Os j103 - 2013 06

OFFSHORE STANDARD
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

The electronic pdf version of this document found through http://www.dnv.com is the officially binding version
DNV-OS-J103
Design of Floating Wind T!"ine
St!#t!es
J$NE %013
& Det No!s'e Ve!itas AS Jne %013
An( #o))ents )a( "e sent "( e-)ail to rules@dnv.com
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contemporary technology. The use of this document by others than DNV is at the user's sole risk. DNV does not accept any liability or responsibility for loss or damages resulting from
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FOREWORD
DNV is a glo"al *!o+ide! of 'no,ledge fo! )anaging !is'- Toda(. safe and !es*onsi"le "siness #ond#t is "ot/ a li#ense
to o*e!ate and a #o)*etiti+e ad+antage- O! #o!e #o)*eten#e is to identif(. assess. and ad+ise on !is' )anage)ent- F!o)
o! leading *osition in #e!tifi#ation. #lassifi#ation. +e!ifi#ation. and t!aining. ,e de+elo* and a**l( standa!ds and "est
*!a#ti#es- T/is /el*s o! #sto)e!s safel( and !es*onsi"l( i)*!o+e t/ei! "siness *e!fo!)an#e- DNV is an inde*endent
o!ganisation ,it/ dedi#ated !is' *!ofessionals in )o!e t/an 100 #ont!ies. ,it/ t/e *!*ose of safega!ding life. *!o*e!t(
and t/e en+i!on)ent-
DNV se!+i#e do#)ents #onsist of a)ong ot/e!s t/e follo,ing t(*es of do#)ents0
1 Service Specifications. 2!o#ed!al !e3i!e)ents-
1 Standards. Te#/ni#al !e3i!e)ents-
1 Recommended Practices. 4idan#e-
T/e Standa!ds and Re#o))ended 2!a#ti#es a!e offe!ed ,it/in t/e follo,ing a!eas0
A5 6alifi#ation. 6alit( and Safet( 7et/odolog(
85 7ate!ials Te#/nolog(
95 St!#t!es
D5 S(ste)s
E5 S*e#ial Fa#ilities
F5 2i*elines and Rise!s
45 Asset O*e!ation
H5 7a!ine O*e!ations
J5 9leane! Ene!g(
O5 S"sea S(ste)s
$5 $n#on+entional Oil : 4as
ffshore !tandard DNV"!"#$%&, #une '%$&
(hanges ) *age &
CHANGES CURRENT
General
T/is is a ne, do#)ent-
Acknowledgments
T/e de+elo*)ent of t/is offs/o!e standa!d ,as #a!!ied ot nde! a Joint Indst!( 2!o;e#t s**o!ted "( t/e
follo,ing #o)*anies0
1 Statoil ASA. No!,a(
1 Ni**on Steel : S)ito)o 7etal 9o!*o!ation. Ja*an
1 Sase"o Hea+( Indst!ies 9o-. <td-. Ja*an
1 ST= Offs/o!e : S/i*"ilding 9o-. <td-. Ko!ea
1 Na+antia. S-A-. S*ain
1 4a)esa. S*ain
1 I"e!d!ola Reno+a"les Ene!g>a S-A-$-. S*ain
1 Alsto) Wind. S*ain
1 T/e 4losten Asso#iates. In#-. $-S-A-
1 2!in#i*le 2o,e! In#-. $-S-A-
T/is s**o!t is g!atefll( a#'no,ledged-
(ontents ) *age +
CONTENTS
SEC. !NTRODUCT!ON............................................................................................................................ "
!ntrod#ct$on.........................................................................................................................................."
1-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
1-% O";e#ti+es -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
1-3 S#o*e and a**li#ation-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
1-? Non-DNV #odes ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
1-@ E3i+alen#e and ft!e de+elo*)ents ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
1-A Hie!a!#/( of DNV Offs/o!e 2"li#ations ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1%
% Re&erences.............................................................................................................................................%
%-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1%
' De&$n$t$ons.............................................................................................................................................(
3-1 Ve!"al fo!)s ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1?
3-% Te!)s --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1?
( Acron)ms* A++re,$at$ons and S)m+ols.............................................................................................-
?-1 A#!on()s and a""!e+iations --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1A
?-% S()"ols ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1B
. T)/$cal Floaters and 0o#ndar) Cond$t$ons ......................................................................................1
@-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1C
SEC. % SAFET2 3H!4OSO3H2 AND DES!GN 3R!NC!34ES ............................................................. %
!ntrod#ct$on..........................................................................................................................................%
1-1 O";e#ti+e---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %1
1-% A**li#ation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ %1
% Sa&et) 35$loso/5).................................................................................................................................%
%-1 Safet( #lass )et/odolog( -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %1
%-% Ta!get safet( ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %%
%-3 Ro"stness ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %%
' Des$gn 3r$nc$/les and Des$gn Cond$t$ons ..........................................................................................%%
3-1 7et/ods fo! st!#t!al design -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %%
3-% Ai) of t/e design--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %%
3-3 Design #onditions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %%
( 4$m$t States...........................................................................................................................................%'
?-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %3
. Des$gn +) t5e 3art$al Sa&et) Factor 6et5od .....................................................................................%'
@-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %3
@-% T/e *a!tial safet( fa#to! fo!)at ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %?
@-3 9/a!a#te!isti# load effe#t --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %A
@-? 9/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %A
@-@ <oad and !esistan#e fa#to!s------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ %A
- Des$gn Ass$sted +) Test$ng..................................................................................................................%-
A-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %A
A-% 7odel tests------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %A
A-3 Fll-s#ale testing and o"se!+ation of *e!fo!)an#e of eDisting st!#t!es ------------------------------------------------------------- %A
7 3ro+a+$l$t)80ased Des$gn....................................................................................................................%7
B-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %B
SEC. ' EN9!RON6ENTA4 COND!T!ONS............................................................................................. %:
!ntrod#ct$on..........................................................................................................................................%:
1-1 Definition--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %E
% W$nd* Wa,es and C#rrent ..................................................................................................................%1
%-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %C
%-% Wind ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- %C
%-3 Wa+es -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
%-? 9!!ent ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3%
' Water De/t5 and Water 4e,el............................................................................................................'%
3-1 Wate! de*t/------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3%
3-% Wate! le+el------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3%
( Se$sm$c$t) ..............................................................................................................................................''
?-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
. So$l Cond$t$ons .....................................................................................................................................''
@-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
(ontents ) *age ,
- Reg$onal En,$ronmental Data &or De&$n$t$on o& En,$ronmental Classes........................................'(
A-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3?
7 Ot5er S$te Cond$t$ons ..........................................................................................................................'.
B-1 Salinit(------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3@
B-% Te)*e!at!e----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3@
B-3 7a!ine g!o,t/ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3@
SEC. ( 4OADS AND 4OAD EFFECTS..................................................................................................... '-
!ntrod#ct$on..........................................................................................................................................'-
1-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3A
1-% EDt!e)e loads -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3A
1-3 Fatige loads---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3A
1-? T!ans*o!tation loads ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3A
1-@ Wind t!"ine loads------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3A
1-A Wa'e-ind#ed loads----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3A
% Res/onse C5aracter$st$cs.....................................................................................................................'7
%-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3B
%-% Dee*-d!ag/t floate!s FDDFs5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3B
%-3 Se)is")e!si"les -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3B
%-? Tension-leg *latfo!)s FT<2s5-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3B
%-@ 7ono/ll st!#t!es ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3B
' 0as$s &or De&$n$t$on o& C5aracter$st$c 4oads .....................................................................................':
3-1 <oad #atego!iGation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3E
3-% Definition of #/a!a#te!isti# loads--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3E
( 3ermanent 4oads ;G< ..........................................................................................................................("
?-1 Definition--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?0
?-% Floate!-s*e#ifi# isses-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?0
. 9ar$a+le F#nct$onal 4oads ;=< ...........................................................................................................("
@-1 Definition--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?0
@-% S/i* i)*a#ts and #ollisions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?0
- En,$ronmental 4oads ;E< ....................................................................................................................(
A-1 Definition--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?1
A-% Floate!-s*e#ifi# isses-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?1
A-3 Design load #ases--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?%
A-? I#e loads ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?%
A-@ Fatige loads---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?%
7 Acc$dental 4oads ;A< ...........................................................................................................................(%
B-1 Definition--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?%
: De&ormat$on 4oads ;D<........................................................................................................................('
E-1 Definition--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?3
1 3ress#re 4oads on H#ll .......................................................................................................................('
C-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?3
C-% Tan' *!ess!es ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?3
C-3 Sea *!ess!es fo! t/e $<S-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?@
C-? 9o)"ination of tan' *!ess!es and sea *!ess!es-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?A
C-@ S*e!i)*osition of !es*onses -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?A
C-A Wa+e sla))ing ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?B
SEC. . 4OAD FACTORS AND 6ATER!A4 FACTORS........................................................................ (:
4oad Factors.........................................................................................................................................(:
1-1 <oad fa#to!s fo! t/e $<S and t/e A<S------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?E
1-% <oad fa#to! fo! t/e F<S ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?E
1-3 <oad fa#to! fo! t/e S<S ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?C
% 6ater$al Factors...................................................................................................................................(1
%-1 7ate!ial fa#to!s fo! t/e $<S---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?C
%-% 7ate!ial fa#to!s fo! t/e F<S ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?C
%-3 7ate!ial fa#to!s fo! t/e A<S and t/e S<S ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?C
SEC. - 6ATER!A4S.................................................................................................................................... ."
!ntrod#ct$on..........................................................................................................................................."
1-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @0
% Select$on o& 6etall$c 6ater$als ............................................................................................................"
%-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @0
%-% St!#t!al steel and al)ini)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ @0
%-3 8olting )ate!ials---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @0
(ontents ) *age -
' Select$on o& Concrete 6ater$als..........................................................................................................."
3-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @0
( Select$on o& Gro#t 6ater$als................................................................................................................
?-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @1
. Select$on o& Com/os$te 6ater$als ........................................................................................................
@-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @1
- Select$on o& 6ater$als &or C5a$ns* W$res and Tet5ers.......................................................................
A-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @1
A-% 9/ains ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @1
A-3 Steel ,i!es-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @1
A-? Fi"!e !o*es ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ @1
7 Select$on o& 6ater$als &or Electr$cal Ca+les .......................................................................................%
B-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @%
: Select$on o& 6ater$als &or Sol$d 0allast...............................................................................................%
E-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @%
SEC. 7 STRUCTURA4 DES!GN................................................................................................................ .'
!ntrod#ct$on...........................................................................................................................................'
1-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @3
1-% Inte!fa#e ,it/ ,ind t!"ine------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ @3
1-3 Design against ndesi!a"le effe#ts------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @3
1-? Installation-f!iendl( design------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ @?
1-@ S*e#ial *!o+isions fo! glo"al anal(sis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ @?
1-A S*e#ial *!o+isions fo! se)is")e!si"les--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @?
1-B S*e#ial *!o+isions fo! T<2s----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @A
1-E S*e#ial *!o+isions fo! s*a!s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @B
1-C 2!o+isions fo! #on#!ete st!#t!es-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @B
1-10 S*e#ial *!o+isions fo! to,e!s--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @B
% Ult$mate 4$m$t States ;U4S< &or Steel Str#ct#res ..............................................................................7
%-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @B
%-% $<S H T"la! )e)"e!s. t"la! ;oints and #oni#al t!ansitions --------------------------------------------------------------------------- @B
%-3 $<S H S/ell st!#t!es ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @E
%-? $<S H Non-t"la! "ea)s. #ol)ns and f!a)es--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @E
%-@ $<S H S*e#ial *!o+isions fo! *lating. stiffene!s and gi!de!s--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @E
%-A $<S H S*e#ial *!o+isions fo! st!#t!al design of an#/o!s ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @E
%-B $<S H 8olted #onne#tions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @C
' Fat$g#e 4$m$t States ;F4S< &or Steel Str#ct#res.................................................................................1
3-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @C
( Acc$dental 4$m$t States ;A4S< ............................................................................................................-
?-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A1
?-% 2ost-a##idental integ!it( afte! nintended #/ange in "allast dist!i"tion-------------------------------------------------------------- A%
?-3 2ost-a##idental integ!it( of a s/a!ed an#/o! ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A%
SEC. : STAT!ON >EE3!NG....................................................................................................................... -'
!ntrod#ct$on..........................................................................................................................................-'
1-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A3
1-% 9o)*liant floate!s H gene!al---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A3
1-3 Rest!ained floate!s H gene!al --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A?
% 6oor$ng 4$nes ......................................................................................................................................-(
%-1 Int!od#tion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ A?
%-% $lti)ate loads-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A?
%-3 Resistan#e -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A@
%-? Design #!ite!ion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AA
%-@ Fatige design-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AA
' Tendons.................................................................................................................................................-7
3-1 Steel tendons---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AB
3-% Fi"!e !o*e tendons ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AB
3-3 Tendon sla#' --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AB
SEC. 1 DES!GN OF ANCHOR FOUNDAT!ONS..................................................................................... -1
!ntrod#ct$on..........................................................................................................................................-1
1-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AC
1-% An#/o! load ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- AC
1-3 An#/o! !esistan#e--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B0
1-? Design #!ite!ion ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B0
1-@ Effe#ts of #(#li# loading ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B0
(ontents ) *age .
% 3$le Anc5ors..........................................................................................................................................7
%-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B1
%-% 7ate!ial fa#to!s------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ B1
%-3 An#/o!s in #/al'---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B1
' Gra,$t) Anc5ors...................................................................................................................................7
3-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B1
3-% 7ate!ial fa#to!s------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ B%
( S#ct$on Anc5ors $n Cla)......................................................................................................................7%
?-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B%
?-% 7ate!ial fa#to!s------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ B3
. Free8Fall Anc5ors $n Cla)...................................................................................................................7'
@-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B3
@-% 7ate!ial fa#to!s------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ B?
- Fl#ke Anc5ors $n Cla).........................................................................................................................7(
A-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B?
A-% 7ate!ial fa#to!s------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ B@
7 3late Anc5ors $n Cla)..........................................................................................................................7.
B-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B@
B-% 7ate!ial fa#to!s------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ B@
: Gro#ted Rock Anc5ors........................................................................................................................7.
E-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B@
SEC. " F4OAT!NG STA0!4!T2.............................................................................................................. 7:
!ntrod#ct$on..........................................................................................................................................7:
1-1 4ene!al !e3i!e)ents--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BE
% !ntact Sta+$l$t)......................................................................................................................................:"
%-1 4ene!al ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ E0
%-% S/i*-s/a*ed st!#t!es ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ E0
%-3 9ol)n-sta"iliGed st!#t!es --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- E1
%-? Dee* D!ag/t Floate!s FDDFs5------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ E1
%-@ Tension <eg 2latfo!)s FT<2s5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ E1
' Damaged Sta+$l$t)................................................................................................................................:
3-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- E1
3-% S/i*-s/a*ed st!#t!es ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- E%
3-3 9ol)n-sta"iliGed st!#t!es --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- E%
3-? Dee* D!ag/t Floate!s FDDFs5------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ E3
3-@ Tension <eg 2latfo!)s FT<2s5 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ E3
3-A EDtent of da)age --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- E?
( Watert$g5t !ntegr$t).............................................................................................................................:(
?-1 4ene!al !e3i!e)ents--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- E?
?-% EDte!nal o*enings -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- E?
?-3 Inte!nal o*enings --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- E?
?-? 9a*a#it( of ,ate!tig/t doo!s and /at#/ #o+e!sI o*e!ation and #ont!ol ----------------------------------------------------------------- E?
?-@ <oad lines--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- E?
SEC. CONTRO4 S2STE6.................................................................................................................... :.
!ntrod#ct$on..........................................................................................................................................:.
1-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- E@
% Floater 6ot$on Control .......................................................................................................................:.
%-1 8a#'g!ond------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ E@
%-% Floate! )otion #ont!olle! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- E@
%-3 Effe#t of floate! )otion #ont!ol ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EA
' S/ec$al !ss#es ........................................................................................................................................:-
3-1 Inte!a#tion ,it/ ot/e! s(ste)s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EA
SEC. % E4ECTR!CA4 AND 6ECHAN!CA4 S2STE6S..................................................................... :7
!ntrod#ct$on..........................................................................................................................................:7
1-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EB
% 6ec5an$cal S)stems.............................................................................................................................:7
%-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EB
%-% 8ilge s(ste)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EB
%-3 8allast s(ste)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EB
%-? 9o)*a!t)ent +enting -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EB
%-@ 7oo!ing e3i*)ent ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EB
%-A 9!anes -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EB
(ontents ) *age /
%-B Installation s(ste)s and *ll-in s(ste)s---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EB
%-E T!!et s(ste)s-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EB
%-C 2o,e! gene!ation s(ste)s-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EE
%-10 Fi!e fig/ting s(ste)s and e3i*)ent --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EE
%-11 Ot/e! e3i*)ent ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EE
' Electr$cal S)stems ................................................................................................................................::
3-1 <ig/tning and ea!t/ing s(ste)------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EE
SEC. ' CORROS!ON 3ROTECT!ON...................................................................................................... :1
!ntrod#ct$on..........................................................................................................................................:1
1-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- EC
1-% S*las/ Gone ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EC
1-3 Ot/e! isses------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ EC
SEC. ( TRANS3ORT AND !NSTA44AT!ON........................................................................................ 1
6ar$ne O/erat$ons...............................................................................................................................1
1-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C1
% R$sk 6anagement d#r$ng 6ar$ne O/erat$ons..................................................................................1
%-1 Ris' )anage)ent in t!ans*o!tation and installation */ases ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C1
' 6ar$ne Warrant) S#r,e)s ..................................................................................................................1
3-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C1
( 6ar$ne O/erat$ons General Re?#$rements....................................................................................1
?-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C1
. 6ar$ne O/erat$ons S/ec$&$c Re?#$rements ....................................................................................1%
@-1 <oad t!ansfe! o*e!ations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C%
@-% Sea t!ans*o!ts--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C%
@-3 Offs/o!e installation ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C%
@-? <ifting o*e!ations--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C%
@-@ S"sea o*e!ations -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C%
SEC. . !N8SER9!CE !NS3ECT!ON* 6A!NTENANCE AND 6ON!TOR!NG.................................. 1'
!ntrod#ct$on..........................................................................................................................................1'
1-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C3
1-% Fi"!e !o*es. tet/e!s and tendons )ade f!o) s(nt/eti# fi"!e (a!ns ------------------------------------------------------------------------ C3
SEC. - 3OWER CA04E DES!GN............................................................................................................ 1(
!ntrod#ct$on..........................................................................................................................................1(
1-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C?
% Re&erences.............................................................................................................................................1(
%-1 O+e!+ie, of !ele+ant standa!ds ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C?
' Des$gn 3r$nc$/les..................................................................................................................................1.
