GEOTECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF DELTAIC SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF THE RIVER MAHANADI

A PROJECT REPORT Submitted by

Harekrushna Behera(100301cel025) Rajesh Muduli (100301cel060) Mrutyunjaya Nayak(100301cel027) Pradeep Kumar Majhi(100301cel026) Bishwambhar Jal(100301cel030) Jananjaya Jena(100301cel061)
In partial fulfillment of the award of the degree Of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In
CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CENTURION UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY&MANAGEMENT:: ODISHA NOVEMBER 2013

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CENTURION INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT BHUBANESWAR-752050
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report GEOTECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF DELTAIC SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF DELTA is the bonafide work of Harekrushna Behera, Rajesh Muduli, Mrutyunjaya Nayak, Pradeep Kumar Majhi , Bishwambhar Jal , Jananjaya Jena who carried out the project work under my supervision. This is to further certify to the best of my knowledge that this project has not been carried out earlier in this institute and the university.

Signature MAHASAKTI MAHAMAYA

Assistant professor Dept.of Civil Engineering

Signature SIBA PRASAD MISHRA

Assistant Professor Dept.of Civil Engineering

my supervision. This is to further certify to the best of my knowledge that this project has not been carried out earlier in this institute and the university.

SIGNATURE (Prof.R.K.PANIGRAHI) HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Professor of Civil Engineering

DEPARTMENT SEAL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We wish to express my profound and sincere gratitude to Asst Prof.Mahasakti Mahamaya & Sibaprasad Mishra Department of Civil Engineering, CUTM, Jatni, who guided me into the intricacies of this project non-chalantly with matchless magnanimity.

We thank Dr. Ramakanta Panigrahi, Head of the Dept. of Civil Engineering, CUTM, Jatni and DEAN, SOET JITM for extending their support during Course of this investigation. We would be failing in my duty if I dont acknowledge the co-operation rendered during various stages of image interpretation by our entire teacher.

We are highly grateful to guides & teachers who evinced keen interest and invaluable support in the progress and successful completion of my project work.

We are indebted to guides & teachers for their constant encouragement, co-operation and help. Words of gratitude are not enough to describe the accommodation and fortitude which they have shown throughout my endeavor.

Harekrushna Behera Rajesh Muduli Mrutyunjaya Nayak

(100301cel025) (100301cel060) (100301cel027)

Pradeep Kumar Majhi (100301cel026) Bishwambhar Jal Jananjaya Jena (100301cel030) (100301cel061)

CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO.

TITLE LIST OF TABLE LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT

PAGE NO.

CHAPTER-1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 INTRODUCTION UNIQUENESS OF THE STUDY AIM OF THE STUDY CHARACTERICTICS OF SOIL PROPERTIES OF SOIL OBJECTIVE BENEFITS OF SOIL TEST 1 2 2 3 4 4 4

CHAPTER-2 2.1 FORMULATION OF PROJEC 2.2 GEOMORPHOLOGICAL OF THE DELTA 2.2.1Drainage channels 2.2.2 Flood plains 2.2.3Drainage pattern 2.3 WORKS CHAPTER-3 3.1 METHODOLOGY8 3.2 SPESIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL 3.3 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL BY SIEVE TEST 3.4 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE OF SOIL SAMPLE13-15 3.5 LIQUID LIMIT OF THE SOIL SAMPLE CHAPTER-4 4.1 PLASTIC LIMIT OF SOIL 4.2 COMPACTION PROPERTIES OF SOI CHAPTER-5 5.1 RESULTS 5.1.1Specific gravity of soil 32-33 21-23 24-31 8-9 10-12 5 5-6

16-20

CHAPTER NO.

TITLE

PAGE NO.

5.1.2 Plastic limit of soil 5.1.3 Liquid limit of soil 5.1.4 Compaction properties 5.1.5 Grain size distribution of soil 5.2SUMMARY 5.3CONCLUSION 5.4 FUTURE WORK

34 34 35

REFERENCES

36-37

LIST OF TABLES TABLES TITLE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL PAGE NO.

3.2.1- Right side of the river 3.2.2- Left side of the river GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL BY SIEVE TEST 3.3.1- Saradeipur village. 3.3.2-Madhipur 3.3.3-Barimula 3.3.4-Kant 3.3.5-Nuagaon 3.3.6-Panchagaon 3.3.7-Jatni 3.3.8-Nathapur LIQUID LIMIT OF THE SOIL SAMPLE 3.5.1-Saradeipur village 3.5.2-Madhipur 3.5.3-Barimula 3.5.4-Kant 3.5.5-Nuagaon 3.5.6-Panchagaon 3.5.7-Jatni 3.5.8-Nathapur PLASTIC LIMIT OF SOIL 4.1.1-Saradeipur village 4.2.2-Madhipur 4.3.3-Barimula 4.4.4-Kant 4.5.5-Nuagaon 4.6.6-Panchagaon 4.7.7-Jatni 4.8.8-Nathapur COMPACTION PROPERTIES OF SOIL 4.2.1-Saradeipur village 4.2.2-Madhipur 4.2.3-Barimula 4.2.4-Kant 4.2.5-Nuagaon 4.2.6- Jatni 4.2.7- Nathapur 4.2.8- Panchagaon

8 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 12 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 18 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 24 25 25 26 27 27 28 29

LIST OF FIGURE FIGURE TITLE Fig-1.3.1GEOMORPHIC FEATURE OF MAHANADI RIVER DELTA Fig-1.4.1 TAKING SOIL SAMPLE AREA Fig-2.2.1 LEFT OF DAYA RIVER EMBACKMENT INSIDE DELTA Fig-2.2.2 DRAINAGE CHANNEL6 Fig-3.2.1 PHOTOS OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN LABROTORY & FIELD WORK 9 PAGE NO. 2 3 5

Fig-3.4.1 PHOTOS OF GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN LABROTORY & FIELD WORK 15 Fig-3.5.1 PHOTOS OF LIQUID LIMIT TEST IN LABROTORY & FIELD WORK Fig-4.1.1 PHOTOS OF PLASTIC LIMIT TEST IN LABROTORY & FIELD WORK Fig-4.2.1 PHOTOS OF COMPACTION TEST IN LABROTORY & FIELD WORK 20 23 31

