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ICAI/ICMAI/ICSI
H O M E I C A I I C M A I I C S I Q U E S T I O NP A P E R S D O W N L O A D M U L T I P L EC H O I C EQ U E S T I O N S C A R E E R F O L L O WM E C O N T A C TM E

T uesday, February 26, 2013

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Branch Accounting
Meaning Branch: Branch means any subordinate division of a business, subsidiary shop, office etc. Acc to the provisions contained in sec29 of the Companies Act 1956 it would appear that a branch is any establishment carrying on either the same or substantially the same activity as that carried on by head office of the company. A branch is a separate segment of a business. In order to increase the sales, business houses are requires to market their products over a larger territory and may generally split their business into certain divisions or parts. These various parts or divisions may be located in different part of the same city or in different cities of the same country or in different countries in the world. These are known as branches. The head office controls the activities of various branches. Branch accounting: Branch accounting is the process through which the accounting system of a branch is maintained.

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Important T opics for No CWA Foundation CWA Intermediate Stage I CWA Intermediate Stage II CWA Final Stage III CWA Final Stage IV CS Foundation CS Executive CS Final CA CPT CA IPCC CA Final

Objectives of Branch Accounting The following are the main objects of maintaining branch accounts: a. b. c. d. e. f. Profit or loss of each branch can be found out They help in controlling branches Actual financial position of the business can be found out on the basis of head office and branch accounting periods. Branch requirements of goods and cash can be estimated. Suggestions for increasing the efficiency of the branch can be sent on the basis of branch accounts. They help in complying with the requirements of law because acc to companies act 1956.

For Dec' 2013 CMA Exam

Types of Branch: From the accounting point of view, branches may be classified into a) b) c) Dependent Branch Independent Branch Foreign Branch

Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper Paper

5: MCQ Compilation 6 Part 1: Quick Revisi 6: Indian Contract Act 6: Sale of Goods Act 7: Capital Gains 10: Simple and Precis

(a) Dependent Branch: The term Dependent Branch means a branch which does not maintain its own set of books. All records have to be maintained by the head office. When the business policies and the administration of a branch are wholly controlled by the head office, its accounts also are maintained by it. In such a case, Branch accounts are written up at the head office out of reports and returns received from the branch.

The following are the main features of such branches: a. Such branches sell only those goods which are received from the head office and are not usually allowed to make purchases in the open market except with the express permission of the head office. b. c. Goods are supplied by the head office to such branches either at cost price or at invoice price. All expenses of the branch such as rent, salary of staff, advertisement etc., are paid by the head office.

d. Petty expenses such as cartage, entertainment, freights etc. are paid by the branch manager out of petty cash book balance. Such book is maintained at the branch either as simple petty cash book or on imprest system. e. The amount received from cash sales or cash received from debtors is either remitted to the head office daily or deposited in the account of the head office in some local bank. f. The branch manager is normally expected to sell the goods for cash only but he may be authorized to sell goods on credit as well.

ACCOUNTING IN RESPECT OF DEPENDENT BRANCHES In case of a dependent branch, the head office may keep accounts of the branch acc to any of the following systems 1) 2) 3) 4) Debtors System Stock and Debtors system Wholesale System Final Account system

Useful Notes icwai icwai notes icwai intermediate notes

(1) Debtors System (Synthetic Method) This system is adopted in case of branches of small size. Under this system, a branch account is opened separately for each branch in the books

cpt notes

of head office. This account is nominal account in nature. The opening balances of stock, debtors (if any), petty cash are debited to the branch account. (2) Stock and Debtors System Profit and loss of a branch can be found out by preparing branch account but there is another method for the same purpose. This method is known as stock and debtors method. If it is desired to exercise a more detailed account control over the working of a branch, the accounts of the branch are maintained under which is described as the stock and debtors method. (3) Wholesale Branch System Manufacturers may sell goods to the consumers either through the wholesalers and approved stockists or through their branches. In order to know whether self-retailing through branch is more profitable than wholesaling, it is necessary to make distinction between profit due to wholesale and profit due to retail business of the branch. Wholesale price is always less than retail price. (4) Final Accounts System The head office can also ascertain the profit or loss of a dependent branch by preparing branch trading and profit and loss a/c at cost. In such cases, the head office may also maintain a branch account.

cpt icsi notes icwai foundation notes icai notes financial accounting cpt important topics icsi foundation notes stage I notes income tax icsi cs notes

Treatment of Certain Branch Transactions in case of dependent branch 1) Branch Expenses paid by the branch out of Petty Cash. Such expenses will be deducted from the branch cash and at the close reduced balance of cash will be shown on the credit side of the branch account. Such expenses need not be shown in the branch account. If such expenses are reimbursed by the head office to the branch (if the petty cash is maintained on imprest system), then these must be debited to the branch account. However, same opening and closing balances of petty cash will be shown on the debit and credit side respectively of the branch account. 2) Depreciation of Fixed assets. This is not shown in the branch account. But the closing balance of the fixed assets will be shown on the credit side of the branch account after deduction of the amount of depreciation. 3) Credit sales, bad debts, sales returns, allowances, and discount allowed pertaining to branch. These items are pertaining to debtors account and will not be shown in the branch account. However, these items will be taken into consideration while ascertaining the amount of opening or closing balance of debtors or amount received from debtors which are shown in the branch account. 4) Goods in transit. Goods in transit is the difference between goods sent by head office and received by the branch. Such goods will be shown either on the both sides of the branch account or will be ignored totally while preparing the branch account. 5) Purchase of fixed asset by the branch. If the branch has purchased any fixed assets, then on one hand branch account will be credited by the head office and on the other the remittance from the branch will be reduced by the amount. If branch has purchased the asset on credit basis and liability arising from such purchase will be shown on the debit side of branch account. 6) Sale of Fixed Asset. If the sale is for cash, cash remittance will increase from the branch but asset will reduce in value to be shown on the credit side of the branch account as this is automatically adjusted through the above adjustments.