3-1 4ene!al------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C@
3-% Design *!in#i*les --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- C@
( F#nct$onal Re?#$rements ....................................................................................................................1-
?-1 2o,e! #a"le------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ CA
?-% 2ll-in a!!ange)ent ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CA
?-3 Hang-off te!)ination --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CA
?-? 8end stiffene!J"ell-)ot/-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CB
?-@ Floate! st!#t!al inte!fa#e------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CB
. Anal)s$s 6et5odolog)..........................................................................................................................17
@-1 2o,e! #a"le st!#t!al #a*a#ities--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CB
@-% Installation anal(ses----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CB
@-3 4lo"al Fin-se!+i#e5 anal(ses ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CE
- 4oads and 4oad E&&ects.......................................................................................................................11
A-1 <oads---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC
A-% Design load effe#ts fo! *o,e! #a"les -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC
A-3 Design load effe#ts fo! #a"le an#illa!ies of steel --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CC
A-? Design load /isto!( fo! fatige assess)ent --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100
7 6ater$al Strengt5...............................................................................................................................""
B-1 4ene!al----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100
: Des$gn Res$stance and Des$gn Cr$ter$a ............................................................................................""
E-1 9/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 100
E-% Resistan#e fa#to!s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 100
E-3 Design #!ite!ia H gene!al ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101
E-? $lti)ate and a##idental li)it states--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101
(ontents ) *age 0
E-@ Fatige li)it state ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 101
1 Ot5er !ss#es ........................................................................................................................................"
C-1 Inte!a#tion ,it/ fis/ing e3i*)ent ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101
C-% On-"otto) sta"ilit(---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101
C-3 9o!!osion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 101
C-? Ea!t/ing of lig/tning #ond#to!s ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10%
C-@ 2!ote#tion against )e#/ani#al da)age---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10%
C-A Redndan#( --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10%
A33. A ANA42S!S GU!DANCE .............................................................................................................................. "'
A33. 0 REG!ONA4 EN9!RON6ENTA4 DATA.................................................................................................. %(
!ec.$ 1ntroduction ) *age $%
SECT!ON !NTRODUCT!ON
!ntrod#ct$on
. General
.. T/is offs/o!e standa!d *!o+ides *!in#i*les. te#/ni#al !e3i!e)ents and gidan#e fo! design. #onst!#tion
and in-se!+i#e ins*e#tion of floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es. /e!e defined as t/e s**o!t st!#t!es and station
'ee*ing s(ste)s fo! floating ,ind t!"ines-
..% T/e standa!d #o+e!s st!#t!al design of floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es- T/e standa!d ta'es
t!ans*o!tation. installation and ins*e#tion isses into a##ont to t/e eDtent ne#essa!( in t/e #onteDt of st!#t!al
design- T/e design *!in#i*les and o+e!all !e3i!e)ents a!e defined in t/e standa!d- W/e!e+e! *ossi"le. t/e
standa!d )a'es !efe!en#e to !e3i!e)ents set fo!t/ in its fiDed-st!#t!es #onte!*a!t. DNV-OS-J101-
..' T/e standa!d s/all "e sed fo! design of s**o!t st!#t!es and station 'ee*ing s(ste)s fo! floating ,ind
t!"ines-
..( T/e standa!d does not #o+e! design of ,ind t!"ine #o)*onents s#/ as na#elle. !oto!. gene!ato! and
gea!"oD- Fo! st!#t!al design of !oto! "lades DNV-DS-J10% a**lies- Fo! st!#t!al design of ,ind t!"ine
#o)*onents fo! ,/i#/ no DNV standa!d eDists. t/e IE9 A1?00-1 standa!d a**lies-
... T/e to,e!. ,/i#/ sall( eDtends f!o) a defined ele+ation a"o+e t/e ,ate! le+el to ;st "elo, t/e
na#elle. is #onside!ed a *a!t of t/e s**o!t st!#t!e- T/e st!#t!al design of t/e to,e! is t/e!efo!e #o+e!ed "(
t/is standa!d. !ega!dless of ,/et/e! a t(*e a**!o+al of t/e to,e! eDists and is to "e a**lied-
G#$dance note@
Fo! a t(*e-a**!o+ed to,e!. t/e stiffness of t/e to,e! fo!)s *a!t of t/e "asis fo! t/e a**!o+al- It is ad+isa"le. if *ossi"le.
not to #/ange t/e )ass and stiffness dist!i"tions o+e! t/e /eig/t of t/e to,e! !elati+e to t/ose ass)ed fo! t/e t(*e
a**!o+al- Ho,e+e!. fo! )an( floating st!#t!es it )a( "e i)*!a#ti#al to )aintain t/e to,e! stiffness. sin#e t/e t!"ine
t(*e a**!o+al t/at t/e to,e! a**!o+al is *a!t of ,ill gene!all( ass)e t/e to,e! is #onne#ted to a !igid fondation o!
a fondation stiffe! t/an t/e floating st!#t!e-
T/e i)*o!tant isse in t/is #onteDt is ,/et/e! o! not t/e t!"ine )eets its *e!fo!)an#e and safet( !e3i!e)ents as
ass)ed fo! t/e t(*e a**!o+al- A #/ange in )ass and stiffness dist!i"tions o+e! t/e /eig/t of t/e to,e! ,ill i)*l(
alte!ed eigenf!e3en#ies of t/e to,e!- Hig/e!-o!de! to,e! "ending eigenf!e3en#ies a!e #o*led to t/e !oto! loads and
)a(. if #/anged. lead to ndesi!a"le +i"!ations s#/ as ,/i!ling-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
..- T/e standa!d is ,!itten fo! ,o!ld,ide a**li#ation- National and go+e!n)ental !eglations )a( in#lde
!e3i!e)ents in eD#ess of t/e *!o+isions gi+en "( t/is standa!d de*ending on t/e siGe. t(*e. lo#ation and
intended se!+i#e of t/e floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!e-
..7 T/e standa!d is in *!in#i*le ,!itten fo! site-s*e#ifi# designI /o,e+e!. it )a( "e sita"le ,it/ a +ie, to
an eD*e#tation of )ass *!od#tion to design a floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!e not fo! a s*e#ifi# site "t !at/e!
fo! a #lass of en+i!on)ental #onditions and t/en. fo! ea#/ a**li#ation. 3alif( t/e st!#t!e fo! t/e s*e#ifi#
lo#ation in a##o!dan#e ,it/ t/is standa!d-
G#$dance note@
A #lass of en+i!on)ental #onditions. defined to "e sed as a ta!get fo! design of floating nits fo! )ass *!od#tion.
,old /a+e to #o+e! en+i!on)ental #onditions in a "!oad sense. i-e- in#lding a !ange of ,ate! de*t/s and lti)atel(
also a !ange of ,ind t!"ines. sin#e t/e t!"ine is eD*e#ted to inflen#e t/e !es*onse of t/e floating s**o!t st!#t!e-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
..: To ens!e t/at st!#t!es designed a##o!ding to t/is standa!d a!e )anfa#t!ed in #o)*lian#e ,it/
ass)*tions )ade d!ing design. ade3ate follo,-* of t/e )anfa#t!ing s/all "e #a!!ied ot "( an
inde*endent t/i!d-*a!t( s!+e(o! in t/e )anfa#t!ing */ase-
.% O+Aect$,es
.%. T/e standa!d s*e#ifies gene!al *!in#i*les and !e3i!e)ents fo! t/e st!#t!al design of floating ,ind
t!"ine st!#t!es-
.%.% T/e o";e#ti+es of t/is standa!d a!e to0
1 *!o+ide an inte!nationall( a##e*ta"le le+el of safet( "( defining )ini)) !e3i!e)ents fo! st!#t!es and
st!#t!al #o)*onents Fin #o)"ination ,it/ !efe!en#ed standa!ds. !e#o))ended *!a#ti#es. gidelines. et#-5
1 se!+e as a #ont!a#tal !efe!en#e do#)ent "et,een s**lie!s and *!#/ase!s !elated to design. #onst!#tion.
installation and in-se!+i#e ins*e#tion
1 se!+e as a gideline fo! designe!s. s**lie!s. *!#/ase!s and !eglato!s
!ec.$ 1ntroduction ) *age $$
1 s*e#if( *!o#ed!es and !e3i!e)ents fo! floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es s";e#t to DNV #e!tifi#ation
1 se!+e as a "asis fo! +e!ifi#ation of floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es fo! ,/i#/ DNV is #ont!a#ted to *e!fo!)
t/e +e!ifi#ation-
.' Sco/e and a//l$cat$on
.'. T/e standa!d is a**li#a"le to all t(*es of s**o!t st!#t!es and station 'ee*ing s(ste)s fo! floating ,ind
t!"ines-
.'.% T/e standa!d is a**li#a"le to t/e design of #o)*lete st!#t!es. in#lding s"st!#t!es. "t eD#lding
,ind t!"ine #o)*onents s#/ as na#elles and !oto!s-
.'.' T/is standa!d gi+es !e3i!e)ents fo! t/e follo,ing0
1 design *!in#i*les
1 sele#tion of )ate!ial and eDtent of ins*e#tion in )anfa#t!ing (a!d
1 design loads
1 load effe#t anal(ses
1 load #o)"inations
1 st!#t!al design
1 station 'ee*ing
1 an#/o!ing
1 #o!!osion *!ote#tion
1 t!ans*o!t and installation
1 in-se!+i#e ins*e#tion
1 *o,e! #a"le design-
.( Non8DN9 codes
.(. In #ase of #onfli#t "et,een t/e !e3i!e)ents of t/is standa!d and a !efe!en#e do#)ent ot/e! t/an DNV
do#)ents. t/e !e3i!e)ents of t/is standa!d s/all *!e+ail-
.(.% T/e *!o+ision fo! sing non-DNV #odes o! standa!ds is t/at t/e sa)e safet( le+el as t/e one !eslting fo!
designs a##o!ding to t/is standa!d is o"tained-
.(.' W/e!e !efe!en#e in t/is standa!d is )ade to #odes ot/e! t/an DNV do#)ents. t/e +alid !e+ision of t/ese
#odes s/all "e ta'en as t/e !e+ision ,/i#/ ,as #!!ent at t/e date of isse of t/is standa!d. nless ot/e!,ise
noted-
.(.( W/en #ode #/e#'s a!e *e!fo!)ed a##o!ding to ot/e! #odes t/an DNV #odes. t/e !esistan#e and )ate!ial
fa#to!s as gi+en in t/e !es*e#ti+e #odes s/all "e sed-
.(.. National and go+e!n)ental !eglations )a( o+e!!ide t/e !e3i!e)ents of t/is standa!d as a**li#a"le-
.. E?#$,alence and &#t#re de,elo/ments
... T/is standa!d s*e#ifies !e3i!e)ents fo! t/e design of floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es intended to ens!e
a safet( le+el t/at is dee)ed a##e*ta"le fo! s#/ st!#t!es- So)e of t/ese !e3i!e)ents i)*l( #e!tain
#onst!aints on st!#t!al designs t/at !efle#t t/e #!!ent *!a#ti#e in t/e indst!( and esta"lis/ed *!in#i*les of
design and #onst!#tion of floating st!#t!es- Alte!nati+e designs and a!!ange)ents t/at de+iate f!o) t/ese
!e3i!e)ents )a( "e a##e*ted *!o+ided t/at it is do#)ented t/at t/e le+el of safet( is at least as /ig/ as t/at
i)*lied "( t/e !e3i!e)ents of t/is standa!d- A "asi# *!e)ise fo! s#/ anal(ses s/old "e t/at all #ost effe#ti+e
!is' #ont!ol o*tions /a+e "een i)*le)ented- Te#/nolog( 3alifi#ation *!o#ed!es )a( "e /el*fl in t/is
#onteDt-
G#$dance note@
A !e#o))ended )et/od fo! identif(ing !is' #ont!ol o*tions and do#)enting t/e safet( of alte!nati+e designs and
a!!ange)ents is gi+en in DNV-R2-A%03-
Ris' a##e*tan#e #!ite!ia )a( "e ta'en a##o!ding to I7O 7S9J9i!#-10%37E29J9i!#-3C% K4idelines fo! Fo!)al
Safet( Assess)entL-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
...% T/e s*e#ifi# !e3i!e)ents of t/is standa!d !efle#t ,/at ,as dee)ed #ost effe#ti+e )eans of )anaging
t/e !is's asso#iated ,it/ floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es at t/e ti)e of isse of t/is standa!d- Te#/nolog(
de+elo*)ents afte! t/at *oint in ti)e )a( *!o+ide ne, )eans of #ost effe#ti+e !is' !ed#tion- S/old !ele+ant
#ost "enefit assess)ent s/o, t/at se of s#/ ne, te#/nolog( ,old *!o+ide #ost effe#ti+e !is' !ed#tion. s#/
ne, te#/nolog( s/old "e i)*le)ented on ne, floating st!#t!es ,/e!e it fits-
!ec.$ 1ntroduction ) *age $'
.- H$erarc5) o& DN9 O&&s5ore 3#+l$cat$ons
.-. DNV Offs/o!e 2"li#ations a!e o!ganiGed a##o!ding to a t/!ee-le+el do#)ent /ie!a!#/(. ,it/ t/ese
)ain feat!es0
1 2!in#i*les and *!o#ed!es !elated to DNVMs #e!tifi#ation and +e!ifi#ation se!+i#es a!e se*a!ate f!o)
te#/ni#al !e3i!e)ents and a!e *!esented in DNV Offs/o!e Se!+i#e S*e#ifi#ations
1 Te#/ni#al !e3i!e)ents a!e issed as self-#ontained DNV Offs/o!e Standa!ds
1 Asso#iated *!od#t do#)ents a!e issed as DNV Re#o))ended 2!a#ti#es-
.-.% T/e /ie!a!#/( in N1-A-1O is designed ,it/ t/ese o";e#ti+es0
1 Offs/o!e Se!+i#e S*e#ifi#ations *!esent t/e s#o*e and eDtent of DNVMs se!+i#es
1 Offs/o!e Standa!ds a!e issed as net!al te#/ni#al standa!ds to ena"le t/ei! se "( national at/o!ities. as
inte!national #odes and as #o)*an( o! *!o;e#t s*e#ifi#ations ,it/ot !efe!en#e to DNVMs se!+i#es
1 T/e Re#o))ended 2!a#ti#es *!o+ide DNVMs inte!*!etation of safe enginee!ing *!a#ti#e fo! gene!al se "(
indst!(-
G#$dance note@
T/e latest !e+ision of all DNV do#)ents )a( "e fond in t/e list of *"li#ations on t/e DNV ,e" site ,,,-dn+-#o)-
Ne, DNV do#)ents. !efe!en#ed in t/is standa!d. "t not (et in effe#t "( 7a( %013. a!e indi#ated "( italics-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
% Re&erences
%. General
%.. T/e DNV do#)ents listed in Ta"le 1-1 and Ta"le 1-% and t/e !e#ogniGed #odes and standa!ds in Ta"le
1-3 a!e !efe!!ed to in t/is standa!d-
%..% T/e latest +alid !e+ision of ea#/ of t/e DNV !efe!en#e do#)ents in Ta"le 1-1 and Ta"le 1-% a**lies-
Ta+le 8 DN9 Standards* O&&s5ore Standards* R#les &or Class$&$cat$on and R#les &or Cert$&$cat$on
Reference Title
DNV-OS-A101 Safet( 2!in#i*les and A!!ange)ents
DNV-OS-8101 7etalli# 7ate!ials
DNV-OS-9101 Design of Offs/o!e Steel St!#t!es. 4ene!al F<RFD 7et/od5
DNV-OS-9103 St!#t!al Design of 9ol)n Sta"ilised $nits F<RFD 7et/od5
DNV-OS-910@ St!#t!al Design of T<2s F<RFD 7et/od5
DNV-OS-910A St!#t!al Design of Dee* D!ag/t Floating $nitsJS*a!s F<RFD and WSD 7et/od5
DNV-OS-9301 Sta"ilit( and Wate!tig/t Integ!it(
DNV-OS-9?01 Fa"!i#ation and Testing of Offs/o!e St!#t!es
DNV-OS-9@01 9o)*osite 9o)*onents
DNV-OS-9@0% 9on#!ete St!#t!es
DNV-OS-D101 7a!ine and 7a#/ine!( S(ste)s and E3i*)ent
DNV-OS-D%01 Ele#t!i#al Installations
DNV-OS-D%0% Ato)ation. Safet(. and Tele#o))ni#ation S(ste)s
DNV-OS-E301 2osition 7oo!ing
DNV-OS-E30% Offs/o!e 7oo!ing 9/ain
DNV-OS-E303 Offs/o!e Fi"!e Ro*es
DNV-OS-E30? Offs/o!e 7oo!ing Steel Wi!e Ro*es
DNV-OS-F%01 D(na)i# Rise!s
DNV-OS-H101 7a!ine O*e!ations. 4ene!al
DNV-OS-H10% 7a!ine O*e!ations. Design and Fa"!i#ation
DNV-OS-H%01 <oad T!ansfe! O*e!ations
D!"#S"$%&' <ifting O*e!ations
DNV-OS-J101 Design of Offs/o!e Wind T!"ine St!#t!es
DNV-DS-J10% Design and 7anfa#t!e of Wind T!"ine 8lades
Rles fo! 2lanning and EDe#tion of 7a!ine O*e!ations
Standa!d fo!
9e!tifi#ation No- %-%%
<ifting A**lian#es
!ec.$ 1ntroduction ) *age $&
Ta+le 8% DN9 Recommended 3ract$ces and Class$&$cat$on Notes
Reference Title
DNV-R2-A%03 6alifi#ation of Ne, Te#/nolog(
DNV-R2-9103 St!#t!al Design Of 9ol)n Sta"ilised $nits F<RFD 7et/od5
DNV-R2-910? Self-Ele+ating $nits
DNV-R2-9%01 8#'ling St!engt/ of 2lated St!#t!es
DNV-R2-9%0% 8#'ling St!engt/ of S/ells
DNV-R2-9%03 Fatige Design of Offs/o!e Steel St!#t!es
DNV-R2-9%0@ En+i!on)ental 9onditions and En+i!on)ental <oads
DNV-R2-9%0B Statisti#al Re*!esentation of Soil Data
DNV-R2-E301 Design and Installation of Fl'e An#/o!s in 9la(
DNV-R2-E30% Design and Installation of 2late An#/o!s in 9la(
DNV-R2-E303 4eote#/ni#al Design and Installation of S#tion An#/o!s in 9la(
D!"RP"()&* 9ondition 7anage)ent of Offs/o!e Fi"!e Ro*es
D!"RP"()&' Design. Testing and Anal(sis of Offs/o!e Fi"!e Ro*es
DNV-R2-F10B Ris' Assess)ent of 2i*eline 2!ote#tion
DNV-R2-F10C On-8otto) Sta"ilit( Design of S")a!ine 2i*elines
DNV-R2-F%03 Rise! Inte!fe!en#e
DNV-R2-F%0? Rise! Fatige
DNV-R2-F%0@ 4lo"al 2e!fo!)an#e Anal(sis of Dee*,ate! Floating St!#t!es
DNV-R2-F?01 Ele#t!i#al 2o,e! 9a"les in S"sea A**li#ations
DNV-R2-H101 Ris' 7anage)ent in 7a!ine and S"sea O*e!ations
DNV-R2-H103 7odelling and Anal(sis of 7a!ine O*e!ations
9lassifi#ation Notes
No- %0-1
Sta"ilit( do#)entation fo! a**!o+al
No- 30-?