ABSTRACT The intention of this study is to have cram on the geological formation of a River Basin of the river Mahanadi and its development in its deltaic regionwith geographic time scale. The primal focussed area of study is the extension of Mahanadi delta towards its south and its impact on the largest brackish water lake of asia, the Chilika lagoon. Further a detailed study of the landform, characteristic vegetation, branching patern within the uplands of the river Daya and the river Bhargovi (Doab) alongwith their meandearing character is taken for study.The northern sector of the Chilika Lagoon and the flood plains of the rivers Daya and Bhargovi is our focussed area which has been little studied by previous workers where as a number of researchers have worked on the extention of the northern quarter of the tri-delta of Mahanadi River Delta development: The step by step delta-building processes of the existing set of rivers continued throughout the Quaternary period (2.588 million years ago) and all the rivers that have cut across the Eastern Ghats trend to flow in the south-easterly direction. The presence of abandoned deltaic elements like the palaeo-deltaic lobes within the delta suggests more than one major stage of deltabuilding activity. Tectonic depressions, land form and monsoonal precipitation had controlled the sedimentation pattern in the Lower Deltaic Plains of River Mahanadi. The shifts in the distributaries along with base level variations from time to time have been well marked in the delta. Formation of lobes, ana-branching, sand dunes and abandoned ridges advocates about the enlargement of the delta. Existence of swamps, mud flats, sand dunes near the meandered channels also confirm about the delta propagation and abandonment of the old Channels. In the south east corner of the delta the process is very active today as the bed level at the confluence point of the river Daya is at lower level of 1.5mtr of the bed of Chilika lagoon. The sedimentation processes in the branched rivers of Mahanadi is continuously developing by raising its land form. Reasons for development: In the delta building process, the river Bhargovi a southerly branch of the river Mahanadi, is almost matured today for the reaches parallel to the coast today.(from 36km to 85km downstream). The head reach of the Daya and Bhargovi river are quite wide to receive and accommodate their flood share of the River Mahanadi (about 4% each) where as in the lower reaches they are shrunk, which can receive only a fraction of flood volume. This condition aggravates the drainage congestion of the rivers Daya-Bhargovi system. The balance of retained flood deposits it sediment in the flood plain areas of the western shore of the lagoon which helps in enlargement of the delta. Present study: It has been noticed that the southerly deltaic boundary of Mahanadi delta is the right embankment of Daya River. But it is found that last two centuries the flood plain of the river is encroached by different floods. Due to sedimentation the vegetation, the soil, the flora and fauna of the area in the vicinity of the southern embankment has been changed. Since the soil characteristics demarcate a delta and a non delta region it is thought to take soil samples from both side of the river and test its characteristics such as specific gravity, grain size analysis, liquid limit, plastic limit and the coefficients of uniformity. This has urged myself and my friends to investigate about the issue and have the characteristic studies by taking help of our organization, the Centurion University of Technology and Management (CUTM). The Civil Department of our organization, the laboratory has given us scope to investigate about our study. Since the length of the Daya embankment is 60kms only 15 km have been considered in this study.

CHAPTER-1 1.1 INTRODUCTION

Deltas are geologically young landforms. Present-day delta system is not older than than 7,000 years ago. Over Earth's history, as sea levels have risen and fallen in response to glacial periods, deltas have formed and have been covered over. During 7000 years B.P., when sea levels stopped rising after the last ice age, the pattern of the distributaries in the delta has changed which is seen today. The current deltas of some rivers are built on the remains of numerous deltas stretching back millions of years. Yet their surface can change rapidly and significantly. The key to the creation of a delta, and its continual formation, is a river and the sediment it transports. A delta is often a patchwork of marshes, swamps, lakes, and tidal flats (muddy or marshy areas that are covered and uncovered by the rising and falling tides). During the normal flow of the main river in a delta, all the water is guided out to the ocean by the active distributaries. Sediment is deposited in these channels when the flood flow is blocked on the way it traverses. The areas between the channels receive sediment of the distribytary branches. Coarse sandy particles are deposited first, producing low ridges or embankments along the banks of the distributaries which are called as natural levees. The capacity and the comepetance of the river channel also determine the amount of sediment it can carry and the volume it fails to carry. These volume are used for development of delta building. The noted points about mahanadi delta are as follows:

The Mahanadi delta (Lat. 1851 N, 21 49 N and Long. 85 00 E 87 25 E.) is the third largest delta among the east flowing peninsular rivers in East Coast of India

Its deltaic propagation covers about 300 km of coastal reach covering the districts Bhadrak, Jagatsinghpur, Cuttack, Kendrapara, Puri, Khordha and Ganjam of coastal districts of Odisha It is a tri delta constituting the rivers Baitarani, Brahamani and Mahanadi. To the south of the delta lays the Eastern Ghats hills and at corner the largest brackish water lake of Asia, the Chilika Lagoon. The delta Head is at Naraj, 10km upstream of the Cuttacki city. The southern length of the delta is 60km. The important places lies in the southern flank are Bhunaeswar, Jatani, Khurdha and Tangi blocks of Khurdha district. The lagoon act as a balancing reservoir for two southerly distributaries of River Daya and the river Bhargovi contributing 61% of fresh water flow to the lagoon.(Mishra and Jena 2012)

1.2 Uniqueness of the study: The southern part of Mahanadi delta covers two districts, Khurdha and Puri of odisha state which is thicky populated having highest population density 799 and 488 per sqkm respectively. Chilika lagoon lying in the southern corner of the delta covering 1165sqkm has been highlighted as the ecowonder for its flora, fauna, biodiversity, fishery resources and winged guest avifauna. Geomorphologic changes in the land forms of the Doab along with change in the land form of the Today the lagoon is a deep concern for the society and the stake holders due to dimunation of its area, salinity variance and polution. The changes have altered their lifestyle and sources of livelihood of the people of the area today. Formation of new distributaries, change of course of some branches, silting up of few channels with age indicates the area is going to face a revolution and change in life style of its inhabitants. The geomorphological changes that has ocured with time scale has been studied by different authors from time to time. (Mahalik N K. 1996). The delta-building activity has been studied in details towards the north from Chandbali to Paradip. (Subramanyan V et al 2008). But no investigation have yet been done about enlargement of the southern region of the delta. In this paper studies have been made to find additional room for the southern propagation and extension of the delta of the river Mahanadi to southwest and encroachment of northern coast of the brackish water lagoon Chilika. The radar sat imagery of the delta in the southern flange of Daya river shows propagation of the delta to its south 1.3 Aim of study; The extension of Mahanadi delta towards its south and its impact on the largest brackish water lagoon of Asia.

