuel
'
FC
FP
that
each
alternative
will
have
each
alternaof
from
the
).
Annual
If
Fuel
Cost
the
this
number is
negative
AFS
AFC
AFC
of
operating
the
system
and
each
proposed alternative by
and
the
Annual
(ACS)
for
of of
each
the
alternative
by
a
)
alternative (AC
the
Annual
Cost
the
ACS = AC
AC
each
of
alternative
by
dividing
(IC)
26
2y
the alternative
the alternative.
by
(ACS) of
SPP
IC
ACS
alternative,
their
SPP.
the alternatives
can be
ranked according
Only
one
if
alternative
the
per
item
can
be
selected.
2,4,6 or
8
For example,
263
FORM
8.1
Item
Dale
STEP
DescrlpUon
*^
n P u
I
Latiel
Item
Current
Alternative
Alternative
Alternative
System
S IC
Initial Costs (S)
Fuel consunption (units/yr)
NO.
NO. 2
NO. 3
T E 2
D
a
t
FC
FP
AOC
*
'f.tSSmi/msMi^m^
Annual Fuel Costs
=
C
a
1
AFC
AFS
FC X FP ($/yi)
c u
1
flFCp- flfC^($/yi)
iiiiiii
a
t
1
^nual Costs
AC
P
(fC
fiOC
ACS
n
s
flCj- ACp($/yr)
SPP
IC / ACS ($/yr)
Figure 8.1
Form 8.1 Potential Energy Conservation Opportunities Simple Payback Analysis Form
264
S*ET
EjTinnlE NO.
SHEET NO.
OflTE
pRajfr:
f
i'
5;
SljrWflRV BY
CHECCED 6Y
SUB
DESCRIPTION
OUflNTITY
UNIT
IIAI'L
LflB.
nflTERIAL
LABOR
CONTRACT
TOTAL
S 1 1 i
*
1 i
1
1
Ji
1 i 1
1
1
""
,.
1
1
i 1
1
i 1 1
1
1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
.
1
WM.MWW/.,
jxwmjjv.v.wrL'
,
^ ^
Figure 8.2
265
8,3.2
not
have
any
see
at
gabled ends,
Calculate the
simple
payback
period
Alternative No.
Alternative No. Alternative No.
Add
to
insulation
Existing conditions:
Wall (gable end) Roof
q
Area Area
262 2350
U = U =
0.323 0.2253
41,143 BTU/hr
CALCULATIONS
Figure 8.4
is
appropriate
are explained
entries.
below
STEP
The
calculations
Figure
8.4
2:
Input Data
IC- see Figure 8.3. The costs for the alternatives
[9]
were
determined
and are
266
for example
only.
determined
or
from
cos
t
subcontractors,
da
t
vendors,
in-house
calculated
using
the
modified
FC =
xDx24xC, d
TD
X
(5.19)
FC =
(^1.1^3Btu/hr)(5500)(24)(0.60)
(67F)(0.55)(104,000BTU/CCF)
FC = 850
CCF
FC Alternative No.
1.
Calculate the
6
new
value
after adding
U
=
inches of insulation:
roof
0.0511
(0.0511)(2350)(67)
^wall
q^ =
BTU/hr
283
CCF
267
FORM
8.1
FORM
Item
Add
1
Date
STEP
Description
line
new
any demolition.
Laoel
Item
Current System
Alternative
Alternative
Alternative
No.
NO. 2
No. 3
IC
1283
850
Q.6Q
lias
isaa
197
0.60
FC
FP
283
0.60
286
0.60
AGO
<$/yr)
.
.i.^sm:iM
'fmmmmimm^^^^^^^^t'^^r
510
169
172
M ^i
^
Annual fuel
CosW
118
AFC
AFS
FC X FP (S/yr)
ftno'jol
Fuel Savings
ttZ^- flfC^($/yi)
fmnual Costs
341
338
392
AC
ACS
ftFC
AOC
510
301
338
392
llMl341
J-
AC ^ (S/yr)
338
392
SPP
IC / ACS ($/yr)
3.76
3.39
3.94
Figure 8.3
Form 8.1 Potential Energy Conservation Opportunities Simple Payback Analysis Form Examp le
-26 8
FOm
8.2 ESnrMTE
ptiojici
CSTDIAIC NO.