Fondations
No- 30-B
Fatige Assess)ent of S/i* St!#t!es
Ta+le 8' Ot5er re&erences
Reference Title
ANSIJAS7E 81A-@ 2i*e Flanges and Flanged Fittings
A2I S*e#- 1AA S*e#ifi#ation fo! D!ill T/!og/ E3i*)ent
A2I S*e#- 1BJ S*e#ifi#ation fo! $n"onded FleDi"le 2i*e
A2I S*e#- 1B<1 S*e#ifi#ation of FleDi"le 2i*e An#illa!( E3i*)ent
A2I R2 %T 2lanning. Designing and 9onst!#ting Tension <eg 2latfo!)s
8S BC10 4ide on )et/ods fo! assessing t/e a##e*ta"ilit( of fla,s in fsion ,elded st!#t!es
DNV-OSS-10% Rles fo! 9lassifi#ation of Floating 2!od#tion. Sto!age and <oading $nits
EE7$A 1C? 4idelines fo! )ate!ials sele#tion and #o!!osion #ont!ol fo! s"sea oil and gas *!od#tion
e3i*)ent
EN 1@3B EDe#tion of s*e#ial geote#/ni#al ,o!' H 4!ond An#/o!s
EN 1CC3-1-1 E!o#ode 30 Design of steel st!#t!es H 2a!t 10 4ene!al !les and !les fo! "ildings
EN 1CC3-1-E E!o#ode 30 Design of steel st!#t!es H 2a!t E0 Design of ;oints
EN 1CCB-1 E!o#ode B0 4eote#/ni#al Design H 2a!t 10 4ene!al !les
IE9 A1?00-1 Wind T!"ines H 2a!t 10 Design !e3i!e)ents
IE9 A1?00-3 Wind T!"ines H 2a!t 30 Design !e3i!e)ents fo! offs/o!e ,ind t!"ines
IE9 A1EC%-A 7o"ile and fiDed offs/o!e nits H Ele#t!i#al installations H 2a!t A0 Installation
I7O 7S9J9i!#-10%3
7E29J9i!#-3C%
4idelines fo! Fo!)al Safet( Assess)ent
ISO ECE-1 7e#/ani#al *!o*e!ties of fastene!s )ade of #a!"on steel and allo( steel H 2a!t 10 8olts. s#!e,s
and stds ,it/ s*e#ified *!o*e!t( #lasses H 9oa!se t/!ead and fine *in#/ t/!ead
ISO 13A%E-@ 2et!ole) and nat!al gas indst!ies H Design and o*e!ation of s"sea *!od#tion s(ste)s H 2a!t
@0 S"sea )"ili#als
!ec.$ 1ntroduction ) *age $+
' De&$n$t$ons
'. 9er+al &orms
'.. Shall: Indi#ates a )andato!( !e3i!e)ent to "e follo,ed fo! flfil)ent o! #o)*lian#e ,it/ t/e *!esent
standa!d- De+iations a!e not *e!)itted nless fo!)all( and !igo!osl( ;stified. and a##e*ted "( all !ele+ant
#ont!a#ting *a!ties-
'..% Should: Indi#ates a !e#o))endation t/at a #e!tain #o!se of a#tion is *!efe!!ed o! is *a!ti#la!l( sita"le-
Alte!nati+e #o!ses of a#tion a!e allo,a"le nde! t/e standa!d ,/e!e ag!eed "et,een #ont!a#ting *a!ties. "t
s/all "e ;stified and do#)ented-
'..' +ay: Indi#ates a *e!)ission. o! an o*tion. ,/i#/ is *e!)itted as *a!t of #onfo!)an#e ,it/ t/e standa!d-
'..( ,an: Re3i!e)ents ,it/ #an a!e #onditional and indi#ate a *ossi"ilit( to t/e se! of t/e standa!d-
'... -greement. or by agreement: $nless ot/e!,ise indi#ated. ag!eed in ,!iting "et,een #ont!a#to! and
*!#/ase!-
'.% Terms
'.%. -ccidental /imit States 0-/S1: Fo! a floating ,ind t!"ine nit. a##idental li)it states a!e s!+i+al
#onditions in a da)aged #ondition o! in t/e *!esen#e of nonlinea! en+i!on)ental #onditions-
'.%.% -rticulated tower: An a!ti#lated to,e! is fleDi"l( #onne#ted to t/e sea"ed t/!og/ a #a!dan ;oint and
/eld +e!ti#all( "( t/e "o(an#( fo!#e a#ting on it- T/e st!#t!e is f!ee to os#illate in an( di!e#tion and does
not t!ansfe! an( "ending )o)ent to its fondation-
'.%.' 2ell"mouth: Ta*e!ed se#tion at t/e end of a *i*e. often at t/e otlet of an I-t"e o! a J-t"e-
'.%.( 2ilge system0 S(ste) fo! *)*ing and !e)o+ing "ilge ,ate!-
'.%.. ,hinese fingers: 9a"le g!i* Fsto#'ing5. )ade * of "!aided ,i!e !o*e. sed to *ll o! s**o!t #a"le tension-
'.%.- ,o"directional: Te!) sed in t/e #onteDt of ,ind and ,a+es to indi#ate t/at t/e ,ind and t/e ,a+es a#t
in t/e sa)e di!e#tion- Anot/e! te!) is #ollinea!-
'.%.7 ,ollision ring: Inne! "l'/ead in t/e s*las/ Gone ,it/ t/e *!*ose of *!o+iding a se#ond "a!!ie! in #ase
of da)age o! !*t!e to eDte!nal /ll s'in-
'.%.: ,ompliant tower: A #o)*liant to,e! is a fleDi"le st!#t!e ,it/ a #ont!olled )ass and stiffness
#/a!a#te!isti#s so as to )itigate t/e effe#ts of ,ind. ,a+e and #!!ent fo!#es- Nat!al *e!iods a!e sall( g!eate!
t/an %@ se# so t/e( a!e gene!all( ,ell otside ,a+e *e!iods-
'.%.1 ,onnector arrangement: Asse)"l( of st!#t!al #o)*onents. one of ,/i#/ is *!e-installed on t/e floate!
st!#t!e and one of ,/i#/ is asse)"led to t/e #a"le end d!ing installation. designed to t!ansfe!s #a"le loads
to t/e floate! st!#t!e t/!og/ot t/e s*e#ified se!+i#e life of t/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste)-
'.%." Deep Draught 3loater 0DD31: S*a! o! si)ila! t(*e *latfo!) ,it/ a !elati+el( la!ge d!ag/t #o)*a!ed
to s/i*-s/a*ed floate!s and se)is")e!si"les-
'.%. Deep water: Dee* ,ate!s a!e #/a!a#te!iGed "( ,a+elengt/s s/o!te! t/an a"ot t,i#e t/e ,ate! de*t/-
'.%.% 3atigue /imit States 03/S1: Fatige #!a#' g!o,t/ and asso#iated fail!e of st!#t!al details de to
st!ess #on#ent!ation and da)age a##)lation nde! t/e a#tion of !e*eated loading-
'.%.' 3loating wind turbine unit: Te!) sed fo! t/e enti!e s(ste) #onsisting of ,ind t!"ine. floating s**o!t
st!#t!e and station 'ee*ing s(ste)- A s(ste) of t,o o! )o!e ,ind t!"ines )onted on t/e sa)e floate! is
!e#'oned as one floating ,ind t!"ine nit- T/e te!) is also sed in #ases. ,/e!e t/e s**o!t st!#t!e is of a
'ind t/at t/e floating ,ind t!"ine is onl( *a!tl( s**o!ted "( "o(an#(. fo! eDa)*le ,/en t/e s**o!t
st!#t!e #onsists of an a!ti#lated to,e! o! a #o)*liant to,e!-
'.%.( $eel: A tilt. as of a "oat. to one sideI sed /e!e in t/e #onteDt of ,ind /eeling ,/en floating sta"ilit( is
t/e isse-
ISO 1CC01-% 2et!ole) and nat!al gas indst!ies H S*e#ifi# !e3i!e)ents fo! offs/o!e st!#t!es H 2a!t %0
Seis)i# design *!o#ed!es and #!ite!ia
NORSOK N-00? Design of steel st!#t!es
NORSOK N-00A Assess)ent of st!#t!al integ!it( fo! eDisting offs/o!e load-"ea!ing st!#t!es
2TI D93@-1 Re#o))endations fo! 2!est!essed Ro#' and Soil An#/o!s
!ec.$ 1ntroduction ) *age $,
'.%.. $igh fre4uency: F!e3en#( "and !elating to fast-+a!(ing !es*onses ,it/ f!e3en#ies a"o+e t/e t(*i#al
,a+e f!e3en#( !ange- EDa)*les in#lde !inging and s*!inging !es*onses in T<2s-
'.%.- /ightweight: T/e in+a!ia"le ,eig/t of t/e floating st!#t!eI i-e- t/e "asis fo! #al#lating t/e loading
#onditions fo! e+alation of floating sta"ilit(- An#/o!s and #a"les a!e to "e eD#lded f!o) t/e lig/t,eig/t and
a!e instead to "e in#lded in t/e loading #onditions as +a!ia"le loads-
'.%.7 /ow fre4uency: F!e3en#( "and !elating to slo,l( +a!(ing !es*onses ,it/ f!e3en#ies "elo, t/e t(*i#al
,a+e f!e3en#( !ange- EDa)*les of s#/ slo,l( +a!(ing !es*onses in#lde slo,l( +a!(ing s!ge and s,a(
)otions of #ol)n-sta"iliGed and s/i*-s/a*ed nits and slo,l( +a!(ing !oll and *it#/ )otions of dee* d!ag/t
floate!-
'.%.: +athieu instability: 7at/ie insta"ilit( F7I5 is a t(*e of insta"ilit( ,/i#/ is #ased "( #o*ling
"et,een t/e /ea+e and *it#/ )otions- 7I t(*i#all( o##!s as t/e !eslt of la!ge /ea+e )otion if t/e nat!al
*e!iod of /ea+e )otion #o)es #lose o! e3al to /alf t/e nat!al *e!iod of *it#/. #asing t/e *it#/ )otion to
in#!ease signifi#antl(-
'.%.1 +isalignment: Wind and ,a+e )isalign)ent is a te!) ,/i#/ designates t/at t/e ,ind and t/e ,a+es at
a gi+en *oint in ti)e and s*a#e a!e not #o-di!e#tional. i-e- t/e( a#t o! *!o*agate in diffe!ent di!e#tions-
7isalign)ent is also sed as a te!) fo! t/e de+iation "et,een )ean ,ind di!e#tion and !oto! aDis-
'.%.%" +ooring line: St!ong slende! line. s#/ as #/ain. !o*e o! ,i!e. in #atena!( and tat )oo!ing s(ste)s of
floating nits- Note t/at tendons sed fo! T<2s a!e not !efe!!ed to as )oo!ing lines-
'.%.% #perational ballast water level: 8allast ,ate! le+el in floate! in t/e *e!)anent o*e!ational #ondition on
site- T/e "allast ,ate! le+el t/at is intended to "e sed fo! ins*e#tion and !e*ai! )ig/t "e a "allast ,ate! le+el
otside t/e !ange of o*e!ational "allast ,ate! le+els-
'.%.%% #perational draught: D!ag/t of floate! in t/e *e!)anent o*e!ational #ondition on site- T/e d!ag/t
t/at is intended to "e sed fo! ins*e#tion and !e*ai! )ig/t "e a d!ag/t otside t/e !ange of o*e!ational
d!ag/ts-
'.%.%' P"delta effect: T/e 2- o! 2-delta effe#t !efe!s to t/e #/anges in o+e!t!ning )o)ent. s/ea! fo!#e andJ
o! t/e aDial fo!#e dist!i"tion of a st!#t!e o! st!#t!al #o)*onent ,/en it is s";e#t to a late!al dis*la#e)ent-
T/e 2-delta effe#t is a desta"iliGing )o)ent e3al to t/e fo!#e of g!a+it( )lti*lied "( t/e /o!iGontal
dis*la#e)ent a st!#t!e nde!goes as a !eslt of a late!al dis*la#e)ent-
'.%.%( Power cable components: All #o)*onents t/at #onstitte t/e #a"le #!oss-se#tion. s#/ as #ond#to!s.
inslation. ta*es. a!)o! ,i!es. and s/eat/-
'.%.%. Power cable system0 9o)*lete *o,e! #a"le ,it/ te!)inations and *e!)anent #o)*onents. s#/ as
#onne#to! at floate! inte!fa#e. "end stiffene!. "o(an#( )odles. and "end !est!i#to!s-
'.%.%- Redundancy: T/e a"ilit( of a #o)*onent o! s(ste) to )aintain o! !esto!e its fn#tion ,/en a fail!e of
a )e)"e! o! #onne#tion /as o##!!ed- Redndan#( )a( "e a#/ie+ed fo! instan#e "( st!engt/ening o!
int!od#ing alte!nati+e load *at/s- Fo! eDa)*le. if one )oo!ing line in a )oo!ing s(ste) is lost and t/e
!e)aining *a!t of t/e )oo!ing s(ste) )eets t/e A<S #!ite!ion. ,/i#/ is s!+i+al fo! at least a one-(ea! load.
t/en t/e initial nda)aged )oo!ing s(ste) is said to /a+e !edndan#(-
'.%.%7 Return period: T/e a+e!age ti)e "et,een t,o e+ents #/a!a#te!iGed "( a gi+en )agnitde- 7eas!ed in
n)"e! of (ea!s. t/e !et!n *e!iod is t/e in+e!se of t/e annal *!o"a"ilit( of eD#eedan#e of an e+ent s#/ as t/e
o##!!en#e of a ,a+e /eig/t. i-e- a @0-(ea! ,a+e /eig/t /as a %P *!o"a"ilit( of "eing eD#eeded in an( one (ea!-
'.%.%: Serviceability /imit States 0S/S1: Dis!*tion of no!)al o*e!ations de to dete!io!ation o! loss of !otine
fn#tionalit(- T/e S<S i)*l( defo!)ations in eD#ess of tole!an#e ,it/ot eD#eeding t/e load-#a!!(ing
#a*a#it(. i-e-. t/e( #o!!es*ond to tole!an#e #!ite!ia a**li#a"le to no!)al se and d!a"ilit(- $na##e*ta"le
defo!)ations and eD#essi+e +i"!ations a!e t(*i#al eDa)*les of t/e S<S-
'.%.%1 Set"down: Set-do,n denotes t/e 'ine)ati# #o*ling "et,een t/e /o!iGontal s!geJs,a( )otions and t/e
+e!ti#al /ea+e )otions-
'.%.'" Shallow water: S/allo, ,ate!s a!e #/a!a#te!iGed "( ,a+elengt/s g!eate! t/an 10 ti)es t/e ,ate! de*t/-
'.%.' Station 5eeping system: S(ste) to )aintain a floating st!#t!e in a fiDed *osition !elati+e to a fiDed
*oint o! ,it/in a defined se#to! !elati+e to t/e fiDed *oint- T/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) in#ldes t/e )oo!ing
lines o! tendons. as a**li#a"le. as ,ell as t/e an#/o! fondations t/at t!ansfe! fo!#es f!o) t/e s(ste) to t/e
sea"ed-
'.%.'% Tendon: St!#t!al #o)*onent sed as *a!t of t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) fo! a T<2I also !efe!!ed to as
tet/e!-
!ec.$ 1ntroduction ) *age $-
'.%.'' Tension /eg Platform 0T/P1: Ve!ti#all( )oo!ed floating st!#t!e ,/ose station 'ee*ing s(ste)
#onsists of tet/e!s o! tendons an#/o!ed at t/e sea"ed-
'.%.'( 6ltimate /imit States 06/S1: Fail!e o! #olla*se of all o! *a!t of st!#t!e de to loss of st!#t!al
stiffness o! eD#eedan#e of load-#a!!(ing #a*a#it(- O+e!t!ning. #a*siGing. (ielding and "#'ling a!e t(*i#al
eDa)*les of t/e $<S-
'.%.'. 7ave fre4uency motion: 7otion ind#ed "( fi!st-o!de! ,a+e loads in t/e f!e3en#( !ange of t/e
in#o)ing ,a+es-
'.%.'- 7ave fre4uency: F!e3en#( "and a**li#a"le to !es*onses of offs/o!e st!#t!es lo#ated in t/e ,a+e
a#ti+e Gone. #o!!es*onding to t/e f!e3en#( !ange of t/e in#o)ing ,a+es. t(*i#all( !es*onses ,it/ *e!iods
"et,een ? s and %@ s-
'.%.'7 7ind heeling moment: 2!od#t of ,ind fo!#e and ,ind fo!#e a!) ,/i#/ *!od#es t/e /eel in 3estion-
'.%.': 7ind turbine: S(ste) ,/i#/ #on+e!ts 'ineti# ene!g( in t/e ,ind into ele#t!i#al ene!g(- In t/is standa!d
t/e te!) is sed to designate t/e !oto!na#elle asse)"l(-
'.%.'1 7ind Turbine Structure: Te!) denoting t/e s**o!t st!#t!e of a ,ind t!"ine. i-e- t/e to,e!. t/e
s"st!#t!e. t/e fondation fo! "otto)-fiDed s"st!#t!es and t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) fo! floating
s"st!#t!es. "t eD#lding t/e ,ind t!"ine Ft/e !oto!na#elle asse)"l(5 itself-
( Acron)ms* A++re,$at$ons and S)m+ols
(. Acron)ms and a++re,$at$ons
(.. A#!on()s and a""!e+iations as gi+en in Ta"le 1-? a!e sed in t/is offs/o!e standa!d-
Ta+le 8( Acron)ms and a++re,$at$ons
Short form 8n full
3-T Tension. ti)e and te)*e!at!e
9 9o)*liant
9O4 9ent!e of 4!a+it(
9OV 9oeffi#ient of Va!iation
DAE Diffe!ential Alge"!ai# E3ation
DDF Dee* D!ag/t Floate!
DFF Design fatige fa#to!
DOF Deg!ees of F!eedo)
EE7$A Enginee!ing E3i*)ent and 7ate!ials $se!sM Asso#iation
EO4 EDt!e)e O*e!ating 4st
FE7 Finite ele)ent )et/od
F< Floate!
