PORT and Harbor

Engineering
Radianta Triatmadja
Lecture note 2
Waterway Design
Depth of Waterway
 Waterway Design
The depth of waterway depends on the
tonnage of the ship and the water.
Following Archimedes law, the amount of
water displaced by the ship equals the
weight of the ship. Therefore the more is
the tonnage, the deeper is the ship’s draft.
Ships’ draft also depends on the cross
section of the ship.
 Draft

draft draft
50 000 ton 50 000 ton

Ships of the same total weight may have different drafts.

 Draft
• Box Coefficient

draft draft
50 000 ton 50 000 ton

Cb =0.8
Cb =0.6

= Cb
 Draft
• Box Coefficient

draft draft
30 000 ton 50 000 ton

Cb =0.5
Cb =0.67

= Cb
 Tonnage
• Displacement tonnage : The weight of
water displaced, the physical weight of the
ship
• Loaded Displacement : the weight of the
ships + loading
• Light displacement : the weight of the
ships only
 Tonnage
• Dead weight ton : The difference between
loaded displacement and light
displacement, or the weight of loading
(please do not confuse this tonnage with
the weight of the ships)
• The weight of fresh water, tools, and fuel
are considered as loading
 Tonnage
• Gross Registered ton (use for Passenger
ships)
Volume of ships space in cubic feet divided
by 100
• 1 GRT ~ 2.83 m3
 Tonnage
• Net Register Ton (use for Passenger
ships)
• Volume of ships (GRT) minus all non
earning spaces (machine, bunker, tank,
room for staff, tool room, radio and map
room, storage room )
 Typical ships full load draft of Bulk carrier

14
Weight (1000 tons) Draft (m)
12
20.99 9.5764
10
22.934 10.5138
23.67 10.2352 8
y = 2.1393Ln(x) + 3.6789
23.96 10.2352 6 R2 = 0.9906

24.911 9.9566 4
26.055 8.0564
2
27.48 10.2606
0
34.586 10.5138 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
35.316 10.9694
44.477 11.7552 Weight (1000 tons) Draft (m)
46.73 12.0084 1 4.2
48.976 11.5274 2 4.9
50.055 11.552 5 6.8
50.692 11.552 10 8.5
52.458 12.0592 15 9.3
56.672 12.2108 20 10
60.639 12.895 30 10.9
170.418 18.9242 40 11.7
50 12.4
 Typical tonnage and full load draft of bulk
carriers (ore, coal, cement etc)

20
18
16
14
Draft (loaded)

12
10
y = 3.965Ln(x) - 3.1657
8
R2 = 0.8525
6
4
2
0
0 50 100 150 200

Dead weight (1000 tons)

 Passenger Ships
12
Basin depth for unknown full draft
10

6 y = 1.9623Ln(x) + 2.7951
R2 = 0.9546
4
y = 1.6041Ln(x) + 2.6762
2 R2 = 0.9807

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

X 1000 ton
Depth required / draft = 1.14
 General Cargo
16
Basin depth for unknown full draft
14
12
10
8
y = 2.3647Ln(x) + 4.308
6 R2 = 0.9807
4
y = 2.1454Ln(x) + 3.6605
2 R2 = 0.9903
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Weight (x1000) draft depth

1 4.2 5
2 4.9 5.5
5 6.8 7.5 Depth/draft =1.14
8 8 9
10 8.5 10
15 9.3 11
Depth required 14%
30 10.9 12 more than the draft
40 11.7 13
50 12.4 14
 Container Ships
16
Basin depth for unknown full draft
14
12
10
8
y = 0.1x + 10 y = 0.08x + 9.1
6
R2 = 1 R2 = 0.9877
4
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Weight (x1000) draft depth

20 10.6 12 1.132075
30 11.6 13 1.12069 Depth/draft= 1.13
40 12.4 14 1.129032
50 13 15 1.153846
 Depth of waterway
• The depth of waterway should be deeper than
the basin. Provisions should be made for
possible pitching, heaving and squat

• Squat Z
 F 2
Z  2. 4 2
L pp 1  F 2
 Additional depth due to
• Vertical movement due to wave (heaving)
• Vertical movement due to Squat
• Vertical movement due to pitching
 Required Water depth

Draft (ship size)

To be dredged

Expected vertical movement

Gross underkeel
Net underkeel clearance clearance
Sounding tolerance
Expected sediment accumulation between two dredging campaigns
dredging tolerance

Keel = bottom
How to design waterway depth?
• Define Maximum Ships weight and type
• Calculate/predict Ships draft
• Define minimum water level
• Calculate depth Required (1.15 times
Ships draft) (nominal depth)
• Calculate expected sediment
accumulation during two consecutive
dredging works
• Calculate total depth required to dredge
 What is minimum water level ?
• Sea level is fluctuating due to moon and
sun attraction forces and centrifugal
forces of the earth during its revolution
about its common axis with the moon
• This fluctuation is called tides
• Maximum fluctuation occur during spring
tide, while minimum fluctuation occur
during neap tide.
 Tidal constants
• Tidal waves are periodic due to the
driving forces. Yet so many conditions
affect the periodicity of the tidal waves. A
complete period of tide wave is
approximately 19 years. In order to design
a harbor one need to know tidal constants
in the design area. These tidal constants
govern the major water level fluctuations.
 Tidal constants

n
 2t 
   Ai cos  i 
i 1  Ti 
 An Example of Water level
Fluctuation
40.Air Pelayaran Sebelah Barat Surabaya
Spring (Karang Jamuang)
Neap
24

20
dm

16
Elevasi

12

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200
Tim e
hours
 Discussion
• A Harbor designed is given to be discussed. Topics to be
discussed are :
2. W hat is the maximum size of ships that can be served
3. The width of the waterway
4. During spring tide even larger ships can enter the harbor. W hat
is the maximum size of the ships during spring tide? Discuss the
possibility of allowing such ships to berth in the harbor
5. If the speed of your ships are limited to 10 knots along the
waterway, what is the maximum squat ?
6. Do you have any comment other than the topics discussed ?
7. W ithin the next 10 years the harbor will be upgraded to serve
ships of maximum draft 4 meters. W hat works are needed?