Technological Institute of the Philippines Manila College of Engineering and Architecture 363 P. Casal St.

. Quiapo, Manila Chea ! "!# $eneral Che%istr& Calculations "ong Qui' no. ! Instructions( )o not *+ITE an&thing on the ,uestionnaires -or Pro.le% Sol/ing, .o0 &our final ans1er and no solution, no credit points Total E0a% points( 23 Total 4onus points( 5! Total possi.le points( !!6 I. )iscuss the follo1ing 78points each9( a. Stoichio%etr& : 7so%eti%es called reaction stoichio%etr& to distinguish it fro% co%position stoichio%etr&9 is the calculation of ,uantitati/e 7%easura.le9 relationships of the reactants and products in a .alanced che%ical reaction. It can .e used to calculate ,uantities such as the a%ount of products that can .e produced 1ith gi/en reactants and percent &ield 7the percentage of the gi/en reactant that is %ade into the product9. ;Stoichio%etr&; is deri/ed fro% the $ree< 1ords =>?@ABC?D 7stoicheion, %eaning ele%entE9 and FG>H?D 7%etron, %eaning %easure.9 In patristic $ree<, the 1ord Stoichio%etria 1as used .& Iicephorus to refer to the nu%.er of line counts of the canonical Ie1 Testa%ent and so%e of the Apocr&pha .. "i%iting and E0cess +eactant "i%iting +eactant : The reactant in a che%ical reaction that li%its the a%ount of product that can .e for%ed. The reaction 1ill stop 1hen all of the li%iting reactant is consu%ed. E0cess +eactant : The reactant in a che%ical reaction that re%ains 1hen a reaction stops 1hen the li%iting reactant is co%pletel& consu%ed. The e0cess reactant re%ains .ecause there is nothing 1ith 1hich it can react. c. Actual and Theoretical &ield Actual &ield is the ,uantit& of a product that is o.tained fro% a che%ical reaction Theoretical &ield is .asicall& the a%ount of products that are for%ed in a che%ical reaction, 1hen none of the reactants are 1asted and the entire reaction is co%pleted. Such reactants that react co%pletel& are called as the li%iting reagents of the reaction. It is .ased on the stoichio%etr& of the reaction 7i.e. the relation .et1een the ,uantities of su.stances that ta<e part in a reaction or for% a co%pound, Jt&picall& a ratio of 1hole integersE9 and ideal conditions in 1hich starting %aterial is co%pletel& e0hausted, undesired side reactions or re/erse reactions do not occur, and there are no losses in the entire 1or<:up procedure. d. MKS and C$S s&ste% in %easure%ent The centi%etre:gra%:second s&ste% 7a..re/iated C$S or cgs9 is a %etric s&ste% of ph&sical units .ased on centi%etre as the unit of length, gra% as a unit of %ass, and second as a unit of ti%e. All C$S %echanical units are una%.iguousl& deri/ed fro% these three .ase units, .ut there are se/eral different 1a&s of e0tending the C$S s&ste% to co/er electro%agnetis%. In %easure%ents of purel& %echanical s&ste%s 7in/ol/ing units of length, %ass, force, energ&, pressure, etc.9, the differences .et1een C$S and SI are straightfor1ard and rather tri/ialL the unit: con/ersion factors are all po1ers of !M arising fro% the relations !MM c% N ! % and !MMM g N ! <g. -or e0a%ple, the C$S deri/ed unit of force is the d&ne, e,ual to ! gOc%#s , 1hile the SI deri/ed unit of force is the ne1ton, ! <gO%#s . Thus it is straightfor1ard to sho1 that ! d&neN!M P8 ne1ton. A ph&sical s&ste% of units that e0presses an& gi/en %easure%ent using funda%ental units of the %etre, <ilogra%, and#or second 7MKS9. Qistoricall& the MKS s&ste% of units succeeded the cgs s&ste% of units and laid the foundations for the International S&ste% of Rnits, 1hich no1 ser/es as the international standard. Therefore the e0act co%position of the MKS s&ste% is an historical issue. As a %atter of historical record the MKS s&ste% incorporated funda%ental units other than the %etre, <ilogra%, and second in addition to deri/ed units. An inco%plete list of the funda%ental and deri/ed units appears .elo1. Since the MKS s&ste% of units ne/er had a go/erning .od& to rule on a standard definition the list of units depended on different con/entions at different ti%es. e. Ato%ic Iu%.er, S and Mass Iu%.er, A The ato%ic nu%.er 7also <no1n as the proton nu%.er9 is the nu%.er of protons found in the nucleus of an ato% and therefore identical to the charge nu%.er of the nucleus. It is con/entionall& represented .& the s&%.ol S. The ato%ic nu%.er uni,uel& identifies a che%ical ele%ent. In an ato% of neutral charge, the ato%ic nu%.er is also e,ual to the nu%.er of electrons.