F7E9A Fail!e )odes. effe#ts and #!iti#alit( anal(sis
FOR7 Fi!st O!de! Relia"ilit( 7et/od
FSD Fn#tional s(ste) design
4DW 4ene!aliGed D(na)i# Wa'e
47 7eta#ent!i# /eig/t
4SI 4eologi#al St!engt/ IndeD
HAT Hig/est Ast!ono)i#al Tide
HAWT Ho!iGontal ADis Wind T!"ine
HF Hig/ f!e3en#(
HRDDF Hea+e !est!ained DDF
HRT<2 Hea+e !est!ained T<2
IE9 Inte!national Ele#t!ote#/ni#al 9o))ission
I7O Inte!national 7a!iti)e O!ganiGation
I29 Indi+idal 2it#/ 9ont!olle!
ISO Inte!national O!ganiGation of Standa!diGation
<AT <o,est Ast!ono)i#al Tide
<F <o, f!e3en#(
<RFD <oad and !esistan#e fa#to! design
!ec.$ 1ntroduction ) *age $.
(.% S)m+ols
(.%. <atin #/a!a#te!s
7I 7at/ie insta"ilit(
7W< 7ean Wate! <e+el
NA Not A**li#a"le
NDT Non-dest!#ti+e testing
OS DNV Offs/o!e Standa!d
2TI 2ost-Tensioning Institte
6TF 6ad!ati# T!ansfe! Fn#tion
R Rest!ained
R7R Ro#' 7ass Rating
ROV Re)otel( o*e!ated +e/i#le
R6D Ro#' 6alit( Designation
SKS Station Kee*ing S(ste)
S7TS S*e#ified )ini)) tensile st!engt/
S7QS S*e#ified )ini)) (ield st!engt/
SW< Still Wate! <e+el
T<2 Tension <eg 2latfo!)
VAWT Ve!ti#al ADis Wind T!"ine
V94 Ve!ti#al 9ent!e of 4!a+it(
VI7 Vo!teD ind#ed )otions
VIV Vo!teD ind#ed +i"!ations
WF Wa+e f!e3en#(
WSD Wo!'ing st!ess design
WT Wind T!"ine
a 9oeffi#ient
a
+
Ve!ti#al a##ele!ation
" 9oeffi#ient
# Wa+e #ele!it(
e Void !atio
f F!e3en#(
g. g
0
A##ele!ation of g!a+it(
/
o
Ve!ti#al distan#e
' Wa+e n)"e!
n N)"e! of sa)*les
n
9
N)"e! of a**lied #(#les
* 2!ess!e
*
d
Design *!ess!e
*
e
D(na)i# Fen+i!on)ental5 sea *!ess!e
*
s
Stati# sea *!ess!e
*
d(n
D(na)i# *!ess!e
s
$nd!ained s/ea! st!engt/ of #la(

t Ti)e
Wind s*eed
G Heig/t. +e!ti#al distan#e
G
"
Ve!ti#al distan#e
A
!oto!
S,e*t !oto! a!ea
9
T
T/!st #oeffi#ient
D Defo!)ation load
D Standa!d de+iation o*e!ato!
D
9
9/a!a#te!isti# #)lati+e da)age
D
D
Design #)lati+e da)age
!ec.$ 1ntroduction ) *age $/
(.%.% 4!ee' #/a!a#te!s
D
D
Ve!ti#al distan#e
E En+i!on)ental load
E ED*e#ted +ale o*e!ato!
F <oad
F
8
9/a!a#te!isti# "!ea'ing st!engt/ of )oo!ing line
F
d
Design load
F
d.,l
Design load on ,indlass
F
'
9/a!a#te!isti# load
4 2e!)anent load
H Wa+e /eig/t
H
S
Signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t
N N)"e! of sea states
N
9
N)"e! of #(#les to fail!e
6 Va!ia"le fn#tional load
R Roto! !adis
R Resistan#e
R
#
9/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e
R
d
Design !esistan#e
R
'
9/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e
S <oad effe#t
S 2o,e! s*e#t!al densit(
S
#
9/a!a#te!isti# load effe#t
S
9
9/a!a#te!isti# #a*a#it( of )oo!ing line
S
d
Design load effe#t
S
'
9/a!a#te!isti# load effe#t
S
)"s
7ini)) "!ea'ing st!engt/
T D!ation
T Wa+e *e!iod
T
#.)ean
9/a!a#te!isti# )ean tension
T
#.d(n
9/a!a#te!isti# d(na)i# tension
T
d
Design tension
T
E
EDt!e)e o*e!ational d!ag/t
T
2
2ea' *e!iod
T
R
Ret!n *e!iod
T
S
D!ation of sea state
T
R
Re!o-*#!ossing *e!iod
$
10
10-)inte )ean ,ind s*eed
V Wind s*eed
V
gst
Refe!en#e ,ind s*eed fo! gst
S#ale *a!a)ete!
S/a*e *a!a)ete!
M S")e!ged nit ,eig/t of soil
#
9onse3en#e fa#to!
f
<oad fa#to!
)
7ate!ial fa#to!
F!i#tion angle
$tiliGation fa#to!
Angle
Wa+elengt/
7ean +ale
!ec.$ 1ntroduction ) *age $0
. T)/$cal Floaters and 0o#ndar) Cond$t$ons
.. General
... S**o!t st!#t!es fo! floating ,ind t!"ines )a( eit/e! "e #o)*liant. o! !est!ained fo! so)e of t/e glo"al
)odes of )otionsI s!ge. s,a(. /ea+e. !oll. *it#/ and (a,- Fo! eas( !efe!en#e. Ta"le 1-@ s/o,s t/e diffe!ent
floate! t(*es ,it/ "asis in floating offs/o!e st!#t!es- T/is o+e!+ie, )a( not #o+e! all *ossi"le soltionsI
/o,e+e!. t/e )ain t(*es a!e "elie+ed to "e #a*t!ed- Rest!ained )odes ,ill not i)*l( a total fiDation. "t
dis*la#e)ents in t/e o!de! of #enti)et!es ,ill "e de!i+ed Fe-g- an elasti# st!et#/ of a T<2 tendon5 #o)*a!ed to
dis*la#e)ent in t/e o!de! of )et!es fo! a #o)*liant )ode-
T/e siD glo"al )odes of )otion !efe!en#ed in Ta"le 1-@ a!e illst!ated in Fig!e 1-1-
In Ta"le 1-@. 9 denotes #o)*liant and R denotes !est!ained-
2oissonMs !atio
Densit( of sea,ate!. densit( of ai!
Standa!d de+iation
d
Design )ate!ial st!engt/
'
9/a!a#te!isti# )ate!ial st!engt/
$
Standa!d de+iation of ,ind s*eed
Angla! ,a+e f!e3en#(
St!ess !ange
Ta+le 8. T)/$cal &loaters and +o#ndar) cond$t$ons
Type Surge Sway $eave Roll Pitch 9aw
Dee* D!ag/t Floate!s FDDF5
15
9 9 9 9 9 9
Se)i s")e!si"les 9 9 9 9 9 9
8a!ges 9 9 9 9 9 9
Tension <eg 2latfo!)s FT<25 9 9 R R R 9
Hea+e Rest!ained T<2 FHRT<25
%5
9 9 R 9 9 9
Hea+e Rest!ained DDF FHRDDF5
35
9 9 R 9 9 9
S/i* s/a*ed 9 9 9 9 9 9
T!ss st!#t!es 9 9 9 9 9 9
A!ti#lated to,e!
?5
9 9 R 9 9 9
9o)*liant to,e!
?5
9 9 R R R R
15 9lassi#. T!ss : 9ell S*a!. dee* d!ag/t se)i. "o(s
%5 S*e#ial t(*e T<2 ,/i#/ /as not "een "ilt. "t *!o*osed and de+elo*ed to a #e!tain le+el
35 S*e#ial t(*e DDF
?5 T/ese st!#t!es a!e fiDed to t/e sea"ed as fiDed st!#t!es. "t ses "o(an#( as a +ital *a!t of t/e load"ea!ing s(ste)
!ec.$ 1ntroduction ) *age '%
F$g#re 8
DOFs o& a &loat$ng w$nd t#r+$ne
S!ge
T!anslation along t/e longitdinal aDis F)ain ,ind
di!e#tion5
S,a(
T!anslation along t/e late!al aDis Ft!ans+e!sal to t/e )ain
,ind di!e#tion5
Hea+e T!anslation along t/e +e!ti#al aDis
Roll Rotation a"ot t/e longitdinal aDis
2it#/ Rotation a"ot t/e late!al aDis
Qa, Rotation a"ot t/e +e!ti#al aDis
!ec.' !afety *hilosophy and Design *rinciples ) *age '$
SECT!ON % SAFET2 3H!4OSO3H2 AND DES!GN 3R!NC!34ES
!ntrod#ct$on
. O+Aect$,e
.. T/e *!*ose of t/is se#tion is to *!esent t/e safet( */iloso*/( and t/e #o!!es*onding design *!in#i*les
a**lied in t/is standa!d-
.% A//l$cat$on
.%. T/is se#tion a**lies to all floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es ,/i#/ a!e to "e designed in a##o!dan#e ,it/
t/is standa!d-
% Sa&et) 35$loso/5)
%. Sa&et) class met5odolog)
%.. In t/is standa!d. st!#t!al safet( is ens!ed "( se of a safet( #lass )et/odolog(- T/e st!#t!e to "e
designed is #lassified into a safet( #lass "ased on t/e fail!e #onse3en#es- T/e #lassifi#ation is no!)all(
dete!)ined "( t/e *!*ose of t/e st!#t!e- Fo! ea#/ safet( #lass. a ta!get safet( le+el #an "e defined in te!)s
of an annal *!o"a"ilit( of fail!e-
%..% T/!ee safet( #lasses a!e defined- <o, safet( #lass is sed fo! st!#t!es. ,/ose fail!es i)*l( lo, !is'
of /)an in;!(. )ino! en+i!on)ental #onse3en#es. )ino! e#ono)i# #onse3en#es and negligi"le !is' to
/)an life- No!)al safet( #lass is sed fo! st!#t!es. ,/ose fail!es i)*l( so)e !is' fo! /)an in;!(. so)e
en+i!on)ental *olltion o! signifi#ant e#ono)i# #onse3en#es- Hig/ safet( #lass is sed fo! st!#t!es. ,/ose
fail!es i)*l( la!ge *ossi"ilities fo! /)an in;!ies o! fatalities. fo! signifi#ant en+i!on)ental *olltion o!
)a;o! so#ietal losses. o! +e!( la!ge e#ono)i# #onse3en#es- Fo! floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es. ,/i#/ a!e
n)anned d!ing se+e!e en+i!on)ental loading #onditions. t/e #onse3en#es of fail!e a!e )ainl( of an
e#ono)i# nat!e-
%..' $nless ot/e!,ise s*e#ified. t/e floating st!#t!e and its station 'ee*ing s(ste) s/all "e designed to
no!)al safet( #lass- T/is !e3i!e)ent !efle#ts t/at t/e floating st!#t!e is n)anned d!ing se+e!e
en+i!on)ental loading #onditions-
%..( Fo! station 'ee*ing s(ste)s ,it/ot !edndan#(. t/e design of t/e +a!ios #o)*onents of t/e station
'ee*ing s(ste) s/all "e #a!!ied ot to a safet( #lass ,/i#/ is at least one safet( #lass /ig/e! t/an t/e one
s*e#ified in N%-1-3O- T/is i)*lies t/at station 'ee*ing s(ste)s ,it/ot !edndan#( s/all "e designed to /ig/
safet( #lass-
G#$dance note@
T/e isse of !edndan#( of t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) is dealt ,it/ in Se#-E N1-1O-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%... Design of se#onda!( st!#t!es s#/ as ladde!s. fende!s and "oat landings #an "e #a!!ied ot to lo, safet(
#lass-
%..- T/e diffe!ent safet( #lasses a**li#a"le fo! diffe!ent *a!ts of t/e floating nits and t/ei! station 'ee*ing
s(ste)s a!e !efle#ted in te!)s of diffe!ent !e3i!e)ents fo! load fa#to!s- T/e !e3i!e)ents fo! )ate!ial fa#to!s
sall( !e)ain n#/anged !ega!dless of ,/i#/ safet( #lass is a**li#a"le fo! a *a!ti#la! ,ind fa!) o! st!#t!e
in 3estion-
%..7 T/e *!o+isions gi+en in N%-1-1O to N%-1-@O a!e "ased on t/e ass)*tion t/at t/e floating ,ind t!"ine nit
is n)anned d!ing se+e!e en+i!on)ental loading #onditions- It s/all "e assessed ,/et/e! t/is ass)*tion is
flfilled- W/en it is assessed t/at t/e!e is a !is' t/at t/e floating ,ind t!"ine nit )a( "e )anned d!ing se+e!e
en+i!on)ental #onditions. all #o)*onents of t/e floating ,ind t!"ine nit and its station 'ee*ing s(ste) s/all
"e designed to /ig/ safet( #lass- T/is !e3i!e)ent #an "e ,ai+ed if a !is' )itigation to allo, fo! no!)al
n)anned o*e!ation #an "e i)*le)ented-
G#$dance note@
Alt/og/ t/e intention )a( "e to 'ee* t/e floating ,ind t!"ine nit n)anned d!ing se+e!e en+i!on)ental
#onditions. )anned nits d!ing s#/ se+e!e en+i!on)ental #onditions )a( "e a *ossi"ilit( fo! ,ind fa!)s lo#ated fa!
a,a( f!o) an( s/o!e fo! ,/i#/ t/e!e )a( "e a !is' t/at )aintenan#e *e!sonnel )a( "e st!anded on nits in t/e ,ind
fa!) in "ad ,eat/e!-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
!ec.' !afety *hilosophy and Design *rinciples ) *age ''
%.% Target sa&et)
%.%. T/e ta!get safet( le+el fo! st!#t!al design of floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es and t/ei! station 'ee*ing
s(ste)s is a no)inal annal *!o"a"ilit( of fail!e of 10
3
in lo, safet( #lass. of 10
?
in no!)al safet( #lass.
and of 10
@
in /ig/ safet( #lass- T/ese ta!get safet( le+els a!e ai)ed at fo! st!#t!es. ,/ose fail!es a!e d#tile.
