Detailed Analysis From The Second Phase of The Energy Saving Trust's Heat Pump Field Trial

Detailed analysis from the second phase of the Energy Saving Trusts heat pump field trial
May 2013
Authors:
Dr. Penny Dunbabin DECC 38 Whitehall Place London SW1A 2AW penny.dunbabin@decc. gsi.gov.uk 0300 068 5575
Helen Charlick Kiwa Gastec at CRE The Orchard Business Centre Stoke Orchard Cheltenham GL52 7RZ helen.charlick@kiwa.co .uk 01242 677877
Rob Green, EA Technology Capenhurst Technology Park Capenhurst Chester CH1 6ES Rob.green@eatechnol ogy.com 0151 339 4181
And special thanks to Jaryn Bradford and Tom Byrne of the Energy Saving Trust for their project management, for the permission to analyse the data and for their input to the report and to Colin Gleeson of the University of Westminster for peer review.
Analysis from the second phase of the Energy Saving Trusts heat pump trial: April 2011 to April 201 2
Preface
The Energy Saving Trust monitored 83 heat pumps in residential properties across Great Britain from April 2009 to March 2010. Findings from Phase I of this project were published in a report entitled Detailed Analysis from the First Phase of the Energy Saving Trusts Heat Pump Field Trial - Evidence to Support the Revision of the MCS Installer Standard MIS 3005 Issue 3.1 [1]. The report examined a number of the heat pump installations in detail, paying particular attention to the factors that influence system performance. As a result of some of the analysis presented in the Phase I report, the Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS) standards for heat pump installation have been updated [2]. 38 of the heat pumps were selected for interventions to improve their performance. Interventions ranged from major (swapping an over or under-sized heat pump), medium (changing radiators, adding a buffer tank, replacing circulating pumps with variable speed DC pumps) or minor (changes to controls, refilling the ground loop, adding insulation). 6 new heat pump systems were added to the sample and all were monitored from April 2011 to March 2012. This report presents the results. Aimed primarily at heat pump manufacturers, installers and training and certification bodies, this report is specialist in nature. It will also be of interest to academics, building services engineers and low-carbon heating consultants. Section 1 presents the sites and the interventions made. Section 2 presents a description of system boundaries, as used in this study and by the EU RES Directive, the RHI and the RHPP. It also presents the monitoring schematics. Section 3 presents histograms of temperature-corrected system efficiencies from Phases I and II as well as space and water heating efficiencies for the sites in Phase II. Sections 4-7 present case studies. Section 8 presents conclusions Section 9 presents recommendations.
Summary
The Energy Saving Trust (EST) monitored 83 heat pumps in residential properties across Great Britain from April 2009 to April 2010. The sample included a large number (44) of site permutations, broadly representative of the market at the time of commissioning the project, and included the following installation types: air-source and ground-source heat pumps heat pumps installed in private and social housing properties heat pumps installed in new-build and retrofit properties heat pumps providing heating only heat pumps providing heating and hot water heat pumps installed with different heat delivery systems: under-floor heating and/or radiators systems combined with solar water heating grant funded through the Low Carbon Buildings Programme and the Scottish Communities and Householder Renewables Initiative.
The sample was limited to heat pumps in residential properties only. Fifteen manufacturers heat pumps were included in the trial. The results from this first phase were published in DECCs report Detailed Analysis of the First Phase of the Energy Saving Trusts Heat Pump Field Trials in April 2011. 38 heat pumps were selected for interventions to improve performance. The selection process was determined by: Identification of the need for an intervention or interventions Willingness of the manufacturer to carry out the intervention(s) Willingness of the householder to participate in a further year of monitoring.
A further 6 sites were added to the sample. In a significant number of cases, additional monitoring was undertaken. The report should be read in conjunction with other analysis from the field trial, namely:
analysis of data from the first phase of the Energy Saving Trust Heat Pump Field Trial [1] analysis of glycol samples from a selection of ground-source heat pumps in the trial [3] revised guidance for the design and installation of heat pump systems, MIS 3005 Issue 3.1, Microgeneration Certification Scheme, February 2012 [2] test house investigations of the effect of cycling on heat pump performance [4] modelling of the effect of cycling on the performance of ground-source heat pumps [5] laboratory tests to investigate of the interaction between hot water cylinders, buffer tanks and heat pumps [6].
Funding and Support: Acknowledgements

Phase I of this project was developed by the Energy Saving Trust and delivered with funding from a wide range of stakeholders including the UKs main energy suppliers: EDF Energy, NPower, British Gas, Scottish Power, Scottish & Southern Energy, E.On UK, and NIE Energy; the Scottish Government; the Department of Energy and Climate Change; the North West Regional Development Agency; and heat pump manufacturers and installers including: Danfoss UK, NIBE, Mitsubishi Electric, Earth Energy, Worcester Bosch and Baxi Group. These funders were all represented on the projects advisory group and were influential in the trials development and site selection. They have also provided technical input and oversight and input into the data collection methodology. DECC and the Energy Saving Trust are most grateful for their funding and significant in-kind support, without which the first phase of this project could not have been completed. Phase II of the project was funded by The Department of Energy and Climate Change, The Scottish Government, the Energy Technologies Institute, RWE nPower, EDF Energy, Scottish & Southern Energy, E.On UK, NIE Energy, British Gas, Scottish Power, Danfoss, NIBE and Mitsubishi. Additionally, several manufacturers contributed considerable in-kind support (undertaking modifications to heat pump systems and assisting in interpreting the data). These included: Calorex, Dimplex, Heat King, Ice Energy, IVT, Mitsubishi and NIBE. This report has been produced after a successful period of analysis and industry engagement. The field trial project team would like to thank all those who have contributed to extracting useful information from the data, particularly those manufacturers who have carefully examined, challenged and subsequently used the data they have been presented with (and openly shared their own data) to improve the understanding of the team. DECC would also like to thank the Energy Saving Trust, and its contractors Kiwa Gastec at CRE and EA Technology for many hours of painstaking work.
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Table of Contents
Detailed analysis from the second phase of the Energy Saving Trusts heat pump field trial ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Preface .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 2 Funding and Support: Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. 3 Table of Contents .................................................................................................................................... 4 1. Site Selection and Installation Procedure ..................................................................................... 11 1.1. Site Selection ......................................................................................................................... 11 1.2. Interventions ......................................................................................................................... 12 2. System Boundaries, Coefficient of Performance, Seasonal Performance Factor and System Efficiency ............................................................................................................................................... 15 2.1. System Boundaries for Calculation of SEPEMO Seasonal Performance factors ................... 16 2.1.1. SPFH1 .............................................................................................................................. 18 2.1.2. SPFH2 .............................................................................................................................. 19 2.1.3. SPFH3 .............................................................................................................................. 19 2.1.4. SPFH4 .............................................................................................................................. 20 2.1.5. Consideration of defrost ............................................................................................... 21 2.2. System Boundaries for EN 14511, EN 14825 EN 15316-4-2 & VDI 4650-1 .......................... 22 2.2.1. EN 14511 ....................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.2. EN 14825 ....................................................................................................................... 23 2.2.3. EN 15316-4-2................................................................................................................. 23 2.2.4. VDI 4650-1 .................................................................................................................... 24 2.3. The EU Renewable Energy Sources Directive and EU Ecodesign Directive .......................... 24 2.3.1. EU Renewable Energy Sources Directive ..................................................................... 24 2.3.2. EU Eco-design Directive ............................................................................................... 25 2.4. Monitoring for the Renewable Heat Premium Payment Scheme ........................................ 26 2.5. System Efficiency as specified in Phase I of the Energy Saving Trust Field Trials ................. 26 2.6. System Efficiency as specified in Phase II of the Energy Saving Trust Field Trials ................ 27 2.7. Summary of parameters included for different system boundaries .................................... 29 2.8. Discussion.............................................................................................................................. 30 3. Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 30 3.1. Comparison of System Efficiencies from Phases I and II ...................................................... 31 3.1.1. Major Interventions ...................................................................................................... 33 3.1.2. Medium Interventions .................................................................................................. 33 3.1.3. Minor Interventions ...................................................................................................... 34 3.1.4. No Interventions ........................................................................................................... 35 3.2. Electricity consumption of different components ................................................................ 35 3.3. Analysis of defrost for air-source heat pumps ...................................................................... 37 3.4. Histograms of performance for air- and ground-source heat pumps .................................. 38 3.4.1. Histograms of performance for the six new air-source heat pumps ............................ 41 3.5. Assessment of heat pump sizing and performance .............................................................. 43 3.6. Histograms of space and water heating efficiencies ............................................................ 43 3.6.1. Space heating efficiency for air and ground-source heat pumps ................................. 44 3.6.2. Space heating efficiency as a function of flow temperature ........................................ 46 3.6.3. Water heating efficiency ............................................................................................... 47 3.6.4. Summary ....................................................................................................................... 49 4. Case Studies (Major changes) ....................................................................................................... 50 4.1. Air-source Heat Pump Supplying Radiators Only, Site 444 ................................................... 50 4.1.1. SPFH1-4 and System Efficiency ..................................................................................... 51 4
4.1.2. Operational Hours ......................................................................................................... 53 4.1.3. Cycling ........................................................................................................................... 56 4.1.4. Defrost .......................................................................................................................... 57 4.2. Ground-source Heat Pump Supplying Radiators and Domestic Hot Water, Site 461 .......... 58 4.3.1. SPFH1-4 and system efficiency ..................................................................................... 59 4.3. Ground-source Heat Pump Supplying Radiators and Domestic Hot Water, Site 419 .......... 62 4.3.2. Calculation of SPFH1-4 and System Efficiency .............................................................. 63 4.3.3. Space and Domestic Hot Water Efficiency .................................................................... 65 5. Case Studies (Medium changes) ................................................................................................... 66 5.1. Ground-source Heat Pump Supplying Radiators and Domestic Hot Water, Site 421 .......... 66 5.1.1. SPFH1-4 and System Efficiency ..................................................................................... 67 5.1.2. Effect of refilling ground loop ....................................................................................... 68 5.2. Air-source heat pump supplying radiators and domestic hot water, site 426 ..................... 69 5.2.1. SPFH1-4 and System Efficiency ..................................................................................... 70 5.2.2. Effect of adding a Buffer Tank....................................................................................... 71 5.3. Ground-source heat pump supplying underfloor heating and domestic hot water, Site 416 74 5.3.1. SPFH1-4 and System Efficiency ..................................................................................... 75 5.3.2. Central heating flow and return temperatures ............................................................ 76 5.4. Ground-source heat pump supplying radiators and domestic hot water, Site 437 ............. 76 5.4.1. SPFH1-4 and system efficiency ..................................................................................... 79 5.4.2. Auxiliary electricity consumption.................................................................................. 80 5.5. Ground-source heat pump supplying radiators and domestic hot water, Site 432 ............. 81 5.5.1. SPFH1-4 and System Efficiency ..................................................................................... 82 5.5.2. Use of domestic hot water immersion ......................................................................... 83 5.6. Ground-source Heat Pump Supplying Radiators and Domestic Hot Water, Site 460 .......... 86 5.6.1. SPFH1-4 and System Efficiency ..................................................................................... 86 5.6.2. Space and Water Heating Efficiency ............................................................................. 87 6. Case Studies (Minor changes) ....................................................................................................... 88 6.1. Air-source Heat Pump Supplying Radiators, Site 443 ........................................................... 88 6.1.1. SPFH1-4 and System Efficiency ..................................................................................... 89 7. Case Studies (New sites) ............................................................................................................... 90 7.1. Air-source Heat Pump Supplying Fan-Assisted Radiators and Domestic Hot Water, Site 448 90 7.1.1. SPFH1-4 and System Efficiency ..................................................................................... 91 7.1.2. Electricity consumption by component ........................................................................ 92 7.1.3. Defrost .......................................................................................................................... 94 7.2. Air-source Heat Pump Supplying Fan-Assisted Radiators and Domestic Hot Water, Site 449 94 7.2.1. SPFH1-4 and System Efficiency ..................................................................................... 94 7.2.2. Electricity consumption by component ........................................................................ 95 8. Summary and Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 95 8.1. Discussion of System Boundaries ......................................................................................... 95 8.2. Summary of Results .............................................................................................................. 97 8.2.1. Temperature-corrected system efficiencies in Phases I and II ..................................... 98 8.2.2. SPFH4 ............................................................................................................................ 99 8.2.3. SPFH2 and the EU Renewable Energy Directive ........................................................... 99 8.2.4. Space heating efficiency................................................................................................ 99 8.2.5. Water heating efficiency ............................................................................................... 99 8.2.6. Auxiliary electricity usage and use of circulation pumps .............................................. 99 8.2.7. Buffer tanks ................................................................................................................. 100 5
9. Recommendations ...................................................................................................................... 100 10. References .............................................................................................................................. 102 11. Appendix A: Instrumentation used ......................................................................................... 104 12. Appendix B: Procedures for data checking ............................................................................. 108 12.1. Energy balance validation ............................................................................................... 110 12.2. Data consistency checks ................................................................................................. 110 13. Appendix C: Methodology for the calculation of SPFH1-4 for different system configurations 111 13.1. System configurations..................................................................................................... 111 13.2. Monitoring configurations .............................................................................................. 111 13.2.1. Location of heat meters .............................................................................................. 111 13.2.2. Location of electricity meters ..................................................................................... 112 13.3. Procedure for calculation of seasonal performance factors .......................................... 113 13.3.1. Space heating only, no auxiliary heater ...................................................................... 113 13.3.2. Space heating only, with auxiliary heater ................................................................... 113 13.3.3. Space heating and separate domestic hot water cylinder ......................................... 114 13.3.4. Space heating and integral domestic hot water cylinder ........................................... 114 14. Appendix D: Procedure for temperature correcting system efficiencies (SEFF) .................... 115 15. Appendix E: Sizing of heat pumps ........................................................................................... 117 16. Appendix F: Comparisons with SAP ........................................................................................ 119
Tables Table 1: Configurations of the 44 sites in Phase II of the trials ............................................................ 11 Table 2: Interventions carried out prior to Phase II .............................................................................. 12 Table 3: Interventions by site and category.......................................................................................... 14 Table 4: Manufacturers' specified COP values at different ambient and central heating flow temperatures for a typical air-source heat pump ................................................................................ 15 Table 5: Designations of electricity inputs and heat for SEPEMO definitions of seasonal performance factors ................................................................................................................................................... 17 Table 6: Comparison of electricity inputs for the assessment of space heating efficiency in the EcoDesign Directive (Lot I) and the seasonal performance factor from the Renewable Energy Sources Directive (from [17]) ............................................................................................................................. 26 Table 7: Summary of parameters included in different system boundaries ........................................ 29 Table 8: Change in capacity of heat pumps for sites with major interventions ................................... 33 Table 9: Proportion of space and water heating for sites 440, 462 & 465 ........................................... 35 Table 10: SPFH2, SPFH4 and system efficiencies for Phase II (not temperature-corrected) ................... 38 Table 11: SPFH1-4 and system efficiencies for the new sites in Phase II (not temperature-corrected) . 42 Table 12: Space and water heating efficiencies from Phase II (as SPFH2) ............................................. 43 Table 13: Space heating efficiencies for air- and ground-source heat pumps (as SPFH2) ..................... 45 Table 14: Water heating efficiencies for air- and ground-source heat pumps (as SPFH2) .................... 47 Table 15: Water heating efficiencies (as SPFH2) as a function of temperature of domestic hot water tank ....................................................................................................................................................... 49 Table 16: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 444, Phases I & II .................. 51 Table 17: Degree day heating requirements and actual heat supplied, site 444, Phases I & II............ 53 Table 18: Heat used for defrost, site 444, Phase I & II.......................................................................... 57 Table 19: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiencies for site 461, Phase I & II ................. 59 Table 20: Electricity consumption by different components for site 419, Phase II .............................. 63 6
Table 21: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 419, Phase II ......................... 63 Table 22: Electricity consumption by different components for site 421, Phase II .............................. 67 Table 23: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 421, Phases I & II .................. 67 Table 24: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 421, Phases I & II .................. 70 Table 25: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 416, Phases I & II .................. 75 Table 26: Electricity consumption by different components for site 437, Phase II .............................. 79 Table 27: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 437, Phase I & II ................... 79 Table 28: Electricity consumption by different components for site 432, Phase II .............................. 82 Table 29: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 432, Phases I & II .................. 82 Table 30: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 460, Phase I & II ................... 86 Table 31: Space and water heating efficiencies for site 460, Phase II (as SPFH2) .................................. 87 Table 32: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 443, Phases I & II .................. 89 Table 33: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 448, Phase II ......................... 91 Table 34: Electricity consumption by different components for site 448, Phase II .............................. 92 Table 35: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 449, Phase II ......................... 94 Table 36: System boundaries for a selection of seasonal performance factors ................................... 96 Table 37: Example of seasonal performance factors and systems efficiency for one of the heat pumps in the trial .............................................................................................................................................. 97 Table 38: Accuracy and resolution of instrumentation ...................................................................... 106 Table 39: Electricity measurements of the principal system configurations in the trial .................... 113 Table 40: Regression coefficients for scatterplots of electricity consumption and heat generation as a function of degree days ...................................................................................................................... 116
Figures Figure 1: System boundaries for space and water heating circuits, as defined in the SEPEMO project .............................................................................................................................................................. 18 Figure 2: System boundary for SPFH1, as defined in the SEPEMO project ............................................ 18 Figure 3: System boundary for SPFH2, as defined in the SEPEMO project. ........................................... 19 Figure 4: System boundary for SPFH3, as defined in the SEPEMO project ............................................ 20 Figure 5: System boundary for SPFH4, as defined in the SEPEMO project ............................................ 21 Figure 6: Schematic to demonstrate the focus of the EU Eco-design Directive and that of the EU Renewable Sources Directive, as applied to heat pumps ..................................................................... 25 Figure 7: Schematic of monitoring protocol for Phase I of the Energy Saving Trust heat pump field trials ...................................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 8: Schematic of monitoring protocol for Phase II of the Energy Saving Trust heat pump field trials ...................................................................................................................................................... 28 Figure 9: Change in temperature-corrected system efficiency from Phase I to Phase II (37 sites, one site with faulty heat meter in Phase I removed from minor intervention category) ........................... 32 Figure 10: Difference between SPFH3 and SPFH4 for systems with variable speed DC and standard circulation pumps ................................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 11: Average electrical consumption of different components of heat pumps in the trial ........ 36 Figure 12: Defrost as a percentage of total heat output for the air-source heat pumps in the field trial .............................................................................................................................................................. 37 Figure 13: Comparison of SPFH2, SPFH4 and system efficiency for air- and ground-source heat pumps in Phase II of the trial ............................................................................................................................ 40 Figure 14: Comparison of SPFH2 and SPFH4 for the new air-source heat pumps in Phase II of the trial 41 Figure 15: Space and water heating efficiencies as SPFH2 for 27 heat pumps, Phase II ....................... 44 Figure 16: Space heating efficiencies for 14 air- and 20 ground-source heat pumps (as SPFH2) .......... 45 Figure 17: Space heating efficiency as a function of space heating delivered for Phase II sites .......... 46 Figure 18: Space heating efficiency as a function of central heating flow temperature for Phase II sites ....................................................................................................................................................... 47 Figure 19: Water heating efficiencies for 11 air- and 16 ground source heat pumps (as SPFH2).......... 48 Figure 20: Water heating efficiency (as SPFH2) as a function of heat delivered from the heat pump to the domestic hot water tank ................................................................................................................ 49 Figure 21: Schematic for site 444, Phase II ........................................................................................... 50 Figure 22: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 444, Phase II ........................ 52 Figure 23: Daily SPFH4 as a function of daily average ambient temperature for site 444, Phases I & II52 Figure 24: Tapestry of operational hours for site 444 in Phase I (March 2009) ................................... 54 Figure 25: Tapestry of operational hours for site 444 in Phase II (December 2011) ............................ 55 Figure 26: Electricity demand by heat pump 444 for a day in January 2010 (Phase I) ......................... 56 Figure 27: Electricity demand by heat pump 444 for a day in January 2012 (Phase II) ........................ 56 Figure 28: Ambient temperature and daily heat used for defrost at site 444, Phases I & II ................ 57 Figure 29: Daily defrost as a function of ambient temperature at Site 444, Phases I & II ................... 58 Figure 30: Schematic for site 461, Phase II ........................................................................................... 59 Figure 31: SPFH2 as a function of ambient temperature, site 461, Phases I & II ................................. 60 Figure 32: SPFH3 as a function of ambient temperature for site 461, Phases I & II .............................. 60 Figure 33: Electricity use by component, site 461, Phase I................................................................... 61 Figure 34: Electricity use by component, site 461, Phase II.................................................................. 61 8
Figure 35: Schematic for site 419, Phase II ........................................................................................... 62 Figure 36: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 419, Phase II ........................ 64 Figure 37: System efficiencies as a function of ambient temperature for site 419, Phases I & II ........ 64 Figure 38: Estimated space and water heating efficiencies (as SPFH2) as a function of ambient temperature for site 419, Phase II ........................................................................................................ 65 Figure 39: Schematic for site 421, Phase II ........................................................................................... 66 Figure 40: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 421, Phase II ........................ 68 Figure 41: System efficiency as a function of ambient temperature for site 421, Phases I & II ........... 68 Figure 42: Minimum daily ground source return temperature as a function of ambient temperature for site 421, Phases I & II....................................................................................................................... 69 Figure 43: Schematic for site 426, Phase II ........................................................................................... 70 Figure 44: Daily SPFH3 as a function of ambient temperature for site 426, Phases I & II ..................... 71 Figure 45: Heat pump temperatures on 20/09/2009 at site 426 (Phase I) .......................................... 72 Figure 46: Heat pump temperatures on 30/10/2009 at site 426 (Phase I) .......................................... 72 Figure 47: Heat pump temperatures on 02/09/2011 at site 426 (Phase II) ......................................... 72 Figure 48: Heat pump temperatures on 09/09/2011 at site 426 (Phase II) ......................................... 72 Figure 49: Electricity consumption, site 426, 20/09/2009 (Phase I) ............................................... 73 Figure 50: Electricity consumption, site 426, 30/10/2009 (Phase I) ............................................... 73 Figure 51: Electricity consumption, site 426, 02/09/2011, Phase II ..................................................... 73 Figure 52: Electricity consumption, site 426, 09/09/2011, Phase II ..................................................... 73 Figure 53: Electricity consumption of the heat pump and circulation pump at site 426 during a mild day in Phase II ....................................................................................................................................... 74 Figure 54: Schematic for site 416, Phase II ........................................................................................... 75 Figure 55: Central heating, domestic hot water and ground flow and return temperatures, site 416 76 Figure 56: Schematic for site 437, Phase II ........................................................................................... 78 Figure 57: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 437, Phase II ........................ 79 Figure 58: Time series of auxiliary electricity consumption for site 437, Phase II ................................ 80 Figure 59: Schematic for site 432, Phase II ........................................................................................... 81 Figure 60: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 432, Phase II ........................ 83 Figure 61: Difference between total electricity used by the heat pump and electricity used by the compressor at site 432, Phase II ........................................................................................................... 84 Figure 62: Space and water heating efficiencies (as SPFH4) as a function of ambient temperature, showing effect of sterilisation, site 432, Phase II.................................................................................. 85 Figure 63: Effect of domestic hot water sterilisation on SPFH4 at site 432 ........................................... 85 Figure 64: Schematic for site 460, Phase II ........................................................................................... 86 Figure 65: Space and water heating efficiencies (as SPFH2) as a function of ambient temperature at site 460, Phase II ................................................................................................................................... 87 Figure 66: Schematic for site 443, Phase II ........................................................................................... 88 Figure 67: SPFH4 as a function of ambient temperature for site 443, Phases I & II .............................. 89 Figure 68: Schematic for site 448, Phase II ........................................................................................... 90 Figure 69: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiencies for site 448, Phase II ..................... 91 Figure 70: Central heating flow and return temperatures and ambient temperatures on a typical winter's day for site 448, Phase II ......................................................................................................... 92 Figure 71: Electricity consumption by different components for site 448, Phase II............................. 93 Figure 72: SPFH2 and SPFH4 as a function of ambient temperature for site 448, Phase II ..................... 93 9
Figure 73: Heat used for defrost per month, site 448, Phase II ............................................................ 94 Figure 74: Electricity consumption by different components, site 449, Phase II ................................. 95 Figure 75: Generation II wireless data logger and transmitters ......................................................... 105 Figure 76: SpiroVent de-aerator ......................................................................................................... 107 Figure 77: Flow chart showing procedures for data checking ............................................................ 109 Figure 78: Monthly electricity and heat use plotted against monthly degree days for site 421. ....... 115 Figure 79: Comparison of measured heat loss coefficients and SAP heat loss coefficients ............... 117 Figure 79: Comparison of measured annual space heating demand with SAP estimates for Phase II sites ..................................................................................................................................................... 119
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1. Site Selection and Installation Procedure