Department of Chemical Engineering

The %ass nu%.er 7A9, also called ato%ic %ass nu%.er or nucleon nu%.er, is the total nu%.er of protons and neutrons 7together <no1n as nucleons9 in an ato%ic nucleus. 4ecause protons and neutrons .oth are .ar&ons, the %ass nu%.er A is identical 1ith the .ar&on nu%.er 4 as of the nucleus as of the 1hole ato% or ion. The %ass nu%.er is different for each different isotope of a che%ical ele%ent. This is not the sa%e as the ato%ic nu%.er 7S9 1hich denotes the nu%.er of protons in a nucleus, and thus uni,uel& identifies an ele%ent. Qence, the difference .et1een the %ass nu%.er and the ato%ic nu%.er gi/es the nu%.er of neutrons 7I9 in a gi/en nucleus( INAPS. II. Pro.le% Sol/ing( !. The ele%entar& anal&sis of a co%pound &ielded the follo1ing results( C 33.63T, Q 6.2 T and U 83.3MT. -urther the %olecular 1eight of the co%pound 1as found .& the )u%as Method to .e !!3.6 g:%ole :!. -ind 7a9 the e%pirical for%ula of the co%pound and 7.9 its %olecular for%ula. 73 points9 $i/en( TC N 33.63T TQ N 6.2 T TU N 83.3MT 7M*9M- N !!3.6 g#%ole +e,uired( a. E.. MSolution( 4asis( !MM gra%s of co%pound Ele%ent %#M* ni#ns%allest +atio C Q U Ta<e C as !, Q as and U as ! Therefore, EF = CH2O VN N N 3.26 ! .M63283 !.M 88 6

Since 0 should .e a 1hole nu%.er, ta<e 0 N 5, M- N 07E-9 M- N 57CQ U9 MF = C4H8O4 . A sa%ple of a %i0ture of CaCU 37s9 and IaQCU37s9 1as heated and co%pounds deco%posed( CaCU37s9 WCaU7s9 XCU 7g9 IaQCU37s9 W Ia CU37s9 X Q U7l9 X CU 7g9 The deco%position of the sa%ple &ielded !2.6 gra%s CU 7g9 and .2M gra%s Q U7l9. *hat is the percentage of the original %i0ture is CaCU 37s9Y 7!M points9 $i/en( %ass of CU 7g9 N !2.6 gra%s %ass of Q U7l9 N .2M gra%s +e,uired( T CaCU37s9 in the original %i0ture Solution( 4alanced the Che%ical reaction( CaCU37s9 WCaU7s9 XCU 7g9 IaQCU37s9 W Ia CU37s9 X Q U7l9 X CU 7 g9 Since a%ount of 1ater produced is fro% the deco%position of IaQCU 37s9 alone, a%ount of IaQCU37s9 at start can .e co%puted stoichio%etricall& fro% a%ount of 1ater produced. Mass of IaQCU37s9 N .2M gra%s Q U N 8. gra%s IaQCU37s9

Mass

of

CU

produced

fro%

IaQCU37s9

.2M

gra%s

QU

N 6.6 gra%s
Mass of CU produced fro% CaCU37s9 N total %ass of CU produced: Mass of CU produced fro% IaQCU37s9

N !2.6 gra%s 6.6 gra%s N !! gra%s CU produced fro% CaCU37s9 Then, %ass of CaCU37s9 at start can .e stoichio%etricall& deter%ined fro% CU produced fro% CaCU37s9 Mass of CaCU37s9 N !! gra%s CU N 8 gra%s CaCU37s9 Therefore at start( Mass of IaQCU37s9 N 8. gra%s IaQCU37s9 Mass of CaCU37s9 N 8 gra%s CaCU37s9 Total %ass at start N 8M. gra%s T CaCU37s9 in the original %i0ture N

N % CaCO3(s) in the original mi t!re = 4"#8% 4onus( for 8 points, state the co%%on na%e of calciu% car.onate and IaQCU 37s9 IaQCU37s9 .a<ing soda CaCU37s9 Calcite#"i%estone 3. *hen 6.68 gra%s of the h&drate IiSU 5ZVQ U 1as heated at /acuu%, the 1ater 1as dri/en off and 3.62 gra%s of the anh&drous IiSU 5 re%ained. *hat is the /alue of V in the for%ula IiSU5ZVQ UY 76 points9 $i/en( Mass of IiSU5ZVQ U N 6.68 gra%s Mass of anh&drous IiSU5 re%ained N 3.62 gra%s +e,uired( /alue of V Solution( Mass .alance( 7a%ount of IiSU5ZVQ U9
6.68 gra%s IiSU5ZVQ U

Therefore$ % = &
5. An ele%ent, V, for%s a co%pound 1ith car.on for 1hich the for%ula VC . If 32.53T of the co%pound is car.on, 1hat is the ato%ic 1eight of VY The ele%ent V is [[[[[ 73 points9. $i/en( TC N 32.53T VC +e,uired( 7M*90 Ele%ent V Solution( Since t1o ele%ents TV X TC N !MM TV N !MM 32.53 N 6 .8 T 4asis( !MM gra%s of co%pounds Mass C N 32.53 gra%s Mass V N 6 .8 gra%s Mass .alances( 7a%ount of V 1ill .e stoichio%etricall& e,ual to Car.on9 "et 7M*90 N ato%ic 1eight of V 32.53 gra%s C

