MAN WAS BORN FREE, YET EVERYWHERE HE IS IN CHAINS THE UNIVERSE HAS NOT ALWAYS EXISTED WE ONLY THINK

WHEN WE ARE CONFRONTED WITH PROBLEMS SOCIETY IS INDEED A CONTRACT THE SOUL IS DISTINCT FROM THE BODY DOUBT IS NOT A PLEASANT CONDITION, BUT CERTAINTY IS ABSURD MAN IS THE MEASURE OF ALL THINGS I THINK THEREFORE I AM MAN IS A MACHINE TO BE IS TO BE PERCEIVED IMAGINATION DECIDES EVERYTHING MIND HAS NO GENDER THOUGHT HAS ALWAYS WORKED BY OPPOSITION MAN IS SOMETHING TO BE SURPASSED How did the universe begin? What is truth? How can we live good lives? Throughout history, humankind has asked these and other big questions about the nature of life and existenceand big thinkers have offered solutions that continue to shape our world Written in p !in En" i#$, The !hilosophy "ook i# p!%&e' (it$ #$)rt, pit$* e+p !n!ti)n# t$!t %,t t$r),"$ t$e -!r")n, #tep./*.

#tep 'i!"r!0# t$!t ,nt!n" e &n)tt* t$e)rie#, % !##i% 1,)te# t$!t 0!&e p$i )#)p$* 0e0)r!/ e, !n' (itt* i ,#tr!ti)n# t$!t p !* (it$ ),r i'e!# !/),t i'e!#2 W$et$er *),3re ! %)0p ete /e"inner, !n !4i' #t,'ent, )r !n !r0%$!ir e+pert, *),3 5 n' p ent* )6 6))' 6)r t$),"$t in t$i# /))&2 THAT WHICH IS CANNOT BE TRUE NO MAN3S KNOWLEDGE HERE CAN GO BEYOND HIS EXPERIENCE WE ARE OURSELVES THE ENTITIES TO BE ANALY7ED TRUTH RESIDES IN THE WORLD AROUND US LANGUAGE IS A SOCIAL ART THE LIFE WHICH IS UNEXAMINED IS NOT WORTH LIVING KNOWLEDGE IS POWER EARTHLY KNOWLEDGE IS BUT SHADOW MAN IS AN ANIMAL THAT MAKES BARGAINS REASON LIVES IN LANGUAGE 89:2;; USA 89<2=: C!n!'! THE DAO THAT CAN BE TOLD IS NOT THE ETERNAL DAO THERE IS NOTHING OUTSIDE OF THE TEXT LIFE WILL BE LIVED ALL THE BETTER IF IT HAS NO MEANING ACT AS IF WHAT YOU DO MAKES A DIFFERENCE OVER HIS OWN

BODY AND MIND , THE INDIVIDUAL IS SOVEREIGN MAN IS AN INVENTION OF RECENT DATE THE END >USTIFIES THE MEANS HAPPY IS HE WHO HAS OVERCOME HIS EGO THE PHILOSOPHY BOOK P H I L O S O P H Y THE BOOK Di#%)4er 0)re !t (((2'&2%)0 "#$ #%&'( (#)!*+ &,!*'#-&% Printe' in Sin"!p)re

BOOK THE PHILOSOPHY

BOOK THE PHILOSOPHY

DK LONDON PRO>ECT ART EDITOR Ann! H! SENIOR EDITOR S!0 At&in#)n EDITORS Ce%i e L!n'!,, An're( S7,'e&, S!r!$ T)0 e* EDITORIAL ASSISTANT M!ni#$! M!-it$i! US EDITORS Li7! K!p !n, Re/e%%! W!rren MANAGING ART EDITOR K!ren Se 6 MANAGING EDITOR C!0i ! H! in!n ART DIRECTOR P$i ip Or0er)' ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER Li7 W$ee er PUBLISHER >)n!t$!n Met%! 6 ILLUSTRATIONS >!0e# Gr!$!0 PICTURE RESEARCH Ri! >)ne#, M*ri!0 Me"$!r/i PRODUCTION EDITOR L,%! Fr!##inetti PRODUCTION CONTROLLER S)p$ie Ar"*ri# DK DELHI PRO>ECT ART EDITOR Neer-! R!(!t ART EDITOR S$ri*! P!r!0e#(!r!n ASSISTANT ART EDITORS S$)(0i& C$!&r!/)rt*, De4!n D!#, Ni*!ti G)#!in, Ne$! S$!r0! MANAGING ART EDITOR Ar,ne#$ T! !p!tr! PRODUCTION MANAGER P!n&!- S$!r0! DTP MANAGER?CTS B! (!nt Sin"$ DTP DESIGNERS Bi0 e#$ Ti(!r*, M)$!00!' U#0!n