Fig-1.3.1 2

It has been noticed that the deltaic boundary of Mahanadi delta is the right embankment of Daya river. But it is found that last two centuries the flood plain of the river is encroached by different volume of floods. Since the soil characteristics demarcate a delta and a non delta region it is thought to take soil samples from both side of the river, test and compare its characteristics such as specific gravity, grain size analysis, liquid limit, plastic limit and the coefficients of uniformity which has been done in the laboratory of CUTM. The procedure and the results obtained are given in the graph.

1.4 CHARACTERSTICS OF SOIL The southern boundary of the river Mahanadi ends by its right embankment, the alluvial plains end there. Then the lateritic zone of the Eastern Ghats hills starts which stretches from Bhubaneswar near Sisupalgarh of Bhubaneswar to Tangi in the upper reach even the Rambha Hills range in the lower reach. Beyond the southern deltaic range Lateritic soil with patches of black cotton soil of EGB Hills range is found.(Mishra and Jena 2013) But due to extension of the delta this characteristics have changed with time. Procedure of taking samples

Fig-1.4.1 The sights have been inspected by us and selected to take samples are Sardeipur, Barimul, Madhipur, kanti in the Left bank of Daya river. Similarly from the right flank of River daya the palces for sampling chosen are Nathapur, Nuagaon, Panchagaon and Jatani.The sights designated are cleared from debrises, small bushes, grass and upto 15cm upper layer soil is thrown out of site. A soil evaluation begins with a simple soil probe or hand auger, to retrieve samples of soil at different depths. The vertical section exposing the texture changes in the different layers of soils termed a soil profile. Road cuts and other open excavations expose soil profiles and serve as a window to the soil. Horizons begin to differentiate as materials are added to the upper part of the profile and other materials move to deeper zones. Organic matter from decomposed plant leaves and roots tends to accumulate in the uppermost horizons, giving these layers a darker color than the lower ones. These 3

horizons are generally referred to as the topsoil. The next layers contain less organic matter and are composed of silicate clays, iron and aluminum oxides, gypsum or calcium carbonate accumulated from the horizons above. These lower layers are referred to as subsoil. The characteristics of subsoil greatly influence most land-use activities. Roots cant penetrate impermeable subsoil and water cant move through it. 1.5 PROPERTIES OF SOIL The soils from the different sample points at Cove Creek are characterized by measuring a Number of soil properties 1. Gain experience with a range of methodologies for measuring soil properties and assessing soil quality. 2. Become familiar with different soil types and varying soil properties. 3. Observe the relationship between soil conditions, terrain conditions, and past management practices. 4. Use the analysis of soil conditions to assess the impact of varying management strategies on soil quality, and hence, sustainability properties 1.6 OBJECTIVE Predicting deltaic boundary in its southern sector of the river Mahanadi by soil testing method. The soil test is Specific gravity of soil Grain size distribution of soil Liquid limit of soil Plastic limit of soil Compaction properties (standard proctor test)

1.7 BENEFITS OF SOIL TEST Know the properties and assessing soil quality. Know different types of soil We know the Specific gravity of soil, Particle size of soil, Compaction properties, Plastic limit, Liquid limit, Shrinkage limit, Soaked or Un-soaked soil, Permeability of soil, Shear strength. Analysis of soil conditions on soil quality, and its sustainability.

CHAPTER-2 2.1 FORMULATION OF PROJECT Major deltas in India lie along its east coast (Fig. 1). These deltas have been receiving wide attention in respect of their morphology, evolution, and applied aspects. The Mahanadi delta in Orissa State is one of the east coast deltas, lying between 8540' to 8645'E and 1940' to 200 35'N, The main river Mahanadi branches into many distributaries channels, and river-borne sediments have been deposited, forming the broad, flat, alluvial plain. Along the sea margin, both fluvial and marine agencies have operated together to form a variety of geomorphic features along the coast. The purpose of this paper is to describe the venous geomorphic features of the Mahanadi delta and to bring out the successive stages in the evolution of the delta. The study was based on the interpretation of topographic maps, aerial photographs, and satellite Imageries, as well as on field investigations. 2.2 GEOMORPHOLOGICAL OF THE DELTA The Mahanadi deltaic plain is divisible into two major regions: the upper, fluvial sector' and the lower, marine-marginal sector (Fig. 3). The fluvial sector occupies more than the western half of the delta plain, and is primarily composed of sediments deposited by the river systems within the delta. The marine influences are non-existent in this part of the delta. The marine-marginal sector is a geomorphic belt running parallel and adjacent to the present-day shoreline. The various geomorphic features of this plain are of marine, fluvio-marine, and aeolian origin
Left of Daya river embankment inside delta as on 18.9.2013

Fig-2.2.1 Below the delta head, the main Mahanadi channel divides into the Mahanadi on the north and the Kathjodi on the south. These two further divide downstream into many branches, which make up four active distributaries systems from north to south: the Birupa system, the Mahanadi system, the Kathjodi-Debi system, and the Kuakhai system. 2.2.1Drainage channels Also present in the delta are channels that carry the waters that accumulate in the flood plain either due to rain or to excess spill from the active distributaries channels during floods. These channels are termed here as 'drainage channels'. They occupy the lowest contours of the flood plain and flow down slope to the sea. Several such important drainage channels are present in the flood plain

, but they carry very little sediment load, which is mostly fine-grained material. The important drainage channels are: the Gobari between the Birupa and the Mahanadi; the Hansua between the Mahanadi and the Kathjodi-Debi; the Kadua between the Prachi and the Kushbhadra;the Dhanua between the Kushbhadra and the Bhargabi.

Fig-2.2.2 2.2.2 Flood plains The area between the two distributaries channels is the low-lying flood plain. It has a minimum elevation along the axial zone and a very low gradient towards the sea. The axial zone is occupied by a drainage channel. The flood plains have ill-drained areas in their central parts. The ill-drained areas are the lowest area in between present-day active distributaries channels. Hence there is difficulty in natural drainage of these areas, which are occupied by swamps and lakes.