LOCATIW
SEI
DATE
HO.
SUIIMtY SY
OCCKED ev
1 |
DESCRIPTION
CUMTITY
UNIT
HAT
L.
RATEWW.
LABOR
cortRACT
"^^''''^
1
i
ALTERNATIVE No.
ovemeaa &
2350
Sf
.30
.12
705
282
987 296
profit
Total
1283
ALTRERNATIVE
Remove
Ada Aoo
No. 2
1
sneeirock
In.
262 262
2350
sf
.18
.18
.17 .11
.11
44
t f
II 44
t
sf Sf
sf
47
t t
29
76
I
t
1
It
259 It 42
423
t
1
682
|-
i ' 1
Replace sneeirocK
262
.15
.16
39
81
Ovemead &
Profit
265l
i
Total
1148 1
ALTERNATIVE
Remove
AOd
No. 3
sneeirocK
262
262
Sf
sf
.17
\
44
t t
44
1
1
S * 1
47
29
76
AOd
2350
262
sf
sf
Replace sneetrock
705 It 39
282
t
987
81
if
i
42
ovemeaa &
Profit
565
Total
1544
[i
Figure 8.4
269
FC Alternative No.
2.
Calculate the
new
value
for
the
roof
insulat ion
U U
roof
,, wall
=
=
0.0783
0.0855
(0
wall
.0783)(2350)(67) (0.0855)(262)(67)
q
= =
BTU/hr
(13.829Btu/hr)(5500)(24)(0.60)
(67F)(0.55)(104,000BTU/CCF)
FC =
286
CCF
Alternative No.
3.
U
insulation:
roof
,, wall
= =
0.0511
0.0855
0^^,
^wall
= =
(0
.0511)(2350)(67) (0.0855)(262)(67)
q
= =
9,546 BTU/hr
(9,546Btu/hr)(5500)(24)(0.60)
(67F)(0.55)(
10
4,000BTU/CCF)
197
FC =
CCF
270
The FP
obtained
Annual operating
zero.
cost
for
adding
is
insulation
is
After
the
to
insulation
added there is no
additional cost
maintain it.
STEP
3:
Calculations
AFC
Current System
FC
X FP (850 CCF)($0.60/CCF)
$510/yr
Alternative No.
Alternative No.
Alternative No.
Alternative No.
AFC_
AFC
271
= =
($510/yr) $341/yr
($169/yr)
Alternative No.
= =
($510/yr) $338/yr
($172/yr)
Alternative No.
= =
($510/yr) $392/yr
($118/yr)
equal
to
the
Annual
Fuel
Cos ts
Savings
when
there
SPP
Alternative No.
IC
$341/yr
3
.76
Alternative No.
= =
$ J
^,,o Jo / y
/
3.39
Alternative No.
$1544 $392/yr
=
3.94
272
The results
The SPP
of
are
very similar.
range from 3.39 to 3.94 years and are all within the
only
alternative
can
selected.
very
In
this
situation where
No.
3
the payback
periods are
the
similar,
alternative
would
be
best
and
the
building.
8 .4
The previous
were
several
capital
ECO
items
The
capital
ECO
are
were
determined
to
cost
effective
feeling
for
the types
items
worked
their
due
to
the
different
under.
operating
Therefore,
conditions
that
buildings
operate
each
building
independently
previous results.
listed
in
The alternatives
Tables
a
8.1
to
8.5
are
presented
to
listing of potential
capital ECOs
may apply
to
the buildings
currently being
273
audited.
This
list
is
not
additional
items
that
might
274
Table 8.1
Building Type
Alternatives
ESTIMATED
ALTERNATIVE
SELECTED
ESTIMATED
INITIAL
COST
ANNUAL
ENERGY
SAVINGS
1.