DTP OPERATOR Neer!- B$!ti! #t* in" /* STUDIO@ DESIGN DK /))&# !re !4!i !/ e !t #pe%i! 'i#%),nt# ($en p,r%$!#e' in /, & 6)r #! e# pr)0)ti)n#, pre0i,0#, 6,n'.r!i#in", )r e',%!ti)n! ,#e2 F)r 'et!i #, %)nt!%tA DK P,/ i#$in" Spe%i! M!r&et#, B<: H,'#)n Street, Ne( Y)r&, Ne( Y)r& C;;CD )r Spe%i! S! e#E'&2%)02 Fir#t A0eri%!n E'iti)n 9;CC P,/ i#$e' in t$e Unite' St!te# /* DK P,/ i#$in" B<: H,'#)n Street Ne( Y)r&, Ne( Y)r& C;;CD CC C9 CB CD C: C; = @ < F : D B 9 C ;;CGC<FD9FGFe/?9;CC C)p*ri"$t H 9;CC D)r in" Kin'er# e* Li0ite' A ri"$t# re#er4e' Wit$),t i0itin" t$e ri"$t# ,n'er %)p*ri"$t re#er4e' !/)4e, n) p!rt )6 t$i# p,/ i%!ti)n 0!* /e repr)',%e', #t)re' in )r intr)',%e' int) ! retrie4! #*#te0, )r tr!n#0itte', in !n* 6)r0, )r /* !n* 0e!n# Ie e%tr)ni%, 0e%$!ni%! , p$)t)%)p*in", re%)r'in", )r )t$er(i#eJ, (it$),t t$e pri)r (ritten per0i##i)n )6 /)t$ t$e %)p*ri"$t )(ner !n' t$e !/)4e p,/ i#$er )6 t$i# /))&2 P,/ i#$e' in Gre!t Brit!in /* D)r in" Kin'er# e* Li0ite'2 A %!t! )" re%)r' 6)r t$i# /))& i# !4!i !/ e 6r)0 t$e Li/r!r* )6 C)n"re##2 ISBN =<@.;.<:FF.F@FC.< Printe' !n' /),n' in Sin"!p)re /* St!r St!n'!r' %iscover more at www dk com *.-%.-, -&W +./0, )&*".1/-&, )1-#2H, '-% %&*H#

WILL BUCKINGHAM A p$i )#)p$er, n)4e i#t, !n' e%t,rer, Wi B,%&in"$!0 i# p!rti%, !r * intere#te' in t$e interp !* )6 p$i )#)p$* !n' n!rr!ti4e2 He %,rrent * te!%$e# !t De M)nt6)rt Uni4er#it*, Lei%e#ter, UK, !n' $!# (ritten #e4er! /))&#, in% ,'in" Finding our Sea-Legs: Ethics, Experience and the Ocean of Stories2 DOUGLAS BURNHAM A pr)6e##)r )6 p$i )#)p$* !t St!66)r'#$ire Uni4er#it*, UK, D)," !# B,rn$!0 i# t$e !,t$)r )6 0!n* /))&# !n' !rti% e# )n 0)'ern !n' E,r)pe!n p$i )#)p$*2 CLIVE HILL A e%t,rer in p) iti%! t$e)r* !n' Briti#$ $i#t)r*, C i4e Hi $!# ! p!rti%, !r intere#t in t$e r) e )6 t$e inte e%t,! in t$e 0)'ern ()r '2 PETER >2 KING A ')%t)r )6 p$i )#)p$* ($) e%t,re# !t Pe0/r)&e C) e"e, Uni4er#it* )6 O+6)r', UK, Peter >2 Kin" i# t$e !,t$)r )6 t$e re%ent /))& One Hundred Philosophers: A Guide to the World s Greatest !hin"ers2 >OHN MARENBON A Fe )( )6 Trinit* C) e"e, C!0/ri'"e, UK, >)$n M!ren/)n #t,'ie# !n' (rite# )n 0e'ie4! p$i )#)p$*2 Hi# /))&# in% ,'e Earl# $edie%al Philosoph# &'()**+(: An ,ntroduction2 MARCUS WEEKS A (riter !n' 0,#i%i!n, M!r%,# Wee&# #t,'ie' p$i )#)p$* !n' ()r&e' !# ! te!%$er /e6)re e0/!r&in" )n ! %!reer !# !n !,t$)r2 He $!# %)ntri/,te' t) 0!n* /))&# )n t$e !rt# !n' p)p, !r #%ien%e#2 OTHER CONTRIBUTORS T$e p,/ i#$er# (), ' ! #) i&e t) t$!n& Ri%$!r' O#/)rne, e%t,rer )6 p$i )#)p$* !n' %riti%! t$e)r* !t C!0/er(e C) e"e )6 Art#, UK, 6)r $i# ent$,#i!#0 !n' !##i#t!n%e in p !nnin" t$i# /))&, !n' Step$!nie C$i 0!n 6)r $er $e p p,ttin" t$e Dire%t)r* t)"et$er2 CONTRIBUTORS

