Energy 101

Energy Technology and Policy

Dr. Michael E. Webber The University of Texas at Austin

Module 22: Transportation I -- Energy Uses

Webber Energy Group

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Transportation is Responsible for 28% of National Consumption

2011 U.S. Primary Energy Consumption by Source and Sector
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011 Graphic: Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin

Source [Quads]
% of Sources
Petroleum 35.3
71 23 5 1

Total=97.3 Quads % of Sectors

93 3 4 40 41 3 8 11 17 75 1 7 8

Sector [Quads]

Transportation 27.0

Industrial 20.3

Natural Gas 24.8

33 32 31

Residential & Commercial 10.7

Coal 19.7

<1 92 13 25 8 46 21

1 20 13

Renewable Energy 9.1 Nuclear 8.3

Electric Power 39.3

54 100

Michael E. Webber

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Petroleum Fuels More Than 93% of Transportation

2011 U.S. Transportation Sector Energy Consumption
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration / Annual Energy Review 2011 Graphic: Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin
Michael E. Webber

Petroleum
An oil problem is a transportation problem

Biomass

Natural Gas

Electricity 0 10 20 30

Annual Energy Consumption [Quads]

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We Consume a Lot of Energy for Transportation

Fuel Petroleum Gasoline/E10 Diesel Fuel Consumption 12.7 MMBD 133 Bgal/year (highway) 37 Bgal/year (highway)

Source: DoE Transportation Energy Data Book, 2012

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We Have Many Road Vehicles and We Drive Them Many Miles

US Population: 315 million Light Duty Vehicles (LDVs): 235 million
total, 20% of world
! Median age: 10.6 years ! Average lifetime: 16.9 years ! Light Trucks: 100 million, with an average of 18.0 mpg ! Cars: 135 million, with an average of 23.0 mpg

Atlantacitizen Source: DoE Transportation Energy Data Book, 2012

Heavy Trucks: 11 million 13 million new vehicles purchased in 2011 Miles traveled: 3 trillion LDV miles
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We Have More Vehicles Per Capita Than Most Countries

Vehicles per Thousand People (2010)
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book, 2012 Graphic: Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin

India Africa China Asia, Far East Indonesia Asia, Middle East Central & South America Brazil Eastern Europe Pacific Western Europe Canada United States 0 200 400 Vehicles per Thousand People
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600

Michael E. Webber

800

Our Vehicle Ownership Has Grown Over Time

19002010 Vehicles per Thousand People
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book, 2012 Graphic: Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin

900 Vehicles per Thousand People United States Canada Western Europe Pacic

600

300

Eastern Europe

0 1900

Michael E. Webber

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960 Year

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

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Three-fourths of Transportation Energy is Consumed on Roads & Highways

2010 U.S. Energy Consumption by Mode of Transportation
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book, 2012 Graphic: Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin

Cars Light Trucks Motorcycles Buses Med/Heavy Trucks Air Water Pipeline Rail Off-Highway Trucks 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Highway Off-Highway

Annual Energy Consumption [Quads]

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Michael E. Webber

Purchases Shifted from Cars To Trucks/SUVs

19752011 U.S. Light Vehicle Market Shares
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book, 2012 Graphic: Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin

100% Large SUVs & Vans 75% Market Share

Auto purchases spike: 20082009

Small SUVs Pickups

50%

25%

Automobiles

0% 1975 1980 1985 1990 Year

Webber Energy Group

Michael E. Webber

1995

2000

2005

2010

CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) is an Important Transportation Policy

Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Transportation Energy Data Book, 2012

Created by Energy Policy and

Conservation Act (1975 )

Each company averages the fuel

economy for its entire eet the CAFE standard

Average for each company must exceed

! Fines for non-compliance were $24M in 2010

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Fleet-wide Fuel Economy Stabilized in the 1980s to 2000s

19762012 U.S. Light Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Light-Duty Automotive Technology, Carbon Dioxide Emissions, and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2012, 2012 Graphic: Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin

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Michael E. Webber

Cars Adjusted Composite MPG Cars and Trucks 20 Trucks

10

0 1976

1980

1984

1988

1992 Year

1996

2000

2004

2008

2012

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After Staying Level for Decades, CAFE Standards Have Been Tightened

Prior Standard (from mid-1980s until 2007)

! Passenger cars: 27.5 mpg ! Light-duty trucks: 22.5 mpg

EISA 2007: combined 35 mpg by 2020 Obama administration used executive order to tighten
(and accelerate) the standards
! Combined 35.5 mpg by 2016 ! Combined 54.5 mpg by 2025

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U.S. Fuel Economy Standards Lag Behind the Worlds Standards

Source: Bloomberg Sustainable Energy Factbook, Jan 2013

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Vehicles Have Improved, But VMT Have Increased

Derived from DOT, DOE and EPA statistics. Each index is based on national totals, i.e., total tons of carbon or pollution and total fatalities. The air pollution index represents a health damage-weighted composite of light duty vehicle criteria-related emissions. Graphic: DeCicco and Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin

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Relative nationwide total (not per-mile) values

Michael E. Webber

VMT

Index (1970=1)

2 Oil & CO2

Fatalities

Air Pollution 0 1970

1975

1980

1985 Year

1990

1995

2000

2005

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Vehicle Performance Has Improved

19762006 U.S. Cars and Trucks Horsepower to Weight Ratio
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Graphic: Michael E. Webber, The University of Texas at Austin

0.06 Cars Cars and Trucks Trucks HP to Weight Ratio 0.04

0.02

0 1976

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1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000 2002 2004 2006

Year
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Dr. Michael E. Webber

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