$1900.00
278.00
$681.00
110.00
2.
3.
lU.OO
100.00
111.00
4. Install Timer
111.00
TOTALS
$2392.00
$1013.00
be
275
Table 8.2
Building Type
II
Alternativei
ESTIMATED
ALTERNATIVE
SELECTED
ESTIMATED
INITIAL
COST
ANNUAL
ENERGY SAVINGS $812.00
305.00
137.00
I.
$3240.00
2068.00
278.00
2.
3.
4. New Overhead
2854.00
725.00
5. New
Lighting
1270.00
(a)(250.00)
TOTALS
$9710.00
$1609.00
276
Table 8.3
ESTIMATED
ALTERNATIVE
SELECTED
ESTIMATED
INITIAL
COST
ANNUAL
ENERGY
SAVINGS
.Relnsulate
$7150.00
1430.00 728.00 200.00
$980.00
280.00 242.00
-
2, New
Overhead Door
3,
4. Install
256.00
166.00
5.
525.00
TOTALS
$10,033.00
$1924.00
277
Table 8.4
ESTIMATED
.
ALTERNATIVE
SELECTED
ESTIMATED
INITIAL
COST
ANNUAL ENERGY
SAVINGS
1637.00
1.
Insulate Ceiling
$7250.00
2. Energy
Efficient Lamps
156.00
49.00
3.
370.00
379.00
TOTALS
$7776.00
$2065.00
278
Table 8.5
Building Type
Alternatives
ESTIMATED
ALTERNATIVE
SELECTED
ESTIMATED
INITIAL
COST
ANNUAL
ENERGY
SAVINGS
.Insulation
Install Celling Fans
$11 ,570.00
$2113.00
2.
370.00
120.00
3. Remove
Windows
28A9.00
291.00
1042.00
A, New
Overhead Doors
4400.00
TOTALS
$19,189.00
$3566.00
279
CHAPTER
Introduction
study
was
to
The purpose of
this
develop
of
an
energy
audit
In
their
existing
The
objective
in
putting
prepare
an
Individual
effectively
the
To
into
key
with
step
by
step
procedures
for
completing
Illustrate
presented.
The methodology used in this manual is
based
on
pro[1].
cedures
used
in
Smith
variations
in
were
An
necessary
to
a
example
of
the
manual
280
Is
The
the
use
as
outside
air temperature.
ignoring
simpli-
attic temperature,
results
the heat
loss
calculation
sufficient
alarmed by
answer.
In
conclusion,
changes
results.
the
first
Along
with
reading
first
study,
will
provide
the
valuable
background
information
for
understanding
most
important
one
This
manual
team
was
developed
to
enable
the
energy
management
the
audit function of
program.
Implementing
energy
is
a
281
decision
that
must
be
made
the
by
IDOH
of
personnel.
The
researcher
feels
that
development
step
an energy manage-
ment team is an
important
The
towards
implementing
the
energy
In the
audit manual.
remainder
of
this
9.2
of
IDOH.
The
researcher
manual in
for
its
instructions
is
use.
not
form
is
that
not
would
allow
non-engineer
Therefore,
is
a
to
complete
an audit
without problems.
to
are
use
the
manual
amount of training
)
the
IndivlduaKs
It
background
is
and
knowledge
of
)
suggested that
individual (s
and
with
their
level of
training
type
and
required.
1.
use
and
understanding
at
of
the
manual.
be held
Training
Center
in
West
Lafayette,
Indiana.
'
282
2.
Another possibility
at to
Is
to have
Purdue.
the
However,
to
if
it
were
possible
it
an IndlvlduaK
would
allow
them
to
understand
material
the neces-
presented
sary skills
some of
analysis
sec-
tions of
the manual.
3.
The selection of
forming
energy
The
collection
is
of
data for
straight
for-
However,
when
the
good
understanding
of
the
An individual who is
the
can
read
reference
the
necessary
background knowledge.