2.2.3Drainage pattern The drainage pattern 111 the Mahanadi delta is radial and parallel. The distributaries channels fan out from the delta head to northeast, east, southeast, south, and southwest. Most of the rivers take significant right-angled turns, clockwise or anticlockwise, close to the coast before they debouch into the sea (Fig. 3). The main Mahanadi and Debi channels turn at right angles anticlockwise and run parallel to the coast. The Kushbhadra, after a straight southerly course, deflects eastward and meets the sea parallel to the shore. The Bhargabi flows south and then takes a right angled turn clockwise, draining into Chilika Lake. The bends in the Mahanadi and the Debi are thought to be due to the effects of long shore currents and ancient beach ridges, whereas the bends in the Bhargabi and the Kushbhadra are due to the positive topography of coastal sands between Puri and Konark

2.3 WORKS Visited the site and contacted EE Irrigation, Purl to have detail knowledge of the delta. From the review of literature the Geomorphology and Evolution of the Mahanadi Delta, India of N K Mahalik et al 2004 elucidates the Geomorphology changes with geographical time scale. Collected the soil samples from the area as per norm. Sieve analysis, particle size distribution, liquid limit, plastic limit, compaction properties of the data has been done for the 8 soil samples and the also graphs and photos are done. Describe the soil at your sample point as exhaustively as possible based on the various tests and measurements carried out. Also include information about characteristics such as geologic origin, color, and management history.

CHAPTER-3 3.1METHODOLOGY Soil testing is mainly required to provide the deltaic boundary in its southern sector of the river Mahanadi. The tests are Specific gravity of soil Grain size distribution of soil by sieve test Liquid limit of soil Plastic limit of soil Compaction properties of soil The soil samples are taken in the two side of the river side village. Right side of the river Saradeipur Village Madhipur Barimula Kanti Left side of the river Nuagaon Panchgaon Jatni Nathapur

3.2SPESIFIC GRAVITY OF SOIL Specific gravity G is defined as the ratio of the weight of an equal volume of distilled water at that temperature both weights taken in air. The knowledge of specific gravity is needed in calculation of soil properties like void ratio , degree of saturation etc. unless or otherwise specified specific gravity values report shall be based on water at 27degree Celsius. So the specific gravity at 27c =KxSp. gravity at Txc. The specific gravity of the soil particle lie within the range of 2.65 to 2.85.soil containing organic matter and porous particles may have specific gravity value below 2.0. Soils having heavy substances may have values above 3.0.

TABLE 3.2.1- Right side of the river Sl Observation area no 1 2 3 4 5 6 Weight of density bottle Weight of density bottle + dry soil Weight of density bottle + dry soil + water at temperature Weight of bottle + water at temp. Specific gravity Average specific gravity

Saradeipur Village in (g) 60 80 101 13 2.5 2.5

Madhipur (g) 30 50 99 86 2.8

Barimula in (g) 40 60 108 96 2.5

Kanti in (g)

55 75 111 101 2

TABLE 3.2.2- Left side of the river Sl Observation area no 1 Weight of density bottle 2 Weight of density bottle + dry soil 3 Weight of density bottle + dry soil + water at temperature 4 Weight of bottle + water at temp. 5 Specific gravity 6 Average specific gravity

Nuagaon in (g) 55 75 112 101 2.2 2.8

Panchagaon in (g) 37 57 106 93 2.8

Jatni in (g) 30 50 78 63 4

Nathapur in (g) 55 75 113 101 2.5

PHOTOS OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY IN LABROTORY & FIELD WORK

FIG.-3.2.1

3.3GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL BY SIEVE TEST The grain size analysis is widely used in classification of soil . the grain size analysis is an attempt to determine the relative proportions of different grain sizes which make up a given soil mass. The data obtained from grain size distribution curves is used in the design of filters for earth dams and to determine suitability of soil for road construction, air field etc. information obtained from grain size analysis can be used to predict soil eater movement although permeability test are more generally used. The complete sieve analysis can be divided in two parts-the coarse analysis and fine analysis. An oven dried sample of soil is separated I two fractions by sieving it through a 4.75mm IS sieve. The portion retained on it(+4.5 mm sieve) is termed as the gravel fraction and is kept for the coarse analysis, while the portion passing through it (-4.75mm sieve) is subjected to fine analysis. The set of sieves are used for coarse sieve analysis: IS: 100, 63, 20, 10, & 4.75. the sieves are used for fine sieve analysis are : 2mm , 1.0mm, 600 mic, 425mic, 300mic, 212mic, 150mic, & 75micron is sieves. RIGHT SIDE OF THE RIVER Table 3.3.1- Saradeipur village. Sieve size Retain soil in (g) 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.00 mm 600 mic 425 mic 300 mic 150 mic 75 mic pan 397 94 114 57 33 52 46 146 61

% of retain soil in Cum % (g) 39.7 39.7 9.4 49.1 11.4 60.5 5.7 66.2 3.3 69.5 5.2 74.7 4.6 79.3 14.6 93.9 6.1 100

% finer 60.3 50.9 39.5 33.8 30.5 25.3 20.7 6.1 0

Table 3.3.2- madhipur. Sieve size Retain soil in (g) 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.00 mm 600 mic 425 mic 300 mic 150 mic 75 mic pan 23 22 35 2 24 453 165 215 37

% of retain soil in Cum % (g) 2.3 2.3 2.2 4.5 3.5 8 2.6 10.6 2.4 13 45.3 58.3 16.5 74.8 21.5 96.3 3.7 100

% finer 97.7 95.5 92 89.4 87 41.7 25.2 3.7 0

10

Table 3.3.3-Barimula Sieve size Retain soil in (g) 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.00 mm 600 mic 425 mic 300 mic 150 mic 75 mic pan 453 86 110 69 58 78 48 56 42

% of retain soil in Cum % (g) 45.3 45.3 8.6 53.9 11 64.9 6.9 71.8 5.8 77.6 7.8 85.4 4.8 90.2 5.6 95.8 4.2 100

% finer 54.7 46.1 35.1 28.2 22.4 14.6 9.8 4.2 0

Table 3.3.4-Kanti. Sieve size Retain soil in (g) 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.00 mm 600 mic 425 mic 300 mic 150 mic 75 mic pan 262 74 100 59 57 232 93 94 29

% of retain soil in Cum % (g) 26.2 26.2 7.4 33.6 10 43.6 5.9 49.5 5.7 55.2 23.2 78.4 9.3 87.7 9.4 97.1 2.9 100

% finer 73.8 66.4 56.4 50.5 44.8 21.6 12.3 2.9 0

LEFT SIDE OF THE RIVER Table 3.3.5-Nuagaon. Sieve size Retain soil in (g) 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.00 mm 600 mic 425 mic 300 mic 150 mic 75 mic pan 111 120 105 185 195 160 41 38 45

% of retain soil in Cum % (g) 11.1 11.1 12 23.1 10.5 33.6 18.5 52.1 19.5 71.6 16.0 87.6 4.1 91.7 3.8 95.5 4.5 100

% finer 88.9 76..9 66.7 47.9 28.4 12.4 8.3 4.5 0

Table 3.3.6- Panchagaon Sieve size Retain soil in (g) 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.00 mm 600 mic 425 mic 300 mic 236 94 123 80 87 221