and ,/i#/ /a+e so)e !ese!+e #a*a#it(- T/ese ta!get safet( le+els a**l( to st!#t!es ,/i#/ a!e #o!!e#tl(
*lanned and "ilt. i-e- ,it/ot s(ste)ati# e!!o!s-
G#$dance note@
T/e ta!get safet( le+el is t/e safet( le+el ai)ed at fo! t/e enti!e st!#t!e and ,ill in *!a#ti#e also "e t/e safet( le+el
fo! indi+idal fail!e )odes. sin#e one fail!e )ode is sall( do)inating- It is intended fo! se "ot/ in #ase of lo#al
fail!es in /ot s*ots and in #ase of fail!es ,it/ s(ste) effe#ts. s#/ as fail!e in t/e ,ea'est lin' of a )oo!ing line-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%.' Ro+#stness
%.'. Ro"stness against *ossi"le s(ste)ati# e!!o!s is desi!a"le and st!#t!es s/old "e designed ,it/ t/is in
)ind-
%.'.% T/e less )at!e t/e te#/nolog(. t/e la!ge! is t/e need fo! !o"stness. e-g- in te!)s of !edndan#(- It is
!e#o))ended to #onside! int!od#ing s#/ !o"stness in t/e #ase of floate! #on#e*ts and te#/nologies ,/i#/
a!e not *!o+en o! a!e ot/e!,ise i))at!e-
G#$dance note@
It ta'es ti)e fo! te#/nolog( to )at!e. )a("e * to ten (ea!s. fo! eDa)*le tested "( eD*e!ien#e-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
' Des$gn 3r$nc$/les and Des$gn Cond$t$ons
'. 6et5ods &or str#ct#ral des$gn
'.. T/e follo,ing design *!in#i*les and design )et/ods fo! li)it state design of floating ,ind t!"ine
st!#t!es a!e a**lied in t/is standa!d0
1 design "( *a!tial safet( fa#to! )et/od
1 design assisted "( testing
1 *!o"a"ilit(-"ased design-
'..% 4ene!al design #onside!ations !ega!dless of design )et/od a!e also gi+en in N3-3-1O-
'..' T/is standa!d is "ased on t/e *a!tial safet( fa#to! )et/od. ,/i#/ is "ased on se*a!ate assess)ent of t/e
load effe#t in t/e st!#t!e de to ea#/ a**lied load *!o#ess- T/e standa!d allo,s fo! design "( di!e#t si)lation
of t/e #o)"ined load effe#t of si)ltaneosl( a**lied load *!o#esses. ,/i#/ is sefl in #ases ,/e!e it is not
feasi"le to #a!!( ot se*a!ate assess)ents of t/e diffe!ent indi+idal *!o#ess-s*e#ifi# load effe#ts-
'..( As an alte!nati+e o! as a s**le)ent to anal(ti#al )et/ods. dete!)ination of load effe#ts o! !esistan#e
)a( in so)e #ases "e "ased eit/e! on testing o! on o"se!+ation of st!#t!al *e!fo!)an#e of )odels o! fll-s#ale
st!#t!es-
'... St!#t!al !elia"ilit( anal(sis )et/ods fo! di!e#t *!o"a"ilit(-"ased design a!e )ainl( #onside!ed as
a**li#a"le to s*e#ial #ase design *!o"le)s. to #ali"!ate t/e load and !esistan#e fa#to!s to "e sed in t/e *a!tial
safet( fa#to! )et/od. and to design fo! #onditions ,/e!e li)ited eD*e!ien#e eDists-
'.% A$m o& t5e des$gn
'.%. St!#t!es and st!#t!al ele)ents s/all "e designed to0
1 sstain loads lia"le to o##! d!ing all te)*o!a!(. o*e!ating and da)aged #onditions if !e3i!ed
1 ens!e a##e*ta"le safet( of st!#t!e d!ing t/e design life of t/e st!#t!e
1 )aintain a##e*ta"le safet( fo! *e!sonnel and en+i!on)ent
1 /a+e ade3ate d!a"ilit( against dete!io!ation d!ing t/e design life of t/e st!#t!e-
'.' Des$gn cond$t$ons
'.'. T/e design of a st!#t!al s(ste). its #o)*onents and details s/all satisf( t/e follo,ing !e3i!e)ents0
1 !esistan#e against !ele+ant )e#/ani#al. */(si#al and #/e)i#al dete!io!ation is a#/ie+ed
1 fa"!i#ation and #onst!#tion #o)*l( ,it/ !ele+ant. !e#ogniGed te#/ni3es and *!a#ti#e
1 ins*e#tion. )aintenan#e and !e*ai! a!e *ossi"le-
!ec.' !afety *hilosophy and Design *rinciples ) *age '&
St!#t!es and st!#t!al #o)*onents s/all *ossess d#tile "e/a+io! nless t/e s*e#ified *!*ose !e3i!es
ot/e!,ise-
'.'.% St!#t!al #onne#tions a!e. in gene!al. to "e designed ,it/ t/e ai) to )ini)iGe st!ess #on#ent!ations and
!ed#e #o)*leD st!ess flo, *atte!ns-
( 4$m$t States
(. General
(.. A li)it state is a #ondition "e(ond ,/i#/ a st!#t!e o! st!#t!al #o)*onent ,ill no longe! satisf( t/e
design !e3i!e)ents-
(..% T/e follo,ing li)it states a!e #onside!ed in t/is standa!d0
6ltimate limit states 06/S1 #o!!es*onding to t/e )aDi)) load-#a!!(ing !esistan#e
3atigue limit states 03/S1 #o!!es*onding to fail!e de to t/e effe#t of #(#li# loading
-ccidental limit states 0-/S1 #o!!es*onding to s!+i+al #onditions in a da)aged #ondition o! in t/e *!esen#e of
nonlinea! en+i!on)ental #onditions
Serviceability limit states 0S/S1 #o!!es*onding to tole!an#e #!ite!ia a**li#a"le to intended se-
(..' EDa)*les of li)it states ,it/in ea#/ #atego!(0
6ltimate limit states 06/S1
1 loss of st!#t!al !esistan#e FeD#essi+e (ielding and "#'ling5
1 fail!e of #o)*onents de to "!ittle f!a#t!e
1 loss of stati# e3ili"!i) of t/e st!#t!e. o! of a *a!t of t/e st!#t!e. #onside!ed as a !igid "od(. e-g-
o+e!t!ning o! #a*siGing
1 fail!e of #!iti#al #o)*onents of t/e st!#t!e #ased "( eD#eeding t/e lti)ate !esistan#e F,/i#/ in so)e
#ases is !ed#ed de to !e*etiti+e loading5 o! t/e lti)ate defo!)ation of t/e #o)*onents
1 eD#essi+e defo!)ations #ased "( lti)ate loads
1 t!ansfo!)ation of t/e st!#t!e into a )e#/anis) F#olla*se o! eD#essi+e defo!)ation5-
3atigue limit states 03/S1
1 #)lati+e da)age de to !e*eated loads-
-ccidental limit states 0-/S1
1 st!#t!al da)age o! fail!e #ased "( a##idental loads
1 eD#eedan#e of lti)ate !esistan#e of da)aged st!#t!e
1 )aintain st!#t!al integ!it( afte! lo#al da)age o! flooding-
Serviceability limit states 0S/S1
1 defle#tions t/at )a( alte! t/e effe#t of t/e a#ting fo!#es
1 defo!)ations t/at )a( #/ange t/e dist!i"tion of loads "et,een s**o!ted !igid o";e#ts and t/e s**o!ting
st!#t!e
1 eD#essi+e +i"!ations *!od#ing dis#o)fo!t o! affe#ting non-st!#t!al #o)*onents
1 )otion t/at eD#eed t/e li)itation of e3i*)ent
1 te)*e!at!e-ind#ed defo!)ations-
(..( A##idental li)it states ,it/ a *!o"a"ilit( of o##!!en#e of less t/an 10
3
*e! (ea! and in+ol+ing onl( a
single floating ,ind t!"ine nit s/old "e #onside!ed as an S<S. i-e- it is * to t/e o,ne! of t/e nit to i)*!o+e
t/e st!#t!al integ!it( if !ele+ant f!o) an e#ono)i#al o! !e*tational +ie,*oint- A##idental li)it states
in+ol+ing *!og!essi+e fail!e o! fail!e ,it/ /ig/ e#ono)i#al o! so#ietal i)*a#t s/all al,a(s "e #onside!ed-
. Des$gn +) t5e 3art$al Sa&et) Factor 6et5od
.. General
... T/e *a!tial safet( fa#to! )et/od is a design )et/od "( ,/i#/ t/e ta!get safet( le+el is o"tained as #losel(
as *ossi"le "( a**l(ing load and !esistan#e fa#to!s to #/a!a#te!isti# +ales of t/e go+e!ning +a!ia"les and
s"se3entl( flfilling a s*e#ified design #!ite!ion eD*!essed in te!)s of t/ese fa#to!s and t/ese #/a!a#te!isti#
+ales- T/e go+e!ning +a!ia"les #onsist of
1 loads a#ting on t/e st!#t!e o! load effe#ts in t/e st!#t!e
1 !esistan#e of t/e st!#t!e o! st!engt/ of t/e )ate!ials in t/e st!#t!e-
!ec.' !afety *hilosophy and Design *rinciples ) *age '+
...% T/e #/a!a#te!isti# +ales of loads and !esistan#e. o! of load effe#ts and )ate!ial st!engt/s. a!e #/osen as
s*e#ifi# 3antiles in t/ei! !es*e#ti+e *!o"a"ilit( dist!i"tions- T/e !e3i!e)ents fo! t/e load and !esistan#e
fa#to!s a!e set s#/ t/at *ossi"le nfa+o!a"le !ealiGations of loads and !esistan#e. as ,ell as t/ei! *ossi"le
si)ltaneos o##!!en#es. a!e a##onted fo! to an eDtent ,/i#/ ens!es t/at a satisfa#to!( safet( le+el is
a#/ie+ed-
..% T5e /art$al sa&et) &actor &ormat
..%. T/e safet( le+el of a st!#t!e o! a st!#t!al #o)*onent is #onside!ed to "e satisfa#to!( ,/en t/e design
load effe#t S
d
does not eD#eed t/e design !esistan#e R
d
0
T/is is t/e design #!ite!ion- T/e design #!ite!ion is also 'no,n as t/e design ine3alit(- T/e #o!!es*onding
e3ation S
d
S R
d
fo!)s t/e design e3ation-
G#$dance note@
T/e load effe#t S #an "e an( load effe#t s#/ as an eDte!nal o! inte!nal fo!#e. and inte!nal st!ess in a #!oss se#tion. o!
a defo!)ation. and t/e !esistan#e R against S is t/e #o!!es*onding !esistan#e s#/ as a #a*a#it(. a (ield st!ess o! a
#!iti#al defo!)ation-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
..%.% T/e!e a!e t,o a**!oa#/es to esta"lis/ t/e design load effe#t S
di
asso#iated ,it/ a *a!ti#la! load F
i
0
F15 T/e design load effe#t S
di
is o"tained "( )lti*li#ation of t/e #/a!a#te!isti# load effe#t S
'i
"( a s*e#ified
load fa#to!
fi
,/e!e t/e #/a!a#te!isti# load effe#t S
'i
is dete!)ined in a st!#t!al anal(sis fo! t/e #/a!a#te!isti# load F
'i
-
F%5 T/e design load S
di
is o"tained f!o) a st!#t!al anal(sis fo! t/e design load F
di
. ,/e!e t/e design load F
di
is o"tained "( )lti*li#ation of t/e #/a!a#te!isti# load F
'i
"( a s*e#ified load fa#to!
fi
A**!oa#/ F15 s/all "e sed to dete!)ine t/e design load effe#t ,/en a *!o*e! !e*!esentation of t/e d(na)i#
!es*onse is t/e *!i)e #on#e!n. ,/e!eas A**!oa#/ F%5 s/all "e sed if a *!o*e! !e*!esentation of nonlinea!
)ate!ial "e/a+io! o! geo)et!i#al nonlinea!ities o! "ot/ a!e t/e *!i)e #on#e!n-
..%.' T/e design load effe#t S
d
is t/e )ost nfa+o!a"le #o)"ined load effe#t !eslting f!o) t/e si)ltaneos
o##!!en#e of n loads F
i
. iS1.---n- It )a( "e eD*!essed as
,/e!e f denotes a fn#tional !elations/i*-
A##o!ding to t/e *a!tial safet( fa#to! fo!)at. t/e design #o)"ined load effe#t S
d
!eslting f!o) t/e o##!!en#e
of n inde*endent loads F
i
. iS1.---n. #an "e ta'en as
,/e!e S
di
FF
'i
5 denotes t/e design load effe#t #o!!es*onding to t/e #/a!a#te!isti# load F
'i
-
W/en t/e!e is a linea! !elations/i* "et,een t/e load F
i
a#ting on t/e st!#t!e and its asso#iated load effe#t S
i
in t/e st!#t!e. t/e design #o)"ined load effe#t S
d
!eslting f!o) t/e si)ltaneos o##!!en#e of n loads F
i
.
iS1.---n. #an "e a#/ie+ed as
W/en t/e!e is a linea! !elations/i* "et,een t/e load F
i
and its load effe#t S
i
. t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #o)"ined load
effe#t S
'
!eslting f!o) t/e si)ltaneos o##!!en#e of n loads F
i
. iS1.---n. #an "e a#/ie+ed as
..%.( 9/a!a#te!isti# load effe#t +ales S
'i
a!e o"tained as s*e#ifi# 3antiles in t/e dist!i"tions of t/e
!es*e#ti+e load effe#ts S
i
- In t/e sa)e )anne!. #/a!a#te!isti# load +ales F
'i
a!e o"tained as s*e#ifi# 3antiles
in t/e dist!i"tions of t/e !es*e#ti+e loads F
i
-
d d
R S
5i fi di
S S =
5i fi di
3 3 =
5 .--- F
1 dn d d
3 3 f S =
=
=
n
i
5i di d
3 S S
1
5 F
=
=
n
i
5i fi d
S S
1

=
=
n
i
5i 5
S S
1
!ec.' !afety *hilosophy and Design *rinciples ) *age ',
G#$dance note@
W/i#/ 3antiles a!e s*e#ified as #/a!a#te!isti# +ales )a( de*end on ,/i#/ li)it state is #onside!ed- W/i#/ 3antiles
a!e s*e#ified as #/a!a#te!isti# +ales )a( also +a!( f!o) one s*e#ified #o)"ination of load effe#ts to anot/e! a)ong
t/e load #o)"inations t/at a!e s*e#ified to "e in+estigated in o!de! to o"tain a #/a!a#te!isti# #o)"ined load effe#t S
'
e3al to a *a!ti#la! 3antile in t/e dist!i"tion of t/e t!e #o)"ined load effe#t S-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
..%.. In t/is standa!d. design in t/e $<S is eit/e! "ased on a #/a!a#te!isti# #o)"ined load effe#t S
'
defined as
t/e CEP 3antile in t/e dist!i"tion of t/e annal )aDi)) #o)"ined load effe#t. o! on a #/a!a#te!isti# load
F
'
defined as t/e CEP 3antile in t/e dist!i"tion of t/e annal )aDi)) of t/e #o)"ined load- T/e !eslt is
a #o)"ined load o! #o)"ined load effe#t ,/ose !et!n *e!iod is @0 (ea!s-
G#$dance note@
W/en n load *!o#esses o##! si)ltaneosl(. t/e standa!d s*e#ifies )o!e t/an one set of #/a!a#te!isti# load effe#ts
FS
'1
.---S
'n
5 to "e #onside!ed in o!de! fo! t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #o)"ined load effe#t S
'
to #o)e ot as #lose as *ossi"le to
t/e CEP 3antile- Fo! ea#/ s*e#ified set FS
'1
.---S
'n
5. t/e #o!!es*onding design #o)"ined load effe#t is dete!)ined
a##o!ding to N@-%-3O- Fo! se in design. t/e design #o)"ined load effe#t S
d
is sele#ted as t/e )ost nfa+o!a"le +ale
a)ong t/e design #o)"ined load effe#ts t/at !eslt fo! t/ese s*e#ified sets of #/a!a#te!isti# load effe#ts-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
..%.- W/en t/e st!#t!e is s";e#ted to t/e si)ltaneos o##!!en#e of n load *!o#esses. and t/e st!#t!al
"e/a+io!. e-g- t/e ae!od(na)i# da)*ing. is inflen#ed "( t/e #/a!a#te! of at least one of t/ese loads. t/en it
)a( not al,a(s "e feasi"le to dete!)ine t/e design load effe#t S
d
. !eslting f!o) t/e si)ltaneos o##!!en#e
of t/e n loads. "( a linea! #o)"ination of se*a!atel( dete!)ined indi+idal load effe#ts as set fo!t/ in N@-%-3O-
Wit/in t/e f!a)e,o!' of t/e *a!tial safet( fa#to! )et/od. t/e design #o)"ined load effe#t S
d
. !eslting f!o)
t/e si)ltaneos o##!!en#e of t/e n loads. )a( t/en "e esta"lis/ed as a #/a!a#te!isti# #o)"ined load effe#t S
'
)lti*lied "( a #o))on load fa#to!
f
- T/e #/a!a#te!isti# #o)"ined load effe#t S
'
,ill in t/is #ase need to "e
defined as a 3antile in t/e **e! tail of t/e dist!i"tion of t/e #o)"ined load effe#t t/at !eslts in t/e st!#t!e
f!o) t/e si)ltaneos o##!!en#e of t/e n loads- In *!in#i*le. t/e dist!i"tion of t/is #o)"ined load effe#t
!eslts f!o) a st!#t!al anal(sis in ,/i#/ t/e n !es*e#ti+e load *!o#esses a!e a**lied si)ltaneosl(-
G#$dance note@
T/e ae!od(na)i# da)*ing of a ,ind t!"ine de*ends on t/e ,ind loading and its di!e#tion !elati+e to ot/e! loads. s#/
t/at fo! eDa)*le t/e ,a+e load effe#t in t/e s**o!t st!#t!e "e#o)es de*endent on t/e #/a!a#te!isti#s of t/e ,ind
loading- $nless t/e ,ind load #/a!a#te!isti#s #an "e *!o*e!l( a##onted fo! to *!od#e a #o!!e#t ae!od(na)i# da)*ing
and a #o!!e#t se*a!ate ,a+e load effe#t in a st!#t!al anal(sis fo! t/e ,a+e load. t/en t/e st!#t!e )a( need to "e
anal(sed fo! t/e sog/t-afte! #o)"ined load effe#t fo! a si)ltaneos a**li#ation of t/e ,ind load *!o#ess and t/e
,a+e load *!o#ess-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
..%.7 T/e !esistan#e R against a *a!ti#la! load effe#t S is. in gene!al. a fn#tion of *a!a)ete!s s#/ as
geo)et!(. )ate!ial *!o*e!ties. en+i!on)ent. and load effe#ts t/e)sel+es. t/e latte! t/!og/ inte!a#tion effe#ts
s#/ as deg!adation-
..%.: T/e!e a!e t,o a**!oa#/es to esta"lis/ t/e design !esistan#e R
d
of t/e st!#t!e o! st!#t!al #o)*onent0
F15 T/e design !esistan#e R
d
is o"tained "( di+iding t/e #/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e R
'
"( a s*e#ified )ate!ial
fa#to!
)
0
F%5 T/e design !esistan#e R
d
is o"tained f!o) t/e design )ate!ial st!engt/
d
"( a #a*a#it( anal(sis
in ,/i#/ R denotes t/e fn#tional !elations/i* "et,een )ate!ial st!engt/ and !esistan#e and in ,/i#/ t/e design
)ate!ial st!engt/
d
is o"tained "( di+iding t/e #/a!a#te!isti# )ate!ial st!engt/
'
"( a )ate!ial fa#to!
)
.
W/i#/ of t/e t,o a**!oa#/es a**lies de*ends on t/e design sitation- In t/is standa!d. t/e a**!oa#/ to "e
a**lied is s*e#ified f!o) #ase to #ase-
..%.1 T/e #/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e R
'
is o"tained as a s*e#ifi# 3antile in t/e dist!i"tion of t/e !esistan#e- It
)a( "e o"tained "( testing. o! it )a( "e #al#lated f!o) t/e #/a!a#te!isti# +ales of t/e *a!a)ete!s t/at go+e!n
t/e !esistan#e- In t/e latte! #ase. t/e fn#tional !elations/i* "et,een t/e !esistan#e and t/e go+e!ning
m
5
d
R
R
=
5 F
d d
R R =
m
5
d
=
!ec.' !afety *hilosophy and Design *rinciples ) *age '-
*a!a)ete!s is a**lied- <i'e,ise. t/e #/a!a#te!isti# )ate!ial st!engt/
'
is o"tained as a s*e#ifi# 3antile in t/e
*!o"a"ilit( dist!i"tion of t/e )ate!ial st!engt/ and )a( "e o"tained "( testing-
..%." <oad fa#to!s a##ont fo!0
1 *ossi"le nfa+o!a"le de+iations of t/e loads f!o) t/ei! #/a!a#te!isti# +ales
1 t/e li)ited *!o"a"ilit( t/at diffe!ent loads eD#eed t/ei! !es*e#ti+e #/a!a#te!isti# +ales si)ltaneosl(
1 n#e!tainties in t/e )odel and anal(sis sed fo! dete!)ination of load effe#ts-
..%. 7ate!ial fa#to!s a##ont fo!0
1 *ossi"le nfa+o!a"le de+iations in t/e !esistan#e of )ate!ials f!o) t/e #/a!a#te!isti# +ale
1 n#e!tainties in t/e )odel and anal(sis sed fo! dete!)ination of !esistan#e
1 a *ossi"l( lo,e! #/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e of t/e )ate!ials in t/e st!#t!e. as a ,/ole. as #o)*a!ed ,it/ t/e
#/a!a#te!isti# +ales inte!*!eted f!o) test s*e#i)ens-
..' C5aracter$st$c load e&&ect
..'. Fo! o*e!ational design #onditions. t/e #/a!a#te!isti# +ale S
'
of t/e load effe#t !eslting f!o) an a**lied
load #o)"ination is defined as follo,s. de*ending on t/e li)it state0
1 Fo! load #o)"inations !ele+ant fo! design against t/e $<S. t/e #/a!a#te!isti# +ale of t/e !eslting load
effe#t is defined as a load effe#t ,it/ an annal *!o"a"ilit( of eD#eedan#e e3al to o! less t/an 0-0%. i-e- a
load effe#t ,/ose !et!n *e!iod is at least @0 (ea!s-
1 Fo! load #o)"inations !ele+ant fo! design against t/e F<S. t/e #/a!a#te!isti# load effe#t /isto!( is defined
as t/e eD*e#ted load effe#t /isto!(-
1 Fo! load #o)"inations !ele+ant fo! design against t/e S<S. t/e #/a!a#te!isti# load effe#t is a s*e#ified +ale.
de*endent on o*e!ational !e3i!e)ents-
1 Fo! load #o)"inations !ele+ant fo! design against t/e A<S. t/e #/a!a#te!isti# load effe#t is a s*e#ified
+ale. de*endent on o*e!ational !e3i!e)ents-
<oad #o)"inations to a!!i+e at t/e #/a!a#te!isti# +ale S
'
of t/e !eslting load effe#t a!e gi+en in Se#-?-
..'.% Fo! te)*o!a!( design #onditions. t/e #/a!a#te!isti# +ale S
'
of t/e load effe#t !eslting f!o) an a**lied
load #o)"ination is a s*e#ified +ale. ,/i#/ s/all "e sele#ted de*endent on t/e )eas!es ta'en to a#/ie+e t/e
!e3i!ed safet( le+el- T/e +ale s/all "e s*e#ified ,it/ de attention to t/e a#tal lo#ation. t/e season of t/e
(ea!. t/e d!ation of t/e te)*o!a!( #ondition. t/e ,eat/e! fo!e#ast. and t/e #onse3en#es of fail!e-
..( C5aracter$st$c res$stance
..(. T/e #/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e is defined as t/e @P 3antile in t/e dist!i"tion of t/e !esistan#e. nless
ot/e!,ise stated-
... 4oad and res$stance &actors
.... <oad and !esistan#e fa#to!s fo! t/e +a!ios li)it states a!e gi+en in Se#-@-
- Des$gn Ass$sted +) Test$ng
-. General
-.. Design "( testing o! o"se!+ation of *e!fo!)an#e is in gene!al to "e s**o!ted "( anal(ti#al design
)et/ods-
-..% <oad effe#ts. st!#t!al !esistan#e and !esistan#e against )ate!ial deg!adation )a( "e esta"lis/ed "(
)eans of testing o! o"se!+ation of t/e a#tal *e!fo!)an#e of fll-s#ale st!#t!es-
-..' To t/e eDtent t/at testing is sed fo! design. t/e testing s/all "e +e!ifia"le-
-.% 6odel tests
-.%. 7odel tests s/all "e #a!!ied ot to +alidate soft,a!e sed in design. to #/e#' effe#ts ,/i#/ a!e 'no,n not
to "e ade3atel( #o+e!ed "( t/e soft,a!e. and to #/e#' t/e st!#t!e if nfo!eseen */eno)ena s/old o##!-
T/e tests s/all "e as !ealisti# as *ossi"le ,it/ !es*e#t to s#aling of ,ind. ,a+e and #!!ent loading. #onside!ing
isses s#/ as s#aling la,s and inade3ate )odel test "asins-
-.' F#ll8scale test$ng and o+ser,at$on o& /er&ormance o& eB$st$ng str#ct#res
-.'. Fll-s#ale tests o! )onito!ing of eDisting st!#t!es )a( "e sed to gi+e info!)ation on !es*onse and load
effe#ts to "e tiliGed in *dating and !efine)ent of st!#t!al design *!o#ed!es- T/e eD*e!ien#e f!o) a fll-
!ec.' !afety *hilosophy and Design *rinciples ) *age '.