This section describes the selection of the sites investigated in Phase II of the trials and the interventions carried out to improve performance.
1.1.
Site Selection
The original sample of 83 properties monitored in Phase I was selected by the Energy Saving Trust. 38 of these systems were selected for interventions and further analysis. The selection process was determined by: Identification of the need for an intervention or interventions Willingness of the manufacturer to carry out the intervention(s) Willingness of the householder to participate in a further year of monitoring.
The systems covered a wide range of configurations: Air and ground-source With standard radiators, fan-assisted radiators and underfloor heating With and without provision of domestic hot water Integrated and external domestic hot water tanks
A further 6 sites were added to the sample. Table 1 shows the configurations of the sites in Phase II. Underfloor & Total Radiators
Domestic water 0 1 1 hot 17 27 44
Radiators
No domestic hot water 3 0 3 Domestic hot water 12 21 33
Underfloor
No domestic hot water 0 3 3 Domestic hot water 2 2 4
Air-source Ground-source Total
Table 1: Configurations of the 44 sites in Phase II of the trials The most common system configuration was a ground-source heat pump, supplying radiators and domestic hot water (21 cases), followed by an air-source heat pump supplying radiators and domestic hot water (12 cases).
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1.2.
Interventions
A range of interventions were made. These have been classified as major, medium and minor, see Table 2. In broad terms, major operations required input from a heat pump expert, medium ones could be carried out by a plumber, and minor ones consisted of changes to controls or a general service.
Major Heat pumps replaced (according to manufacturers recommendations, not necessarily compliant with MCS MIS 3005 issue 3.1 guidance) Reduce area heated by heat pump Repair leak to ground loop Medium Re-filling ground loop Minor Extra insulation (to building or pipes) No change New Sites
Installation of a buffer tank Installation of a new hot water tank Connection of shower to heat pump circuit New radiators New circulation pumps Voltage optimiser Flap valve mended/replaced. Changing manifolds 9
Controls Disabling auxiliary heater
Recharging refrigerant
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Table 2: Interventions carried out prior to Phase II The six new sites were all air-source and were designed and installed according to the requirements of the new MCS MIS 3005 Issue 3.1 standards. The remaining heat pumps were installed prior to these standards and so are not necessarily compliant with them. Nine of the heat pumps were replaced (as a Major intervention); it is important to note that these replacement heat pumps were designed and sized according to the manufacturers procedures at the time (2010) and so are not necessarily compliant with the new MCS standards. Most of the modifications are self-evident, but the voltage optimiser requires some explanation. The voltage optimiser selected is designed to lower the input voltage to 220V. There are two factors to consider in terms of whether this will result in any energy savings: 1. Whether 220V is indeed lower (on average) than the supply voltage to the property (in the UK, the acceptable range is 216.2-253 V) 2. Whether the motor is inefficient at voltages above 220V.
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With an efficient motor, the effect of reducing the voltage will be negligible. However, with an inefficient motor, lower voltages will reduce iron losses within the motor and hence achieve savings. Irrespective of motor efficiency, the lower voltage will slow the motor slightly and hence the compressor duty will also be slightly reduced. However, unless the compressor is running continuously at its maximum capacity, this will not affect heat output over time (it will just run slightly longer with the voltage optimiser). Table 3 lists the sites retained for monitoring in the second phase and the interventions made.
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Table 3: Interventions by site and category

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2. System Boundaries, Coefficient of Performance, Seasonal Performance Factor and System Efficiency
This section describes a range of different methods for determining seasonal performance of heat pumps and the differences between these methods. In very broad terms, the efficiency of a heat pump may be defined as the ratio of heat output to the electricity used. This ratio is dependent on (amongst other things) the temperature of the source (air or ground), the flow temperature of the heat provided and the range of electricity inputs included in the system boundary. This section describes the difference between various definitions of efficiency (coefficient of performance, seasonal coefficient of performance, seasonal performance factor and system efficiency) and also the range of different system boundaries that can be used (for example, some measures of efficiency include the auxiliary heating by the internal electric cassette). It is important to distinguish between three difference concepts: Coefficient of performance Seasonal coefficient of performance Seasonal performance factor.
The coefficient of performance (COP) is determined by laboratory testing at defined source and heat flow temperatures, for example, a 7C ambient temperature and flow temperature of 45C. The temperatures at which the COP is measured must always be quoted, otherwise the concept is meaningless. The European standard for these tests is EN 14511 [7] (described in detail in section 2.2.1). Table 4 shows some published results for a typical air-source heat pump on the market [8]: Ambient Central Heating flow temperature (C) temperature(C) 35 45 55 -15 2.2 -7 2.65 2 3.84 3.28 7 4.39 3.69 3.18 Table 4: Manufacturers' specified COP values at different ambient and central heating flow temperatures for a typical air-source heat pump
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The seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP) is a modelled estimate of the efficiency of a heat pump in a given climate. It is based on laboratory measurements of coefficient of performance, combined with the climate data for a given location. The relevant European standard is EN 14825 [9]. The seasonal performance factor (SPF) is the measured annual efficiency of a heat pump at a particular location. In each case, it is important to specify which electricity inputs and heat outputs are included in the calculation. This is the concept of system boundary. Section 2.1 presents the system boundaries as presented by the EU SEPEMO project, which defines rules for measuring annual seasonal performance factor. Section 2.2 presents the system boundaries for EN 14511 [7] (which measures COP), EN 14825 [9] (which estimates SCOP), EN 15316-4-2 [10] (which estimates SCOP) and VDI 4560-1 [11] (which estimates SCOP). Section 2.3 presents the system boundaries defined in the EU Renewable Energy Sources Directive [12] (which refers to a calculated seasonal performance factor, SPF) and the EU Eco-Design Directive [13]. Section 2.5 presents the system boundaries for monitoring in the Renewable Heat Premium Payment Scheme. Sections 2.5 and 2.6 present the monitoring configurations for Phases I and II of the Energy Saving Trust field trials and how the system efficiency relates to the SEPEMO definitions [14]. Section 2.7 shows a summary table of the various definitions of system boundaries, the relative merits of which are discussed in section 2.8. Finally, section 2.9 discusses data checking procedures.
2.1. System Boundaries for Calculation of SEPEMO Seasonal Performance factors

In 2009, the SEPEMO-build project (SEasonal PErformance factor and MOnitoring for heat pump systems in the building sector) was launched by the European Commission. One of the aims of this project was to develop clear, consistent methods for comparing performance of heat pumps.
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The SEPEMO project examined both heating and cooling; here we are concerned with heating only. Four boundaries were defined for assessing seasonal performance of the heating circuit. These boundaries are denoted SPF H1-4 and are reported in [14]. Table 5 presents the designations of electricity inputs and heat outputs for the SEPEMO definitions of seasonal performance factors. Note that, for the purposes of this report, the single electrical backup heater has been replaced by an auxiliary space heater (EAux) and an immersion for domestic hot water E Immersion and the heat provided by the auxiliary heater and immersion have been separated into two quantities, QH_aux and QW_aux. Quantity Heat Explanation QH_hp Space heating provided by the heat pump QW_hp Water heating provided by the heat pump to the domestic hot water cylinder QH_aux Space heating, provided by the auxiliary electric heater QW_aux Water heating, provided by the electric immersion to the domestic hot water cylinder (=EImmersion) Electricity ES_fan/pump Electricity used by the source pump (for groundsource) or fan (for air-source) EHP Electricity used by the heat pump (excluding the ground loop/air inlet and auxiliary heating/immersion) EImmersion Electricity used to supplement domestic hot water production EAux Electricity used to supplement space heating Ebt_pump Electricity used by the buffer tank pump (if present) EB_fan/pump Electricity used by the fan or pump of the central heating system Table 5: Designations of electricity inputs and heat for SEPEMO definitions of seasonal performance factors
The four seasonal performance factors are illustrated in Figure 1, taken from [14].
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Figure 1: System boundaries for space and water heating circuits, as defined in the SEPEMO project
2.1.1. SPFH1
SPFH1 evaluates the performance of the refrigeration cycle. The system boundaries are similar to the coefficient of performance COP defined in EN 14511 [7], except that EN14511 also includes a small part of the pump consumption to overcome head losses and most of the fan consumption. Figure 2 shows the system boundaries for SPFH1. [Equation 1]
Figure 2: System boundary for SPFH1, as defined in the SEPEMO project
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2.1.2. SPFH2
This system boundary consists of the heat pump unit and the equipment to make the source energy available for the heat pump, as shown in Figure 3. SPFH2 evaluates the performance of the heat pump operation. This boundary is similar to that used for determining SCOPNET in EN 14825 [9] and the EU Renewable Energy Sources Directive [12] requirements, see Table 6. For heat pumps with an integral electrical backup heater, consumption of this heater should be subtracted from the overall electrical supply to the heat pump.
[Equation 2]
Figure 3: System boundary for SPFH2, as defined in the SEPEMO project.

2.1.3. SPFH3
This system boundary consists of the heat pump unit, the equipment to make the source energy available and the auxiliary heater (referred to as backup in the SEPEMO documentation), see Figure 4. SPFH3 represents the heat pump system and thereby it can be used for comparison to conventional heating systems (e.g. oil or gas). It should be clear that this definition includes both backup for the central heating and the domestic hot water immersion (in European houses, with basements, the domestic hot water tank is often integral to the heat pump and so a single electrical cassette can supply both auxiliary space heating and water heating; in the UK, space requirements mean that the domestic hot water tank is often separate from the heat pump and therefore has a separate immersion). For this reason, the SEPEMO
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drawing has been amended to show the electricity for auxiliary heating and immersion separately. This system boundary is similar to that for the SPF in VDI 4650-1 [11], EN 15316-4-2 [10] and the SCOPON in EN 14825 [9]. For monovalent heat pump systems (i.e. heat pump systems with no electrical backup, either for space or water heating) SPFH3 and SPFH2 are identical.
[Equation 3]
Figure 4: System boundary for SPFH3, as defined in the SEPEMO project Note EImmersion and EAux are shown separately instead of a single electrical backup, Ebu and QH_aux and QW_aux shown separately, instead of a single quantity for backup heat QHW_bu as per SEPEMO.
2.1.4. SPFH4
SPFH4 consists of the heat pump unit, the pumps or fans to make the source energy available, the auxiliary electric heater and domestic hot water immersion and all auxiliary pumps including those on the heat sink system (eg central heating circuit pumps and buffer tank pumps). See Figure 5.
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[Equation 4]
Figure 5: System boundary for SPFH4, as defined in the SEPEMO project Note Eaux and EImmersion are shown separately, instead of a single electrical backup, Ebu and QH_aux and QW_aux shown separately, instead of a single quantity for backup heat QHW_bu as per SEPEMO.
2.1.5. Consideration of defrost
In conditions of low temperature (0C to 5C), air-source heat pumps can be affected by the build-up of frost on the outdoor heat exchanger. This reduces performance and, for this reason, air-source heat pumps employ a defrost cycle. Ground-source heat pumps are not affected by defrost. Defrosting can be achieved by three methods; Hot gas defrosting By direct use of electric energy By reverse flow
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In the first case, hot gas defrosting1, the capacity of the heat pump is reduced and so the heat supplied to the central heating and domestic hot water cylinder is reduced for the same level of electrical input. In the case of direct electric heating, an additional term, Edefrost is added to the denominator in all calculations of SPF (i.e. SPFH1-4). In the case of reversed heat flow, a term Qdefrost is subtracted from QH_hp in the numerator for all calculations of SPF. The most commonly used method in the Energy Saving Trust field trial was by reverse flow.
2.2. System Boundaries for EN 14511, EN 14825 EN 15316-4-2 & VDI 4650-1
2.2.1. EN 14511
EN 14511 [7] describes the testing procedure to calculate the coefficient of performance (COP) or energy efficiency ratio (EER). Tests are carried out to a range of specified ambient and heat flow temperatures. The average electrical power input of the unit within the defined interval of time is obtained from: the power input for operation of the compressor and any power input for defrosting; the power input for all control and safety devices of the unit and; the proportional power input of the conveying devices (e.g. fans, pumps) for ensuring the transport of the heat transfer media inside the unit.
Thus the system boundary is different to all of the SEPEMO boundaries for seasonal performance factor. It is similar to that for system boundary of SPFH1, with the difference being that EN 14511 takes account of a small part of the pump consumption on the source side to overcome head losses and a proportion of fan/pump consumption on the sink side to overcome head losses.
1
In hot gas defrosting, a proportion of the superheated refrigerant is diverted from the compressor through a heat-exchanger to melt accumulated ice, whereupon the heat transfer fluid condenses and returns to the refrigeration circuit. The net effect is that the capacity of the heat pump reduces.
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Defrost is accounted for in the same way as for SPF, i.e. as described in section 2.1.5.
2.2.2. EN 14825
EN 14825 [9] is concerned with the modelling of seasonal coefficient of performance (SCOP), defined according to 3 climate zones and for a range of space heating emitter temperatures. It is based on measurements of COP according to EN 14511. For heating only systems, EN 14825 defines two quantities: the net seasonal coefficient of performance, SCOPNET, and the seasonal coefficient of performance in ON mode SCOPON. SCOPNET has boundaries similar to those for SPFH2, although it only includes a proportion of the pump consumption on the source side to overcome head losses and a proportion of fan/pump consumption on the sink side to overcome head losses. SCOPON has boundaries similar to those for SPFH3, although it only includes a proportion of the pump consumption on the source side to overcome head losses and a proportion of fan/pump consumption on the sink side to overcome head losses. It includes the electricity used by supplementary heaters for space and water heating. Defrost is accounted for in the same way as for SPF, i.e. as described in section 2.1.5.
2.2.3.
EN 15316-4-2
EN 15316-4-2 [10] describes a bin method for the calculation of seasonal system efficiency, based on the heating load evolution, heating curve of the heat pump, climate conditions and standard heat pump testing points. This system boundary contains the heat pump unit, the pumps/fans to make the source energy available as well as internal and external boilers and back-up heaters. This equates to boundary SPFH3. The difference is that in EN 15316-4-2 the thermal losses of the heating system are calculated. Defrost is accounted for in the same way as for the SEPEMO SPFs, i.e. as described in section 2.1.5.
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2.2.4. VDI 4650-1
VDI 4650-1 [11] is used for measuring seasonal performance factor, SPF. The SPF calculation according to this regulation includes the heat source pumps, the auxiliary space and water heaters and the auxiliary drive energy for space heating (for pressure losses of the condenser) as mentioned in the EN 14511. The system boundaries are similar to those for SPFH3, but only a proportion of the energy used by central heating pumps and domestic hot water pumps is included. Defrost is accounted for in the same way as for the SEPEMO SPFs, i.e. as described in section 2.1.5.
2.3. The EU Renewable Energy Sources Directive and EU Ecodesign Directive