C; INTRODUCTION THE ANCIENT WORLD <;; BCE G9:; CE 99 &verything is made of water T$! e# )6 Mi et,# 9D The %ao that can be told is not the eternal %ao L!)7i 9F -umber is the ruler of forms and ideas P*t$!")r!# B; Happy is he who has overcome his ego Si''$!rt$! G!,t!0! BD Hold faithfulness and sincerity as 3rst principles C)n6,%i,# D; &verything is 4ux Her!% it,# DC 'll is one P!r0eni'e# D9 )an is the measure of all things

Pr)t!")r!# DD When one throws to me a peach, # return to him a plum M)7i D: -othing exists except atoms and empty space De0)%rit,# !n' Le,%ipp,# THE MEDIEVAL WORLD 9:;GC:;; <9 $od is not the parent of evils St2 A,",#tine )6 Hipp) <D $od foresees our free thoughts and actions B)et$i,# <F The soul is distinct from the body A4i%enn! @; 5ust by thinking about $od we can know he exists St2 An#e 0 @9 !hilosophy and religion are not incompatible A4err)e# @D $od has no attributes

M)#e# M!i0)ni'e# @F %on6t grieve 'nything you lose comes round in another form >! ! !'.Din M,$!00!' R,0i @@ The universe has not always existed T$)0!# A1,in!# =F $od is the not7other Ni&) !,# 4)n K,e# =< To know nothing is the happiest life De#i'eri,# Er!#0,# DF The life which is unexamined is not worth living S)%r!te# :; &arthly knowledge is but shadow P !t) :F Truth resides in the world around us Ari#t)t e FD %eath is nothing to us

Epi%,r,# FF He has the most who is most content with the least Di)"ene# )6 Sin)pe F< The goal of life is living in agreement with nature Ken) )6 Citi,0 CONTENTS

RENAISSANCE AND THE AGE OF REASON C:;;GC<:; C;9 The end 8usti3es the means Ni%%) L M!%$i!4e i C;@ 9ame and tranquillity can never be bedfellows Mi%$e 'e M)nt!i"ne CC; 0nowledge is power Fr!n%i# B!%)n CC9 )an is a machine T$)0!# H)//e# CCF # think therefore # am RenM De#%!rte# C9D #magination decides everything B !i#e P!#%! C9F $od is the cause of all things, which are in him Bene'i%t,# Spin)7! CB; -o man6s knowledge here can go beyond his experience >)$n L)%&e CBD There are two kinds of truths: truths of reasoning

and truths of fact G)tt6rie' Lei/ni7 CB@ To be is to be perceived Ge)r"e Ber&e e* THE AGE OF REVOLUTION C<:;GC=;; CDF %oubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is absurd V) t!ire CD@ 2ustom is the great guide of human life D!4i' H,0e C:D )an was born free yet everywhere he is in chains >e!n.>!%1,e# R),##e!, CF; )an is an animal that makes bargains A'!0 S0it$ CFD There are two worlds: our bodies and the external world I00!n,e K!nt C<9 (ociety is indeed a contract E'0,n' B,r&e

C<D The greatest happiness for the greatest number >ere0* Bent$!0 C<: )ind has no gender M!r* W) #t)ne%r!6t C<F What sort of philosophy one chooses depends on what sort of person one is >)$!nn G)tt ie/ Fi%$te C<< 'bout no sub8ect is there less philosophi;ing than about philosophy Frie'ri%$ S%$ e"e C<@ /eality is a historical process Ge)r" He"e C@F &very man takes the limits of his own 3eld of vision for the limits of the world Art$,r S%$)pen$!,er C@= Theology is anthropology L,'(i" An're!# Fe,er/!%$ C=; .ver his own body and mind, the individual

is sovereign >)$n St,!rt Mi C=D 'nxiety is the di;;iness of freedom SNren Kier&e"!!r' C=F The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles K!r M!r+ 9;D )ust the citi;en ever resign his conscience to the legislator? Henr* D!4i' T$)re!, 9;: 2onsider what effects things have C$!r e# S!n'er# Peir%e 9;F 'ct as if what you do makes a difference Wi i!0 >!0e#