s#ale test of an eDisting si)ila! st!#t!e )a( *!o+ide an *dated and )o!e a##!ate *!edi#tion of t/e !es*onse
and t/e!e"( i)*l( an i)*!o+ed #ont!ol of t/e a#/ie+ed safet( le+el-
-.'.% Fll-s#ale tests a!e i)*o!tant and ne#essa!( in o!de! to a#/ie+e an o*ti)al design and it is t/e!efo!e
!e#o))ended to #a!!( ot s#/ tests- W/en fll-s#ale tests a!e not #a!!ied ot as *a!t of t/e design *!o#ed!e.
it is !e#o))ended to #a!!( ot t/e design to a safet( #lass ,/i#/ is one safet( #lass /ig/e! t/an t/e one !e3i!ed-
7 3ro+a+$l$t)80ased Des$gn
7. General
7.. 2!o"a"ilit(-"ased design. "ased on a fll *!o"a"ilisti# !e*!esentation of go+e!ning load and !esistan#e
+a!ia"les in te!)s of t/ei! !es*e#ti+e *!o"a"ilit( dist!i"tions. is an o*tion ,/i#/ fo!)s an alte!nati+e to design
"( t/e *a!tial safet( fa#to! )et/od- W/en s#/ *!o"a"ilit(-"ased design is o*ted fo!. t/e design s/all "e #a!!ied
ot to )eet a safet( le+el ,/i#/ is eD*!essed in te!)s of a fail!e *!o"a"ilit( and s/all "e set e3al to t/e
no)inal annal ta!get fail!e *!o"a"ilit( as s*e#ified in N%-%-1O fo! t/e !e3i!ed safet( #lass-
7..% T/e ta!get safet( le+el a**lies to design of an enti!e st!#t!e and ,ill in *!a#ti#e also "e t/e safet( le+el
fo! indi+idal fail!e )odes. sin#e one fail!e )ode is sall( do)inating- In t/e #al#lation of t/e fail!e
*!o"a"ilit( ,/i#/ is to "e #/e#'ed against t/e ta!get fail!e *!o"a"ilit(. it is i)*o!tant to #onside! *ossi"le
s(ste) effe#ts. fo! eDa)*le fail!e of t/e ,ea'est lin' of a long )oo!ing line-
7..' Fo! *!o"a"ilit(-"ased design. !efe!en#e is )ade to s*e#ifi#ations and !e3i!e)ents gi+en in DNV-OS-
J101-
!ec.& 2nvironmental (onditions ) *age '/
SECT!ON ' EN9!RON6ENTA4 COND!T!ONS
!ntrod#ct$on
. De&$n$t$on
.. En+i!on)ental #onditions #onsist of all nat!al */eno)ena ,/i#/ )a( inflen#e t/e design of a floating
,ind t!"ine st!#t!e "( go+e!ning its loading. its #a*a#it( o! "ot/-
..% En+i!on)ental #onditions #o+e! +i!tall( all nat!al */eno)ena on a *a!ti#la! site. in#lding "t not
li)ited to )eteo!ologi#al #onditions. o#eanog!a*/i# #onditions. ,ate! de*t/. soil #onditions. seis)i#it(.
"iolog(. and +a!ios /)an a#ti+ities-
G#$dance note@
T/e )eteo!ologi#al and o#eanog!a*/i# #onditions ,/i#/ )a( inflen#e t/e design of a ,ind t!"ine st!#t!e #onsist
of */eno)ena s#/ as ,ind. ,a+es. #!!ent and ,ate! le+el- T/ese */eno)ena )a( "e )tall( de*endent and fo!
t/e t/!ee fi!st of t/e) t/e !es*e#ti+e di!e#tions a!e *a!t of t/e #onditions t/at )a( go+e!n t/e design-
7i#!o-siting of t/e ,ind t!"ines ,it/in a ,ind fa!) !e3i!es t/at lo#al ,a'e effe#ts f!o) ad;a#ent ,ind t!"ines "e
#onside!ed *a!t of t/e site #onditions at ea#/ indi+idal ,ind t!"ine st!#t!e in t/e fa!)-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
..' En+i!on)ental #onditions a!e in *!in#i*le site-s*e#ifi#. i-e- t/e( !efe! to a s*e#ifi# lo#ationI a *a!ti#la!
*oint in s*a#e- Ho,e+e!. fo! floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es ,/i#/ a!e eD*e#ted to "e )ass *!od#ed nits.
design to so)e s*e#ified en+i!on)ental #lass !at/e! t/an to a *a!ti#la! lo#ation #an "e fo!eseen- T/is is "ased
on t/e idea t/at )an( lo#ations ,it/ fai!l( si)ila! en+i!on)ental #onditions #an "e g!o*ed ,it/in so)e
defined en+i!on)ental #lass. and a st!#t!e designed to t/is #lass #an t/en s"se3entl( on a #ase-"(-#ase
"asis "e 3alified fo! a**li#ation on a *a!ti#la! lo#ation-
..( T/is standa!d does not s*e#if( an( *!edefined en+i!on)ental #lasses- T/e standa!d *!o+ides gidan#e in
te!)s of !egional en+i!on)ental data. ,/i#/ #an "e sed as a "asis fo! defining en+i!on)ental #lasses. see NAO-
... An en+i!on)ental #lass #an "e fo!)ed "( t/e en+i!on)ental #onditions ,/i#/ *!e+ail ,it/in a *a!ti#la!
!egion and ,/i#/ #an "e #onside!ed t/e sa)e t/!og/ot t/e enti!e !egion- An en+i!on)ental #lass #an "e
#onside!ed !e*!esentati+e fo! )o!e t/an one *a!ti#la! !egion ,/en t/e !egions in 3estion s/a!e t/e sa)e o!
si)ila! en+i!on)ental #onditions-
..- Sin#e t/e !elati+e *!o*o!tion "et,een )agnitdes of ,ind and ,a+es ,ill in gene!al not "e t/e sa)e in
t,o diffe!ent !egions. an en+i!on)ental #lass to "e s*e#ified so as to "e a**li#a"le fo! design of floating ,ind
t!"ine st!#t!es fo! se in t,o o! )o!e diffe!ent !egions ,ill in *!a#ti#e /a+e to "e defined "ased on an
en+elo*e of all ,ind and ,a+e #li)ates en#onte!ed in t/ose !egions- Fo! so)e o! all !egions intended to "e
#o+e!ed "( a s*e#ified en+i!on)ental #lass. so)e of t/e s*e#ified en+i!on)ental *!o*e!ties of t/e
en+i!on)ental #lass )a( t/e!efo!e a**ea! st!i#te! t/an t/e a#tal +ales of t/ese *!o*e!ties ,it/in t/ese
!egions-
..7 Fo! fatige anal(sis and fatige design. t/e #on#!!ent #o)"ination of ,ind and ,a+es is essential- T/e
s*e#ifi#ation of an en+i!on)ental #lass s/all t/e!efo!e in#lde s*e#ifi#ation of t/e ;oint dist!i"tion of t/e
follo,ing 3antities
1 signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t
1 *ea' ,a+e *e!iod Fo! Ge!o-*#!ossing *e!iod5
1 )ean ,a+e di!e#tion
1 di!e#tional s*!eading of ,a+es
1 10-)inte )ean ,ind s*eed Fo! )ean ,ind s*eed ,it/ ot/e! a+e!aging *e!iod t/an 10 )intes5 in s*e#ified
!efe!en#e /eig/t
1 standa!d de+iation of ,ind s*eed
1 )ean ,ind di!e#tion
1 )isalign)ent "et,een ,ind and ,a+e di!e#tions.
e-g- in te!)s of a s#atte! diag!a) fo! t/ese 3antities- 9!!ent-ind#ed VI7JVIV )a( in#!ease t/e ,ind and
,a+e loads and s/old t/e!efo!e "e #onside!ed in t/is #onteDt-
..: T/e !e3i!e)ents fo! en+i!on)ental #onditions gi+en in DNV-OS-J101 a**l( to floating ,ind t!"ine
st!#t!es ,it/ t/e eD#e*tions. de+iations and additions s*e#ified in t/is se#tion- $sefl gidan#e !ega!ding
en+i!on)ental #onditions is gi+en in DNV-R2-9%0@-
!ec.& 2nvironmental (onditions ) *age '0
% W$nd* Wa,es and C#rrent
%. General
%.. T/is s"se#tion gi+es !e3i!e)ents ,/i#/ #o)e in addition to t/ose gi+en in DNV-OS-J101 !ega!ding
en+i!on)ental #onditions and ,/i#/ s/all "e flfilled ,/en floating st!#t!es a!e to "e sed to s**o!t
offs/o!e ,ind t!"ines-
%..% Si)ltaneos ,ind. ,a+e and #!!ent data a!e i)*o!tant to allo, fo! ti)e do)ain anal(ses t/at )a( "e
ne#essa!( in o!de! to #a!!( ot fatige anal(ses-
%..' As *a!t of t/e s*e#ifi#ation of an en+i!on)ental #lass o! of site-s*e#ifi# en+i!on)ental data. t/e
#o!!elation "et,een ,a+e data and ,ind data fo! se in fatige design s/all "e esta"lis/ed- T/is #o!!elation #an
"e eD*!essed in te!)s of t/e ;oint long-te!) *!o"a"ilit( dist!i"tion fo! t/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t H
S
. t/e *ea'
*e!iod T
2
Fo! alte!nati+el( t/e Ge!o-*#!ossing *e!iod T
R
5. t/e 10-)inte )ean ,ind s*eed $
10
. t/e standa!d
de+iation of t/e ,ind s*eed
$
. t/e )ean ,a+e di!e#tion and t/e )ean ,ind di!e#tion and #an fo! *!a#ti#al
*!*oses "e !e*!esented in t/e fo!) of a s#atte! diag!a)-
G#$dance note@
T/e s#atte! diag!a) is sed in fatige design to esta"lis/ a fatige load /isto!( and in *a!ti#la! fatige st!ess /isto!ies
in #!iti#al #o)*onents and #!oss se#tions- It is i)*o!tant to in#lde )ean ,a+e di!e#tion and )ean ,ind di!e#tion in
t/e s#atte! diag!a) in addition to t/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t and t/e )ean ,ind s*eed- T/is is so. "e#ase t/ese
di!e#tions a!e of g!eat i)*o!tan#e fo! t/e st!ess !es*onse as a !eslt of t/e sensiti+it( in t/e ae!od(na)i# da)*ing to
)isalign)ent "et,een ,ind and ,a+es- Fo! )ost )odes of )otion. ae!od(na)i# da)*ing is 'no,n onl( to "e
signifi#ant ,/en t/e ,a+e di!e#tion is in line ,it/ t/e !oto! aDis. ,/i#/ in t!n is sall( aligned ,it/ t/e )ean ,ind
di!e#tion- Fo! (a, )otions. ae!od(na)i# da)*ing !e)ains /ig/ !ega!dless of t/e di!e#tion of ,ind and ,a+es-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%..( As *a!t of t/e s*e#ifi#ation of an en+i!on)ental #lass o! of site-s*e#ifi# en+i!on)ental data. t/e
dist!i"tions of t/e ,a+e ene!g( #ontent and t/e ,ind ene!g( #ontent o+e! f!e3en#ies s/all "e esta"lis/ed- In
t/e s/o!t te!). t/ese dist!i"tions #an "e !e*!esented "( t/e *o,e! s*e#t!al densities fo! ,a+es and ,ind.
!es*e#ti+el(. #onditioned on t/e !ele+ant en+i!on)ental *a!a)ete!s !efe!en#ed in N%-1-3O- Ade3ate )odels fo!
*o,e! s*e#t!al densities fo! ,a+es and fo! ,ind a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-J101 and in DNV-R2-9%0@-
%... A floating s**o!t st!#t!e is a )o!e #o)*liant s(ste) t/an a fiDed s**o!t st!#t!e- An ade3ate
!e*!esentation of d(na)i#s )a( !e3i!e a )o!e t/o!og/ and i)*!o+ed !e*!esentation of si)ltaneos ,ind.
,a+es and #!!ent t/an t/e one ,/i#/ is #!!entl( gi+en in DNV-OS-J101-
%.% W$nd
%.%. T/e ,ind #li)ate is !e*!esented "( t/e 10-)inte )ean ,ind s*eed $
10
and t/e standa!d de+iation
$
of t/e ,ind s*eed. "ot/ !efe!!ing to a s*e#ified !efe!en#e /eig/t- In t/e s/o!t te!). i-e- o+e! a 10-)inte *e!iod.
stationa!( ,ind #onditions ,it/ #onstant $
10
and #onstant
$
a!e ass)ed to *!e+ail-
G#$dance note@
T/e s*e#ified !efe!en#e /eig/t fo! t/e ,ind s*eed #an "e t/e /" /eig/t o! an( ot/e! /eig/t in ,/i#/ ,ind data /a**en
to "e !e#o!ded- A !efe!en#e /eig/t of 10 ) is #o))onl( sed-
T/e 10-)inte )ean ,ind s*eed $
10
is a )eas!e of t/e intensit( of t/e ,ind- T/e standa!d de+iation
$
is a )eas!e
of t/e +a!ia"ilit( of t/e ,ind s*eed a"ot t/e )ean- W/en s*e#ial #onditions a!e *!esent. s#/ as ,/en to!nados.
#(#lones and t(*/oons o##!. a !e*!esentation of t/e ,ind #li)ate in te!)s of $
10
and
$
)a( "e insffi#ient-
7ean ,ind s*eeds "ased on ot/e! a+e!aging *e!iods t/an t/e 10 )intes !efe!en#ed /e!e #an in *!in#i*le "e sed fo!
!e*!esentation of t/e ,ind #li)ate instead of t/e 10-)inte )ean ,ind s*eed $
10
. fo! eDa)*le t/e 1-/o! )ean ,ind
s*eed- T/e 10-)inte )ean ,ind s*eed $
10
is 3oted "e#ase ,ind data a!e sall( a+aila"le in te!)s of t/is
*a!ti#la! )ean ,ind s*eed-
A**!o*!iate #on+e!sions of t/e 10-)inte )ean ,ind s*eed to )ean ,ind s*eeds ,it/ ot/e! a+e!aging *e!iods need
to "e #onside!ed and i)*le)ented ,/en #o)"ining ,ind data ,it/ ,a+e data ,it/ ot/e! !efe!en#e d!ations. s#/ as
3 o! A /o!s. and ,/en *e!fo!)ing si)lations ,it/ ot/e! si)lation lengt/s t/an 10 )intes-
9o)*liant )oo!ings feat!e nat!al *e!iods ,/i#/ #an "e in eD#ess of %00 se#. es*e#iall( in dee* ,ate!s- In s#/
#ases. !e*!esenting t/e ,ind s*eed in te!)s of t/e 10-)inte )ean ,ind s*eed ,ill "e insffi#ient and #on+e!sion to
)ean ,ind s*eeds ,it/ longe! a+e!aging ti)es ,ill "e ne#essa!(-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%.%.% T/e a!"it!a!( ,ind s*eed nde! stationa!( 10-)inte #onditions in t/e s/o!t te!) follo,s a *!o"a"ilit(
dist!i"tion ,/ose )ean +ale is $
10
and ,/ose standa!d de+iation is
$
-
%.%.' T/e t!"len#e intensit( is defined as t/e !atio
$
J$
10
-
%.%.( T/e s/o!t te!) 10-)inte stationa!( ,ind #li)ate )a( "e !e*!esented "( a ,ind s*e#t!). i-e- t/e *o,e!
s*e#t!al densit( fn#tion of t/e ,ind s*eed *!o#ess. SFf5- SFf5 is a fn#tion of $
10
and
$
and eD*!esses /o,
!ec.& 2nvironmental (onditions ) *age &%
t/e ene!g( of t/e ,ind s*eed is dist!i"ted "et,een +a!ios f!e3en#ies-
%.%.. T/e ,ind ene!g( #ontent in !ele+ant sea states and its dist!i"tion o+e! f!e3en#ies s/all "e #onside!ed-
T/e *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( is sefl fo! t/is *!*ose- Va!ios *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( )odels eDist. sall(
eD*!essing t/e *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( in te!)s of *a!a)ete!s s#/ as t/e )ean ,ind s*eed ,it/ so)e a+e!aging
*e!iod. fo! eDa)*le t/e 10-)inte )ean ,ind s*eed $
10
. and t/e standa!d de+iation
$
of t/e ,ind s*eed-
8e#ase $
10
and
$
+a!( ,it/ /eig/t a"o+e sea le+el. t/e *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( ,ill also "e a fn#tion of t/is
/eig/t- Fo! sefl *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( )odels. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV-OS-J101 and DNV-R2-9%0@.