2.3.1. EU Renewable Energy Sources Directive
The Renewable Energy Sources Directive [12] defines the sources of heat that are considered as renewable in the EU. The aim of the directive is to increase the proportion of renewable energy (both heat and power) generated in the EU. Member states must report annually on the amount of renewable heat generated in each country to comply with the directive. Under this directive, heat pumps are considered renewable sources, provided that the SPF >1.15* 1/, where is the average ratio of the efficiency of the EU electricity grid. Using figures for the average efficiency of electrical generation in the EU in 2010 [15], this equates to a requirement that the SPF for electrically driven heat pumps is greater than 2.5. It should be noted that the SPF referred to in the directive is a calculated figure, based on laboratory measurements and locality-specific climate data, rather than a measured, in-situ figure. The European Commission recently published the methodology for calculating SPF to be used to demonstrate compliance with the EU Renewable Energy Sources Directive [16]. This document states that the appropriate system boundary for assessing compliance is SPFH2, i.e. it includes the electricity supplied to the compressor and refrigeration circuits and electricity for the inlet fan or ground source pump. Finally, it should be remembered that increasing the SPF above 2.5 increases the amount of renewable heat generated.
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2.3.2. EU Eco-design Directive
The EU Eco-design Directive [13] aims to exclude environmentally damaging products from the market; this covers many issues, one of which is energy efficiency. Thus the focus is different to that of the EU Renewable Energy Sources Directive [12], which is aimed at increasing the generation of renewable energy.
Figure 6: Schematic to demonstrate the focus of the EU Eco-design Directive and that of the EU Renewable Sources Directive, as applied to heat pumps
The space heating element of heat pumps is included in Lot I of the Eco-design Directive (boilers) while the water heating element is included in Lot II (water heaters). Cooling is included in Lot 10, but this is of little relevance to the UK domestic sector and so will not be considered in the remainder of this report. Lot I of the Eco-design Directive specifies a methodology for calculating the primary energy required to produce a given level of output space heating (s). Lot II describes the test procedures used to establish the efficiency of water heating. The European Heat Pump Association and others provide a clear comparison of the application of the EU Renewable Energy Directive and the EU Eco-design directive (Lot I) to heat pumps, see Table 6, reproduced from reference [17]. Both directives specify calculation methods for seasonal coefficients of performance, but the methodologies are not the same; in particular, the Eco-design Directive takes account of additional backup heaters and due to the auxiliary modes (active modes, standby modes, off modes, crank heater modes, thermostat off modes, as well as pump power effects and degradation due to on/off cycling).
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Electrical parameter included
Active mode YES Additional backup NO heaters On/off cycling YES YES Thermostat off YES NO Standby YES NO Off mode YES NO Crankcase heater YES NO Ground source pump YES YES power Effect of controls YES NO Table 6: Comparison of electricity inputs for the assessment of space heating efficiency in the Eco-Design Directive (Lot I) and the seasonal performance factor from the Renewable Energy Sources Directive (from [17])2
Eco-design Directive Lot I Space heating efficiency, s YES YES
Renewable Energy Sources Directive SPF
2.4. Monitoring for the Renewable Heat Premium Payment Scheme

The Renewable Heat Premium Payment scheme is a DECC policy, designed to assist householders to install renewable heat generating measures such as heat pumps and biomass boilers in their homes. The scheme was divided into three parts; social housing, private houses and community schemes. A selection of heat pumps installed under the Renewable Heat Premium Payment Scheme have been monitored, with the aim of estimatingSPFH1-SPFH4 for each site. Analysis is currently in progress and will be completed in Spring 2014.
2.5. System Efficiency as specified in Phase I of the Energy Saving Trust Field Trials
In Phase I, the specification was designed to be compatible with Energy Saving Trusts condensing boiler field trials, and therefore required measurement of the heat of the domestic hot water actually used, rather than measurement of the heat supplied to the hot water cylinder. The protocol was agreed by the funding board and approved by the peer review committee. Figure 7 presents the monitoring schematic.
2
The table from reference [17] also includes a line marked water pump, which it says is included in both the Eco-design directive and the RES SPF. It is not clear what this refers to; it does not refer to the circulation pump on the central heating side.
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T General schematic for 1st year of heat pump field trials
QW
OUT
E=EHP +EB_fan/pump +
EAux
DHW cylinder T T
Auxiliary electric heater
Hx
QH_
HP
Standard radiators
Tg
out
Ground loop
Tg
in
HP compressor
Hx
Heat pump casing
Figure 7: Schematic of monitoring protocol for Phase I of the Energy Saving Trust heat pump field trials Thus, the focus of the study was the system efficiency (SEFF), rather than the efficiency of the heat pump only. The definition of system efficiency is given below:
Where: QW_OUT = heat of domestic hot water used by the householder (as opposed to heat supplied to the hot water cylinder)
2.6. System Efficiency as specified in Phase II of the Energy Saving Trust Field Trials
The objective of Phase I was to determine the efficiency of the entire heating system, denoted as system efficiency.
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In Phase II, the technical monitoring specification was as in Phase I, with the addition of a heat meter to monitor heat output from the heat pump itself. This enables calculation of the seasonal performance of the heat pump itself (as described in the section on SEPEMO seasonal performance factors). Where appropriate, additional electricity meters were also installed, for example, to monitor the electricity used by the heat pump compressor only or to measure the consumption of the pumps on the central heating side. Figure 8 shows the schematic. The resulting configurations allow direct calculation of SPFH4 in all cases. In some cases, SPFH3 and SPFH2 can be deduced directly from the measured data. In all remaining cases, estimates can be made of SPFH1-H3 by examining scatterplots and time-series plots to identify use of the auxiliary electric heat supplied and by making estimates of the consumption of circulation pumps / fans.
T General schematic for 2nd year of heat pump field trials
Q
W_OUT
E=EHP +EB_fan/pump + EAux

T
T
Q W_HP
DHW cylinder T
Auxiliary electric heater
Hx
Q
H_HP
E
Compressor
Standard radiators
Tg
out
Ground loop
Tg
in
HP compressor
Hx
EB_fan/pump
Heat pump casing
Figure 8: Schematic of monitoring protocol for Phase II of the Energy Saving Trust heat pump field trials
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Analysis from the second phase of the Energy Saving Trusts heat pump trial: April 2011 to April 2012
2.7.
Summary of parameters included for different system boundaries
Table 7 summarises the components taken into account in the various system boundaries for SEPEMO, various EU standards and the system efficiency used in the Energy Saving Trust Heat Pump Field Tria ls.
Component SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 EN 14511 EN 14825 SCOPNET x EN 14825 SCOPON x VDI 4650-1 x EN15316 4-8 x EU RES Directive x x System efficiency EST trials
Heat *
Electrical components
Heat supplied by heat pump Heat supplied to central heating circuit Heat supplied to domestic hot water cylinder Heat extracted from domestic hot water cylinder Compressor Heat source fan/ pump Back-up for both space heating and domestic hot water Buffer tank pump Space heating and domestic hot water fans/pumps
x -----
x x ---
x x x
x x x
x head losses ---
x head losses --
x head losses x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x x
-----
-----
-----
x x
--head losses
--head losses
--head losses
--head losses
x x
x x
Table 7: Summary of parameters included in different system boundaries

*Note that the heat supplied by the heat pump is the sum of the heat supplied to the central heating circuit and the heat supplied to the domestic hot water cylinder, unless there is a buffer tank.
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2.8.
Discussion
As demonstrated in the previous section, there are many different ways to define system boundaries. For the purposes of the consumer, the most important system boundary is the one we have called system efficiency, as it gives an indication of the overall cost of providing the heat that is actually used by the householder. However, the system efficiency is very much affected by the householders domestic hot water consumption. System efficiency was the parameter selected for analysis in Phase I and therefore, comparisons of results from the two phases of the trial are made on this basis. For Phase II, it has generally been possible to estimate a range of system performance factors for each site. Comparison of these different factors yields insights into the quality of the installation and operational parameters. DECC considers that the most appropriate system boundary to consider when designing a heat pump system is SPFH4; this takes into account all auxiliary electricity consumption for immersion or space heating and the consumption of circulation pumps. The MCS 022 Heat Emitter Guide [18] is based on SPFH4 (for space heating only).
3. Analysis
This section presents histograms of system efficiency and space and water heating efficiencies. The starting point for all analysis is the quality controlled 5-minute data of heat flows, electricity consumption and a range of temperatures (ambient, indoor, flow and return to ground, flow and return from central heating and hot water cylinder temperatures). The analysis reported in this document has been carried out the Energy Saving Trusts contractors, Kiwa Gastec at CRE and EA Technology and by DECC. Details of the instrumentation and data checking are presented in Appendices A & B, while the methodology for calculating the various seasonal performance factors is described in Appendix C. Appendix D describes the procedure for temperature correction. Section 3.1 presents the comparison of temperature-corrected system efficiencies from Phase I with those from Phase II. Section 3.2 presents the various components of electricity consumption for auxiliary heating, immersion, pumps and fans and section 3.3 presents histograms of SPFH2, SPFH4 and system efficiency for both air and ground-source heat pumps. Finally, section 3.4 presents space and water
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heating efficiencies, where it has been possible to separate the two. These are SPFH2. Sections 4-8 present a range of case studies, showing the effect of specific interventions. Section 8 summarises the results. Section 9 presents recommendations.
3.1. Comparison of System Efficiencies from Phases I and II As discussed in section 2.5, the efficiency calculated for Phase I was the system efficiency. System efficiency is influenced by two main factors: Ambient temperature Amount of domestic hot water used and temperature to which this water is heated. In order to compare system efficiencies from Phases I and II, the data have corrected for the effect of ambient temperature. See Section 14 (Appendix D) further details of the procedure.
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4.00
Difference in system efficiencies between phase Data temperature corrected
3.50
Difference in system efficiency, Phases I & II
System Efficienc
System efficienc
3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 Major interventions Medium interventions
-0.50 -1.00
Minor interventi
Figure 9 presents the difference in temperature-corrected system efficiency between Phases I and II. The orange points show the Phase I system efficiency, while the blue ones show the system efficiency for Phase II.
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4.00 3.50
Difference in system efficiency, Phases I & II
Difference in system efficiencies between phases I and II Data temperature corrected

System Efficiency Phase I System efficiency, Phase II
4.00
Temperature corrected system efficiency, Phases I and II 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00
3.00
2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00
Heat pump developed a fault in Phase II
1.50
1.00 0.50 0.00
0.50
0.00 Major interventions Medium interventions Minor interventions No intervention
-0.50 -1.00
-0.50 -1.00
Figure 9: Change in temperature-corrected system efficiency from Phase I to Phase II (37 sites, one site with faulty heat meter in Phase I removed from minor intervention category)
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3.1.1. Major Interventions
Major interventions have been successful in increasing the system efficiency. System efficiency improved at nine of the 12 sites (by more than 0.5 for three sites and by between ~0.2 and ~0.47 for a further five sites). Three sites showed reduced performance (by between 0.17 and 0.25). The most improved site was site 418, where the temperature corrected system efficiency increased from 1.63 to 2.70. This was a complex site, where the domestic hot water was heated by an exhaust air-source heat pump while the space heating was provided by an air-source heat pump. During Phase I, the immersion in the exhaust air-source heat pump was used excessively. Both heat pumps were replaced in phase II and the immersion in the exhaust heat pump was switched off. Circulation pumps were replaced with low energy dc pumps. In nine cases, the major intervention was the replacement of a heat pump, sized according to the manufacturers procedures at the time, i.e. not necessarily compliant with M CS MIS 3005 Issue 3.1. In one case, the central heating circuit was modified so that the area heated by the heat pump was reduced; this is equivalent to increasing the size of the heat pump. The final major intervention consisted of moving the heat pump, which was previously located at the end of the garden closer to the house, thereby reducing the very considerable heat losses from the pipes. It is important to note that some heat pumps were replaced with smaller heat pumps as shown in Table 8 below. Heat pump capacity Decreased Same Increased Number of heat 5 4 3 (includes one example of heat pumps pump heating smaller area) Table 8: Change in capacity of heat pumps for sites with major interventions For two of the three sites for which system efficiency was reduced in Phase II, the reason was increased immersion consumption for domestic hot water. This is discussed in the case studies, see sections 5-7.
3.1.2. Medium Interventions
Eight out of nine systems showed improved performance, with system performance improving by more than 0.3 in five cases. The greatest improvement, from 2.31 to 3.29, was at a site where software was altered to reduce the use of the auxiliary heater. One heat pump system showed a large reduction in system efficiency; this was due to a fault from 14/12/2011-21/02/2012, during which time the system was using the internal auxiliary electric heating.
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In all but one case, variable speed DC pumps were fitted. The effectiveness of these can be seen by comparing SPFH3 and SPFH4 for the sites. Figure 10 demonstrates that the systems with variable speed DC pumps had, on average, a lower difference between SPF H3 and SPFH4 (0.06 as opposed to 0.13).
Difference between SPFH3 and SPFH4 for systems with variable speed DC and standard circulation pumps
12 Number of heat pump systems 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Difference between SPFH3 and SPFH4 DC pumps Standard pumps
Figure 10: Difference between SPFH3 and SPFH4 for systems with variable speed DC and standard circulation pumps
3.1.3. Minor Interventions
11 sites were selected for minor interventions. In one case, the heat meter data from Phase I was re-examined and found to be faulty. For this reason, the site has been omitted from this analysis. Only one showed a significant improvement in system efficiency (0.3), while, for six of the sites, the magnitude of the difference in system efficiency was less than 0.1. The remaining three sites showed a decrease in performance of around 0.2. Closer examination of these sites indicated that, for two of these three sites, the proportion of domestic hot water used in the second phase had increased significantly, thereby decreasing the perceived overall system efficiency, which is a weighted average of the efficiencies of space and water heating (see Table 9). Furthermore, for site 440, the overall amount of energy used for space and water heating dropped from 6911 in Phase I to 2305 kWh in Phase II. Site 440 Phase I 4779 Phase II 1230
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Space heating kWh
Water heating3 kWh 2132 1075 Proportion of water heating 31% 47% Temperature-corrected 1.63 1.44 system efficiency 462 Space heating kWh 3408 3242 4 Water heating kWh 208 3046 Proportion of water heating 6% 48% Temperature-corrected 2.21 1.95 system efficiency 465 Space heating kWh 5228 5823 5 Water heating kWh 307 200 Proportion of water heating Near zero Near zero Temperature-corrected 2.06 1.84 system efficiency Table 9: Proportion of space and water heating for sites 440, 462 & 465 The reasons for the reduction in performance at site 465 are not known. The overall heat delivered is roughly constant (5228 kWh in Phase I and 5823 kWh in Phase II) and the immersion was not used in either phase of the trial.
3.1.4. No Interventions
Out of the six sites that received no interventions, the temperature corrected system efficiencies increased significantly for three (>~0.2). For two sites, the change was negligible and for the final site, a decrease of 0.3 was registered.
3.2. Electricity consumption of different components The heat pumps examined cover a range of configurations; central heating only, integral domestic hot water tanks (i.e. the tank is located within the heat pump box), separate domestic hot water tanks and systems with and without integral electric cassettes. Electricity is used by a number of different components in the system:
3 4
Circulation pumps for ground loop (ground-source heat pumps) or fans (air source heat pumps) Compressor Auxiliary space heater
In this case, this means the heat in the water actually used by the householder, not the heat supplied to the tank As for note 2. 5 As for note 2.
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Domestic hot water immersion Circulation pumps for central heating
Where possible, the electricity used by each component has been monitored separately. The aim of this section is to present the electricity used by the auxiliary heater and domestic hot water immersion, as these quantities effectively represent the amount of necessary heat that the heat pump is unable to provide. In many cases, it was not possible to monitor the electric cassette separately; any heat used by the electric cassette was included in the electric demand of the heat pump. However, use of the auxiliary heater in these cases can usually be determined from inspection of the scatterplots of heat versus electricity demand. Similarly, the electrical consumption of the ground loop (or air inlet fans) and the circulation pumps on the central heating side can generally be estimated from inspection of the time series of electricity demand by the heat pump, if metered data are not available. Overall, 46 sites were available for analysis. Figure 11 shows that, on average, the compressor accounted for 82% of the electricity demand, with ground loop pumps or air inlet fans accounting for 6%, supplementary space or water heating accounting for 7% and circulation pumps accounting for 5%.
Average electrical consumption of different components

5%
% Compressor % Ground loop or air inlet fan % Auxiliary space & DHW immersion % Circulation pumps on central heating side
7% 6%
82%
Figure 11: Average electrical consumption of different components of heat pumps in the trial
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There were a number of sites with unusually high consumption of one or more components. In one case, the ground loop accounted for 26% of the electricity consumption, suggesting a fault or leak, while in one other the domestic hot water immersion accounted for 63%. There were also two cases of very high consumption by central heating circulation pumps (23% and 26% of total electrical demand respectively). These examples illustrate how simple, electric monitoring of components could be used for fault diagnostics. It should be noted that the EU Eco-design directive limits the energy consumption of glandless circulation pumps for heating and air-conditioning as of January 2013. Further tightening of these regulations will require that circulation pumps integrated in heat pumps and boilers are energy efficient as of 2015.
3.3. Analysis of defrost for air-source heat pumps Figure 12 presents the heat used for defrosting air-source heat pumps as a function of the overall heat delivered during Phase II of the trial. The data are not temperature corrected; however, the three heat pumps with the greatest use of defrost are not located in the coldest parts of the country (one is in Belfast, one in Cheshire and one in Oxfordshire). More analysis is carried out on a site by site basis (see section 4.1.4).
Defrost as a percentage of total heat output

6 5 Number of heat pumps 4 3 2 1 0 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% Heat used for defrost as a percentage of total heat delivered Defrost as a percentage of total heat output
Figure 12: Defrost as a percentage of total heat output for the air-source heat pumps in the field trial
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3.4. Histograms of performance for air- and ground-source heat pumps This section presents histograms of performance for both air and ground-source heat pumps. The data refer to Phase II only and have not been temperature corrected. Table 10 and Figure 13 present SPFH2, SPFH4 and system efficiency for the heat pumps in the trial. Note that it was not possible to calculate all of these quantities in every case because of metering arrangements or heat meter faults. For example, SPF H2 can only be calculated for 36 of the 44 systems examined in the trial. The data has not been separated by emitter type or presence or absence of domestic hot water cylinders although, as noted in Table 1, the most common configuration in the sample for both ground and air-source heat pumps is supplying radiators and domestic hot water. On this basis, the ground-source heat pumps in the trial had significantly better SPFH2 and SPFH4 than the airsource heat pumps, although the small sample sizes should be noted.
SPFH2 Airsource Average Standard deviation Range Number of systems Average Standard deviation Range Number of systems 2.72 0.45 2.2-3.9 15 3.08 0.40 2.2-3.9 21 SPFH4 2.45 0.44 2.0-3.7 15 2.827 0.42 2.0-3.97 21 System efficiency 2.16 0.44 1.7-2.76 16 2.547 0.47 1.5-3.3 267 Proportion of systems considered renewable 9/15 note that 5 out of the 9 heat pumps considered renewable were completely new installations and were MCS 3005 compliant. 20/21
Groundsource
Table 10: SPFH2, SPFH4 and system efficiencies for Phase II (not temperature-corrected) The European Commission states that the minimum level of SCOP for a heat pump to be considered renewable is 2.5 [27] 8. The same document indicates that the system boundaries for this calculation are those of SPFH2. From the top chart in
6
One air-source heat pump had a particularly low system efficiency, partly due to relatively high domestic hot water use (around 90%) and due to long pipes and high heat losses from the tank. This point has been omitted from the system efficiency range. 7 One ground-source heat pump developed a fault and had high auxiliary electricity use. This is shown as a shaded point in the middle and bottom charts of Figure 13, but is excluded from the SPFH4 and system efficiency columns of Table 10. SPFH2 is not affected by use of the auxiliary electricity and so results from this heat pump are included in the SPF H2 column of Table 10. 8 EU Commission decision of 1.3.2013 on establishing the guidelines for Member States on calculating renewable energy from heat pumps from different heat pump technologies pursuant to Article 5 of Directive 2009/28/EC , article 3.3
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Figure 13, we can see that 9 of the 15 air-source heat pumps and 20 of the 21 ground-source heat pumps would be considered renewable under this definition. It is important to note that five out of the nine air-source heat pumps in this sample that meet the EU Renewable Energy Directive criterion were new installations, compliant with MCS MIS 3005 Issue 3.1. There is a significant difference between SPFH2 (as used in the EU Renewable Energy Directive) and SPFH4, SPFH2 being on average 0.3 higher than SPFH4. The difference between SPFH2 and system efficiency is ~0.7. It is instructive to consider the outliers. Two heat pumps achieve very high SPF H2. One is an airsource heat pump that supplies underfloor heating at a maximum flow temperature of 30C to a highly insulated house. The SPFH2 is 3.90; SPFH4 is a little lower at 3.67. The system efficiency also includes domestic hot water heated by an exhaust air-source heat pump and immersion and is considerably lower at 2.71. The other heat pump which achieves a very high SPF H2 (3.94) is a ground-source heat pump, which supplies both underfloor heating and domestic hot water to a highly insulated house. The maximum flow temperature is 31C for the central heating and 46C for the domestic hot water. SPFH4 is only a little lower at 3.89. The system efficiency is 3.28 indicating excellent performance. One ground-source heat pump developed a fault and had high auxiliary electricity use. This is shown as a shaded point in the middle and bottom charts of Figure 13, but is excluded the SPFH4 and system efficiency columns of Table 10. SPFH2 is not affected by use of the auxiliary electricity and so results from this heat pump are included in the SPFH2 column of Table 10. One air-source heat pump had a particularly low system efficiency, partly due to relatively high domestic hot water use (around 90%) and partly due to very long pipes and high heat losses from the tank. This point is marked as shaded on the system efficiency chart and has been omitted from the system efficiency column in Table 10.
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7 Number of heat pumps 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1.2
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This gshp developed a fault during Phase II.
15 ashp 22 gshp
ashp gshp
7 Number of heat pumps 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 System Efficiency
This gshp developed a fault during Phase II.
17 ashp 27 gshp
ashp gshp
90% of the output of this heat pump is for DHW and tank is poorly insulated.
Figure 13: Comparison of SPFH2, SPFH4 and system efficiency for air- and ground-source heat pumps in Phase II of the trial
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3.4.1. Histograms of performance for the six new air-source heat pumps
It is instructive to examine the performance of the six air-source heat pumps installed for Phase II only. All of these sites supply radiators and domestic hot water; two supply fanned radiators. Figure 14 presents SPFH2 and SPFH4 for these installations. It can be seen that five of the new sites have SPFH2 above the EUs criterion for renewability. SPFH4 figures, however, are similar to those for other air-source heat pumps in the trial.
SPFH2 for air-source heat pumps, showing new sites separately