(M') = 4(#(4)"* grams + mole -ro% periodic ta.le( % = Calci!m 8. Qo1 %an& gra%s of I -5 can .e theoreticall& .e prepared fro% 5.MM gra%s of a%%onia and !5.M gra%s - Y IQ3 7g9 X - 7g9 WQ-7g9 X I -57g9 75 points9 $i/en( Mass of IQ3N 5 gra%s Mass of - N !5 gra%s +e,uired( I -5 theo Solution( 4alanced the Che%ical reaction( IQ3 7g9 X 8- 7g9 W 6Q-7g9 X I -57g9 Chec< for the "i%iting +eactant( +e,\d IQ37g9 N !5 gra%s N .8! gra%s IQ3 Therefore - is the li%iting reactant, IQ37g9 is the e0cess reactant I -5 theo N !5 gra%s m = &#)) grams of ,2F4(g) 6. -ro% nu%.er 8, 1hat is the percent &ield if 5.3M gra%s of I -5 is o.tained fro% the e0peri%entationY $i/en( actual &ield N 5.3M gra%s of I -5 7g9 -ro% nu%.er 8, I -5 %ass theoretical N 2.66 gra%s +e,uired( T &ield Solution( T &ield N N 0 !MM

-ercent .iel/ = )2#&4% 2. *hat are the units in the e,uation *here + is in erg#%ol:K, T in K, M* in g#%ol, and erg in g:c% #s 75points9 $i/en( + N erg#%ol:K TNK M* N g#%ol erg N g:c% #s +e,uired( Rnits of / Solution(

Input the units, since the nu%erical /alue 3 does not denote a unit therefore it can .e neglected

4ut erg N g:c% #s

/ N c%#s 3. *hen a 5.632g o.]ect 1ith densit& of 3.3632 g#c% 3 is dropped into a li,uid 1ith a densit& of M.2 36 g#c%3, 1hat is the %ass of the li,uid displaceY 75points9 $i/en( %o.]ect N 5.632 g Ho.]ect N 3.3632g#c%3 Ho.]ect N M.2 36 g#c%3 ^olu%e of displaced li,uid N
^olu%e of o.]ect

+e,uired( %ass of displaced li,uid Solution( -ro% the densit& for%ula, Ho.]ect N

^o.]ect N

^o.]ect N N M.86M2 c%3 ^olu%e of displaced li,uid N ^olu%e of o.]ect Hdisplaced li,uid N %li,uid N 7Hli,uid97^li,uid9 N 7M.2 36 g#c%397M.86M2c%39 %li,uid N M.5M32 gra%s of displaced li,uids 6. Suppose &ou decide to define &our o1n te%perature scale using free'ing point 7: !!.8_C9 and .oiling point 7!62.6_C9 of eth&lene gl&col. If &ou set the free'ing point as M_$ and .oiling point !MM_$, 1hat is the free'ing point of 1ater on this scaleY )eri/e the for%ula for con/erting _C to _$. 78 points9 $i/en( +E-E+EICE PUIIT _C _$ 4oiling point of eth&lene !62. !M gl&col 6 M -ree'ing point of eth&lene : M gl&col !!.8 +e,uired( -or%ula for _C to _$ M _C to _$ Solution( 4& interpolation(

_$ N

7_C X !!.89

-or M _C to _$ _$ N N III. 7_C X !!.89 7M X !!.89

N 8.8M_$ 4onus part. Ia%e the follo1ing co%pounds 7 points each9(

JCu7en9 ESU5 .is7eth&lenedia%ine9coppe

SnJPtCl6E Sinc he0achloroplatinate7I^9

Q SU5 h&drogen sulfate#sulfuric acid

r7II9 sulfate JPt7IQ395EJPtCl6E tetraa%%ineplatinu%7II9 he0achloroplatinate7I^9

JCr7IQ3957SCI9 EJCr7IQ39 7SCI95E tetraa%%inedithioc&anatochro%i u%7III9 dia%%inetetrathioc&anatochro%a te JIi7CU95E KJ+h7Q U9Cl8E tetracar.on&lnic<el7M9 or potassiu% tetracar.on&lnic<el a,uopentachlororhodate J-e7CI96E5: ferroc&anide or C6Q! U6 glucose#fructose#%an& he0ac&anoferrate7II9 possi.le JCo7IQ3987IU 9ECl AgIU3 Sil/er nitrate pentaa%%inenitroco.alt7II9 chloride

CQCl3 chlorofor%# trichloro%ethane

IaQCU3 sodiu% .icar.onate# sodiu% h&drogen car.onate

I U5 dinitrogen tetrao0ide TiU titaniu% dio0ide or

titani!m(01) o i/e or titania or titani!m 2hite, -igment 'hite ), or C0 &&8"3

JCo7IQ3987UIU9ECl pentaa%%inenitritoco.alt7I II9 chloride

C Q6 ethane

IQ3 a%%onia

`Interferent is che%ical specie that causes a s&ste%atic errora $ood "uc<: Engr. Ior%an $io/anni M. $ue/arra