% of retain soil in Cum % (g) 23.6 23.6 9.4 33.0 12.3 45.3 8.0 53.3 8.7 62.0 22.1 84.11

% finer 76.4 67 54.7 46.7 38 15.9

150 mic 75 mic pan

58 69 32

5.8 6.9 3.2

89.9 96.8 100

10.1 3.2 0

Table 3.3.7- Jatni. Sieve size 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.00 mm 600 mic 425 mic 300 mic 150 mic 75 mic pan

Retain soil in (g) 280 93 142 125 96 173 25 44 22

% of retain soil in Cum % (g) 28.0 28.0 9.3 37.3 14.2 51.5 12.5 64.0 9.6 73.6 17.3 90.9 2.5 93.4 4.4 97.8 2.2 100

% finer 72.0 62.7 48.5 36.0 26.4 9.1 6.6 2.2 0

Table 3.3.8- Nathapur Sieve size Retain soil in (g) 4.75 mm 2.36 mm 1.00 mm 600 mic 425 mic 300 mic 150 mic 75 mic pan 445 85 99 63 73 150 40 30 15

% of retain soil in Cum % (g) 44.5 44.5 8.5 53.0 9.9 62.9 6.3 69.2 7.3 76.5 15.0 91.5 4.0 95.5 3.0 98.5 1.5 100

% finer 55.5 47 37.1 30.8 23.5 8.5 4.5 1.5 0

12

3.4 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE OF RIGHT SIDE OF THE RIVER

Madhipur
120 100 80 % FINER 60 40 20 0 1 SIEVE SIZE 10 %finer % FINER 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 SIEVE SIZE 10 Series1

Barimula

Kanti
120 100 80 % FINER 60 40 20 0 1 SIEVE SIZE 10 %finer % FINER 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1

Saradeipur village

%finer

10 SIEVE SIZE

13

GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION CURVE OF LEFT SIDE OF THE RIVER

100 90 80 70 % finer 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 Sieve size 10 Series1 % FINER

Panchagaon Nathapur
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 SIEVE SIZE 10 %finer

Nuagaon
80 70 60 % FINER 40 30 20 10 0 1 SIEVE SIZE 10 10 0 1 %finer % FINER 50 40 30 20 60 50

Nathapur

%finer

10 SIEVE SIZE

14

PHOTOS OF GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION TEST IN LABROTORY AND FIELD

Fig.3.4.1

15

3.5 LIQUID LIMIT OF THE SOIL SAMPLE The liquid limit is the moisture content at which the groove, formed by standard tool into the sample of soil taken in the standard cup ,closer for 10 mm on being given 25 blows in a standard manner. At this limit the soil possess low shear strength. Liquid limit is significant to know the stress history and general properties of the soil met with construction. From the result of liquid limit the compression index may be estimated. The compression index value will help us in settlement analysis. If the natural moisture content of soil is closer to liquid limit, the soil can be considered as soft. If the moisture content is lesser than liquid limits, the soil can be considered as soft if the moisture content is lesser than liquid limit. The soil is brittle and stiffer.

RIGHT SIDE OF THE RIVER TABLE 3.5.1-Saradeipur village Container no. Empty container Wt. of container + soil Wt. of container + dry soil Wt. of water Wt. of dry soil Moisture content No. of blows TABLE 3.5.2-Madhipur Container no. Empty container Wt. of container + soil Wt. of container + dry soil Wt. of water Wt. of dry soil Moisture content (%) No. of blows 13 120 159 152 7 32 21.8 36 14 190 251 239 12 49 24.48 31 15 140 164 157 7 17 41.17 25 16 110 166 144 2 36 55.5 21 9 120 182 171 11 51 21.5 35 10 110 178 164 14 54 25.92 29 11 110 176 159 17 49 34.69 22 12 110 166 146 20 36 55.55 17

16

TABLE 3.5.3-Barimula Container no. Empty container Wt. of container + soil Wt. of container + dry soil Wt. of water Wt. of dry soil Moisture content(%) No. of blows TABLE 3.5.4-Kanti Container no. Empty container Wt. of container + soil Wt. of container + dry soil Wt. of water Wt. of dry soil Moisture content(%) No. of blows 5 190 223 229 4 39 10.25 31 6 140 195 189 6 49 12.24 29 7 140 202 195 7 55 12.72 23 8 150 222 207 15 57 26.31 18 1 110 162 154 8 44 18.18 34 2 120 171 161 10 41 24.39 28 13 3 120 186 171 15 51 29.41 21 4 140 219 196 23 56 41.07 18

RIGHT SIDE OF THE RIVER TABLE 3.5.5-Nuagaon Container no. Empty container Wt. of container + soil Wt. of container + dry soil Wt. of water Wt. of dry soil Moisture content(%) No. of blows TABLE 3.5.6-Panchagaon Container no. Empty container Wt. of container + soil Wt. of container + dry soil Wt. of water Wt. of dry soil Moisture content(%) No. of blows 17 110 166 159 7 49 14.28 33 18 110 162 155 7 45 15.55 30 19 140 263 244 19 54 35.18 21 20 120 179 162 17 42 40.47 15 21 120 169 156 9 38 23.68 31 22 120 176 165 11 45 24.4 28 23 140 204 188 16 48 33.3 21 24 120 171 156 15 36 41.66 15

17

TABLE 3.5.7-Jatni Container no. Empty container Wt. of container + soil Wt. of container + dry soil Wt. of water Wt. of dry soil Moisture content(%) No. of blows TABLE 3.5.8-Nathapur Container no. Empty container Wt. of container + soil Wt. of container + dry soil Wt. of water Wt. of dry soil Moisture content(%) No. of blows 25 140 182 175 7 35 20.0 38 26 110 158 149 9 39 23.07 34 27 120 156 148 8 28 28.57 29 28 110 160 145 15 35 42.85 21 29 140 175 166 9 26 34.61 35 30 140 229 217 12 27 44.44 26 31 110 166 146 20 36 55.5 20 32 140 195 174 21 34 61.73 12

GRAPH OF LIQUID LIMIT OF SOIL RIGHT SIDE OF THE RIVER

Madhipur
60 55 50 45 WATER CONTENT 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 NO. OF BLOWS WATER CONTENT 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 NO. OF BLOWS

Saradeipur village

18

Barimula
45 40 35 WATER CONTENT 30 WATER CONTENT 25 20 15 10 5 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 NO. OF BLOWS 5 10 15 20 25 30