Number of heat pumps 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 SPFH2 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 New sites Other sites
Not renewable
Renewable
SPFH4 for air-source heat pumps, showing new sites separately

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 SPFH4 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 Number of heat pumps
New sites Other sites
Figure 14: Comparison of SPFH2 and SPFH4 for the new air-source heat pumps in Phase II of the trial
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Table 11 shows the SPF figures for each site. Only one of the five sites has an SPFH2 below the EU RES Directive threshold to be considered renewable. The first two systems have very good SPFH2, but SPFH4 is compromised by the high electricity consumption of the circulation pumps and the radiator fans. This confirms the findings of section 3.1.2 that low energy circulation pumps should be used. For sites 496-499, the difference between SPFH2 and SPFH4 is low, indicating a good installation. However, in one case, the system efficiency is low; this is because a high proportion of heat is supplied to the domestic hot water tank (33%). Heat losses from the tank inevitably reduce system efficiency, even if the heat pump is working well. The same phenomenon would apply for a system with a gas boiler. System SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 efficiency Comments High use of circulation pumps and fanned radiators (19% 448 2.79 2.55 2.16 1.85 together) High use of circulation pumps and fanned radiators (21% 449 2.76 2.57 2.26 1.73 together) Domestic hot water immersion accounts for 12% of total 496 2.29 2.20 2.04 1.97 1.70 electricity usage. 497 2.71 2.57 2.51 2.37 2.35 High proportion of heat supplied to the domestic hot 498 2.94 2.79 2.62 2.48 1.81 water tank (33%). 499 2.99 2.89 2.88 2.77 2.69 Table 11: SPFH1-4 and system efficiencies for the new sites in Phase II (not temperaturecorrected) Heat pump
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3.5. Assessment of heat pump sizing and performance MCS MIS 3005 Issue 3.1 describes the procedure for sizing heat pumps based on the modelled heat loss of the building. With the exception of the six new sites, these detailed heat loss calculations were not carried out in this trial. Appendix E presents the estimated SAP heat losses and the measured heat losses for a selection of sites in the trial. It would be instructive to examine the SPFH4 figures during periods of cold temperature for any under-sized sites. In practice, this analysis can not be undertaken, since SPF H4 was not calculated during Phase I and there were very few cold days during the Phase II monitoring period.
3.6. Histograms of space and water heating efficiencies Six of the 44 sites supplied only space heating, while the remaining 38 supplied both space and water heating. In 11 cases, the complexity of the systems, or faults with heat meters meant that it was not possible to produce separate estimates of space and water heating efficiencies. However, for the remaining 27 sites, careful examination of the time series enabled separate estimation of the efficiencies for space and water heating. Table 12 summarises the number of sites for which space and water heating efficiencies can be calculated. Efficiencies are presented as SPFH2, i.e. they do not include the effect of electric immersion or circulation pumps on the central heating side. SPFH2 Space heating Water heating Sites for which both space and (all sites) water heating can be calculated Space heating Water heating Number of sites 34 27 27 27 Of which air- 14 11 11 11 source Of which ground- 20 16 16 16 source Mean 3.01 2.43** 3.10 2.43 ** Standard deviation 0.49 0.62 0.46 0.62 ** Range 2.13-4.6 1.64-4.20** 2.13-4.6 1.64-4.2 ** Table 12: Space and water heating efficiencies from Phase II (as SPFH2) ** These values are influenced by an outlier, as discussed below.
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The third and fourth columns of Table 12 show the space and water heating efficiencies (as SPFH2) for the 27 sites for which it is possible to calculate both. The same information is shown visually in Figure 15. Of these sites, 11 were air-source and 16 ground-source. The Figure shows a wide range of efficiencies for both space and water heating, but, on average, space heating is more efficient with a mean SPFH2 of 3.01 0.08, as compared to the mean SPFH2 for water heating, which is 2.43 0.12; however, this includes one outlier; if this value is removed, the average SPF H2 for water heating is 2.36 0.10. Space and water heating are discussed in more detail in the following sections, but this preliminary analysis indicates that heat pumps can be configured to heat water efficiently. Space and water heating efficiencies, as SPFH2, for 27 sites in Phase II
8 7 6 Number of heat pumps 5 4 3 2 1 0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 SPFH2
Water heating Space heating
Outlier very low levels of heat delivered to domestic hot water tank.
Figure 15: Space and water heating efficiencies as SPFH2 for 27 heat pumps, Phase II
3.6.1. Space heating efficiency for air and ground-source heat pumps
Space heating efficiencies, as SPFH2, can be estimated for 34 sites. Table 13 and Figure 16 show space heating efficiencies (as SPFH2) for ground and air-source heat pumps. There is one outlier, with a space heating efficiency of 4.6. This was a ground-source heat pump which supplied underfloor heating to a highly insulated dwelling. Central heating flow temperatures at this site were between 30 and 35C throughout the heating season.
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Note the very small sample sizes (15 air-source heat pumps and 20 ground-source). On average, the ground-source heat pumps showed high space heating efficiencies (as measured by SPFH2). Note that this remains true even if the particularly efficient site is removed. Space heating efficiency (as SPFH2) Air-source Ground-source Number of sites 14 20 Mean 2.73 3.21 Standard deviation 0.34 0.46 Range 2.2-3.2 2.2-4.6 Table 13: Space heating efficiencies for air- and ground-source heat pumps (as SPFH2)
Space heating efficiencies, as SPFH2, for air- and ground-source heat pumps
6 Number of heat pumps 5 4 3 2 1 0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 Space heating efficiency as SPFH2 air-source ground-source 14 air-source 20 ground-source
Figure 16: Space heating efficiencies for 14 air- and 20 ground-source heat pumps (as SPFH2) Figure 17 shows the space heating efficiency for all sites, as a function of heat delivered during the heating season. There is a great deal of scatter, but it appears that there is a slight drop off in efficiency of ground-source heat pumps at low annual heat demands (below around 5,000 kWh). The efficiency stabilises at higher levels of heat delivery.
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Space heating efficiency (SPFH2) as a function of space heating delivered, Phase II

5.0 4.5 SPFH2 for space heating 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 Heat for space heating, kWh Log. (Space heating efficiency (gshp)) Log. (Space heating efficiency (ashp)) Space heating efficiency (ashp) Space heating efficiency (gshp)
Figure 17: Space heating efficiency as a function of space heating delivered for Phase II sites
3.6.2. Space heating efficiency as a function of flow temperature
Space heating efficiency is expected to be inversely proportional to the central heating flow temperature. Most of the sites in the trial used weather compensation control algorithms. In some cases, the range of flow temperatures was very large (20 degrees or so), while in others, it was relatively limited (10 degrees or so). Space heating efficiency as a function of central heating flow temperature
5.0 Space heating efficiency (as SPFH2) 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 Average flow temperature (degrees C) Ground-source Air-source Linear (all)
47
Figure 18 shows the average space heating efficiency (as SPFH2) as a function of the mode of the central heating flow temperature. There is a great deal of scatter, but, overall, the chart shows the expected decrease in space heating efficiency as central heating flow temperatures increase.
Space heating efficiency as a function of central heating flow temperature

5.0 Space heating efficiency (as SPFH2) 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0 55.0 Average flow temperature (degrees C) Ground-source Air-source Linear (all)
Figure 18: Space heating efficiency as a function of central heating flow temperature for Phase II sites The case studies presented in sections 5-8 show individual charts of efficiency as a function of daily average ambient temperature.
3.6.3. Water heating efficiency
Table 14 and Figure 19 show water heating efficiencies (as SPFH2) for ground- and air-source heat pumps. Note the very small sample sizes (11 air-source heat pumps and 16 groundsource). Water heating efficiency (as SPFH2) Air-source Ground-Source 11 16 2.51 2.35 2.34 2.35
Number of sites Mean Mean if outlier air source heat pump removed Range if outlier air-source heat pump removed 1.8-3.2 1.6-3.6 Table 14: Water heating efficiencies for air- and ground-source heat pumps (as SPFH2)
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One air-source heat pump has a very high efficiency for heating water (4.2). These data points were checked and found to be correct; however, the SPF H2 figure reflects the heating efficiency without the hot water immersion. For this site, only 364 kWh of heat was transferred from the heat pump to the tank and the remaining 4199 kWh was provided by the immersion. The water heating SPFH4 figure is close to 1. If this point is omitted, then the SPFH2 water heating efficiencies of ground and air-source heat pumps in the trial are found to be the same, i.e. around 2.35. This is substantially lower than the space heating efficiencies recorded in section 4.4.1; however, an SPF H2 of 2.35 indicates that the heat pump is supplying the domestic hot water tank efficiently, although many of these systems also use the electric immersion to heat the domestic hot water tank. Water heating efficiencies, as SPFH2, for air- and ground-source heat pumps
air-source ground-source 4 3 2 1 0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 Water heating efficiency as SPFH2
6 Number of heat pumps 5
Outlier very low levels of heat delivered to domestic hot water tank.
Figure 19: Water heating efficiencies for 11 air- and 16 ground source heat pumps (as SPFH2) We would expect the efficiency of water heating to be strongly influenced by the temperature at which the domestic hot water is stored. Table 15 shows the efficiency of water heating (as SPFH2) as a function of the average temperature of the domestic hot water tank (excluding periods of sterilisation). The comparison is not perfect, since the immersion is used in many cases and this is not included in SPFH2; however, the table does show, as expected, that two of the highest water efficiencies detected in the trial refer to sites where the domestic hot water tank is kept at a very low temperature (30-40 degrees). Temperature of domestic hot water tank (C) Water heating efficiency, as SPFH2 30-40 40-50 50-60 1.5-2.0 6 1 2.0-2.5 3 2 2.5-3.0 1 4 1 3.0-3.5 1 3.5-4.0 1
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Table 15: Water heating efficiencies (as SPFH2) as a function of temperature of domestic hot water tank There is a weak correlation (R2=0.33) between the water heating efficiency and the amount of heat delivered, as shown in Figure 20.
Water heating efficiency (SPFH2) as a function of heat delivered to the domestic hot water tank, Phase II
4.50 4.00 SPFH2 for water heating 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 Heat delivered from heat pump to domestic hot water tank, kWh DHW efficiency excludes immersion) DHW efficiency excluding outliers Linear (DHW efficiency excluding outliers) y = 0.0003x + 1.7786 R = 0.3273
Figure 20: Water heating efficiency (as SPFH2) as a function of heat delivered from the heat pump to the domestic hot water tank
3.6.4. Summary
The analysis presented in this section demonstrates that, for the heat pumps in phase II of the trial: Space heating efficiencies are greater for the ground-source heat pumps than for the air-source heat pumps (average SPFH2 = 3.21 and 2.73 respectively). For ground-source heat pumps, space heating efficiencies are slightly lower for sites with small heat demands (< 5,000 kWh/year) but appear to stabilise above this level. This may be due to excessive cycling if heat pumps are over-sized for the heat demand. More investigation would be needed to confirm this. On average, water heating efficiencies are lower than space heating efficiencies, being around 2.35 for both air- and ground-source (as measured by SPFH2). Water heating efficiency (as measured by SPFH2) increases with heat supplied to the domestic hot water tank.
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For some individual sites, water heating efficiencies may be higher than annual space heating efficiencies; this is because the amount of energy used for water heating is roughly constant throughout the year, but space heating load increases with ambient temperature, while space heating efficiency decreases with ambient temperature. The highest water heating efficiencies in the trial (as SPFH2) are found for sites where the water is stored at unsatisfactorily low temperatures.
4. Case Studies (Major changes)

This section shows some examples of sites where major interventions were carried out between Phases I and II. This section shows some examples of sites for which interesting behaviour has been observed and from which key recommendations can be made. Where possible, SPFH1-H4 and system efficiency have been calculated. In addition, temperature-corrected system efficiencies (for the 20 year period 1987 to 2006) are also presented.
4.1.
Air-source Heat Pump Supplying Radiators Only, Site 444
At this site, which is a two bedroomed bungalow, an air-source heat pump supplies heat to radiators only, see Figure 21.
Sites 443 & 444
E = EHP + EB_pump/fan
Hx
Q
H_HP Standard radiators
TIN
HP compressor
Evaporator
Heat pump casing
Figure 21: Schematic for site 444, Phase II The average heat loss coefficient of the property was found to be 176 W/K. The 6 kW heat pump should have been able to supply the 3.9 kW required to heat the property at the MCS guideline temperature conditions. However, it was decided to replace the existing 6 kW air
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source heat pump by an 8 kW air source heat pump. This would be expected to increase cycling, so the temperature differential in the control system was increased from 3C to 5C to offset this effect. The householder changed the heating pattern from intermittent to continuous. Weather compensation was not deployed in Phase I but was in Phase II. The defrost sensor was also replaced and repositioned in an attempt to reduce the amount of defrost. Sections 4.1.1-4.1.4 discuss the effect of these changes on seasonal performance factor, operational hours, cycling and the energy used for defrost.
4.1.1. SPFH1-4 and System Efficiency
The overall effect on seasonal performance factor is shown in Table 16 and Figure 22. Note that there was some faulty heat meter data in April 2011 and so this month has been excluded from the calculation of SPFs. Dates SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 System efficiency Temperature corrected system efficiency 1.639
Phase I
01/04/2009- N/A N/A N/A 1.63 1.63 31/03/2010 Phase II 01/05/2011- (3.20) (2.44) (2.44) 2.24 2.24 2.19 31/03/2012 Table 16: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 444, Phases I & II N/A = relevant monitoring not carried out, so this parameter cannot be calculated.
Figures in brackets have been estimated by examining the time series of electricity demand to estimate the electricity used by the inlet fan and by the circulation pump on the central heating side. The table also illustrates the effect of using different system boundaries when defining performance. For this site, there is no domestic hot water provision, so the system efficiency is the same as SPFH4.
There has been a slight re-adjustment in the reported system efficiency since the first year results were published, due to removal of a small amount of faulty data. Note that temperature corrections may vary for different sites, depending on a) the amount of data recorded and b) the local degree days. For this site, the temperature correction was zero in Phase I.
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Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for Site 444, Phase II
3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 System Efficiency Site 444
Figure 22: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 444, Phase II Figure 23 shows the effect of the changes on the overall seasonal performance factor, SPF H4, for this site, as a function of daily average ambient temperature. The seasonal performance factor is improved at all ambient temperatures, but particularly at higher temperatures (5-15C), reflecting the effect of the change in weather compensation for this site.
4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 SPFH4 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -10
Daily SPFH4 as a function of ambient temperature for site 444, Phases I & II
Phase I Phase II
-5
10
15
20
25
30
Ambient Temperature (C)
Figure 23: Daily SPFH4 as a function of daily average ambient temperature for site 444, Phases I & II
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4.1.2. Operational Hours
In the first phase of the trial, the householder used the heat pump intermittently, for between 2 and 7 hours per day, while in Phase II, the heat pump was set to continuous operation. Figure 24 - Figure 25 illustrate the operating patterns schematically. As a result, daily average internal temperatures increased. During Phase I, the average internal temperature in the living room was between 15 and 20C during the heating season, while in Phase II, it was much more constant, between 18 and 20C. The number of degree days for the Phase II heating season was 25% lower than that for Phase I (partly because of the exclusion of faulty heat meter data from April 2011). However, the change to continuous heating meant that the heat used in Phase II was only 7% lower than that in Phase I, while improved performance meant that the electricity used was 32% lower than in Phase I, see Table 17. Heat Output Electricity Heat supplied / (kWh) input (kWh) Degree days degree day Apr-09 to Mar-10 4206 2574 2057 2.04 10 May-11 to Feb-12 3925 1755 1541 2.54 Table 17: Degree day heating requirements and actual heat supplied, site 444, Phases I & II
10
Faulty heat meter data in April 2011 so period runs from 01/05/2011 to 28/02/2012
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 97 170 133 189 193 229 195 245 133 24 283 92 90 227 42 74 147 131 44 93 147 39 179 23 80 44 85 196 153 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 150 184 198 191 221 230 88 27 0 103 44 90 91 10 123 0 105 23 11 60 80 0 68 0 104 21 55 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 67 67 8 57 0 1 66 0 107 0 19 52 0 28 21 0 50 3 115 0 72 0 77 3 83 0 62 37 46 0 70 78 0 0 125 0 0 10 79 0 87 0 0 63 0 64 0 1 71 25 12 52 31 39 79 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 500 400 400 300 400 400 300 300 100 400 200 100 400 100 200 100 600 0 100 300 100 400 0 200 0 200 400 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 400 500 400 400 400 200 100 0 200 100 200 200 0 300 0 200 0 100 100 100 0 200 0 200 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 0 0 100 0 200 0 100 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 200 100 100 0 200 0 100 0 100 0 200 0 100 200 0 0 100 100 0 100 100 0 200 0 0 100 0 100 0 0 100 100 0 100 0 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 124 172 179 154 212 175 224 221 193 203 6 221 247 9 185 193 108 152 104 202 107 224 89 134 188 35 217 116 110 105 123 169 162 110 218 54 148 83 241 21 197 63 159 18 152 36 84 125 70 38 96 114 4 217 176 230 85 0 1 0 111 0 80 31 52 135 78 128 223 96 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 13 179 179 181 224 201 0 47 60 130 51 57 66 49 96 57 51 168 0 181 68 87 92 1 154 0 0 116 142 41 118 0 83 111 0 98 49 90 25 96 52 143 1 40 25 71 1 91 50 159 47 1 0 0 57 41 31 84 14 76 62 80 0 70 42 45 118 19 27 54 110 10 156 0 88 0 77 60 20 156 79 52 34 96 114 5 88 89 59 85 93
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 400 400 300 400 400 400 300 400 400 0 400 400 0 200 500 100 100 600 100 200 400 200 200 400 0 400 300 100 400 100 400 300 200 400 100 300 100 400 200 300 200 300 0 300 100 100 200 100 100 200 100 100 300 400 400 100 0 0 0 200 100 100 100 100 200 400 100 400 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 300 400 300 500 0 0 200 200 100 100 200 0 100 100 100 200 0 400 100 0 300 0 200 0 200 0 200 100 100 100 100 200 0 100 100 200 0 100 0 300 0 100 0 100 0 100 100 200 200 0 0 0 100 0 100 100 0 100 0 200 0 0 0 100 200 0 100 0 100 100 200 0 100 0 100 0 100 200 100 100 100 100 100 0 200 100 0 100 200
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
35 76 2 71 57 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 106 129 194 179 191 180 137 289 174 226 189 53 207 200 44 191 194 83 144 150 141 111 215 60 142 184 51 219 59 20 213 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 162 142 194 189 164 233 204 216 29 126 20 102 56 64 94 79 102 52 114 87 55 131 0 106 61 94 116 27 105 117 89 105 38 101 95 83 0 118 83 31 169 84 88 176 204 198 138 213 1 42 92 88 146 1 0 0
0 100 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 200 400 300 400 400 300 300 500 100 600 200 100 400 300 100 200 500 100 200 300 200 200 400 200 200 400 0 500 100 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 300 400 300 400 300 300 400 100 200 100 100 100 0 100 100 100 100 200 0 100 200 0 100 100 100 200 0 100 200 0 300 0 200 100 100 0 100 100 100 200 100 200 200 300 400 300 300 0 100 100 200 200 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 17 172 125 229 192 188 226 252 129 85 215 90 114 199 64 116 220 8 210 84 125 132 4 249 9 76 192 122 91 138 96 73 98 80 179 97 95 171 73 172 51 62 179 59 57 59 41 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 49 172 189 177 173 256 221 113 11 199 0 0 108 33 54 76 0 65 82 39 63 194 47 63 122 0 60 0 67 56 19 90 31 46 144 9 96 1 86 11 72 103 15 0 86 12 99 73 1 159 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 400 500 400 400 500 300 400 300 100 400 200 200 300 200 200 400 0 400 200 200 400 0 500 0 100 500 200 200 200 200 200 200 100 300 200 300 300 200 400 0 200 300 200 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 400 400 300 600 300 400 300 0 400 0 0 200 0 100 200 0 100 100 100 200 300 100 200 200 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 0 200 100 200 0 200 0 100 200 0 0 200 0 200 100 0 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Figure 24: Tapestry of operational hours for site 444 in Phase I (March 2009) The tapestry chart above represents one calendar month. Each vertical line shows a single day, with the hours of the day down the left-hand side. Pink shading indicates that the system is using electricity; yellow shading shows that heat is being produced and the light blue indicates DHW use.
55
Figure 25: Tapestry of operational hours for site 444 in Phase II (December 2011)
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4.1.3. Cycling
Cycling is observed in both phases, (see Figure 26 - Figure 27). It appears that cycling increases during the second phase, due to the use of a larger heat pump for longer periods of time and this is not offset by the change to the controls. It is important to note that the sampling period (5 minutes) is comparable to the cycling period, which explains the ragged appearance of the charts. A shorter sampling period, e.g. 1 minute, would be required to allow the cycling rate to be estimated.
Site 444: Heat Pump Electricity Demand for a day in January, Phase I
5.0 Heat Pump Electricity Electricity (kW per 5 min) 4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Time (hours) 16 18 20 22 24
Figure 26: Electricity demand by heat pump 444 for a day in January 2010 (Phase I) Site 444: Heat Pump Electricity Demand for a day in January, Phase II
5.0 Heat Pump Electricity Meter Electricity (kW per 5 min) 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0 2 4 6 7 9 11 13 15 17 18 20 22 24 Time (hours)
Figure 27: Electricity demand by heat pump 444 for a day in January 2012 (Phase II)
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4.1.4. Defrost
One of the modifications carried out at this site was to attempt to reduce unnecessary defrosting by moving the external temperature sensor to a new location. Figure 28 shows a time series of the daily heat used for defrost in kWh for the period February 2009 to March 2012. There is a clear increase in the amount of energy being used for defrost over this period, on some days as much as 14 kWh per day of defrost is used (which is around 1.5 times the domestic hot water consumption of the average family). This is not due to colder weather; the winter of 2011-12 was milder than the winter of 2009-10, but the energy used for defrost was significantly higher in 2011-12 than in 2009-10, see Table 18 and Figure 29. It appears that the relocation of the external temperature sensor has not been successful in reducing the amount of defrost. This could be due to humidity; the greatest use of energy for defrosting occurs when the evaporator temperature is just below zero (i.e. the ambient temperature is just above zero and the humidity is high). If there were no defrost, SPFH4 would be improved from 2.24 to 2.4. This example illustrates the importance of monitoring the energy used for defrost.
Site 444 : Heat per day used for defrost