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(b) Independent Branch and Their features Independent branches are those which act independently within the broad policies framed by the Head office in conducting their day-to-day activities. The main features of independent branches. a. They need not depend on the Head office for their requirements of supplies of goods. They can make purchases themselves. Of course, they can also obtain supplies of goods from the head office as and when they want. b. They can sell goods only for cash and credit at any price they consider profitable.

c. They need not remit the money received by them from cash sales and debtors to the Head office periodically. They can retain the funds and meet their day-to-day expenses out of those funds. Finally, if they have surplus cash in their hands, they can remit the same to the Head office. d. They keep a complete set of books for recording their transactions. So, they can prepare their own Trial Balance, Trading and Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. e. However, as they are ultimately responsible to the Head office, at the end of every financial period, they are required to submit a copy of their Trial Balance to the Head office.

Treatment of some Specific Transactions in case of Independent Branch (1) Cash in transit: If the cash sent by branch to H.O. or the cash sent by H.O. to branch has not been received by the other party upto the end of the year, it is known as cash in transit. There is a difference in the balances of two accounts on account of this transaction also. To reconcile the two balances, the following journal entry is passed in H.O. books at the end of the year: Cash in Transit a/c Dr. To Branch a/c (Cash in transit taken into books) At the beginning of the next year, reverse entry will be passed.

(ii) Goods in transit: When goods are dispatched by the head office to branch and the branch does not receive it even upto the end of the year, it is known as goods in transit. In the same way when goods are returned by branch to head office and the head office does not receive it upto the end of the year it is also known as goods in transit. It is quite understandable that a difference should arise in the balances of two accounts due to these transactions. Therefore, to reconcile, the following journal entry will be passed in head office books in both the circumstances: Goods in Transit a/c Dr. To Branch a/c (Goods in transit taken into books)

In the Balance Sheet of Head office both the above items will be shown as an asset.

(iii) Depreciation on Fixed Assets: Often, the accounts of fixed assets of a branch are maintained in the head office books. In such a case,

1.

Entry for depreciation in H.O. Books: Branch A/c Dr XXX XXX

To Branch Fixed Assets A/c 2. The branch passes the following entry in its own books for Depreciation: Depreciation A/c To Head Office A/c Dr XXX

XXX

Any purchase of fixed assets by the branch, in such a case, should be debited to head office account and credited to bank (or Suppliers A/c) in the branch books. Similarly, in head office books the same should be debited to branch fixed assets account and credited to Branch A/c. (iv) Inter-Branch Transactions: Where there are number of branches, inter-branch transactions are likely to take place, e.g., cash or goods sent by one branch to another or expenses incurred by one branch on behalf of another. Such transactions are usually adjusted assuming that they were entered into under the instructions from the H.O. Suppose Kolkata branch transfers some goods to Mumbai branch under the directions of the H.O. The entries will be as follows:

1.

In the books of Kolkata Branch: Head Office A/c Dr XXX XXX

To Goods Supplied to Branch A/c 2. In the books of Mumbai Branch: Goods received from Branches A/c To Head Office A/c 3. In the books of Head Office: Mumbai Branch A/c To Kolkata Branch a/c Note: Dr XXX Dr XXX

XXX

XXX

Inter-branch transactions without the knowledge of head office may be passed as between the branches only in the usual manner.

Foreign Branches Introduction: A Foreign branch usually maintains a complete set of books under double entry principles. So, the accounting principles of a Foreign Branch will be the same as those applying to an Inland Branch. Before a Trial Balance of the Foreign Branch is incorporated in the H.O. books, it has to be converted into home currency. Rules for conversion: In case of fluctuating rates of exchange, the following rules for conversion are applied: Nature of Account Fixed Assets Fixed Liabilities Current Assets & Liabilities Remittances sent by the branch Goods received from H.O. as well as goods returned to H.O. Exchange Rate Applicable Rates ruling at the time they were acquired. Rates ruling as on the date of the Trial Balance. Rates ruling as on the date of the Trial Balance. At the actual rates at which they were made. At the rates ruling on the date of dispatch or the date of receipt. Average rate ruling during the accounting period. The Nominal A/cs (except next two) Depreciation on Fixed Assets Rate of conversion applicable in case of the particular asset concerned [as indicated in (a) above]. Rates ruling of on the opening and closing dates respectively. Opening and Closing stocks Value at which the Branch A/c appears in H.O. books on the date.

Balance in H.O. A/c

Difference in Exchange: As a result of conversion of branch trial balance in home currency, a difference in the trial balance is will often arise. If a loss (Dr.) results, it should be debited to Profit & Loss A/c, if a profit (Cr.) results, the prudent course is to credit it to an exchange Reserve A/c so as to provide for future losses on exchange. Labels: branch accounting, icai notes, icsi notes, icwai notes, icwai intermediate notes

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Anand Kumar Gupta 1 month ago - Shared publicly branch a/c is real, personal or nominal a/c? and how ? please xplain
1 Reply

Akshaya K 5 months ago - Shared publicly notes is very easy and usefull
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Sanchita Suman 3 months ago - Shared publicly i appreciate it! truly useful!! keep up the good work bro! :)
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somesh tej chandra 6 months ago its very helpful to me

Kumar Nirmal Prasad 6 months ago thanks somesh, send your quesries, suggestion and requirements on 9577097967 and kumarnirmalprasad@gmail.com

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