The amount
of
manpower
and
resources
is
committed
a
to
again
decision
options
available
the
that
will
not
manual
283
1.
sec-
of
the manual.
be do
may
to
possible
hire
outside
consulting
for
firms
determining energy
ever,
this
conservation
opportunities.
How-
evaluation
of
the
energy
conservation opportunities.
2.
is
another
good
possibility
Again,
BIF
to
the
completing the
the
option
will
not
eliminate
is
building.
3.
critical
use.
document problems
down
write
sugges-
284
9 .3
The
following
recommendations
are
servation problem.
1.
the
of
evaluation
secbe
chapters
through
8,
investigated.
possibly
the types
be
of
An interactive
computer
program
could
of
developed
this
study,
United
States
or
Department
of
Energy's
computer
program
Analysis
(BLAST)
com-
puter program.
This manual is
2.
physiThere
energy
conservation
opportunities
exist
in
is
systems.
added
to
This
that should be
researched and
the manual.
285
be
given
to
the
impact
special
equipment
has
on
ventilation requirements.
3.
deal
with
evaluation
of
the
methodology
presented in the
manual.
should
utility
savings.
that have
procedures
next
presented
step is
to
in
the manual.
Therefore,
the
logical
fitted to determine
actual.
(EUIs),
calculation
of
presented in Chapter
determining
By
calculat-
determination
This
informato
REFERENCES
286
REFERENCES
1.
of Potential Smith, Gary R., An^ Investigation Energy Opportunities For Indiana Department Conservat Ion of Highway Buildings Master's Thesis, Purdue University, 1984 .
,
2.
Dubin, Fred S. and Long, Chalmers G,, Energy ConservaStandards Mc Graw - Hill Book Company, New York, tion 1978.
,
3.
ASHRAE Handbook 1981 Fundamentals Third Printing, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and AlrConditloning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, 1982.
,
4.
Cooling and Heating Load Calculation Manual Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Condi t loning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia.
,
lES
1981 Lighting Handbook Application Volume Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, New
,
York,
1981.
B., Reynolds, J., Mechanical and Equipment for Buildings 6th Edition, John Electrical Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
,
7.
Systems Shut t leworth, Riley, Mechanical and Electrical 1983. New York, For Construction, Mc Graw-Hlll,
U.S. Energy Audit Buildings Workbook for Office U.S. Printing Office, Department of Energy, Government September 1978.
,
8.
9.
Building Construction Cost Data 1983 41st Annual Edition, Robert Snow Means Company, Inc., Kingston, MA, 1983.
,
APPENDICES
287
APPENDIX A
Energy Audit Forms
288
Form
2.1
Building Selection
Aiirlitnr
nilTRIPT
Type
Building
natP
-
_
9
..
J
11
Rank
2
3
4 5
10
Year
usage
Aiea
UtUlly J
$/SF
Tot
i_
..
--
289
FORM
3.
I.
General Description
A)
General:
Name of Building
Address
City
Telephone Number,
District
Sub-District
Position.
Contact Person
Building use:
B)
Building Type:
Description
Year of Construction
C)
Operating Schedule:
Days
per
luk
Time from to
Hours
Operating Temperature
SUM.
No.
of
Occupants
WIN.
DAY
Evening
Weekend
Other
290
II.
Building Characteristics
A)
Photographs of Building:
Elevation
Elevation
Elevation
Elevation
291
Floor
292
2)
Floor
293
C) Floors:
1
)
Location
a) Floor
Construction
Description
Cross Section
b)
Floor Dimensions
Width.
Length
2) Location
a>
Floor Construction
Description
Cross Section
b)
Floor Dimensions
Width.
Length
294
D)
Walls:
1
>
Location
a)
Mall Construction
Description
Cross Section
Elevation
b)
Construction
Construction
Height
Height Height
Construction
295
c>
Ulindou Construction
sq. sq.
ft.
ft.
)
space
space
inches
sq.
Insulating Glazed
(
ft.
)
inches
sq.
Storm Uindous
Other (specify)
ft.
sq.
ft. ft.
Shading (specify).
Ulindou Frame Type
sq.
Frame Width
Door Construction
inches
d)
Description
No.