16 14
Defrost (kWh/day)
30 Defrost Ambient Temp 25 20 15 10

Temperature ( C)
12 10 8
6
4 2
5
0 -5
0
01/02/2009 01/04/2009 01/06/2009 01/08/2009 01/10/2009 01/12/2009 01/04/2010 01/06/2010 01/08/2010 01/10/2010 01/12/2010 01/04/2011 01/08/2011 01/10/2011 01/12/2011
-10
01/02/2010 01/02/2011 01/06/2011 01/02/2012
Figure 28: Ambient temperature and daily heat used for defrost at site 444, Phases I & II
Phase I Dates 01/04/2009-31/03/2010 Energy used for defrost, kWh 200 Table 18: Heat used for defrost, site 444, Phase I & II
Phase II 01/04/2011-31/03/2012 294
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Site 444 Daily defrost as a function of ambient temperature

16 14
Defrost (kWh/day)
12 10 8
6 4 2 0
Phase I
Phase II
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
30
Figure 29: Daily defrost as a function of ambient temperature at Site 444, Phases I & II
4.2. Ground-source Heat Pump Supplying Radiators and Domestic Hot Water, Site 461
At this site, a 3.5 kW ground-source heat pump supplies radiators and domestic hot water for a semi-detached bungalow. The heat pump was replaced by a newer model with the same rated power and the level of loft insulation in the house was increased. The schematic is shown in Figure 30.
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Sites 460 & 461

T
Q
W_OUT
DHW cylinder
E=EHP + EImmersion + EB_fan/pump

T
QW_
HP
QH_
HP
Ecompressor
Hx
T
OUT
Standard radiators
Borehole T
IN Hx
HP compressor
EB_fan/pump
Heat pump casing
Figure 30: Schematic for site 461, Phase II

4.3.1. SPFH1-4 and system efficiency
Table 19 shows SPFH1-H4 and system efficiencies for Phases I and II. Temperature corrected system efficiency Phase I N/A 3.18 3.18 3.00 2.56 2.34 Phase II (4.08) 3.66 2.54 2.43 2.17 2.09 Table 19: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiencies for site 461, Phase I & II Figure 31 shows a significant improvement in SPFH2 after the intervention (from 3.18 to 3.66). However, the improvement in SPFH2 does not translate into an improved performance overall SPFH3, which includes the electric immersion to the domestic hot water tank11, falls from 3.18 in phase I to 2.54 in Phase II (see Table 19 and Figure 32). The circulation pumps on the central heating side reduce SPFH4 to 2.43, while the householders low consumption of domestic hot water reduces the system efficiency to only 2.17. SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 System efficiency
11
There is no auxiliary electric space heating for this design of heat pump. If there were, it would be included in SPFH3.
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SPFH2 as a function of ambient temperature for site 461, Phases I and II

500% 450% 400% 350% 300% SPFH2 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% -5 0 5 10 External Temperature (C) 15 20 25 Phase I Phase II
Figure 31: SPFH2 as a function of ambient temperature, site 461, Phases I & II
SPFH3 as a function of ambient temperature for site 461, Phases I & II

450% 400% 350% 300% SPFH3 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% -5 0 5 10 Ambient Temperature (C) 15 20 25 Phase I Phase II
Figure 32: SPFH3 as a function of ambient temperature for site 461, Phases I & II
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The heat pump was designed to use a refrigerant that enables production of domestic hot water at suitable temperatures, obviating the need for immersion. However, in this case, the householder preferred very hot domestic hot water and used the immersion in the second phase of the trial. Figure 33 and Figure 34 show that the proportion of electricity supplied to the immersion increased from 0% in the first phase to 37% (861 kWh) in the second. It should be noted that this behaviour is not observed in the other houses supplied with identical heat pumps. This is an example of how simple, electricity-only monitoring could result in better diagnostics and therefore improved performance of the heat pump system.
Site 461 : DHW Immersion in Phase I
Electricity to heat pump + circulation pumps
Domestic hot water immersion
Figure 33: Electricity use by component, site 461, Phase I
Site 461 : DHW Immersion in Phase II
Electricity to heat pump + circulation pumps
Domestic hot water immersion
Figure 34: Electricity use by component, site 461, Phase II
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4.3. Ground-source Heat Pump Supplying Radiators and Domestic Hot Water, Site 419
This ground-source heat pump extracts heat from two boreholes of 90 and 60m depth respectively and supplies radiators and domestic hot water for a three bedroomed detached house. The main house is a pre-1900 solid walled construction, with an extension added in 2004. Heat loss calculations indicated that this heat pump (at 12 kW) was oversized and that 9.4 kW would be the optimum size according to MCS MIS 3005 Issue 3.1. However, for Phase II, the manufacturer decided to install an 8 kW heat pump, which would be undersized according to the new guidelines. The ground loop was re-filled, a 200 litre buffer tank was added and the shower was connected to the heat pump. Figure 35 shows the schematic. The heat pump includes an auxiliary heater, which can be used both for space heating and heating of domestic hot water; in Phase II, the heat output of this auxiliary electric heater was monitored.
Site 419
Q
W_OUT
T
E=E hp + E S_fan/pump + EAux + EImmersion + EB_fan/pump
DHW cylinder Ecompressor
Internal auxiliary electric heater

T
QH_Aux + Qw_Aux
T T
Buffer vessel
Hx
QH_hp
T
OUT
Borehole T
IN
Hx
HP compressor Expansion vessel
Standard radiators
Heat pump casing
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4.3.2. Calculation of SPFH1-4 and System Efficiency
In Phase II, the electricity used by the compressor was measured and was found to account for 86% of the total electricity used by the heat pump. The remainder is used for: Electric auxiliary heat / domestic hot water immersion (the same for this site) Ground loop pump Circulation pump on the central heating side (variable speed DC).
Electricity consumption by the auxiliary heater has been estimated by examination of the timeseries of overall electricity demand and was found to be 103 kWh. The remaining difference between the overall electricity demand of the heat pump and the electricity used by the compressor has been attributed to the ground loop pump and the circulation pumps on the central heating side, in proportion to their rated power. Table 20 shows the results. Compressor Ground loop Auxiliary pump electric heating demand 4403 (542) (103) Circulation pumps on central heating side (60)
Electricity during Phase II (kWh) Table 20: Electricity consumption by different components for site 419, Phase II Using these assumptions, we can estimate SPFH1-H4, see Table 21 and Figure 36. Estimated figures are given in brackets. Temperature corrected system efficiency Phase I N/A N/A N/A N/A 3.04 3.03 Phase II 3.84 (3.42) (3.37) (3.33) 3.21 3.22 Table 21: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 419, Phase II The system efficiency showed a small improvement from 3.04 to 3.21. The table also shows a significant difference between SPFH1 (3.84) and SPFH4 (3.33), partly due to the relatively high consumption of the ground loop pump (estimated at 540 kWh for this site). SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 System efficiency
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Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 419, Phase II
4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 System Efficiency Site 419
Figure 36: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 419, Phase II It was noticeable that the amount of domestic hot water actually used by the household increased in Phase II, since the electric shower had been converted to run from the domestic hot water tank heated by the heat pump. Figure 37 shows the scatterplot of system efficiency as a function of ambient temperature; in Phase I, there is a cloud of points with very low system efficiency (between 0.5 and 1); these indicate that domestic hot water was being produced, but not used. These points are not seen in Phase II.
Site 419 : System efficiencies as a function of ambient temperature, Phases I and II

4.0
3.5
System Efficiency
3.0 2.5 2.0
1.5
1.0 0.5 0.0 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
Phase I Phase II
30
Figure 37: System efficiencies as a function of ambient temperature for site 419, Phases I & II
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4.3.3. Space and Domestic Hot Water Efficiency
Detailed examination of the time series of the heat flow meters allows separate calculation of the efficiencies of space and water heating. The efficiency calculated is SPF H2, i.e. the auxiliary heating and domestic hot water immersion are not included. Figure 38 shows the results.
Estimated space and water heating efficiencies (as SPFH2) as a function of ambient temperature for site 419, Phase II
7 6 5 SPFH2 4 3 2 1 0 -10 -5 0 5 Ambient Temperature (C) 10 15 20 Space Heating Water heating
Figure 38: Estimated space and water heating efficiencies (as SPF H2) as a function of ambient temperature for site 419, Phase II Figure 38 shows space heating efficiencies of between 3.5 and 5.5, with efficiency increasing with ambient temperature, as expected for a heating system with good weather compensation. Water heating efficiency is also high, with SPFH2 figures falling in the range 2-3. As mentioned in section 5.3.2, the level of electricity used for auxiliary heating for space and domestic hot water is very low at this site (estimated at 2% of the total electricity demand of the heat pump). This is an example of a heat pump with excellent performance for both space and water heating.
66
5. Case Studies (Medium changes)

This section presents some examples for which medium interventions were carried out between Phases I and II.
5.1.
Ground-source Heat Pump Supplying Radiators and Domestic Hot Water, Site 421
This 8 kW ground-source heat pump extracts heat from a 600m ground loop and supplies radiators and domestic hot water. Figure 39 shows the schematic. The heat pump is situated in an exposed lean-to building to the side of a two bedroomed pre-1900 detached house.
Site 421
Q
W_OUT
T
E=Ehp + E S_fan/pump + EAux + EImmersion + EB_fan/pump

T
QH_Aux + QW_Aux
QH
T T
Buffer vessel
T T
Hx
QH_hp
T
OUT
Borehole T
IN
Hx
Standard radiators
Heat pump casing
Figure 39: Schematic for site 421, Phase II During Phase I, the auxiliary electric heater was used much of the time and engineers suspected a ground loop leak. For Phase II, the ground loop was tested and refilled, a 200 litre buffer tank was added and a variable speed DC pump fitted. The average central heating flow temperature was 39.7C, while the average domestic hot water temperature was 45.3C.
67
The configuration is the same as for site 419, i.e. the electricity used by the compressor was monitored in Phase II. The methodology for estimating the use of auxiliary electric heating and the electricity consumption of ground loop and central heating circulating pumps is the same as for Site 419. Some data points were missing in the early months of Phase II and so the results presented in Table 22 refer to the period for which data availability was 100%, i.e. 01/08/2011-31/03/2012. During this period, the electricity used by the compressor was found to be 3560 kWh. Electricity consumption by other components has been estimated by inspection of the time series of electricity demand and from knowledge of the ratings of the individual components (figures in brackets below). Compressor Ground loop Auxiliary pump electric heating Circulation pumps on central heating side (37)
Electricity demand 3560 (331) (160) during Phase II 01/08/2011-31/03/2012 (kWh) Table 22: Electricity consumption by different components for site 421, Phase II
Note the very low consumption of the variable speed DC pumps on the central heating side. As for site 419, we shall assume that the auxiliary electricity is entirely used for the production of domestic hot water. Table 23 and Figure 40 show estimated SPFH1-H4 and calculated system efficiency. Note that data from Phase I has been re-evaluated to correct for a faulty calibration of the electricity meter. The Phase I system efficiency has now been calculated as 2.85, instead of 1.71 as reported in reference [1]. The system efficiency appears to have improved from 2.85 in Phase I to 3.02, although it should be borne in mind that the results are not strictly comparable as the duration and ambient temperatures of the two phases were different. The scatterplot, Figure 41, shows system efficiency as a function of temperature for the two phases and confirms that a real improvement has taken place. Dates SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 System efficiency Temperature corrected system efficiency 2.84
Phase I
01/04/2009- N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.85 31/03/2010 Phase II 01/08/2011- 3.70 (3.38) (3.29) (3.26) 3.02 3.02 31/03/2012 Table 23: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 421, Phases I & II
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4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 System Efficiency Site 421
Figure 40: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 421, Phase II System efficiency as a function of ambient temperature for site 421, Phases I & II
450% 400% 350% System Efficiency 300% 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Ambient Temperature (C)
Phase I Phase II
Figure 41: System efficiency as a function of ambient temperature for site 421, Phases I & II
5.1.2. Effect of refilling ground loop
During Phase I, engineers suspected a ground loop leak. This would be expected to lead to the formation of air bubbles in the glycol, thus reducing the heat transfer from the ground to the glycol. We would therefore expect the return temperature from the ground loop to be relatively low.
69
For this site, the ground loop was tested and refilled before the start of Phase II. Figure 42 shows minimum daily ground return temperatures as a function of daily average ambient temperatures, for cold days (i.e. days for which the mean ambient temperature was less than 5C). Whilst there is considerable scatter on the chart, it can be seen that for ambient temperatures of around 0C, the ground return temperatures are around 1.5C higher in Phase II than in Phase I. This would appear to be confirmation that there was, indeed, air in the ground loop during Phase I. Minimum daily ground source return temperature as a function of ambient temperature for site 421, Phases I and II
7 6 Minimum ground source return temperature ( C) 5 4 3 2 1 0 -4 -1 -2 -3 Ambient Temperature (C) -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Phase 1 Phase 2
Figure 42: Minimum daily ground source return temperature as a function of ambient temperature for site 421, Phases I & II
5.2. 426
Air-source heat pump supplying radiators and domestic hot water, site
Site 426 is an air-source heat pump that supplies radiators and domestic hot water for a 3 bedroomed semi-detached house. The house is of solid wall construction, with an extension built in 1998.
70
The most important intervention at this site was the addition of a buffer tank. The idea of installing a buffer tank is to prevent very short run times (i.e. compressor / heat pump on times). Short run times are most likely to occur during mild weather. Other interventions at the site were the fitting of a variable speed DC pump to the central heating circuit and the repair of the room thermostat (which was identified as faulty by the service engineer). Figure 43 shows the schematic.
E
Immersion
Site 426
T DHW
E=Ehp+ ES_fan/pump + EB_fan/pump

T
QW
OUT
ECompressor
DHW cylinder
T Buffer vessel
T
Hx
H
HP
Q H_hp
Standard radiators
Tin
HP compressor
Evaporator
Heat pump casing

Table 24 shows the effect of the changes on SPFH1-H4 and system efficiency. Temperaturecorrected system efficiency Phase I N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.61 2.33 Phase II 3.05 (2.84) (2.60) 2.56 2.53 2.60 Table 24: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 421, Phases I & II The temperature-corrected system efficiency has improved by 0.27 from Phase I to Phase II.
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SPFH1
SPFH2
SPFH3
SPFH4
System efficiency
5.2.2. Effect of adding a Buffer Tank
Figure 44 shows a scatterplot of daily SPFH3 against daily ambient temperature (To) shows similar behaviour at low To, but some separation of the Phase I and II points at higher ambient temperatures. Investigations were carried out to determine whether this improvement in performance could be due to the buffer tank.
Daily SPFH3 as a function of ambient temperature for site 426, Phases I & II
450% 400% 350% 300% SPFH3 250% 200% 150% 100% 50% 0% -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Ambient Temperature (C)
Phase I Phase II
Figure 44: Daily SPFH3 as a function of ambient temperature for site 426, Phases I & II The daily data totals were explored to try and identify days in Phases I and II with similar central heating energy use (CH) and average ambient temperature (To). No exact matches were found, with the Phase II results tending to have a slightly lower daily central heating use for the same average ambient temperature. Figure 45 - Figure 48 show single day heat pump temperature graphs for two days in each phase. In all cases, the number of cycles per hour is similar (around 1) and a detailed look at the data suggests run times of 15 to 20 minutes in most cases.
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70 60 Temperature (deg C) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 4
Site 426, 20/09/2009 Heat Pump Temperatures

Heat Pump Flow Temperature Heat Pump Return Temperature Heat Pump Evaporator Air on Temperature
70 60 Temperature (deg C) 50 40 30 20 10 0

Heat Pump Flow Temperature Heat Pump Return Temperature Heat Pump Evaporator Air on Temperature Heat Pump Evaporator Air off Temperature
12 Time
16
20
24
12 Time
16
20
24
Figure 45: Heat pump temperatures on Figure 46: Heat pump temperatures on 20/09/2009 at site 426 (Phase I) 30/10/2009 at site 426 (Phase I) o CH = 42.5 kWh, To = 10.4 C CH = 61.5 kWh, To = 11.5oC SPFH2=3.0, SPFH4=2.6 SPFH2=3.2, SPFH4=2.9
Site 426 02/09/2011 Heat Pump Temperatures
70 60 Temperature (deg C) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 4
70 60 Temperature (deg C) 50 40 30 20 10 0