THE MODERN WORLD C=;;GC=:; 9CD )an is something to be surpassed Frie'ri%$ Niet7#%$e 999 )en with self7con3dence come and see and conquer A$!' H!3!0 99B &very message is made of signs Fer'in!n' 'e S!,##,re 99D &xperience by itself is not science E'0,n' H,##er 99F #ntuition goes in the very direction of life Henri Ber"#)n 99@ We only think when we are confronted with problems >)$n De(e* 9B9 Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it Ge)r"e S!nt!*!n!

9BB #t is only suffering that makes us persons Mi",e 'e Un!0,n) 9BD "elieve in life Wi i!0 ', B)i# 9BF The road to happiness lies in an organi;ed diminution of work Bertr!n' R,##e 9D; *ove is a bridge from poorer to richer knowledge M!+ S%$e er 9DC .nly as an individual can man become a philosopher K!r >!#per# 9D9 *ife is a series of collisions with the future >)#M Orte"! * G!##et 9DD To philosophi;e, 3rst one must confess H!-i0e T!n!/e 9DF The limits of my language

are the limits of my world L,'(i" Witt"en#tein 9:9 We are ourselves the entities to be analy;ed M!rtin Hei'e""er 9:F The individual6s only true moral choice is through self7sacri3ce for the community Tet#,r) W!t#,-i 9:< *ogic is the last scienti3c ingredient of philosophy R,') 6 C!rn!p 9:@ The only way of knowing a person is to love them without hope W! ter Ben-!0in 9:= That which is cannot be true Her/ert M!r%,#e 9F; History does not belong to us but we belong to it H!n#.Ge)r" G!'!0er 9F9

#n so far as a scienti3c statement speaks about reality, it must be falsi3able K!r P)pper 9FF #ntelligence is a moral category T$e)')r A')rn) 9F@ &xistence precedes essence >e!n.P!, S!rtre 9<9 The banality of evil H!nn!$ Aren't 9<B /eason lives in language E00!n,e Le4in!# 9<D #n order to see the world we must break with our familiar acceptance of it M!,ri%e Mer e!,.P)nt* 9<F )an is de3ned as a human being and woman as a female Si0)ne 'e Be!,4)ir 9<@ *anguage is a social art

Wi !r' V!n Or0!n O,ine 9@; The fundamental sense of freedom is freedom from chains I#!i!$ Ber in 9@9 Think like a mountain Arne N!e## 9@D *ife will be lived all the better if it has no meaning A /ert C!0,#

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C)ntent# F C; INTRODUCTION 99 E4er*t$in" i# 0!'e )6 (!ter 9D T$e D!) t$!t %!n /e t) ' i# n)t t$e etern! D!) 9F N,0/er i# t$e r, er )6 6)r0# !n' i'e!# B; H!pp* i# $e ($) $!# )4er%)0e $i# e") BD H) ' 6!it$6, ne## !n' #in%erit* !# 6ir#t prin%ip e# D; E4er*t$in" i# 6 ,+ DC A i# )ne P!r0eni'e# D9 M!n i# t$e 0e!#,re )6 ! t$in"# Pr)t!")r!# DD W$en )ne t$r)(# t) 0e ! pe!%$, I ret,rn t) $i0 ! p ,0 M)7i D: N)t$in" e+i#t# e+%ept !t)0# !n' e0pt* #p!%e DF T$e i6e ($i%$ i# ,ne+!0ine' i# n)t ()rt$ i4in" :; E!rt$ * &n)( e'"e i# /,t #$!')( P !t) :F Tr,t$ re#i'e# in t$e ()r ' !r),n' ,# Ari#t)t e FD De!t$ i# n)t$in" t) ,# FF He $!# t$e 0)#t ($) i# 0)#t %)ntent (it$ t$e e!#t F< T$e ")! )6 i6e i# i4in" in !"ree0ent (it$ n!t,re <9 G)' i# n)t t$e p!rent )6 e4i # <D G)' 6)re#ee# ),r 6ree t$),"$t# !n' !%ti)n# <F T$e #), i# 'i#tin%t 6r)0 t$e /)'* A4i%enn! @; >,#t /* t$in&in" !/),t G)' (e %!n &n)( $e e+i#t# @9 P$i )#)p$* !n' re i"i)n !re n)t in%)0p!ti/ e @D G)' $!# n) !ttri/,te# @F D)nt "rie4e2 An*t$in" *), )#e %)0e# r),n' in !n)t$er 6)r0