Usage (Per/hr)
Thkness
(inches)
Height
(ft-in)
Width
(ft)
Area
(sf)
e)
Infiltration
Cracks through uialls
None
Feu)
Many
Loose-fitting
uiindouis
Loose-fitting doors
Loose fitting air conditioners
296
2) Location
a)
Wall Construction
Description
Cross Section
Elevati on
b)
Construction
Length Length
'
Height
Height
Construction
Construction
Length.
Height
297
c)
Window Construction
Single Glazed
Double Glazed
(space
sq. sq. ft. ft.
)
inches
sq.
Insulating Glazed
(
ft.
)
space
inches
sq.
sq.
ft.
Storm UJindous
Other (specify)
ft. ft.
Shading
(specify).
sq.
Frame Width
d)
inches
Door Construction
Description
No.
Usage (Per/hr
Thkness ( inches
Height
)
Width
(ft)
Area
(sf>
(ft-in)
Inf
i 1
trat ion
None
Few
Many
Loose-fitting
uiindotus
Loose-fitting doors
298
3>
Location
a)
Wall Construction
Description
Cross Section
Elevation
b)
Construction
Length Length
Construction
Construction
Length
299
c)
Mindou) Construction
Single Glazed
sq.
sq.
ft.
ft.
Double Glazed
(space
inches)
sq. ft.
Insulating Glazed
(space
inches)
sq. sq.
sq.
Storm Mindouis
Other (specify)
ft.
ft.
ft.
Shading (specify)
Mindouf Frame Type
Frame Width
Door Construction
inches
d)
Description
No.
Usage (Per/hr)
Thkness (inches)
Height
(ft-in)
Uidth
(ft)
Area
(sf)
e)
Infiltration
Cracks through uialls
None
Few
Many
Loose-fitting uindouis
Loose-fitting doors Loose-fitting air conditioners
300
4) Location
a)
Mall Construction
Description
Cross Section
Elevation
b)
Construction
Construction
Length
Height
Length
Height
Height
Construction
Length_
301
c)
Ulindouj
Construction
sq.
Single Glazed
Double Glazed
(
ft. ft.
)
sq.
space
inches
sq.
Insulating Glazed
(space
ft.
)
inches
sq. sq. sq.
Storm UindoiDS
Other (specify)
ft.
ft.
ft.
Shading (specify),
Uindoui Frame Type
Frame Width
Door Construction
inches
d)
Description
No.
Usage (Per/hr
Thkness (inches
Height
)
Width
(ft)
Area
(sf)
(ft-in)
e)
Infiltration
Cracks through ualls
None
Feu
Many
Loose-fitting
uiindotus
302
E) Roof:
1)
Location
a) Roof Construction
Description
Cross Section
b)
Roof Dimensions
Width
Length
Roof Color and Condition
light
good age dark
Pitch
c)
Color
Condition
d)
fair
poor
Sky Lights
Description
Cross Section
e)
Skylight Area
No.
Length Length
_*Width.
sq.
ft. ft.
No.
*Width
sq.
303
2)
Location
a)
Roof Construction
Description
Cross Section
Roof Dimensions
b)
Width
Length
Roof Color and Condition
light
good fair
.
c)
Color
dark
,
Condition
d)
Sk[)
poor
Lights
Description
Cross Section
e)
Length *
_Width.
(^idth
sq.
ft. ft.
Length
sq.
-3
III.
A) Fill
Thermostat Setting- F
Sum.
Uin.
Hot Water
4.
Kitchen
5.
305
Fuel Type:
01 Coal
02 03 04 05
No
06 07 06 09
Mechanical Equipment: Heating System 10 Lou pressure steam boiler 11 High pressure steam boiler 12 Hot water boiler 13 Forced air furnace 14 Resistance 15 Heat pump 16 Other
(
Cooling System 17 Absorption 18 Centrifugal 19 Reciprocating 20 Windou/ual 1 unit 21 Heat pump 22 Other (specify)
Hot Water System 24 Hot water heater 25 Boiler heat exchanger 26 Booster/reheat 27 Solar assisted 28 Other (specify)
spec if y
C.