12 Time
16
20
24
12 Time
16
20
24
Figure 47: Heat pump temperatures on Figure 48: Heat pump temperatures on 02/09/2011 at site 426 (Phase II) 09/09/2011 at site 426 (Phase II) o CH = 44.7 kWh, To = 13.5 C CH = 57.5 kWh, To = 10.9oC SPFH2=3.6, SPFH4=3.4 SPFH2=3.3, SPFH4=3.2
The only really striking difference between the Phase I and Phase II graphs is the way the flow temperature varies across the day. In all cases there are a few spikes in flow temperature corresponding to domestic hot water heating; but, other than these spikes, the Phase I data shows both more consistent and higher peaks in flow temperature during each cycle. The Phase II results show very clear periods of reduced flow temperatures and, even during periods of raised flow temperatures, cycle peaks generally appear lower than during Phase I, although the number of peaks per day is similar in both phases. The corresponding electricity demand is shown in Figure 49 - Figure 52, below.
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Site 426, 20/09/2009 Electricity used by heat pump, immersion and circulation pump 5
Heat Pump Electricity Immersion + Circulation Pump Electricity
Heat Pump Electricity
KW (average over 5min)
Immersion and Circulation Pump Electricity
0 0 4 8 12 Time 16 20 24
0 0 4 8 12 Time 16 20 24
Figure 49: Electricity consumption, site Figure 50: Electricity consumption, site 426, 426, 20/09/2009 (Phase I) 30/10/2009 (Phase I) CH = 42.5 kWh, To = 10.4oC CH = 61.5 kWh, To = 11.5oC SPFH2=3.0, SPFH4=2.6 SPFH2=3.2, SPFH4=2.9
0 0 4 8 12 Time 16 20 24
0 0 4 8 12 Time 16 20 24
Figure 51: Electricity consumption, site Figure 52: Electricity consumption, site 426, 426, 02/09/2011, Phase II 09/09/2011, Phase II o CH = 44.7 kWh, To = 13.5 C CH = 57.5 kWh, To = 10.9oC SPFH2=3.6, SPFH4=3.4 SPFH2=3.3, SPFH4=3.2 The blue lines represent the power drawn by the indoor unit which houses both the domestic hot water tank and the circulation pump. In the Phase I examples, there is a continuous, low level of power consumption due to the circulation pump. In the Phase II examples, this power consumption is lower (due to the installation of a high efficiency DC pump) and cycles very close to zero (see expanded view in Figure 53). Circulation pumps switch to a very low level when there is no demand for heat, i.e. the room thermostat is satisfied.
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Site 426, 09/09/2011 Electricity used by heat pump and circulation pump
Heat Pump Electricity Circulation Pump Electricity
2.5 Heat Pump electricity KW per 5min)
2.0
0.06
1.5
1.0
0.03
0.5
0.0 4 5 6 Time 7 8
0.00
Figure 53: Electricity consumption of the heat pump and circulation pump at site 426 during a mild day in Phase II Thus we can deduce that the change in behaviour in Phase II during these mild weather conditions is due to the system cycling off on thermostat setting, whereas it cycled off on the return temperature at the heat pump during Phase I. Hence the low peaks in flow temperature (and hence the improved SPFH3) are due to the room thermostat switching the heat pump off before the heat pump has reached its own internal return temperature set-point. An alternative explanation for the reduced flow and return temperatures seen during Phase II is that the results seem to indicate that a set-back thermostat is in operation overnight and late afternoon / evening - although there is no conclusive evidence for this in the room temperatures (not shown here), which remain fairly flat at around 22 oC throughout each of these Phase II days. The buffer tank is likely to slow the response of the heat pump, which may, in turn, make it more likely that the heat pump will cycle on room thermostat, but it appears that the main contributor to the improved SPFH3 during Phase II is the improved thermostat behaviour.
5.3.
Ground-source heat pump supplying underfloor heating and domestic hot water, Site 416
This ground source heat pump extracts heat from a 300m ground loop and supplies underfloor heating and domestic hot water for a highly efficient 4 bedroomed detached house built in 2008. Figure 54 shows the schematic.
Circulation Pump Electricity kW per 5 minutes
3.0
0.09
75
Site 416
QW_
OUT
T
E=EHP + EAux + EImmersion + EB_fan/pumps
Internal auxiliary heater disabled in Phase II
T T
Hx
QH_hp
T
OUT
Horizontal loop T
IN
Hx
HP compressor Expansion vessel Underfloor
Heat pump casing

During phase I, excessive use of the auxiliary heating resulted in poor overall efficiency. For Phase II, only two modifications were made at this site; the auxiliary heating was disabled and the circulation pump was replaced by a variable speed DC pump. Table 25 shows the system efficiencies for Phases I and II and SPFH1-H4 for Phase II. Temperature corrected system efficiency Phase I N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.35 2.31 Phase II 4.41 (3.94) (3.94) 3.89 3.28 3.29 Table 25: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 416, Phases I & II The resulting temperature-corrected system efficiency has improved from 2.31 to 3.29. This example demonstrates very clearly the importance of controlling the use of auxiliary electric heating. An important corollary of this finding is that controls must clearly indicate to the SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 System efficiency
76
householders whether auxiliary electric heating is enabled or not; the controls should not simply be labelled summer setting or winter setting.
5.3.2. Central heating flow and return temperatures
Figure 55 shows the flow and return temperatures for the central heating system. It can be seen that the flow temperatures are very low (between 30 and 35C throughout the heating season). This explains the excellent efficiency.
Figure 55: Central heating, domestic hot water and ground flow and return temperatures, site 416
5.4.
Ground-source heat pump supplying radiators and domestic hot water, Site 437
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This ground-source heat pump extracts heat from a borehole and supplies radiators and domestic hot water for a three bedroomed semi-detached house.
Site 437
QW_
OUT
T
E=Ehp + ES_fan/pump + EAux + EImmersion + EB_fan/pump
QH_Aux+ QW_Aux + +QW_hp+ QH_hp
T T T
Hx
QH_hp
T
OUT
Borehole T
IN
Hx
HP compressor Expansion vessel Standard radiators
Heat pump casing
Figure 56 shows the schematic.
78
Site 437
QW_
OUT
T
E=Ehp + ES_fan/pump + EAux + EImmersion + EB_fan/pump
QH_Aux+ QW_Aux + +QW_hp+ QH_hp
T T T
Hx
QH_hp
T
OUT
Borehole T
IN
Hx
HP compressor Expansion vessel Standard radiators
Heat pump casing
Figure 56: Schematic for site 437, Phase II During Phase I, excessive use of the auxiliary electric heating resulted in poor overall efficiency. The bypass valve was faulty, which meant that the central heating was sometimes on even in summer. During the winter, some very low ground loop return temperatures were recorded (around -3C). For Phase II, a number of changes were made: voltage optimiser installed12 extensive changes to control parameters. The degree of weather compensation was reduced, as was the sensitivity to the room thermostat. The summer disconnect temperature was also reduced. Finally, the storage temperature of the domestic hot water was reduced to 46C, with a weekly pasteurisation cycle. variable speed central heating pumps installed bypass valve closed.
Note that the configuration is similar to that for site 416, except that the internal auxiliary heater was not disabled in Phase II.
12
See section 1.2 for a summary of the likely effects of voltage optimisers on heat pump performance.
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5.4.1. SPFH1-4 and system efficiency
Table 26 shows estimated electricity consumption by each component, calculated as per the methodology for site 419. Estimated figures are in brackets. Compressor Ground loop pump (229) Auxiliary heater (3998) Circulation pumps on central heating side (98)
Electricity demand during 2267 Phase II (01/05/2011-31/03/2012) (kWh) Table 26: Electricity consumption by different components for site 437, Phase II
Table 27 and Figure 57 show the effect of the modifications on heat pump and system performance. It can be seen that, despite the modifications, the overall temperature-corrected system efficiency has fallen from 2.28 to 1.43. Temperature corrected System system SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 Efficiency efficiency Phase I N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.28 2.28 Phase II 3.09 (2.80) (1.69) (1.67) 1.48 1.43 Table 27: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 437, Phase I & II
3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
Site 437
SPFH1
SPFH2
SPFH3
SPFH4
System Efficiency
Figure 57: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 437, Phase II The performance of the heat pump, as measured by SPFH2 is reasonable (2.80), although it is not clear whether this should be attributed to the control changes, the repair of the bypass valve, the installation of the voltage optimiser, or all three. It is suggested that laboratory tests are carried out to establish whether use of a voltage optimiser can produce significant savings.
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The heat pump developed a fault in December, after which the auxiliary electric heating was used extensively, which accounts for the low SPFH3, SPFH4 and system efficiency.
5.4.2. Auxiliary electricity consumption
Figure 58 shows the time series of auxiliary electricity consumption by the heat pump; for most of the monitoring period, the auxiliary heating is used only for the weekly sterilisation cycle; after the fault developed in December 2011, the auxiliary heater provided all the heat, until the heat pump was fixed in February 2012.
Time series of auxiliary electricity for site 437, Phase II

100 Auxiliary Electricity (kWh/day) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Figure 58: Time series of auxiliary electricity consumption for site 437, Phase II The time series of electricity demand shows the period of failure (14/12/2011- 25/02/2012), i.e. 73 days. Excluding the period for which the system was faulty, the average SPFH4 was 2.70, indicating good performance for this site. The estimated effect of the failure was to increase the householders bill by around 350. This example underlines the necessity of diagnostics to inform the householder that the heat pump is not working. Remote sensing could also be a useful way to avoid such errors.
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5.5. Ground-source heat pump supplying radiators and domestic hot water, Site
432
This house is a one bedroomed semi-detached bungalow. A 4 kW ground source heat pump extracts heat from a vertical panel and supplies heat to radiators and domestic hot water. The vertical panel can be recharged by solar thermal panels in the summer. Figure 59 shows the schematic.
Site 432
Q
W_OUT
T
E=Ehp + ES_fan/pumps + EAux + EImmersion + EB_fan/pumps
Solar thermal panel
T T
Hx
QH_hp
T
OUT
Vertical panel T
IN T
Hx
Standard radiators
Heat pump casing

T
Qpanel
Figure 59: Schematic for site 432, Phase II A range of interventions were carried out at this site including: disabling one of the circulation pumps on the central heating circuit reducing the temperature of the domestic hot water to 46C with a weekly sterilisation pattern making comprehensive changes in control parameters, notably an increase in the delay before the auxiliary heaters are engaged (now 90 minutes) altering the parameters for weather compensation.
82
Table 28 shows the electricity consumption by component. The electricity consumed by the compressor has been measured separately at this site; auxiliary heating has been estimated by inspection of the time series. The procedure for estimating the electricity consumption by the ground loop pump and central heating pumps is as for site 419. Estimated figures are in brackets. Compressor Ground pump loop Auxiliary heating Circulation pump on central heating side (181)
Electricity 1896 (421) (163) consumption during Phase II (kWh) Table 28: Electricity consumption by different components for site 432, Phase II
Table 29 and Figure 60 show a clear improvement in both SPFH4 and system efficiency during Phase II as compared to Phase I. This is due to lower use of the auxiliary heating, as discussed in section 6.5. The circulation pump on the central heating side is internal to the heat pump; further improvements in SPF could probably be achieved by using lower energy pumps. Temperature corrected system efficiency Phase I N/A N/A N/A (2.26) 1.82 1.80 Phase II 3.59 (2.94) (2.81) (2.64) 2.28 2.35 Table 29: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 432, Phases I & II SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 System efficiency
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4.00 3.50 3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 system efficiency Site 432
Figure 60: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 432, Phase II
5.5.2. Use of domestic hot water immersion
In this site, a single auxiliary electric heater can provide supplementary heat for either space heating or domestic hot water. During the first phase of the trial, the low SPFH4 was attributed to over-use of the auxiliary electric heater. The control parameters were changed to ensure that the supplementary space heating did not come on at the expense of the heat pump. Figure 61 shows a time series of total electricity demand minus the compressor electricity during the second phase of the trials. The weekly sterilisation pattern is apparent and accounts for almost all of the consumption of the auxiliary heater.
84
Difference between total electricity used by the heat pump and electricity used by the compressor at site 432, Phase II
7 E_hp-E_compressor electricity (kWh/day) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Figure 61: Difference between total electricity used by the heat pump and electricity used by the compressor at site 432, Phase II Figure 62 shows a scatterplot of space heating efficiency and water heating efficiency with days on which the sterilisation cycle is undertaken shown separately.
85
5.00
Space heating and water heating efficiencies (as SPFH4) as a function of ambient temperature, site 432, Phase II
space heating Water heating, non-sterilisation days Water heating, sterilisation days
4.00
3.00 SPFH4
2.00
1.00
0.00 -5 0 5 10 Ambient Temperature (C) 15 20 25
Figure 62: Space and water heating efficiencies (as SPFH4) as a function of ambient temperature, showing effect of sterilisation, site 432, Phase II The scatterplot of overall daily SPFH4 (for both space and water heating) as a function of ambient temperature shows the effect of the weekly sterilisation on performance (Figure 63). It should be stressed that this site is well configured and operates efficiently; the figure does not indicate any fault, but it does indicate that there could be merit in investigating alternative means of control of Legionella and other bacteria.
Effect of domestic hot water sterilisation on SPFH4 at site 432

3.50 3.00 2.50 SPFH4 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Ambient Temperature (C)
Non-sterilisation days Sterilisation days
Figure 63: Effect of domestic hot water sterilisation on SPFH4 at site 432
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5.6.
Ground-source Heat Pump Supplying Radiators and Domestic Hot Water, Site 460
At this site, a 3.5 kW ground-source heat pump supplies radiators and domestic hot water for a semi-detached bungalow. The schematic is shown in Figure 64. During Phase I, the flap valve that diverts heat between the domestic hot water and central heating circuits became faulty. This was repaired for phase II, but the problem re-occurred in June 2011 and was fixed again.
Sites 460 & 461

T
Q
W_OUT
DHW cylinder
E=EHP + ES_fan_pump + EImmersion + EB_fan/pump

T
QW_
HP
QH_
HP
Ecompressor
Hx
T
OUT
Standard radiators
Borehole T
IN Hx
HP compressor
EB_fan/pump
Heat pump casing

Table 30 shows the seasonal performance factors and system efficiency. It can be seen that there was only a slight improvement in temperature corrected system efficiency during Phase II. Temperature corrected system efficiency Phase I 2.32 2.32 Phase II (3.60) (3.15) 3.03 2.86 2.41 2.50 Table 30: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 460, Phase I & II
87
SPFH1
SPFH2
SPFH3
SPFH4
System efficiency
Note a small difference between SPFH2 and SPFH3 due to use of the domestic hot water immersion during two summer months.
5.6.2. Space and Water Heating Efficiency
The heat pump was designed to use a refrigerant that enables production of domestic hot water at suitable temperatures, obviating the need for immersion. Figure 65 shows a scatterplot of SPFH2, separated by space and domestic hot water heating. The site shows excellent SPF H2 (between 3 and 4 for space heating, depending on ambient temperature, and between 1.8 and 2.6 for water heating), although a handful of points show very low efficiencies for water heating; these occurred when the flap valve was faulty.
Space and water heating efficiencies as SPFH2 as a function of ambient temperature, site 460, Phase II
6 5 4 SPFH2 3 2 1 0 -5 0 5 10 Ambient temperature C 15 20 25 Space heating Water Heating
Figure 65: Space and water heating efficiencies (as SPFH2) as a function of ambient temperature at site 460, Phase II
Table 31 summarises the data; this is an excellent example of how heat pumps can be configured to produce good efficiencies for both space and water heating. Note, however, that even a good water heating efficiency has the effect of reducing the overall efficiency as compared to the value that would be obtained if there were no water heating. This underlines the importance of stating clearly whether a given quoted efficiency applies only for space heating or whether it also applies to water heating. SPFH2 space heating SPFH2 water heating SPFH2 (overall) Phase II (3.53) (2.07) (3.15) Table 31: Space and water heating efficiencies for site 460, Phase II (as SPFH2)
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6. Case Studies (Minor changes)

This section presents examples for which minor interventions were carried out between Phases I and II.
6.1.
Air-source Heat Pump Supplying Radiators, Site 443
At this 2 bedroomed semi-detached bungalow, an 8.2 kW air-source heat pump supplies heat to radiators only. Figure 66 shows the schematic.
Sites 443 & 444
E = EHP + ES_pump/fan + EB_pump/fan
Hx
Q
H_HP Standard radiators
TIN
HP compressor
Evaporator
Heat pump casing
Figure 66: Schematic for site 443, Phase II For Phase II, various changes were made to the controls, including: replacing the defrost sensor replacing the controller unit re-instating weather compensation increasing the temperature differential between flow and return temperatures from 3C to 5C.
89
For this site, there are no separate measurements of the electricity used by the compressor. SPFH1-H3 have been estimated by inspection of the time series of electricity demand, but these estimates are necessarily less accurate than when compressor data is available. For this site, which has no domestic hot water production, the system efficiency is equal to SPFH4. Table 32 shows the results.
Temperature corrected system efficiency 13 Phase I N/A N/A N/A 2.29 2.29 2.29 Phase II (2.41) (2.30) (2.30) 2.25 2.25 2.24 Table 32: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 443, Phases I & II
SPFH1
SPFH2
SPFH3
SPFH4
System efficiency
There is no perceptible difference in performance following the interventions, as shown in the scatterplot of SPFH4, Figure 67.
SPFH4 as a function of ambient temperature, for site 443, Phase II

4.50 4.00 3.50 3.00 SPFH4 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Ambient Temperature (C)
Phase I Phase II
Figure 67: SPFH4 as a function of ambient temperature for site 443, Phases I & II
13
Note a slight reduction in reported system efficiency since the phase I report (reference [1]), where a figure of 2.41 was quoted. This is due to removal of a small amount of faulty data.
90
7. Case Studies (New sites)

This section presents results from some of the six sites added to the sample for Phase II.
7.1.
Air-source Heat Pump Supplying Fan-Assisted Radiators and Domestic Hot Water, Site 448
Site 448 is an 11 kW air source heat pump installed in a mid-terraced, solid wall house. It supplies fan assisted radiators (via a buffer tank) and domestic hot water. Figure 68 shows the schematic.
EImmersion
Sites 448 & 449

T DHW
E=EHP + ES_fan/pumps
T
QW
OUT
E Auxiliary E
Buffer
DHW cylinder
T
Hx
External auxiliary electric heater
T T
Buffer vessel
T Q
H
Fan-assisted radiators
Tin
HP compressor
Evaporator
QH_hp + QW_ hp + QH _Aux + QW_Aux
Heat pump casing
EB_fan/pumps
E fans
Figure 68: Schematic for site 448, Phase II The site is equipped with five electricity meters: heat pump radiator fans circulation pumps buffer tank immersion
91
domestic hot water immersion
And three heat meters: from the heat pump from the buffer tank to the central heating from the domestic hot water tank.
The seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 448 are shown in Table 33 and Figure 69. Temperature corrected system efficiency Phase II N/A 2.79 2.55 2.16 1.85 1.90 Table 33: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 448, Phase II SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 System efficiency
3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 System efficiency Site 448
Figure 69: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiencies for site 448, Phase II Overall, performance is disappointing; SPFH2 is in the middle of the range of the air-source systems monitored (2.79) despite the use of fanned radiators. Significant use of the domestic hot water immersion and circulation pumps account for the low SPFH4. This is examined further in section 7.1.2. The use of fanned radiators permits low central heating temperatures and so, in principle, would be expected to result in good performance. Figure 70 shows central heating temperatures of
92
between 30 and 45C for a winters day in which the ambient temperature was between -2 and +8C.
Site 448: Central Heating and Ambient Temperatures for a Winter's Day Central heating Heat (kW average over 5 min) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Central Heating Heat Meter Central Heating Flow Temperature Ambient Temperature Central Heating Return Temperature
70 60 Temperature (Deg C) 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10
Time (hours)
Figure 70: Central heating flow and return temperatures and ambient temperatures on a typical winter's day for site 448, Phase II
7.1.2. Electricity consumption by component
Table 34 and Figure 71 show the electricity consumption by component. Heat pump (includes inlet fan; no auxiliary heating) 2715 Domestic Buffer tank Circulation Fanned hot water immersion pump on radiators immersion central heating side
Electricity 419 0 562 157 consumption (kWh) Table 34: Electricity consumption by different components for site 448, Phase II Note the very high consumption of the circulation pumps on the central heating side (15% of the total) and the lower, but significant consumption of the fanned radiators.
93
Site 448: Electricity consumption by component