@@ T$e ,ni4er#e $!# n)t ! (!*# e+i#te' =F G)' i# t$e n)t.)t$er =< T) &n)( n)t$in" i# t$e $!ppie#t i6e C;9 T$e en' -,#ti6ie# t$e 0e!n# C;@ F!0e !n' tr!n1,i it* %!n ne4er /e /e'6e )(# CC; Kn)( e'"e i# p)(er CC9 M!n i# ! 0!%$ine CCF I t$in& t$ere6)re I !0 C9D I0!"in!ti)n 'e%i'e# e4er*t$in" B !i#e P!#%! C9F G)' i# t$e %!,#e )6 ! t$in"#, ($i%$ !re in $i0 CB; N) 0!n# &n)( e'"e $ere %!n ") /e*)n' $i# e+perien%e >)$n L)%&e CBD T$ere !re t() &in'# )6 tr,t$#A tr,t$# )6 re!#)nin" !n' tr,t$# )6 6!%t CB@ T) /e i# t) /e per%ei4e' CDF D),/t i# n)t ! p e!#!nt %)n'iti)n, /,t %ert!int* i# !/#,r' V) t!ire CD@ C,#t)0 i# t$e "re!t ",i'e )6 $,0!n i6e D!4i' H,0e C:D M!n (!# /)rn 6ree *et e4er*($ere $e i# in %$!in# CF; M!n i# !n !ni0! t$!t 0!&e# /!r"!in# CFD T$ere !re t() ()r '#A ),r /)'ie# !n' t$e e+tern! ()r ' C<9 S)%iet* i# in'ee' ! %)ntr!%t C<D T$e "re!te#t $!ppine## 6)r t$e "re!te#t n,0/er C<: Min' $!# n) "en'er C<F W$!t #)rt )6 p$i )#)p$* )ne %$))#e# 'epen'# )n ($!t #)rt )6 per#)n )ne i# C<< A/),t n) #,/-e%t i# t$ere e## p$i )#)p$i7in" t$!n !/),t p$i )#)p$* C<@ Re! it* i# ! $i#t)ri%! pr)%e## Ge)r" He"e C@F E4er* 0!n t!&e# t$e i0it# )6 $i# )(n 6ie ' )6 4i#i)n 6)r t$e i0it# )6 t$e ()r ' C@= T$e) )"* i# !nt$r)p) )"* C=; O4er $i# )(n /)'* !n' 0in', t$e in'i4i',! i# #)4erei"n C=D An+iet* i# t$e 'i77ine## )6 6ree')0 C=F T$e $i#t)r* )6 ! $it$ert) e+i#tin" #)%iet* i# t$e $i#t)r* )6 % !## #tr,"" e# 9;D M,#t t$e %iti7en e4er re#i"n $i# %)n#%ien%e t) t$e e"i# !t)rP 9;: C)n#i'er ($!t e66e%t# t$in"# $!4e 9;F A%t !# i6 ($!t *), ') 0!&e# ! 'i66eren%e 9CD M!n i# #)0et$in" t) /e #,rp!##e' 999 Men (it$ #e 6.%)n6i'en%e %)0e !n' #ee !n' %)n1,er 99B E4er* 0e##!"e i# 0!'e )6 #i"n# 99D E+perien%e /* it#e 6 i# n)t #%ien%e E'0,n' H,##er 99F Int,iti)n ")e# in t$e 4er* 'ire%ti)n )6 i6e 99@ We )n * t$in& ($en (e !re %)n6r)nte' (it$ pr)/ e0# 9B9 T$)#e ($) %!nn)t re0e0/er t$e p!#t !re %)n'e0ne' t) repe!t it 9BB It i# )n * #,66erin" t$!t 0!&e# ,# per#)n# 9BD Be ie4e in i6e Wi i!0 ', B)i# 9BF T$e r)!' t) $!ppine## ie# in !n )r"!ni7e' 'i0in,ti)n )6 ()r& Bertr!n' R,##e 9D; L)4e i# ! /ri'"e 6r)0 p))rer t) ri%$er &n)( e'"e 9DC On * !# !n in'i4i',! %!n 0!n /e%)0e ! p$i )#)p$er 9D9 Li6e i# ! #erie# )6 %) i#i)n# (it$ t$e 6,t,re