,/i#/ also *!o+ide !e#o))endations fo! t/e integ!al lengt/ s#ale t/at #onstittes an i)*o!tant *!o*e!t( of an(
*o,e! s*e#t!al densit( )odel-
%.%.- Fo! sele#tion of a**!o*!iate *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( )odels fo! design of floate!s it is of t)ost
i)*o!tan#e to )a'e s!e t/at t/e )odels a!e +alid fo! ,ind o+e! ,ate! and t/at t/e( *!o+ide a good
!e*!esentation not onl( in t/e /ig/ f!e3en#( !ange "t also in t/e lo, f!e3en#( !ange-
%.%.7 Fo! so)e st!#t!es. t/e #o!!elation "et,een ,ind s*eeds at se*a!ated *oints in s*a#e is of i)*o!tan#e
and needs to "e )odelled- 9o/e!en#e s*e#t!a #an "e sed fo! t/is *!*ose- Diffe!ent #o/e!en#e s*e#t!a )a(
a**l( fo! do,n,ind and fo! #!oss,ind- Diffe!ent integ!al lengt/ s#ales )a( a**l( fo! longitdinal. late!al and
+e!ti#al se*a!ations- 7odels fo! #o/e!en#e s*e#t!a a!e *!o+ided in DNV-R2-9%0@ and IE9 A1?00-1-
%.%.: It s/all "e ens!ed t/at t/e !e*!esentation of t/e ,ind in t/e lo, f!e3en#( !ange is ade3ate- T/is
in#ldes. "t is not li)ited to. an ade3ate !e*!esentation of *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( in t/e lo, f!e3en#( !ange
as ,ell as ade3ate )odels fo! !e*!esentation of gst e+ents-
G#$dance note@
T/e !e3i!e)ent !efle#ts t/at fo! floating s**o!t st!#t!es. lo, f!e3en#( )otion #o)*onents and !es*onse
#o)*onents a!e eD*e#ted-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%.%.1 A n)"e! of design load #ases *!o*osed in DNV-OS-J101 in+ol+e an EDt!e)e O*e!ating 4st FEO45
,/i#/ is one of a n)"e! of defined !efe!en#e ,ind #onditions sed in DNV-OS-J101 fo! definition of load
#ases- T/e EO4 e+ent *!esentl( s*e#ified in DNV-OS-J101 is "ased on a d!ation of 10-@ se# and is de+elo*ed
fo! design of "otto)-fiDed ,ind t!"ines and t/ei! s**o!t st!#t!es- Wit/ its d!ation of 10-@ se#. t/is EO4
is inade3ate fo! design of )ost floating s**o!t st!#t!es- Ho,e+e!. fo! design of t/e to,e!. t/e EO4 ,it/
10-@ se# d!ation )a( still "e !ele+ant and s/old al,a(s "e #onside!ed. e+en ,/en t/e floating ,ind t!"ine
nit /a+e /ig/e! nat!al *e!iods-
%.%." One o! )o!e gst e+ents ,it/ longe! d!ations t/an 10-@ se# s/all "e defined and s/all "e sed in design-
T/e gst e+ents s/all #o+e! e+ents ,/i#/ #an "e eD*e#ted and ,/i#/ s/all "e a"ot e3all( li'el( to o##! as
t/e EO4- T/e gst e+ents s/all !efle#t t/e needs in design nde! de #onside!ation of t/e f!e3en#ies
en#onte!ed fo! t/e d(na)i#s of t/e floating nit- 4st #/a!a#te!isti#s to #onside! in t/is #onteDt in#lde. "t
a!e not li)ited to. d!ation of gst e+ent. )aDi)) ,ind s*eed. and !ise ti)e of ,ind s*eed to )aDi))- In
*a!ti#la! fo! la!ge !oto!s. t/e s*atial #o!!elation of t/e ,ind field is an i)*o!tant isse to #onside! ,/en
a**!o*!iate gst e+ents fo! se in design a!e to "e defined- T/e gst e+ents s/all "e sed instead of t/e EO4 in
t/ose *!o*osed design load #ases t/at a!e defined in te!)s of t/e EO4 in DNV-OS-J101. Se#-?- T/e d!ations
of t/e gsts #onside!ed s/all "e gi+en !elati+e to t/e #!iti#al nat!al *e!iods. ,/i#/ t(*i#all( a!e eD*e#ted to "e
in t/e !ange f!o) 10 to 100 se#. i-e- t/e d!ations of t/e gsts s/all "e so sele#ted t/at t/e( gi+e !ise to !esonan#e
of t/e floating ,ind t!"ine and its station 'ee*ing s(ste)-
G#$dance note@
$nless data indi#ate ot/e!,ise. t/e follo,ing gst )odel #an "e sed as a "asis fo! defining gst e+ents ,it/ longe!
d!ations t/an 10-@ se#0
t S ti)e.
T S d!ation.
: S /eig/t.
uF:5 S ,ind *!ofile.
!
gst
S !efe!en#e ,ind s*eed S diffe!en#e "et,een )aDi)) and )ini)) ,ind s*eed d!ing gst-
T/e d!ation and t/e !efe!en#e ,ind s*eed of t/e gst e+ent s/old "e sita"l( #/osen ,it/ a +ie, to t/e eD*e#ted
d(na)i#s fo! t/e floating nit in 3estion and s#/ t/at t/e !eslting load #ases f!o) #o)"ining t/e gst e+ents ,it/
s*e#ified falt sitations #o)e ot ,it/ !et!n *e!iods of a**!oDi)atel( @0 (ea!s-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%.%. One o! )o!e gst e+ents defined in te!)s of sdden di!e#tional #/anges of t/e ,ind s/all "e #onside!ed
in design-
otherwise
T t for
: u
T t T t ! : u
t : !
gust

=
0
5 F
55 J % #osF 1 F 5 J 3 sinF 3B - 0 5 F
5 . F

!ec.& 2nvironmental (onditions ) *age &$
%.' Wa,es
%.'. T/e ,a+e #li)ate is !e*!esented "( t/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t H
S
and t/e s*e#t!al *ea' *e!iod T
2
- In
t/e s/o!t te!). i-e- o+e! a 3-/o! o! A-/o! *e!iod. stationa!( ,a+e #onditions ,it/ #onstant H
S
and #onstant
T
2
a!e ass)ed to *!e+ail-
G#$dance note@
T/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t H
S
is defined as fo! ti)es t/e standa!d de+iation of t/e sea ele+ation *!o#ess- T/e
signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t is a )eas!e of t/e intensit( of t/e ,a+e #li)ate as ,ell as of t/e +a!ia"ilit( in t/e a!"it!a!(
,a+e /eig/ts- T/e *ea' *e!iod T
2
is !elated to t/e )ean Ge!o-#!ossing *e!iod T
R
of t/e sea ele+ation *!o#ess-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%.'.% T/e ,a+e /eig/t H of a ,a+e #(#le is t/e diffe!en#e "et,een t/e /ig/est #!est and t/e dee*est t!og/
"et,een t,o s##essi+e Ge!o-*#!ossings of t/e sea ele+ation *!o#ess- T/e a!"it!a!( ,a+e /eig/t H nde!
stationa!( 3- o! A-/o! #onditions in t/e s/o!t te!) follo,s a *!o"a"ilit( dist!i"tion ,/i#/ is a fn#tion of t/e
signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t H
S
-
%.'.' T/e ,a+e *e!iod is defined as t/e ti)e "et,een t,o s##essi+e Ge!o-*#!ossings of t/e sea ele+ation
*!o#ess- T/e a!"it!a!( ,a+e *e!iod T nde! stationa!( 3- o! A-/o! #onditions in t/e s/o!t te!) follo,s a
*!o"a"ilit( dist!i"tion. ,/i#/ is a fn#tion of H
S
. T
2
and H-
%.'.( T/e ,a+e #!est /eig/t H
9
is t/e /eig/t of t/e /ig/est #!est "et,een t,o s##essi+e Ge!o-*#!ossings of
t/e sea ele+ation *!o#ess-
%.'.. T/e s/o!t te!) 3- o! A-/o! sea state )a( "e !e*!esented "( a ,a+e s*e#t!). i-e- t/e *o,e! s*e#t!al
densit( fn#tion of t/e sea ele+ation *!o#ess. SFf5- SFf5 is a fn#tion of H
S
and T
2
and eD*!esses /o, t/e ene!g(
of t/e sea ele+ation *!o#ess is dist!i"ted "et,een +a!ios f!e3en#ies-
%.'.- T/e ,a+e ene!g( #ontent in t/e !ele+ant sea states and its dist!i"tion o+e! f!e3en#ies s/all "e
#onside!ed- T/e *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( is sefl fo! t/is *!*ose- Va!ios *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( )odels eDist.
sall( eD*!essing t/e *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( in te!)s of sea state *a!a)ete!s s#/ as t/e signifi#ant ,a+e
/eig/t H
S
and t/e *ea' *e!iod T
2
. ,/e!e t/e *ea' *e!iod T
2
is so)e/o, !elated to t/e Ge!o-*#!ossing *e!iod
T
R
- Fo! sefl *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( )odels. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV-OS-J101 and DNV-R2-9%0@-
Sea states do)inated "( ,ind-gene!ated ,a+es #an sall( "e !e*!esented "( one-*ea'ed *o,e! s*e#t!al
densit( )odels- W/en s,ell #o)*onents #an "e eD*e#ted in addition to ,ind-gene!ated ,a+es. t/ese /a+e to
"e *!o*e!l( !e*!esented in t/e *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( )odel. ,/e!e t/e( )a( s/o, * as a se#ond *ea'-
9ation )st "e eDe!#ised ,/en )odelling t/e *o,e! s*e#t!al densit(. "e#ase *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( )odels
a!e often site-s*e#ifi# in t/at t/e( a!e de+elo*ed "ased on site-s*e#ifi# data-
%.'.7 T/e JONSWA2 ,a+e s*e#t!) !e#o))ended in DNV-OS-J101 fo! !e*!esentation of t/e *o,e! s*e#t!al
densit( of ,ind-gene!ated ,a+es )a( "e insffi#ient fo! floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es. "e#ase floating ,ind
t!"ine st!#t!es #an "e eD#ited in /ea+e. !oll and *it#/ "( s,ells of %0 to %@ se#onds *e!iod- Fo! floating ,ind
t!"ine st!#t!es ,/i#/ #an "e eD#ited "( s,ells and ,/i#/ a!e to "e designed to an en+i!on)ental #lass ,/i#/
in#ldes s,ells. a t,o-*ea'ed *o,e! s*e#t!) )odel s/all "e sed fo! !e*!esentation of t/e *o,e! s*e#t!al
densit(- T/e To!set/agen s*e#t!) is one s#/ t,o-*ea'ed *o,e! s*e#t!) )odel. de+elo*ed fo! No!t/ Sea
#onditionsI see DNV-R2-9%0@-
%.'.: At lo#ations ,/e!e ,ind-gene!ated ,a+es and s,ells o##! #on#!!entl(. t/e s,ell #o)*onents #an /a+e
a +e!( diffe!ent di!e#tion t/an t/e di!e#tion of t/e ,ind-gene!ated ,a+es-
%.'.1 T/e @0-(ea! ,a+e /eig/t is often esti)ated as a fa#to! ti)es t/e @0-(ea! signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t- A
!ealisti# +ale fo! t/is fa#to! s/all "e ass)ed in design- In t/e dee* ,ate!s t/at floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es
sall( a!e to "e designed fo!. t/is fa#to! H t/e !atio "et,een t/e @0-(ea! ,a+e /eig/t and t/e @0-(ea! signifi#ant
,a+e /eig/t H #an !ea#/ a +ale of a"ot %-0-
G#$dance note@
T/e !atio "et,een t/e )ode of t/e la!gest of 1000 Ra(leig/-dist!i"ted ,a+e /eig/ts and t/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t
in a 3-/o! stationa!( sea state is 1-EA and is often sed as a !og/ esti)ate of t/e !atio "et,een t/e @0-(ea! ,a+e
/eig/t and t/e @0-(ea! signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t- IE9 A1?00-3 !e#o))ends se of 1-EA as an esti)ate fo! t/e !atio
"et,een t/e @0-(ea! ,a+e /eig/t and t/e @0-(ea! signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t- It is noted t/at t/is !e#o))endation )a(
"e non#onse!+ati+e in dee* ,ate!s-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%.'." T/e *otential fo! ea!t/3a'e-ind#ed sea ,a+es. also 'no,n as tsna)is. s/all "e assessed- <i'e,ise.
t/e *otential fo! tsna)i-li'e ,a+es #ased "( nde!,ate! landslides. ,/i#/ a!e not ne#essa!il( initiated "(
ea!t/3a'es. s/all also "e assessed-
!ec.& 2nvironmental (onditions ) *age &'
G#$dance note@
Tsna)is a!e seis)i# sea ,a+es- Tsna)is /a+e +e!( long *e!iods and "e/a+e li'e s/allo, ,ate! ,a+es e+en ,/en
*assing t/!og/ dee* *a!ts of t/e o#ean-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%.( C#rrent
%.(. Fo! )odelling of #!!ent. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV-OS-J101- Fo! +o!teD-ind#ed +i"!ations and +o!teD-
ind#ed )otions. ,/i#/ #an "e an isse in dee* ,ate!s. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV-R2-9%0@-
' Water De/t5 and Water 4e,el
'. Water de/t5
'.. A !ange of ,ate! de*t/s s/all "e defined as *a!t of t/e definition of an en+i!on)ental #lass-
'.% Water le,el
'.%. T/e ,ate! le+el #onsists of a )ean ,ate! le+el in #on;n#tion ,it/ tidal ,ate! and a ,ind- and *!ess!e-
ind#ed sto!) s!ge- T/e tidal !ange is defined as t/e !ange "et,een t/e /ig/est ast!ono)i#al tide FHAT5 and
t/e lo,est ast!ono)i#al tide F<AT5. see Fig!e 3-1- T/e )ean ,ate! le+el F7W<5 is defined as t/e a+e!age of
HAT and <AT-
G#$dance note@
HAT is t/e /ig/est ,ate! le+el t/at #an "e *!edi#ted to o##! nde! an( #o)"ination of ast!ono)i#al #onditions. i-e-
t/e le+el of /ig/ tide ,/en all /a!)oni# #o)*onents #asing t/e tide a!e in */ase- <AT is t/e lo,est ,ate! le+el t/at
#an "e *!edi#ted to o##! nde! an( #o)"ination of ast!ono)i#al #onditions. i-e- t/e le+el of lo, tide ,/en all
/a!)oni# #o)*onents #asing t/e tide a!e in */ase-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
F$g#re '8
De&$n$t$on o& water le,els w5en low st$ll water le,el $s go,ern$ng ;le&t< and w5en 5$g5 st$ll water le,el $s
go,ern$ng ;r$g5t<
'.%.% Fo! design *!*oses eit/e! a /ig/ ,ate! le+el o! a lo, ,ate! le+el ,ill "e go+e!ning and "ot/ need to "e
#onside!ed- T/e /ig/ ,ate! le+el #onsists of an ast!ono)i#al tide a"o+e 7W< *ls a *ositi+e sto!) s!ge
#o)*onent- T/e lo, ,ate! le+el #onsists of an ast!ono)i#al tide "elo, 7W< *ls a negati+e sto!) s!ge
#o)*onent-
G#$dance note@
W/en a /ig/ ,ate! le+el is go+e!ning. sall( a /ig/ ,ate! le+el ,it/ a s*e#ified !et!n *e!iod ,ill "e needed fo!
design- <i'e,ise. ,/en a lo, ,ate! le+el is go+e!ning. sall( a lo, ,ate! le+el ,it/ a s*e#ified !et!n *e!iod ,ill
"e needed fo! design-
W/en t/e sto!) s!ge #o)*onent at a lo#ation in 3estion is insignifi#ant and #an "e igno!ed. t/e ,ate! le+el ,ill "e
go+e!ned "( tide alone. and t/e )aDi)) and )ini)) ,ate! le+els to "e sed in design "e#o)e e3al to HAT and
<AT. !es*e#ti+el(-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
'.%.' Set-do,n effe#ts asso#iated ,it/ tendons )a( !e3i!e s*e#ial fo#s on ,ate! le+el ,it/ #onside!ation of
effe#ts of tides. sto!) s!ges and tsna)is-

34T
54T
675 8 %.,934T:54T;
Tide 9at t
$
;
*os. storm surge
Neg. storm surge
!75
!75
Tide 9at t
'
;

34T
54T
675 8 %.,934T:54T;
Tide 9at t
$
;
*os. storm surge
Neg. storm surge
!75
!75
Tide 9at t
'
;
!ec.& 2nvironmental (onditions ) *age &&
( Se$sm$c$t)
(. General
(.. Refe!en#e is )ade to DNV-OS-J101. Se#-3. Ite) H100- Fo! details of seis)i# design #!ite!ia. !efe!en#e
is )ade to ISO 1CC01-%-
(..% Assess)ent of seis)i#it( #an "e of signifi#ant i)*o!tan#e fo! design of tension leg *latfo!)s- T/e
sensiti+it( to ea!t/3a'e is !elated to ,/i#/ )odes of )otion a!e !est!ained-
(..' Assess)ent of effe#ts of tsna)is #ased "( ea!t/3a'es #an "e #!iti#al fo! t/e design of station 'ee*ing
s(ste)s-
G#$dance note@
In dee* ,ate!s. tsna)i ,a+e #!ests ,ill sall( "e so s)all t/at t/e( ,ill "e +i!tall( ndete#ta"le to s/i*s- As t/e
tsna)i t!a+els f!o) dee* ,ate!s to s/allo,e! ,ate!s. t/e ,a+e #!est "e#o)es a)*lified- T/e effe#t of tsna)is is
t/e!efo!e !elated to ,ate! de*t/- T/e effe#t of tsna)is is also !elated to ,/i#/ )odes of )otions a!e !est!ained-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
. So$l Cond$t$ons
.. General
... Fo! design of floate!s ,/ose st!#t!al design de*ends on t/e soil #onditions. a !ange of soil #onditions
s/all "e defined as *a!t of t/e definition of an en+i!on)ental #lass fo! t/e design of t/e floate!-
...% Fo! design of station 'ee*ing s(ste)s and t/ei! #o)*onents. s#/ as an#/o!s and )oo!ing lines. a !ange
of soil #onditions s/all "e defined as *a!t of t/e definition of an en+i!on)ental #lass fo! t/e design- Fo! ea#/
*a!ti#la! site-s*e#ifi# ,ind fa!) *!o;e#t. t/e design of t/ese station 'ee*ing s(ste)s and t/ei! #o)*onents
s/all "e 3alified fo! a**li#ation on t/e a#tal site-
...' Fo! 3alifi#ation of t/e designs of floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es and t/ei! station 'ee*ing s(ste)s fo!
se in a ,ind fa!) on a *a!ti#la! site. soil #onditions s/all "e esta"lis/ed in t/ose *ositions ,/e!e t/e station
'ee*ing s(ste)s of t/e floating st!#t!es a!e an#/o!ed o! ot/e!,ise t!ansfe! t/e floate! loads to t/e sea"ed
soils- T/ese *ositions a!e !efe!!ed to as fondation *ositions and t/e( a!e not ne#essa!il( t/e *ositions of t/e
floating st!#t!es t/e)sel+es as t/e!e )a( "e an#/o! *oints t/at a!e lo#ated so)e distan#e a,a( f!o) t/e
floate!-
...( T(*i#al !anges of soil *a!a)ete!s fo! soils #lassified as #o/esionless. i-e- sand. a!e gi+en in Ta"le 3-1-
.... T(*i#al !anges of soil *a!a)ete!s fo! soils #lassified as #o/esi+e. i-e- #la(. a!e gi+en in Ta"le 3-%-
...- Site-s*e#ifi# soil in+estigations fo!) t/e "asis fo! esta"lis/ing soil #onditions fo! a *a!ti#la! ,ind fa!)