0% 4% 15% Heat pump Immersion in DHW tank 11% Circulation pumps Immersion in buffer tank Fanned radiators 70%
Figure 71: Electricity consumption by different components for site 448, Phase II The scatterplot of SPFH2 and SPFH4 against ambient temperature shows the effect of the domestic hot water immersion, the fan-assisted radiators and the high consumption of the circulation pumps on efficiency (Figure 72). This is another example of where integral monitoring of the electrical consumption of each component could be used to improve efficiency.
4 3.5 3 Efficiency - SPFH2 or SPFH4 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -15
SPFH2 and SPFH4 as a function of ambient temperature, site 448, Phase II

SPFH2 SPFH4
-10
-5
10
15
20
25
Figure 72: SPFH2 and SPFH4 as a function of ambient temperature for site 448, Phase II
94
7.1.3. Defrost
There is very significant defrost at this site (544 kWh, or 7% of the total heat delivered, taken as reverse heat flow, rather than direct electric consumption). Defrost is observed during every month of the year, reaching 11% of total heat delivered in July, as shown in Figure 73. This illustrates the importance of ensuring that defrost functions are configured correctly.
Heat used for defrost per month, site 448

Defrost per month, kWh Axis Title 100 80 60 40 20 0 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Monthly defrost as a percentage of heat generated 120 12%
Defrost from heat pump (kWh) Defrost as a proportion of heat delivered
Figure 73: Heat used for defrost per month, site 448, Phase II
7.2. Air-source Heat Pump Supplying Fan-Assisted Radiators and Domestic Hot Water, Site 449
This site is identical to site 448. An 11 kW air source heat pump supplies fan-assisted radiators and domestic hot water for a solid walled terraced house.
The seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 449 are shown in Table 35. Temperature corrected system efficiency Phase II N/A 2.76 2.57 2.26 1.73 1.74 Table 35: Seasonal performance factors and system efficiency for site 449, Phase II
95
SPFH1
SPFH2
SPFH3
SPFH4
System efficiency
7.2.2. Electricity consumption by component
Figure 74 shows the breakdown of electricity consumption by component. For this site, the circulation pumps and fan-assisted radiators account for a high proportion of consumption (11% and 10% respectively).
Site 449: Electricity consumption by component
0%
10%
11%
Heat pump Immersion in DHW tank
9%
Circulation pumps Immersion in buffer tank Fanned radiators 70%
Figure 74: Electricity consumption by different components, site 449, Phase II
8. Summary and Conclusions

This section presents the conclusions from the analysis presented in sections 3-7.
8.1.
Discussion of System Boundaries
There are many different ways of defining the efficiency of a heat pump. The COP (coefficient of performance), is defined as the heat output of the heat pump, divided by the sum of the electricity used by the compressor plus a proportion of the electricity required to overcome head losses in the heat source pump or fan and heat sink pump or fan. COP14 is measured in a laboratory at specific temperatures (for the heat source and sink) according to EN-14511.
14
Note that, in the first year report, the notation COP has been used to refer to the seasonal coefficient of performance. The notation COP for seasonal coefficient of performance has been avoided in this report
96
The seasonal coefficient of performance for any given climate, SCOPON, may be calculated from the COP values according to the procedures outlined in EN-14825. However, there are many other ways to define the seasonal performance of a heat pump, depending on the system boundaries, i.e. which parameters are included in the electricity input and heat output. A detailed and thorough assessment was carried out under the EU-SEPEMO project, which defined four efficiencies, SPFH1-H4 as shown in Table 7 and reproduced in part in Table 36:
Component EN 14825 SCOPNET x SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4
Heat
Electricity
Heat supplied by heat pump Heat supplied to central heating circuit Heat supplied to domestic hot water cylinder Heat extracted from domestic hot water cylinder Compressor Heat source fan/ pump Back-up for both space heating and domestic hot water Buffer tank pump Space heating and domestic hot water fans/pumps
x head losses --
x -----
x x ---
x x x
x x x
--head losses
-----
-----
-----
x x
Table 36: System boundaries for a selection of seasonal performance factors The MCS 022 Heat Emitter Guide estimates SPFH4, i.e. it includes both auxiliary electric heating and electricity consumption by circulation pumps; however, it refers to space heating only. In Phase I of the Energy Saving Trust field trials, the monitoring configuration was designed to assess system efficiency. This differs from the seasonal performance factors shown above in that the heat output is considered to be the sum of the heat supplied to the central heating circuit and the heat in the hot water actually consumed by the householder (i.e. after heat losses from the domestic hot water tank have been taken into account). This definition was chosen to be consistent with the condensing boiler field trial report; it is also more appropriate for systems with integral domestic hot water tanks. The definition was approved by the funding board and also by the peer review panel. In Phase II of the Energy Saving Trust field trials, additional monitoring has been undertaken, to allow the calculation of other measures of efficiency. This enables us to a) compare with manufacturers declared estimates SCOPON (very similar to SPFH2) and b) to identify the effect of electrical consumption by ground pumps, auxiliary heaters, immersion heaters and circulation pumps or fans. Table 37, taken from one of the heat pumps in the trial, shows four separate estimates of the seasonal performance factor. It can be seen that there is a reduction of around 1 from SPFH1 to
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SPFH4 and a further reduction when system efficiency is calculated. As this example illustrates, it is essential to define which system boundaries are being used when referring to seasonal performance factors. Temperaturecorrected system efficiency Phase I N/A N/A N/A 2.26 1.82 1.80 Phase II (3.59) (2.94) (2.81) 2.64 2.28 2.35 Table 37: Example of seasonal performance factors and systems efficiency for one of the heat pumps in the trial Temperature-corrected system efficiencies have been used to compare data from Phase I with data from Phase II. This study concludes that SPFH4 is the most appropriate metric for comparing the efficiency of heat pump systems; it gives a good indication of the combined quality of the product and the installation and is not adversely affected by the householders domestic hot water consumption, as system efficiency is. SPFH1 SPFH2 SPFH3 SPFH4 System efficiency
8.2.
Summary of Results
The second year of the heat pump field trials has demonstrated that carefully designed and installed systems achieve good performance. 38 systems from the first phase were modified and six new systems were added. A range of configurations were covered: Ground and air-source; Standard radiators, low temperature radiators and underfloor heating; With and without domestic hot water provision Integrated and separate domestic hot water tanks With and without buffer tanks.
Modifications were divided into four categories: Major: Replacing the heat pump, reducing the area heated by the heat pump, repairing leaks to ground loops and re-charging refrigerants (12 sites). The most common modification was re-sizing the heat pump; however, sizing was carried out according to the manufacturers procedures at the time and therefore the replacement heat pumps were not necessarily compliant with MCS MIS 3005 Issue 3.1. Nine heat pumps were
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replaced and one system was changed so that the heat pump heated a smaller area, which is equivalent to re-sizing the heat pump. Medium: Re-filling the ground loop, installing a buffer tank, replacing a hot water tank, connecting a shower unit to the heat pump, replacing radiators, replacing circulation pumps, installing a voltage optimiser, mending or replacing a flap valve, replacing manifolds (9 sites). The most common modification was replacing the circulation pumps (eight out of nine sites). Minor: Altering control parameters, disabling auxiliary electric heater, adding insulation to pipes (11 sites) None (6 sites).
The six new sites were all air-source and were designed and installed to be compliant with the MCS MIS 3005 Issue 3.1 guidelines.
8.2.1. Temperature-corrected system efficiencies in Phases I and II
System efficiencies from the first and second phases were compared, after correcting for temperature. Nine out of 12 heat pumps with major modifications showed improvements in system efficiency from Phase I to Phase II. Of these, eight showed an improvement of 0.3. For two of the three sites for which system efficiency was reduced in Phase II, the reason was increased immersion consumption for domestic hot water. Eight out of nine heat pumps that received medium interventions showed improved system efficiencies in Phase II. In five cases, the improvement was 0.3. The greatest improvement, from 2.31 to 3.29, was at a site where software was altered to reduce the use of the auxiliary heater. The remaining heat pump in this category developed a fault during the second phase. These substantial improvements in system efficiency indicate that problems have been rectified. 11 heat pumps received minor interventions; usually a service and or change of control strategy. Only one showed a significant improvement in system efficiency (0.3), while, for six of the sites, the magnitude of the difference in system efficiency was less than 0.1. The remaining three sites showed a decrease in performance of around 0.2. Closer examination of these sites indicated that, for two of these three sites, the proportion of domestic hot water used in the second phase had increased significantly, thereby decreasing the perceived overall system efficiency. 6 heat pumps were not modified. The system efficiencies for Phases I and II were unchanged.
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8.2.2. SPFH4
SPFH4 takes account of all the electricity used by the heating system and therefore is the most appropriate measure of efficiency for householders to understand the costs and benefits of running a heat pump. It was possible to calculate SPFH4 values for 15 air-source and 22 groundsource systems in the trial. The average SPFH4 values were found to be 2.45 0.11 and 2.82 0.10 for air- and ground-source respectively.
8.2.3. SPFH2 and the EU Renewable Energy Directive
The case studies generally indicate good performance as measured by SPFH2, with mean values being 2.68 (for 15 air-source heat pumps) and 3.10 (for 21 ground-source heat pumps). Nine of the 15 air-source heat pumps for which SPFH2 could be calculated had an SPFH2>=2.5, thereby fulfilling the EU Renewable Energy Directive criterion to be considered renewable. Of these nine compliant air-source heat pumps, five were new heat pumps, designed, sized and installed according to the MCS MIS 3005 Issue 3.1. 20 out of 21 ground-source heat pumps met the criterion to be considered renewable.
8.2.4. Space heating efficiency
In 34 cases (14 air-source and 20 ground-source), it was possible to calculate SPFH2 for space heating. The average space heating efficiencies, as SPF H2, were found to be 2.73 for the airsource heat pumps and 3.21 for ground-source heat pumps.
8.2.5. Water heating efficiency
In 27 cases, it was possible to calculate SPFH2 for water heating. Excluding one outlier, the average SPFH2 for water heating was found to be 2.35 with no detectable difference between air and ground source heat pumps. It should, however, be noted that electric immersion heating is also required in most instances. Sterilisation schedules should be carefully configured to control bacteria effectively, whilst avoiding excessive use of electric immersion.
8.2.6. Auxiliary electricity usage and use of circulation pumps
Auxiliary electric heating, for both space and water heating, and consumption of electricity by circulation pumps on the central heating side account for the difference between SPF H2 and SPFH4. Several of the examples have shown high consumption by auxiliary heating (either space heating or domestic hot water immersion), or high consumption by circulation pumps on the central heating side. In the worst case, auxiliary heating supplied almost all the heat for 73 days, resulting in an increase in the householders bills of approximately 350.
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There are several examples of circulation pumps for the central heating system using too much electricity around 500 kWh in one case. Careful control of auxiliary electric heating and the use of low energy pumps can result in significant improvements to system efficiency; in one case, these two measures alone resulted in an improvement of system efficiency from 2.35 to 3.28. The EU Eco-design directive limits the energy consumption of glandless circulation pumps for heating and air-conditioning as of January 2013. Further tightening of these regulations will require that circulation pumps integrated in heat pumps and boilers are energy efficient as of 2015.
8.2.7. Buffer tanks
Insertion of buffer tanks did not seem to reduce cycling in the examples in this trial. Buffer tanks are expected to be beneficial when the volume of water in the central heating system is very low. Under these circumstances, they can reduce rapid cycling for fixed speed compressors. Laboratory tests have confirmed that performance can be reduced significantly for cycling periods less than 6 minutes [5].
9. Recommendations
This section presents the principal recommendations from the study. It is essential to define which system boundaries are being used when referring to seasonal performance factors. DECC considers that SPFH4 gives the best overall indication of the combined quality of a product and its installation and would therefore recommend that SPF H4 is used whenever possible. The MCS MIS Heat Emitter Guide requires the installer to provide the householder with an estimate of SPFH4 for space heating. DECC proposes that MCS MIS 3005 should be amended to give guidance on the best way to heat domestic hot water with a heat pump, and that the estimated seasonal performance factors shown to the householder by the installer should be a weighted average of SPF H4 for space and water heating (if domestic hot water is supplied by the heat pump). DECC would strongly recommend that the electricity used by auxiliary heater and domestic hot water immersion is measured and that appropriate diagnostics are given to the householder. We are aware that some manufacturers monitor the electricity consumption of each component of the heat pump and would encourage others to do so. DECC also considers that controls should be absolutely clear to the average householder. It is not sufficient to have a winter setting which activates the auxiliary electric heating.
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Software controlling the sterilisation pattern should be carefully configured so that the immersion is not used excessively. There is a case for research projects to investigate alternative methods of controlling bacteria such as Legionella. For air-source heat pumps, software controlling defrost should be carefully configured so that defrost is used only when required. Appropriate diagnostics should be provided to the householder. The EU Eco-design directive limits the energy consumption of glandless circulation pumps for heating and air-conditioning as of January 2013. Further tightening of these regulations will require that circulation pumps integrated in heat pumps and boilers are energy efficient as of 2015. There is a case for laboratory experiments to determine whether significant savings can be made if a voltage optimiser is used.
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10.
References
1. Detailed analysis from the first phase of the Energy Saving Trusts heat pump field trial, Dunbabin, P. & Wickins, C., DECC report, March 2012 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/48327/504 5-heat-pump-field-trials.pdf 2. Microgeneration Certification Scheme Requirements for contractors undertaking the supply, design, installation, set to work commissioning and handover of microgeneration heat pump systems, MIS 3005 Issue 3.1. www.microgenerationcertification.org/installers/installers 3. EST Heat Pump Field Trial: Sentinel glycol report EA Technology & Kiwa (for DECC, June 2012) 4. The effect of cycling on heat pump performance Green, R. and Knowles, T., Energy Saving Trust and EA Technology Consulting (for DECC, 2012). https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/65695/738 9-effects-cycling-heat-pump-performance.pdf 5. Effects of cycling on domestic GSHPs: Supporting analysis to EA Technology. Simulation / Modelling, Curtis, R., Mimer Energy, (for DECC, 2012) https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/modelling-and-simulation-of-cycling-ofground-source-heat-pumps-mimergeoreport2 6. Investigation of the interaction between hot water cylinders, buffer tanks and heat pumps, Helen Charlick, Kiwa, (for DECC, April 2012) https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/198850/ho t_water_cylinders_buffer_tanks_heat_pumps.pdf 7. Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors for space heating and cooling EN 14511, March 2008 8. Technical Specifications for the Nibe F2300 http://www.pea.ru/docs/fileadmin/images/teplo/NIBE/f2300.pdf 9. Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps, with electrically driven compressors, for space heating and cooling. Testing and rating at part load conditions and calculation of seasonal performance EN 14825, 2012 10. Heating systems in buildings. Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies. Space heating generation systems, air heating and overhead radiant heating systems, EN 15316-4-2, 2011 11. Calculation of heat pumps - simplified method for the calculation of the seasonal performance factor of heat pumps - electric heat pumps for space heating and domestic hot water, VDI 4650-1, 2009 12. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 rd April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC 13. Directive 2005/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 establishing a framework for the setting of Eco-design requirements for energy-using
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products and amending Council Directive 92/42/EEC and Directives 96/57/EC and 2000/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council 14. Concept for evaluation of SPF Version 2.2: A defined methodology for calculation of the seasonal performance factor and a definition of which devices of the system have to be included in this calculation. Heat pumps with hydronic heating systems, Andreas Zottl, Roger Nordman, SEPEMO report to the European Commission, Contract number IEE/08/776/SI2.529222, 31/05/2012. 15. EU Eurostat Energy Production Statistics, =45.5% in 2010, ETA time-series http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/energy/other_documents 16. EU Commission Decision of 1.3.2013 establishing the guidelines for Member States on calculating renewable energy from heat pumps from different heat pump technologies pursuant to Article 5 of Directive 2009/28/EC 17. Position paper on ErP ENER Lot 1 Eco-design requirements for space heaters and combi-heaters: EC Draft Regulation Explanatory annexes to position on Eco-design EHPA, EPEE and Eurovent June 2012 18. Supplementary Information - Heat Emitter Guide MCS 022 Issue 2.0, 2012 www.microgenerationcertification.org/installers/installers
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11.
Appendix A: Instrumentation used
The monitoring and data logging equipment installed in each house was specified in the Energy Saving Trusts technical monitoring specification for Phase I of the EST field trial. This was supplemented in Phase II of the trial by additional metering installed, wherever feasible, to allow the total heat output of the heat pump to be measured along with the power consumption of auxiliary heaters; thus allowing calculation of some or all of SPH H1 to SPHH4 (as well as the system efficiency measured in Phase I). The Phase II metering generally consisted of the following. generation II radio telemetry wireless data logger with associated: GSM modem SIM card
electric meters on: electric supply to heat pump immersion heater in domestic hot water tank sink/circulation pump heat pump compressor (where possible) (allowing inference of auxiliary heater use)
heat meters for: space heating domestic hot water (heat and flow rate) either a heat meter on the total output from the heat pump (bidirectional for measuring the reverse cycle defrost on air-source heat pumps) or a heat meter measuring the heat into the domestic hot water cylinder (depending on space/ease for fitting)
additional heat meters were installed at some sites, including a ground loop heat meter at a few of those sites with accessible ground source loops (to enable heat balances to be undertaken). heat meters measuring additional heat sources/sinks (e.g. systems with both under-floor heating and radiators). a heat meter measuring the energy lost from continuously pumped domestic hot water supplies (this was only the case at a few of the larger properties with long pipe-runs between the domestic hot water cylinder and the taps).
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three wireless, single-point, temperature transmitters external ambient (on the North side of the property) living room upstairs (main bedroom)
wireless, multi-point, temperature transmitters, with sensors strapped to pipe-work, measuring temperatures on: flow and return pipes on the sink at all sites flow and return pipes on the central heating at all sites flow and return pipes on the ground source, or two air-off temperatures on the air source, at all sites domestic hot water temperatures: cold feed, hot water out and tank temperature where the heat pump supplies domestic hot water. ground temperature sensors were installed where the physical conditions were suitable (i.e. the positioning of the ground source loop was known, drilling could be carried out safely and the instrumentation would remain undisturbed).
wireless pulse counting transmitters collecting the outputs from: electricity meters heat meters Heat meters are
All meters were purchase new for this project and are of fiscal quality. manufactured to the EN 1434 standard and sold as a complete legal entity.
Figure 75: Generation II wireless data logger and transmitters Checks were carried out on one of each type of heat meter used in the project (UH50, Sontex and Metrima), comparing the heat meter performance against an electrical flow boiler, with the electricity consumption metered using one of the trial electricity meters. Agreement was between 98% and 100% in all cases (that is the heat meter reading was less than the electricity meter reading probably due to small heat losses from the flow boiler in the test rig).
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On previous similar field trial projects, calibration certificates for the heat meters were obtained from the manufacturer. These calibration certificates show that the heat meter manufacturers select matched pairs of temperature probes for each meter, with errors of between 0.1 and 0.3 K at a flow and return temperature difference of 10C (a sample of 120 meters). Larger percentage errors are possible at lower temperature differences, but this will only significantly affect ground loop heat meters; these are used only for heat balances (see Appendix B), and the heat balances obtained are good. Accuracies are always significantly better than those required by EN 1434. This requires maximum permissible error to be less than +/-5%. Heat meters have been shown to give erratic, erroneous readings when air (or another gas) is present in the circulating water flows. A SpiroVent a particular brand of in-line de-aerator was fitted as a preventive measure to sites where it was considered likely that a heat meter might experience air within the water flow, and where no other type of de-aerator had already been fitted. SpiroVents were also retrofitted to a few sites that experienced erratic heat meter readings after the start of the trial. Where SpiroVents were installed, they were located in the flow from the heat pump, at the highest point in a circuit. Further details of the monitoring equipment are shown in Table 38. Sensor Meter Resolution Landis and Gyr 1 Wh UH50 Metrima F27HC 100 Wh Sontex 10 Wh
Measurement Heat Meter Bi-directional Heat meter Bi-directional Glycol heat meter Electric meters
Accuracy Typically 2.5% Class 2 Class 3 2%
Pipe 0.3C temperatures Room and Eltek 0.1C 0.3C ambient temperatures Table 38: Accuracy and resolution of instrumentation
Class 1 1 Wh Manufactured; Class 2 Ofgem approved Eltek 0.1C
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Figure 76: SpiroVent de-aerator At temperature differences below the lower limit of 3C, the manufacturer of the Landis and Gyr heat meter is unable to guarantee that the error remains within the EN 1434 standard; however, the meter still operates and records data when the temperature difference is less than this. The primary issue is the error on the platinum resistance thermometer (PRT) when measuring small temperature differences at relatively low temperatures. This would be an issue for any monitoring system using PRTs and a flow sensor. The advantage of using a heat meter is that the probes are a matched pair and are calibrated for the integrator unit. This helps to minimise errors. A possible alternative, the very high accuracy 1/10 DIN PRT, is generally only used within the laboratory environment because of high cost. The data monitoring team agreed before the trial that the combined heat meter solution would produce results at least equivalent to a system made up of separate temperature and flow sensors. The equipment fitted on each site was determined on a site-by-site basis, dependent on the type of appliance installed and the configuration of the system. Although the original monitoring specification required data to be recorded once every 10 minutes, the data logging interval was set to 5 minutes throughout this trial to give greater compatibility of results with other trials undertaken by the Energy Saving Trust (including microwind, condensing boilers and solar water heating).
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12.
Appendix B: Procedures for data checking
EA Technology collected the 5-minute data from individual data loggers remotely via the GSM mobile phone network and stored the raw data in a database. These raw data were automatically checked for erroneous figures, no data errors or major collection errors. Spurious readings were checked manually, and where it was clear that a reading was spurious, it was removed. A log was kept of such substitutions. The spurious readings were rare, and were generally caused by either corruption during the download process or the pulse counter within an individual pulse-counting transmitter reaching saturation (216) and resetting to zero. Data received by Kiwa Gastec at CRE were processed automatically using a program written in VB Excel. This program aggregated the weekly data into monthly spreadsheets, with a separate sheet for each day, and added calculations relevant to the specific site and type of appliance installed. This enabled the whole month to be inspected visually in a summary page. Specifically, the power in and heat out were summed up over the day and then over the month. On sites where the total heat output from the heat pump was measured, the heat pump seasonal performance factor (SPF) was calculated. The buffer cylinder and domestic hot water cylinder efficiencies were calculated, along with apparent system efficiency. This allowed for a quick visual inspection of the data and it was easy to spot any discrepancies between days. The degree day heating requirement was calculated from the ambient temperature and was used to check the heat supplied to the house against the heat demand of the house. The dataset was processed weekly, as required by the technical monitoring specification, so that high level problems, such as an inability to contact a data logger or data errors within a logger, could be addressed quickly. The data were compared with previous months on a monthly basis as a further quality check. Inter-house checks were also made. Kiwa Gastec at CRE excluded erroneous data for the time stamp where the pulses lay outside the expected range. On discovery of inconsistencies in data, missing temperature data channels are easily identified. However, missing pulse data channels are more difficult to recognise since they may show a value of zero, both during normal operation and when the channel output has a fault. Thus, if discrepancies were found in the efficiencies and inter-day comparisons, the 5-minute data were studied in detail to establish where the fault lay. As faults were identified on sites, they were reported to the project managers at Kiwa Gastec at CRE and EA Technology. Problems of missing data were usually caused by transmitter batteries failing or by water damage to transmitters. This generally required a site visit to correct the fault, although householders at a few sites were taught to replace batteries themselves. Problems such as not being able to contact a site were given top priority and were generally solved by the householder resetting the data logger. All faults were logged.
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For each house, all transmitters transmit to the data logger every minute
The data are logged by the data logger every 5 minutes
The data are downloaded into a database weekly by EA Technology via a GSM modem connection
Raw data are processed weekly by EA Technology to check for erroneous figures, no data errors or major collection errors
EA Technology import data weekly and in doing so the data are scaled into engineering units
Data are sent to Kiwa for data validation checks and preliminary processing on a weekly basis
Data are processed weekly by Kiwa to form a monthly summary spreadsheet, with a separate sheet for each day
Faults are indentified by looking weekly at the processed dataset and reported to the project managers at Kiwa and EA Technology
Faults rectified by Kiwa and EA Technology by site visits although some householders asked to assist in solving communication problems
Figure 77: Flow chart showing procedures for data checking
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12.1.
Energy balance validation
Energy balances were undertaken on sites with ground source heat meters where the consistency of heat and electric meters over the heat pump can be calculated. This was undertaken on a weekly basis.
12.2.
Data consistency checks
Further checks were carried out on the data during data analysis. There were a number of plots made for each site (using Excel and MATLAB) which were incorporated in reports shared with the heat pump manufacturers. The reports included: site descriptions and system schematics comparison system efficiencies from Phase I and II against ambient temperature where available, comparison of SPF3 or 4 from Phase I and Phase II against temperature distribution of system efficiency by month graphs of heat output versus electricity demand (indicating the parasitic electric use) heat pump power against the ambient temperature for varying central heating flow temperatures compressor maps plots of system temperatures (across the monitoring period) intra-day graphs (single day, detailed plots of all data) Morse code plots for non-system temperatures (plots across the monitoring period of room and ambient temperatures, alongside dashed lines indicating periods of heat pump operation) tapestries (showing the heating patterns for a particular month, as a series of blocks, colour coded for energy density, of heat and electricity use).
These plots were used to identify patterns and interesting features within the data and to inform the case studies. The plots were also used to highlight and confirm any errors with the data.
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13. Appendix C: Methodology for the calculation of SPFH1-4 for different system configurations
13.1. System configurations
A wide range of different configurations were included in the Energy Saving Trust field trials, including: Systems providing central heating only Systems with no auxiliary electrical heater Systems with external domestic hot water tanks Systems with integral domestic hot water tanks.
13.2.
Monitoring configurations
A range of monitoring systems was also used.