Terminal Units
29 Radiator 30 Fan coil/radiator 31 Single zone 32 Multi-zone
33 34 35 36
Dual duct
37 38 39 40
D.
Efficiency analysis
Unit Description
Nameplate Output(BTU/hr)
Unit Description
= Efficiency.
Nameplate Output(BTU/hr
Nameplate
)
Input (BTU/hr
= Efficiency.
Unit Description
Nameplate Output(BTU/hr
Nameplate
)
Input (BTU/hr
= Efficiency.
'306
B) Lighting
Interior:
Room
Area
(sf.
)
Ceil. Hght.
(ft.
)
Fix. Hght.
(ft.
)
Total Watte
Usage
(hr/uik
)
307
C) Lighting Exterior:
1)
Building Perimeter
Location
Type
Total Uatts
Method of control
Usage
(hrs/(i/k)
2) Parking Area
Location
Type
Total Uatts
Method of control
Usage
(hrs/uk)
-30 8
IV.
Climatic Data
Outside Temperature
(winter)
NO
NO None
Completed
Started
Completed
Started.
None
VI.
309
Form
5.1
Transmission
Coefficient
(U
Calculation
Form
Ri;llfllnfj
I
oraOnn
I
Sheet No.
w-Htrkr
Date
Date
SECTION
Cross Section
SECTION
Thk.
Construction
IN.
1/k
1/k
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leioi-qns
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'312
gas
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ts
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II
313
FORM
8,1
POTENTI/\L
SIMPLE
Item
Date
STEP
DescrtpUon
Laoel Item
Current
Altematiue
NO.
1
Altematjve
NO. 2
AltemaLive
NO.
3
n P u
t
System
S IC
IniUal Costs
(5)
.-..//A,.: ../.:/.. ::
E 2
a
I
FC
FP
Ful consuvlion
(unus/yr)
frojct<l Av*rg*
ADC
'IL^.^.I^
^mnl
Cparating Costs
(S/yr)
^!!^.,,-W^s::m'-^y^--'- -'y-'y^
(*miai ful Costs
-
y^z^^fy,.',
.i^.
.^
^-y--,i:\
C
a
1
/FC
FC fP (S/yi)
c u
1
>
S T
AFS
flfC^- flfC|,<$/yi)
a
t
I
Annual Cost^
AC
ACS
flfC
flOe
n
s
SPP
IC
(CS ($/yi)
-314
WRK
SHEET
ESiinnTE NO.
LOCATIOI
SHEET NO.
DATE
Siimwv BY
CKECKD BY
DESCPIPTION
QUANTlrV
UNIT
HAfL
LAB.
nATEUAL
LABOR
(jQNTftACT
TOTAL
315
APPENDIX
316
is
to
be
used
during
the
building
visit.
Items
that
A.
General Building
Reduce the use of heating
spaces
peri ods
1.
and
cooling
systems
in
which
of
are
time
2.
heatif
the
3.
Involve
building
staff
with
energy
conservation
Change
the
spring,
fall
and
winter
day-night
ventilation, and
Disconnect
all
refrigerated
water
fountains
if
acceptable to occupants.
317
6.
Be
windows
have
sealing
gaskets
cam
latches
that
order.
Close off unused areas and rooms. Where possible,
be
7.
8.
in
equipment
rooms
to
minimize bypassing
9.
of
Schedule
operating,
maintenance
and
cleaning
to
10.
raise
them
during
the
cooling
fuel
bill
lowering
the
thermostats
11. Set
dur-
12.
13.
the
night.
Use
318
B^.
1.
Set
at
68deg
or
less
for
winter
space heating.
2.
Surfaces of radiators,
convectors,
be kept
baseboards,
and
finned-tube
operation.
3.
If
heaters
must
reduce
the
space
just
Do not heat
it
is
necessary for
protection
5.
If
of
see
if
the
the
reflectors
and
surface
is
clean.
o <^ o a
I I