Kanti

15

10

20

25

30

35

40

NO. OF BLOWS

LEFT SIDE OF THE RIVER Nathapur

45 40 WATER CONTENT 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 NO. OF BLOWS NO. OF BLOWS

Nuagaon
45 40 WATER CONTENT 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

19

Jatni
50 60 50 WATER CONTENT WATER CONTENT 40 30 20 10 10 15 20 25 30 NO. OF BLOWS 35 40 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 10 15

Panchagaon

20

25

30

35

40

NO. OF BLOWS

A graph is drawn showing the relationship between water content (on y-axis) and number of blows (X-axis) on semi log graph.the curve obtained is called flow curve.the moisture content corresponding to 25 blows as read from the represent liquid limit.it is usually expressed to the nearest whole number. PHOTOS OF LIQUID LIMIT TEST IN LABROTORY & FIELD WORK

20

CHAPTER-4 4.1 PLASTIC LIMIT OF SOIL Soil is used for making bricks, tiles, and soil cement blocks in addition to its use as foundation for structure. TABLE NO. 4.1.1-Saradeipur village Container no. Wt of container(g) Wt of container + wet sample Wt. of container + dry sample Wt. of dry sample Wt. of water in soil Moisture content in (%) 7 13 17 16 3 1 33 8 12 24 21 7 3 42 9 19 30 26 7 4 57

TABLE NO. 4.1.2-Madhipur Container no. Wt of container Wt of container + wet sample Wt. of container + dry sample Wt. of dry sample Wt. of water in soil Moisture content in (%) 4 11 16 14 3 2 66 5 12 21 18 6 3 50 6 12 24 21 9 3 33

TABLE NO. 4.1.3-Barimula Container no. Wt of container Wt of container + wet sample Wt. of container + dry sample Wt. of dry sample Wt. of water in soil Moisture content in (%) 1 12 16 15 3 1 33 2 12 21 18 6 3 50 3 12 19 15 3 4 75

21

TABLE NO. 4.1.4-Kanti Container no. Wt of container Wt of container + wet sample Wt. of container + dry sample Wt. of dry sample Wt. of water in soil Moisture content in (%) 5 9 15 13 4 2 50 6 12 22 19 7 3 42 9 11 23 18 7 5 71

TABLE NO. 4.1.5-Nuagaon Container no. L4 Wt of container 12 Wt of container + wet 17 sample Wt. of container + dry 15 sample Wt. of dry sample 3 Wt. of water in soil 2 Moisture content in 66 (%) TABLE NO. 4.1.6-Panchagaon Container no. Wt of container Wt of container + wet sample Wt. of container + dry sample Wt. of dry sample Wt. of water in soil Moisture content in (%) TABLE NO. 4.1.7-jatani Container no. Wt of container Wt of container + wet sample Wt. of container + dry sample Wt. of dry sample Wt. of water in soil Moisture content in (%) 10 11 17 15 4 2 50 L5 12 19 17 5 2 40 L6 14 24 21 7 3 42

11 14 20 18 4 2 50

12 11 19 16 5 3 60

L10 19 26 23 4 3 75

L11 11 22 20 9 2 22 22

L12 11 24 21 10 3 30

TABLE NO. 4.1.8-Nathapur Container no. Wt of container Wt of container + wet sample Wt. of container + dry sample Wt. of dry sample Wt. of water in soil Moisture content in (%) L7 12 19 16 4 3 75 L8 14 21 18 4 3 75 L9 14 26 21 7 5 71

The objects of the test are to determine the plastic limit of soil sample and then to calculate plasticity index of soil, toughness index, liquidity index, and consistency index of the soil.
PHOTOS OF PLASTIC LIMIT TEST IN LABROTORY & FIELD WORK

Fig-4.1.1

23

4.2 COMPACTION PROPERTIES OF SOIL The object of the experiment is to determine the relationship between water content and dry density of soil using standard proctor test or modified proctor test, and then to determine the optimum water content and the corresponding maximum dry density for a soil. The test also covers the determination of relationship between penetration resistance and water content for the compacted soil.The in situ density of natural soil is needed for the determination of bearing capacity of soil, for the purpose of stability analysis of slopes, for the determination of pressures on underlying strata for the calculation of settlement and the design of underground structures. It is very quality control test, where compaction is required, in the case like embankment and pavement construction. TABLE NO. 4.2.1-Saradeipur village Determination 1 no. Density 4048 Mass of mold + compacted soil Mass of mold 2324 Mass of 1724 compacted soil Dry density 1.61 Water content Container no. Wt. of container +soil(g) Wt. of container +dry soil(g) Mass of water(g) Mass of container Mass of dry soil(g) Moisture content in % 1 2 4183 3 4355 4 4562 5 4734 6 4906 7 4827

2324 1859

2324 2031

2324 2238

2324 2410

2324 2582

2324 2503

1.63 2

1.65 3

1.64 4

1.62 5

1.61 6

1.60 7

35

39

42

44

41

47

42

31

37

40

41

38

45

39

3 12 19 15.7

2 12 25 16

2 11 29 16.8

3 13 28 18.7

3 12 26 19.5

2 14 31 21.4

3 12 27 22.1

24

TABLE NO. 4.2.2-Madhipur Determination 1 no. Density 3987 Mass of mold + compacted soil(g) Mass of mold 2324 Mass of 1663 compacted soil(g) Dry density 1.55 (g/cm3) Water content 1 Container no. Wt. of 34.8 container +soil(g) Wt. of 32.0 container +dry soil(g) Mass of water 2.8 Mass of 12 container(g) Mass of dry 20.0 soil Moisture 13.9 content in % TABLE NO. 4.2.3-Barimula Determination 1 no. Density 3994 Mass of mold + compacted soil Mass of mold 2324 Mass of 1670 compacted soil Dry density 1.57 Water content 2 Container no. Wt. of 33 container +soil Wt. of 30.4 2 4051 3 4110 4 4152 5 4157 6 4229 7 4216 2 4044 3 4103 4 4175 5 4217 6 4222 7 4209

2324 1720

2324 1779

2324 1851

2324 1893

2324 1898

2324 1885

1.57 2 49

1.58 3 27.3

1.64 4 42.2

1.63 5 35.7

1.62 6 34.7

1.58 7 36.4

43.8

24.7

37.8

31.3

30.4

31.7

5.2 12 31.8 16.3

2.6 11 13.7 18.8

4.8 13 24.8 19.4

4.4 12 19.3 22.8

4.3 12 18.4 23.4

4.7 14 17.7 26.6

2324 1727

2324 1786

2324 1858

2324 1900

2324 1905

2324 1892

1.59 3 48.6

1.60 4 27.5

1.66 5 39.9

1.65 6 35

1.64 7 35

1.6 8 33.7

43.6

25.1

35.3

30.8

30.9

29.7

container +dry soil Mass of water Mass of container Mass of dry soil Moisture content in %