9DD T) p$i )#)p$i7e, 6ir#t )ne 0,#t %)n6e## 9DF T$e i0it# )6 0* !n",!"e !re t$e i0it# )6 0* ()r ' 9:9 We !re ),r#e 4e# t$e entitie# t) /e !n! *7e' 9:F T$e in'i4i',! # )n * tr,e 0)r! %$)i%e i# t$r),"$ #e 6.#!%ri6i%e 6)r t$e %)00,nit* 9:< L)"i% i# t$e !#t #%ienti6i% in"re'ient )6 p$i )#)p$* 9:@ T$e )n * (!* )6 &n)(in" ! per#)n i# t) )4e t$e0 (it$),t $)pe 9:= T$!t ($i%$ i# %!nn)t /e tr,e Her/ert M!r%,#e 9F; Hi#t)r* ')e# n)t /e )n" t) ,# /,t (e /e )n" t) it 9F9 In #) 6!r !# ! #%ienti6i% #t!te0ent #pe!&# !/),t re! it*, it 0,#t /e 6! #i6i!/ e K!r P)pper 9FF Inte i"en%e i# ! 0)r! %!te")r* T$e)')r A')rn) 9F@ E+i#ten%e pre%e'e# e##en%e 9<9 T$e /!n! it* )6 e4i 9<B Re!#)n i4e# in !n",!"e 9<D In )r'er t) #ee t$e ()r ' (e 0,#t /re!& (it$ ),r 6!0i i!r !%%ept!n%e )6 it 9<F M!n i# 'e6ine' !# ! $,0!n /ein" !n' ()0!n !# ! 6e0! e 9<@ L!n",!"e i# ! #)%i! !rt 9@; T$e 6,n'!0ent! #en#e )6 6ree')0 i# 6ree')0 6r)0 %$!in# I#!i!$ Ber in 9@9 T$in& i&e ! 0),nt!in 9@D Li6e (i /e i4e' ! t$e /etter i6 it $!# n) 0e!nin" 9=; L!n",!"e i# ! #&in 9=9 H)( (), ' (e 0!n!"e (it$),t ! %, t,reP 9=B N)r0! #%ien%e ')e# n)t !i0 !t n)4e tie# )6 6!%t )r t$e)r* T$)0!# K,$n 9=D T$e prin%ip e# )6 -,#ti%e !re %$)#en /e$in' ! 4ei )6 i"n)r!n%e 9=F Art i# ! 6)r0 )6 i6e 9=< An*t$in" ")e# 9=@ Kn)( e'"e i# pr)',%e' t) /e #) ' B;; F)r t$e / !%& 0!n, t$ere i# )n * )ne 'e#tin* !n' it i# ($ite Fr!nt7 F!n)n B;9 M!n i# !n in4enti)n )6 re%ent '!te B;D I6 (e %$))#e, (e %!n i4e in ! ()r ' )6 %)06)rtin" i ,#i)n N)!0 C$)0#&* B;F S)%iet* i# 'epen'ent ,p)n ! %riti%i#0 )6 it# )(n tr!'iti)n# >r"en H!/er0!# B;@ T$ere i# n)t$in" ),t#i'e )6 t$e te+t BCD T$ere i# n)t$in" 'eep ')(n in#i'e ,# e+%ept ($!t (e $!4e p,t t$ere ),r#e 4e# Ri%$!r' R)rt* B9; E4er* 'e#ire $!# ! re !ti)n t) 0!'ne## L,%e Iri"!r!* B9C E4er* e0pire te # it#e 6 !n' t$e ()r ' t$!t it i# ,n i&e ! )t$er e0pire# B99 T$),"$t $!# ! (!*# ()r&e' /* )pp)#iti)n B9B W$) p !*# G)' in pre#ent.'!* 6e0ini#0P B9D P$i )#)p$* i# n)t )n * ! (ritten enterpri#e B9: In #,66erin", t$e !ni0! # !re ),r e1,! # B9F A t$e /e#t M!r+i#t !n! *#e# !re ! (!*# !n! *#e# )6 ! 6!i ,re BB; DIRECTORY BD; GLOSSARY BDD INDEX B:C ACKNOWLEDGMENTS