13.2.1. Location of heat meters
Wherever possible, heat meters have been placed either directly at the output of the heat pump, or at the inlet to the central heating and at the inlet to the domestic hot water tank. This applies to systems with both separate and integral domestic hot water tanks. In some cases, only two heat meters were installed; one to monitor the total heat output of the heat pump and one to monitor the heat to the central heating. In this case, the time-series of heat flow was examined and the following procedure used: If space heating was produced, the heat pump electricity and total heat meter heat was attributed to space heating If no space heating was produced, the heat pump electricity and total heat meter heat was attributed to domestic hot water heating
In a few cases, a single heat meter was used to measure the heat to both the space heating and the domestic hot water tank. In these cases, the time-series of heat flow was analysed as follows: If space heating was produced with no domestic hot water heating, the heat pump electricity was attributed to space heating If domestic hot water heating was produced with no space heating, the heat pump electricity was attributed to domestic hot water heating
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If both space heating and domestic hot water heating were produced the heat pump electricity was split by the same proportion.
As per the specification in Phase I, heat meters have also been placed to measure the heat in the domestic hot water actually used by the householder.
13.2.2. Location of electricity meters
The number and placement of electricity meters is dependent on the configuration of the heat pump system. In broad terms, the configurations were as follows: For systems supplying space heating only: a single electricity meter, which includes the electricity used by the compressor, the ground loop or fan (if air-source), the auxiliary heater (if present) and the circulation pumps on the heat sink side. For systems with a separate domestic hot water tank: as above, but with an additional electricity meter to measure electricity used by the domestic hot water immersion. For systems with an integral domestic hot water tank, the electricity meter for the heat pump includes the compressor, ground loop pump or fan (if air-source), combined auxiliary heater and domestic hot water and circulation pumps on the heat sink side. Additional measurements have been made of the electricity used by the compressor. In some cases, a third meter has been installed to monitor the electricity used by the circulation pumps on the heat sink side. The electricity measurements for the principal system configurations are shown in Table 39
System configuration Component monitored Space heating only, no internal auxiliary heater I I N/A N/A N/A Space heating only, with auxiliary electric heater I I I N/A N/A Space heating with auxiliary electric heater and separate domestic hot water tank I I I x N/A Space heating and integral domestic hot watertank I and x I N/A N/A I
Compressor Brine fan/ pump Auxiliary electricity for space heating only Electric immersion for domestic hot water only Auxiliary electricity for both space heating and domestic hot water (internal domestic hot water tanks only) Buffer tank pump
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A 113
Space heating and domestic hot water fans/pumps Seasonal performance factors that can be calculated directly from the data Seasonal performance factors that can be estimated
I SPFH4, system efficiency SPFH1-H3
I and x SPFH1, SPFH4, system efficiency SPFH2-H3
Table 39: Electricity measurements of the principal system configurations in the trial I = electricity use of component included in the measurement of electricity to the heat pump (referred to as E in this document; not referred to in SEPEMO, as the SEPEMO equations treat all electrical components separately). x=separate monitoring of this component.
13.3.
Procedure for calculation of seasonal performance factors
13.3.1. Space heating only, no auxiliary heater
Where possible, the rating of the pumps/fans on both the source and sink side have been obtained from the heat pump specification. The electricity consumption of the pumps/fans on the heat sink side (EB_pump/fan) can be estimated from the lowest consumption of the heat pump multiplied by the hours of use of the heating system. The electricity consumption of the ground loop or fans on the source side (ES_pump/fan) can be estimated from the rating of these pumps/fans multiplied by the hours of use. Equations [1-4] are used to estimate SPFH1-H4. Note that, in this case, SPFH2=SPFH3 and SPFH4=System efficiency. Where the compressor has also been monitored, SPFH1 can be calculated directly, instead of being estimated.
13.3.2. Space heating only, with auxiliary heater
The heat versus electricity scatterplot and electricity time-series are used to identify periods when the auxiliary space heater is on and thereby to calculate EAux. QH_aux (from equation [3]) is equal to EAux. EB_pump/fan and ES_pump/fan are estimated as before and equations [1-4] are used to estimate SPFH1-H4. Where the compressor has also been monitored, SPFH1 can be calculated directly, instead of being estimated.
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13.3.3. Space heating and separate domestic hot water cylinder
The heat versus electricity scatterplot and electricity time-series are used to identify periods when the auxiliary space heater is on and thereby to calculate EAux. EImmersion is the electric immersion input to the domestic hot water tank and is monitored separately. QH_Aux is equal to EAux and QW_aux is equal to EImmersion. Where the compressor has also been monitored, SPFH1 can be calculated directly, instead of being estimated.
13.3.4. Space heating and integral domestic hot water cylinder
Additional heat meters have been installed to monitor heat flow to the domestic hot water in systems with integral domestic hot water tanks. In these systems, a single electric cassette provides backup to both the space heating and the domestic hot water. In most cases, the electricity used by the compressor has been monitored. SPFH1 can therefore be estimated directly. In some cases, the heat from the electric cassette has been monitored. This is referred to as QAux on the relevant figures. This is equal to EAux + EImmersion. In other cases, there is no measurement of QAux, but the compressor has been monitored. EAux+EImmersion can be calculated from the scatterplots of heat versus electricity and time series of electricity consumption by the heat pump and compressor. EB_pump/fan and ES_pump/fan are estimated as before, subject to the constraint that E= EAux+EImmersion + EB_pump/fan + ES_pump/fan+Ecompressor. Where the electricity by the compressor has been measured, SPF H1 can be calculated directly. Both SPFH2 and SPFH3 are estimated (since ES_pump/fan is estimated). SPFH4 is calculated directly in all cases.
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14. Appendix D: Procedure for temperature correcting system efficiencies (SEFF)

In order to accurately compare system efficiencies between phase I and II it is necessary to remove the influence of the variations in external temperature between the two monitoring periods. This process is known as temperature or weather correction. The method used for the study utilised degree-day data. Degree-days are a comparative metric of the amount of energy required for heating to reach a standard comfortable internal temperature. This standard reference temperature equates to an external temperature of 15.5C. Every 1C below this reference equates to one degree-day, therefore if an average temperature of a particular day is 9C this day would have 6.5 degree-days. Degree-days can then be aggregated to give a total number per year for a particular area and used to compare the relative annual energy required for heating. In this study only the system efficiency was consistently calculated across all sites and both monitoring periods, therefore only the system efficiency can be temperature-corrected for every site. In order to calculate a temperature-corrected system efficiency, both the electricity consumption (electricity to the heat pump including any auxiliary and immersion) and heat use (space heating and domestic hot water to the taps) must be temperature-corrected first. Monthly measured electricity consumption and heat supplied were plotted against the number of monthly measured degree days for each site and each monitoring phase. An example of this plot is illustrated in Figure 78.
Site 421 - Monthly energy use for electricity and heat vs degree days
4,000
3,500
y = 7.778x + 362.97
3,000 y = 6.6599x + 164.18
Energy (Kwh/month)
2,500 Phase 1 Electricity Phase 1 Heat Phase 2 Electricity 1,500 y = 2.9528x + 83.203 1,000 y = 1.9984x + 97.096 500 Phase 2 Heat
2,000
0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Degree Days 300 350 400 450
Figure 78: Monthly electricity and heat use plotted against monthly degree days for site 421.
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The line of best fit provides the monthly average energy use per degree day. In order to normalise the data, a 20 year average number of degree days (from 1987 to 2006) for the closest weather station for each site was chosen. This average was applied to the equation of the line of best fit with the intercept multiplied by 12 to give an annual, normalised, temperature corrected figure for both electricity consumption and heat use for each site. The corrected heat use is then be divided by the corrected electricity consumption to give a temperature-corrected system efficiency. Correlations between electricity consumed and degree days and heat generated and degree days were found to be good, with only eight correlations out of 164 having regression coefficients, R2, 0.8. Table 40 shows the results.
Phase I Phase II 2 2 R Electricity R heat vs. R2 electricity R2 heat vs. vs. degree days degree days vs. degree days degree days 2 R >0.8 37 36 41 42 R2<=0.8 1 2 3 2 Total 38 38 44 44 Table 40: Regression coefficients for scatterplots of electricity consumption and heat generation as a function of degree days
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15.
Appendix E: Sizing of heat pumps
Section 4.2.1 of MCS MIS 3005 Issue 3.1 describes the procedure for sizing heat pumps correctly, stating that A heat loss calculation should be performed on the building using a method that complies with BS EN 12831. For the sites in the trial, heat loss coefficients have been calculated according to two methodologies: a) Using SAP b) From measured daily average heat power and the daily average difference between internal and external temperatures during the heating season. Neither of these methodologies is compliant with BS EN 12831 but the second method would be expected to give the most accurate results. Figure 79 shows a comparison of the results of these two methodologies, for houses in both phases. The straight line represents a one to one fit. It can be seen that the SAP estimates of heat loss coefficients are higher, on average, than the measured ones. There are a handful of estimates, particularly for the larger houses (floor area from 180m2 to 480m2) for which the SAP estimates are very much higher than the measured heat losses; it is possible that not all of the house is being heated. Furthermore, the SAP heat loss coefficients refer to the fabric only, while the measured heat loss coefficients take account of internal and solar gains. Measured heat loss coefficient as a function of SAP heat loss coefficient
Phase I Phase II
1000 900 Measured Heat Loss Coefficient (W/K) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0
100
200
300
400 500 600 700 SAP Heat Loss Coefficient (W/K)
800
900
1000
Figure 79: Comparison of measured heat loss coefficients and SAP heat loss coefficients
118
Based on measured heat loss coefficients, seven sites were under-sized in Phase I and three were under-sized in Phase II. Under-sizing would be expected to affect the SPFH4 as auxiliary electricity would be required in cold weather. However, the winter of 2010-11 was mild and there were only a few days for which the average daily temperature was < 0 C at these sites, so this effect has not been seen in the data.
119
16.
Appendix F: Comparisons with SAP
Full SAP calculations were carried out on almost all of the properties within phase II. SAP calculates the annual space and water heating requirement of a building based on the occupancy, building fabric and the building services installed. The measured space heating demand can then be compared with the space heating requirement that SAP predicts. This is illustrated in Figure 80. This provides a representation of how well SAP predicts the space heating requirement for a selection of different houses with heat pumps. On average, SAP predicts space heating well, even though the heat loss is under-estimated (see Figure 79). This is likely to be because SAP assumes a bimodal heating pattern whilst many of the heat pump houses were heated continuously. Furthermore, unlike the chart of heat loss coefficients Figure 79, both axes in Figure 80 take account of internal and solar gains. Other reasons for the discrepancy between Figure 79 and Figure 80 might include householders heating their houses to higher temperatures and differences between the SAP assumptions regarding degree days and the actual degree-days during the field trial periods. Actual space heating as a function of space heating requirement estimated from heat loss coefficient and climate data
60000
50000 Actual Space Heating (kWh)
40000
30000
20000
10000
0 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 Space heating requirement from SAP (kWh) 60000
Figure 80: Comparison of measured annual space heating demand with SAP estimates for Phase II sites
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Detailed Analysis From The Second Phase of The Energy Saving Trust's Heat Pump Field Trial

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Detailed Analysis From The Second Phase of The Energy Saving Trust's Heat Pump Field Trial

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Detailed analysis from the second phase of the Energy Saving Trusts heat pump field trial

Funding and Support: Acknowledgements

1. Site Selection and Installation Procedure

Air-source Ground-source Total

Controls Disabling auxiliary heater

Table 3: Interventions by site and category

2.1. System Boundaries for Calculation of SEPEMO Seasonal Performance factors

Figure 2: System boundary for SPFH1, as defined in the SEPEMO project

Figure 3: System boundary for SPFH2, as defined in the SEPEMO project.

2.1.5. Consideration of defrost

2.2.4. VDI 4650-1

2.3. The EU Renewable Energy Sources Directive and EU Ecodesign Directive

2.3.2. EU Eco-design Directive

Electrical parameter included

Eco-design Directive Lot I Space heating efficiency, s YES YES

Renewable Energy Sources Directive SPF

2.4. Monitoring for the Renewable Heat Premium Payment Scheme

T General schematic for 1st year of heat pump field trials

Heat pump casing

T General schematic for 2nd year of heat pump field trials

E=EHP +EB_fan/pump + EAux

Heat pump casing

Summary of parameters included for different system boundaries

x head losses ---

Table 7: Summary of parameters included in different system boundaries

Difference in system efficiencies between phase Data temperature corrected

Difference in system efficiencies between phases I and II Data temperature corrected

3.1.1. Major Interventions

3.1.2. Medium Interventions

Space heating kWh

Domestic hot water immersion Circulation pumps for central heating

Average electrical consumption of different components

Defrost as a percentage of total heat output

7 Number of heat pumps 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1.2

Renewable 15 ashp 21 gshp

This gshp developed a fault during Phase II.

This gshp developed a fault during Phase II.

SPFH2 for air-source heat pumps, showing new sites separately

SPFH4 for air-source heat pumps, showing new sites separately

New sites Other sites

Water heating Space heating

Space heating efficiency (SPFH2) as a function of space heating delivered, Phase II

Space heating efficiency as a function of central heating flow temperature

6 Number of heat pumps 5

4. Case Studies (Major changes)

Air-source Heat Pump Supplying Radiators Only, Site 444

Heat pump casing

Ambient Temperature (C)

4.1.2. Operational Hours

Heat Pump Electricity Meter (Wh)

Heat Pump Electricity Meter (Wh)

Heat Pump Electricity Meter (Wh)

Heat Pump Electricity Meter (Wh)

Heat Pump Electricity Meter (Wh)

Heat Pump Electricity Meter (Wh)

Heat Pump Electricity Meter (Wh)

Heat Pump Electricity Meter (Wh)

Heat Pump Electricity Meter (Wh)

Heat Pump Electricity Meter (Wh)

Heat Pump Electricity Meter (Wh)

Heat Pump Electricity Meter (Wh)

Heat Pump Electricity Meter (Wh)