2.6 11 19.4 13.4

5 12 31.6 15.8

2.4 12 13.1 18.3

4.6 11 24.3 18.9

4.2 12 18.8 22.3

4.1 13 17.9 22.9

4.5 12 17.2 26.1

TABLE NO. 4.2.4-Kanti Determination 1 no. Density 4034 Mass of mold + compacted soil Mass of mold 2324 Mass of compacted soil Dry density 1.58 Water content Container no. Wt. of container +soil Wt. of container +dry soil Mass of water Mass of container Mass of dry soil Moisture content in % 1 2 4091 3 4150 4 4222 5 4264 6 4269 7 4256

2324

2324

2324

2324

2324

2324

1.59 2

1.60 3

1.66 4

1.65 5

1.64 6

1.60 7

36.2

51.1

31.5

41.5

36.6

35.56

37.1

33.2

45.7

28.7

36.5

32

31.06

32.2

3 12 21.2 14.1

5.4 13 32.7 16.5

2.8 14 14.7 19

5 11 25.5 19.6

4.6 12 20 23

4.5 12 19.06 23.6

4.9 14 18.2 26.8

26

TABLE NO. 4.2.5-Nuagaon Determination 1 no. Density 4004 Mass of mold + compacted soil Mass of mold Mass of compacted soil Dry density Water content Container no. Wt. of container +soil Wt. of container +dry soil Mass of water Mass of container Mass of dry soil Moisture content in % 2324 1680 2 4061 3 4120 4 4192 5 4234 6 4239 7 4226

2324 1737

2324 1796

2324 1868

2324 1910

2324 1915

2324 1902

1.52 1 35.8

1.54 2 48.96

1.55 3 59.9

1.60 4 63.34

1.59 5 55.4

1.58 6 51.9

1.54 7 40.7

33.3

44.06

52.5

55.39

47.8

44.4

32.8

2.5 14 19.3 12.9

4.9 12 32.06 15.3

7.4 11 41.5 17.8

8 12 43.34 18.4

7.6 13 34.8 21

7.5 11 33.4 22.4

7.9 12 30.8 25.3

TABLE NO. 4.2.6-Jatni Determination 1 no. Density 3998 Mass of mold + compacted soil Mass of mold 2324 Mass of 1674 compacted soil Dry density 1.61 Water content 1 Container no. Wt. of 35.3 container +soil Wt. of 32.4 container 2 4055 3 4114 4 4186 5 4228 6 4233 7 4220

2324 1731

2324 1790

2324 1862

2324 1904

2324 1909

2324 1896

1.63 2 49.3

1.64 3 27.9

1.70 4 43

1.69 5 36.5

1.68 6 34.9

1.64 7 37.1

44.3

25.2

38.1

32

30.25

32.3

+dry soil Mass of water Mass of container Mass of dry soil Moisture content in %

2.9 12 20.4 14.2

5.3 12 32.3 16.4

2.7 11 14.2 18.9

4.9 13 25.1 19.5

4.5 12 20 22.4

4.4 11 19.5 23

4.8 14 18.3 26.

TABLE NO. 4.2.7-Nathapur Determination 1 no. Density 4014 Mass of mold + compacted soil Mass of mold 2324 Mass of 1690 compacted soil Dry density 1.62 Water content Container no. Wt. of container +soil Wt. of container +dry soil Mass of water Mass of container Mass of dry soil Moisture content in % 1 2 4071 3 4130 4 402 5 4244 6 4299 7 4309 8 4286

2324 1747

2324 1806

2324 1789

2324 1920

2324 1975

2324 1985

2324 1962

1.64 2

1.65 3

1.70 4

1.69 5

1.68 6

1.66 7

1.62 8

34.4

48.7

28.9

40.1

37.32

34.3

33

35

31.7

43.6

26.4

35.4

330

30.1

28.4

30.2

2.7 12 19.7 13.7

5.1 12 31.6 16.1

2.5 13 13.4 18.6

4.7 11 24.4 19.2

4.3 14 19.02 22.6

4.2 12 18.1 23.2

4.6 11 17.4 26.4

4.8 13 17.2 27.9

28

TABLE NO. 4.2.8-Panchgaon Determination 1 no. Density 4004 Mass of mold + compacted soil Mass of mold 2324 Mass of 1680 compacted soil Dry density 1.52 Water content 1 Container no. Wt. of 33.7 container +soil Wt. of 31 container +dry soil Mass of water 2.7 Mass of 12 container Mass of dry 19 soil Moisture 12.9 content in % 2 4061 3 4120 4 4192 5 4234 6 4211

2324 1737

2324 1796

2324 1868

2324 1910

2324 1887

1.54 2 47.9

1.55 3 28.2

1.61 4 40.5

1.60 5 33.6

1.58 6 34.6

42.8

25.7

35.8

29.3

30.4

5.1 12 30.8 15.3

2.5 13 12.7 17.8

4.7 12 23.8 18.4

4.3 11 18.3 21.8

4.2 13 17.4 22.4

GRAPH OF COMPACTION FACTOR TEST

Panchgaon
1.66 1.65 1.64 dry density 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.6 1.59 0 10 20 30 water content dry density 1.61 1.6 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 0

Barimula

10

20

30

water content

29

Madhipur
1.68 1.66 dry density 1.64 dry density 1.62 1.6 1.58 1.56 0 10 20 30 water cotent 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.6 1.58 1.56 1.54 0

Saradeipur village

dry densitys

10

20

30

water content

Kanti
1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 1.6 1.59 1.58 1.57 0 10 20 30 water content 1.72 1.7 dry density 1.68 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.6 0

Jatni

dry density

Series1 Series2

10

20

30

water content

Nuagaon
1.62 1.6 dry density dry density 1.58 1.56 1.54 1.52 1.5 0 5 10 15 20 25 water content 1.71 1.7 1.69 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.65 1.64 1.63 1.62 1.61 0

Nathapur

10

20

30

water content

30

SOME PHOTOS OF COMPACTION TEST IN LABROTORY & FIELD WORK

Fig-4.2.1

31

CHAPTER-5 5.1 RESULTS From the above observation we conclude 1-Specific gravity is highest at jatani where literate soil deposits are there 2-From water content no inference can be made 3-From plastic limit observation jatani soil sample is least plastic indication that delta extension is nearby jatani 4-Maximum dry density of the soil 5-From the experiment grain size analysis we found the uniformity coefficient & co-efficient of the curvature.

5.1.1Specific gravity of soil Soil sample 1-Saradeipur Village 2-Madhipur 3-Barimula 4-kanti 5-Nuagaon 6-Panchagaon 7-Nathapur 8-Jatni 5.1.2 Plastic limit of soil Area 1-Saradeipur village 2-Madhipur 3-Barimula 4-Kanti Avg. plastic limit 44 49.6 52.6 54.3 Specific gravity 2.5 2.8 2.5 2 2.8 2.22 2.5 4

32

5-Nuagaon 6-Panchagaon 7-Nathapur 8-Jatni

53.3 49.3 73.6 42.3

5.1.3 Liquid limit of soil Area 1-Saradeipur village 2-Madhipur 3-Barimula 4-Kanti 5-Nuagaon 6-Panchagaon 7-Nathapur 8-Jatni 5.1.4 Compaction properties Area 1-Saradeipur village 2-madhipur 3-Barimula 4-Kanti 5-Nuagaon 6-Panchagaon 7-Nathapur 8-Jatni Maximum dry density 1.60 1.58 1.60 1.60 1.54 1.64 1.62 1.58 Water Content 30 40 26 13 26 28 35 46

33

5.1.5 Grain size distribution of soil Area 1-Saradeipur village Cu 53.658 Cc 0.512

2-Madhipur 3-Barimula 4-Kanti 5-Nuagaon 6-Panchagaon 7-Nathapur 8-Jatni

11.66 3.736 10.71 4.05 6.25

0.688 1.166 0.518 1.141 0.390 ]

5.2 SUMMARY To know the all soil properties.

5.3 CONCLUSION The river Mahanadi, which drains a vast catchment area, debouches into the Bay of Bengal and has built up an actuate delta during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene period. The sediments brought by the Mahanadi and its distributaries are distributed by revering and marine agents, giving rise to a broad deltaic plain. Winds have played supporting role in reworking the deltaic sediments. The rivers and the coast line have changed their positions with time. Thus the radiating distributaries network of rivers of the delta has changed their coul-se during the growth of the delta, and the strandline has receded progressively offshore due to the outbuilding of the delta. Based On the disposition of ancient channels and ancient beach ridges, four stages have been recognized in the building of the Mahanadi delta through fluvial and many processes. The processes that were operative in the delta in the past continue to operate with same vigour at present, creating new landforms and modifying the old.

34

5.4 FUTURE WORK

Shrinkage limit of soil Shear strength parameters of soil by direct shear test Consolidation test of soil CBR test of soaked and un-soaked soil specimen Permeability test of soil Van shear test of soil

FIG-5.4.1

35

REFERENCES

BABu, P.V.L.P. (1978): Geomorphic evolution of the Mahanadi delta. Symp. Morphology and Evolution of Landforms. Dept. Geol., Delhi Univ., Delhi, 217-221. BHARALl, B., RATH, S. and SARMA, R. (1991): A brief review of Mahanadi delta and the deltaic sediments In Mahanadi basin. II? R. VAIDYANADHAN, ed.: Quaternary deltas in India. Mem. Geol. Soc. India, No.22,31-49. DAs, C. (1992): Evolution and el1'vim1l11? Ental aspects of Mahanadi deltas. Unpubl. Ph.D. Thesis, Utkal University, MAHALlK, N. K. (1984): Satellite imageries in geological mapping of Orissa and geomorphologic study of Mahanadi-Brahmani-Baitarani compound delta. East.ern Geograph. Soc., Research Bull., No. 22 MAHALIK, N.K. (1991): Evolution of Mahanadi delta. East.erl? Geographer, 1, 21-23. MAHALlK, N.K. (1995): Subsurface geology and ground-water occurrence in the south-western sector of Mahanadi delta along the eastern coast of India. Spatial Dimensions in Geography, Dept. Geography, Utkal University SAMBASIVA RAO, M., NAGESWARA RAO, K., and VAIDVANADI-IAN, R. (1978): Morphology and evolution of lVIahanadi and Brahmani-Baitarani deltas. Symp. lIiforphology and Evolution? of Landforms. Dept. Geol., Delhi Univ., Delhi, 241-249. VAIDVANADHAN, R. (1991): Status of Quaternary delta studies in India. In R.VAlDVANADHAN, ed.: Quaternary deltas in India. Mem. Geol. Soc. India, No. 22, 1-11 VARADARjULU, R. and HARIKRISHNA, M. (1979): Wave characteristics off Paradip port. II? dian Jour. MarineSci., 18, June 68-72. Dr. B C Purnima & Ashok Kumar Jain (1973)-soil mechanics and foundation Mahalik; N. K., Das, C., and Maejima Wataru (1996): Geomorphology and evolution of Mahanadi Delta, India,Jour. of Geosciences, Osaka City University, Vol. 39, Article. 6, p. 111 122 (March,1996) WR department,GOO (2002): Master Plan for drainage development in coastal belt of Orissa, Government of Odisha, Water resources Department. Ramasamy S.M., et al, (2006): Late Holocene Geomorphic Evolution of Cauvery Delta, Tamil Nadu Journal of the Geological Society of India, Vol: 67, No: 5, , pp: 653-662

36

Subrahmanyam,V. et al (2008): Morphology and tectonics of Mahanadi Basin, northeastern Continental margin of India - from geophysical studies, Author , Marine Geology, Vol.253; 63-72p. Singh, S. B. et al (2011): Deep resistivity sounding studies for probing deep fresh aquifers in the coastal areas of Orissa, India Hydrology Journal (2011) Volume 19 pp-355-366. Nayak Satyabrata et al (2012): Lava delta below 85 0 ridge, Mahanadi offshore basin, identification characterization and implication of hydrocarbon prospectively Petroleum Business (E&P), Reliance Industries limited, India. Mishra, S. P. and Jena J.G. (2012): Effects of variable inflow from Northern major rivers into the Chilika Lagoon, Odisha, India International Journal of Lakes and Rivers. ISSN 0973-4570 Volume 5, Number 2 (2012), pp. 123-132, Mishra, S. P. and Jena J.G. (2013): Characteristics of western catchment and their inflow contribution to the Chilika Lagoon, Odisha, (India) ISSN 0973-4570 V

37

17