*!o;e#t- Fo! soil in+estigations. !e3i!e)ents and !e#o))endations gi+en in DNV-OS-J101 a**l(-
Ta+le '8 T)/$cal geotec5n$cal /arameters &or sand
Soil type 3riction angle
Submerged unit weight M
05/m
)
1
Poisson;s
ratio
!oid ratio e
<oose %E H 30T E-@ H 11-0 0-3@ 0-B H 0-C
7edi) 30 H 3AT C-0 H 1%-@ 0-3@ 0-@ H 0-E
Dense 3A H ?1T 10-0 H 13-@ 0-3@ 0-? H 0-A
Ta+le '8% T)/$cal geotec5n$cal /arameters &or cla)
Soil type
6ndrained shear strength s
u
05/m
%
1
Submerged unit weight M
05/m
)
1
Poisson;s
ratio
!oid ratio e
Ve!( soft U 1%-@ ? H B 0-?@ 1-0 H 3-0
Soft 1%-@ H %@ @ H E 0-?@ 0-E H %-@
Fi!) %@ H @0 A H 11 0-?@ 0-@ H %-0
Stiff @0 H 100 B H 1% 0-?@ 0-? H 1-B
Ve!( stiff 100 H %00 10 H 13 0-?@ 0-3 H 0-C
Ha!d V %00 10 H 13 0-?@ 0-3 H 0-C
!ec.& 2nvironmental (onditions ) *age &+
- Reg$onal En,$ronmental Data &or De&$n$t$on o& En,$ronmental Classes
-. General
-.. 7ass *!od#tion of floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es is fo!eseen ,it/ design to so)e en+i!on)ental #lass
!at/e! t/an to site-s*e#ifi# en+i!on)ental #onditions- T/e idea is t/at )an( lo#ations ,it/ a**!oDi)atel( t/e
sa)e )eto#ean #onditions #an "e g!o*ed toget/e! ,it/in a defined en+i!on)ental #lass ,/i#/ is t/en sed as
"asis fo! design of a nit fo! )ass *!od#tion- S"se3entl(. 3alifi#ation of s#/ a )ass *!od#ed nit fo!
a**li#ation on a *a!ti#la! lo#ation #an t/en "e #a!!ied ot on a #ase-"(-#ase "asis-
-..% Fo! definition of en+i!on)ental #lasses. 'e( en+i!on)ental ,a+e *a!a)ete!s fo! +a!ios !egions in t/e
,o!ld a!e gi+en in A**-8 Ta"le 8-1- T/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/ts ta"lated in Ta"le 8-1 !efe! to 3-/o!
stationa!( sea states- Fo! stationa!( sea states ,it/ d!ation ot/e! t/an t/!ee /o!s. t/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t
data in Ta"le 8-1 )st "e sita"l( #on+e!ted to *!o*e!l( !efe! to t/e a#tal sea state d!ation. see NA-1-3O- T/e
data in Ta"le 8-1 !efe! to ,a+e /eig/ts ,it/ s*e#ifi# !et!n *e!iods- Wa+e /eig/ts ,it/ ot/e! !et!n *e!iods #an
"e fond "( inte!*olation- Wa+e /eig/t data fo! !egions not #o+e!ed "( Ta"le 8-1 #an "e fond in DNV-R2-
9%0@. A**endiD 9. and in#lde Wei"ll s#ale and s/a*e *a!a)ete!s fo! !egional long-te!) dist!i"tions of
signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t-
-..' T/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/ts ,it/ s*e#ified !et!n *e!iods gi+en in Ta"le 8-1 !efe! to signifi#ant ,a+e
/eig/ts in stationa!( sea states of d!ation 3 /o!s- T/e s/o!te! t/e d!ation of a stationa!( sea state. t/e /ig/e!
is t/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t ,it/ a s*e#ifi# !et!n *e!iod- It )a( "e of inte!est to #on+e!t t/e signifi#ant ,a+e
/eig/t asso#iated ,it/ a 3-/o! stationa!( sea state d!ation to a signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t asso#iated ,it/ a
stationa!( sea state d!ation T
S
and at t/e sa)e ti)e !etain t/e asso#iated !et!n *e!iod- T/is #an "e done "(
a**li#ation of an a**!o*!iate #on+e!sion fa#to!. ,/i#/ de*ends on t/e desi!ed stationa!( sea state d!ation T
S
as ,ell as on t/e !et!n *e!iod to "e !etained-
G#$dance note@
W/en t/e **e! tail of t/e long-te!) *!o"a"ilit( dist!i"tion of t/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t #an "e !e*!esented "( a
Wei"ll dist!i"tion and ,/en t/e d!ation of a stationa!( sea state is T
S
. t/en t/e follo,ing !elations/i* #an "e
ass)ed "et,een t/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t H
S
of t/e sea state and its asso#iated !et!n *e!iod T
R

in ,/i#/ N is t/e n)"e! of stationa!( sea states of d!ation T
S
in one (ea!- Fo! T
S
S3 /o!s. t/e n)"e! of stationa!(
sea states in one (ea! is NS%C%%-
T/e #oeffi#ients and #an "e sol+ed f!o) t/e t,o e3ations t/at #an "e esta"lis/ed f!o) t/is !elations/i* "ased on
t,o sets FT
R
. H
S
FT
R
55. fo! eDa)*le t/e +ales of H
S
fo! t/e t,o !et!n *e!iods @0 and 1000 (ea!s. ,/i#/ #an "e
eDt!a#ted f!o) Ta"le 8-1-
8ased on t/e +ale of . t/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t H
Sne,
in a stationa!( sea state of d!ation T
Sne,
#an "e #al#lated
f!o) t/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t H
S
in a stationa!( sea state of d!ation T
S
a##o!ding to t/e follo,ing eD*!ession
in ,/i#/ N is t/e n)"e! of stationa!( sea states of d!ation T
S
in one (ea! and T
R
is t/e s*e#ified !et!n *e!iod ,/i#/
is !etained "( t/e #on+e!sion- T
R
)st "e gi+en in nits of (ea!s- W/en data fo! H
S
f!o) Ta"le 8-1 a!e to "e #on+e!ted.
T
S
S3 /o!s and NS%C%%-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
-..( T/e dist!i"tion of t/e Ge!o-*#!ossing *e!iod T
R
. #onditioned on t/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t H
S
. #an "e
!e*!esented "( a logno!)al dist!i"tion- T/e )ean +ale of T
R
#onditioned on H
S
is eD*!essed as
and t/e standa!d de+iation of T
R
#onditioned on H
S
is eD*!essed as
R
S
T
$
=
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
1
eD*

J 1
5 lnF
5 lnF
1
|
|
|
|
\
|
+ =
R
Snew
S
S Snew
T
T
T
$ $
[ ] 5
%
1
eD*F W
%
+ =
S <
$ T (
[ ] [ ] 1 5 eD*F W W
%
=
S < S <
$ T ( $ T D
!ec.& 2nvironmental (onditions ) *age &,
in ,/i#/
T/ese eD*!essions !e3i!e H
S
to "e gi+en in nits of )et!es and T
R
to "e gi+en in nits of se#onds- Vales fo!
t/e #oeffi#ients a
1
. a
%
. "
1
and "
%
a!e gi+en fo! +a!ios !egions in A**-8 Ta"le 8-%-
-... Fo! definition of en+i!on)ental #lasses. it is i)*o!tant to add!ess t/e ,a+e ene!g( #ontent in t/e !ele+ant
sea states and its dist!i"tion o+e! f!e3en#ies- T/e *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( is sefl fo! t/is *!*ose- Refe!en#e
is )ade to N%-3-AO-
-..- Fo! definition of en+i!on)ental #lasses. 'e( en+i!on)ental ,ind *a!a)ete!s fo! +a!ios !egions in t/e
,o!ld a!e gi+en in A**-8 Ta"le 8-3- T/e )ean ,ind s*eeds ta"lated in Ta"le 8-3 a!e 10-)inte )ean ,ind
s*eeds. i-e- t/e( !efe! to a 10-)inte a+e!aging *e!iod- Fo!)las fo! #on+e!sion of ,ind data f!o) t/e 10-
)inte a+e!aging *e!iod in Ta"le 8-3 to ot/e! a+e!aging *e!iods. !etaining t/e !et!n *e!iods. a!e gi+en in
DNV-OS-J101-
-..7 Fo! definition of en+i!on)ental #lasses. it is i)*o!tant to add!ess t/e ,ind ene!g( #ontent in t/e !ele+ant
sea states and its dist!i"tion o+e! f!e3en#ies- T/e *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( is sefl fo! t/is *!*ose- Refe!en#e
is )ade to N%-%-@O-
-..: Fo! definition of en+i!on)ental #lasses it is i)*o!tant to #onside! t/e #o!!elation "et,een ,ind and
,a+es- T/is #an "e eD*!essed in te!)s of a #o!!elation "et,een t/e 10-)inte )ean ,ind s*eed $
10
and t/e
signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t H
S
- In t/e #ase of ,ind d!i+en ,a+es a *ositi+e #o!!elation #an "e eD*e#ted and s/old
"e #onside!ed. /o,e+e!. a */ase diffe!en#e "et,een $
10
and H
S
#an "e eD*e#ted- Fo! definition of
en+i!on)ental #lasses it is also i)*o!tant to #onside! t/e ,ind di!e#tion and t/e ,a+e di!e#tion as ,ell as t/e
di!e#tional s#atte! and t/e *ossi"le )isalign)ent "et,een ,ind and ,a+es- T/ese )atte!s a!e of *a!ti#la!
i)*o!tan#e fo! fatige design- It )a( "e i)*o!tant to #onside! #ollinea! ,ind and ,a+es *a!t of t/e ti)e and
)isaligned ,ind and ,a+es t/e !est of t/e ti)e- In #ase ass)*tions in t/is !es*e#t /a+e to "e )ade o,ing to
la#' of data. it )a( +a!( "et,een diffe!ent t(*es of st!#t!es ,/i#/ ass)*tions ,ill "e #onse!+ati+e and
,/i#/ ,ill "e non#onse!+ati+e-
-..1 T/e !egional en+i!on)ental data gi+en in t/e ta"les in A**-8 and !efe!en#ed in NA-1-%O t/!og/ NA-1-AO
a!e not site-s*e#ifi# data and #annot "e sed fo! detailed site-s*e#ifi# design- T/e!e )a( "e la!ge +a!iations
f!o) site to site ,it/in a !egion- T/e data. "eing indi#ati+e onl(. a!e to "e sed onl( fo! definition of
en+i!on)ental #lasses- All ot/e! se is li)ited to #on#e*t stdies in an ea!l( */ase-
7 Ot5er S$te Cond$t$ons
7. Sal$n$t)
7.. T/e salinit( of t/e sea,ate! s/all "e add!essed as a *a!a)ete! of i)*o!tan#e fo! t/e design of #at/odi#
*!ote#tion s(ste)s- T/e salinit( also /as an i)*a#t on t/e "o(an#( and #onse3entl( on t/e sta"ilit( of t/e
floating st!#t!e-
7.% Tem/erat#re
7.%. EDt!e)e +ales of /ig/ and lo, te)*e!at!es s/all "e eD*!essed in te!)s of t/e )ost *!o"a"le /ig/est
and lo,est +ales. !es*e#ti+el(. ,it/ t/ei! #o!!es*onding !et!n *e!iods-
7.%.% 8ot/ ai! and sea,ate! te)*e!at!es s/all "e #onside!ed ,/en des#!i"ing t/e te)*e!at!e en+i!on)ent-
7.' 6ar$ne growt5
7.'. 7a!ine g!o,t/ on st!#t!al #o)*onents in ,ate! and in t/e s*las/ Gone. #ased "( *lant. ani)al and
"a#te!ia life. s/all "e #onside!ed and a##onted fo! in design as s*e#ified in DNV-OS-J101- In a##onting fo!
)a!ine g!o,t/ it is i)*o!tant to #onside! its effe#t in te!)s of its ,eig/t in ,ate! as ,ell as its effe#t in te!)s
of in#!eased di)ensions of t/e affe#ted st!#t!al )e)"e!s-
[ ]
%
1
B0 - 0 ln
a
S <
$ a T ( + = =
[ ] 5 eD*F 0B - 0 ln
% 1 S <
$ b b T D + = =
!ec.+ 5oads and 5oad 2ffects ) *age &-
SECT!ON ( 4OADS AND 4OAD EFFECTS
!ntrod#ct$on
. General
.. In t/is se#tion. loads. load #o)*onents and load #o)"inations to "e #onside!ed in t/e o+e!all st!engt/
anal(sis fo! design of floating s**o!t st!#t!es fo! ,ind t!"ines a!e s*e#ified- Re3i!e)ents fo! t/e
!e*!esentation of t/ese loads and t/ei! #o)"inations as ,ell as t/ei! #o)"ined load effe#ts a!e gi+en-
..% Dete!)ination of ae!o- and /(d!od(na)i# loading and !es*onse is +ital. sin#e t/is loading and !es*onse
in+ol+e ,ind eD#itation. ,a+e eD#itation. added )ass. ae!od(na)i# da)*ing. ,a+e da)*ing and st!#t!al
da)*ing. and t/e stiffness as ,ell as t/e geo)et!( of t/e floate! in 3estion- All t/ese *a!a)ete!s a!e de#isi+e
fo! dete!)ination of ,a+e f!e3en#( FWF5. lo, f!e3en#( F<F5 and /ig/ f!e3en#( FHF5 floate! )otions- All
t/ese )otion #o)*onents a!e of i)*o!tan#e and )st "e dete!)ined #a!efll(- Fo! f!t/e! details. !efe!en#e is
)ade to DNV-R2-9%0@ and DNV-R2-F%0@-
G#$dance note@
9a!efl assess)ent of t/e #o)"ination of ae!od(na)i# da)*ing. ,a+e da)*ing and st!#t!al da)*ing nde!
diffe!ent ,ind and ,a+e di!e#tions and in *a!ti#la! nde! ,ind and ,a+e )isalign)ent is i)*o!tant fo!
dete!)ination of t/e floate! )otions. sin#e ae!od(na)i# da)*ing is 'no,n onl( to "e signifi#ant ,/en t/e ,a+e
di!e#tion is in line ,it/ t/e !oto! aDis. ,/i#/ in t!n is sall( aligned ,it/ t/e )ean ,ind di!e#tion-
T/e )ean ,a+e di!e#tion #an de+iate signifi#antl( f!o) t/e )ean ,ind di!e#tion- In t/e #ase of s,ells. o!iginating in
diffe!ent a!eas and "eing n#o!!elated ,it/ t/e lo#al ,inds. t/is is o"+ios- In t/e #ase of ,ind-gene!ated ,a+es. t/is
)a( fo! eDa)*le ta'e *la#e i))ediatel( afte! a #/ange in t/e ,ind di!e#tion-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
.% EBtreme loads
.%. O*e!ational #onditions d!ing *o,e! *!od#tion ,ill often *!od#e t/e go+e!ning eDt!e)e loads ,/i#/
,ill t/en "e do)inated "( t/e t/!st fo!#e fo!)ed "( t/e !oto!-filte!ed ,ind loads- T/e la!gest t/!st fo!#e
sall( o##!s at t/e !ated ,ind s*eed. "t ,ill so)eti)es o##! at ot/e! ,ind s*eeds- D(na)i# loads at ,ind
s*eeds a"o+e t/e !ated ,ind s*eed a!e #ont!olle! de*endent- T/e la!gest eDt!e)e loads )a( not al,a(s "e f!o)
no!)al *o,e! *!od#tion- T!ansients de to e)e!gen#( sto*s )a( fo! eDa)*le *!od#e t/e /ig/est to,e! "ase
)o)ents- T/e /ig/est )oo!ing line loads a!e often go+e!ned "( ,a+e loads-
.%.% All load #onditions. "ot/ d!ing *o,e! *!od#tion and in t/e *a!'ed #ondition fo! t/e t!"ine. need to "e
in#lded in a fll long-te!) anal(sis fo! t/e eDt!e)e loads-
.' Fat$g#e loads
.'. Fatige da)age of floating s**o!t st!#t!es ,ill "e a la!ge! #/allenge t/an fatige da)age of "otto)-
fiDed st!#t!es. "e#ase t/e ,ind ,ill i)*l( glo"al )otions t/at in t!n ,ill #ase fo!#es and st!esses in t/e
st!#t!e- T/e ,ind fo!#e is essential to t/e fatige "e/a+io! of floating s**o!t st!#t!es o,ing to its
signifi#ant #ont!i"tion to t/e "ending st!esses in t/e +a!ios st!#t!al )e)"e!s-
.( Trans/ortat$on loads
.(. T!ans*o!tation of floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es )a( gi+e !ise to load #ases. ,/i#/ s/all "e #onside!ed
in design-
.. W$nd t#r+$ne loads
... Rotational sa)*ling. #onsisting of t/e ,ind eD*e!ien#ed "( a !otating *oint on t/e !oto! and !eslting
f!o) s*atial +a!iation of t/e t!"len#e o+e! t/e s,e*t a!ea of t/e !otating t!"ine. ,ill lead to t!ansfe! of t/e
lo, f!e3en#( *a!t of t/e t!"len#e to loads at f!e3en#ies e3al to )lti*les of t/e !otational f!e3en#( of
t/e !oto!- T/is is of i)*o!tan#e fo! t/e ,ind t!"ine #(#li# loading and s/all "e #onside!ed in design-
...% Qa, loads !eslting f!o) a tilted !oto! d!ing *it#/ of t/e floate! s/all "e #onside!ed in design. as t/e(
#an "e i)*o!tant fo! a floate! ,it/ lo, (a, !esistan#e s#/ as a s*a!-
.- Wake8$nd#ced loads
.-. <oads ind#ed "( ,a'es "e/ind *st!ea) ,ind t!"ines in ,ind fa!)s s/all "e #onside!ed in design-
.-.% Wit/in ,ind fa!)s lo,-f!e3en#( t!"len#e )a( o##! and #ase side,a(s os#illations of ,a'es ,/i#/
)a( o! )a( not /it do,nst!ea) ,ind t!"ines and t/ei! to,e!s- T/e *ossi"le #onse3en#es of s#/
K)eande!ingL ,a'es fo! floating nits in te!)s of asso#iated load #ases s/old "e #onside!ed in design-
!ec.+ 5oads and 5oad 2ffects ) *age &.
% Res/onse C5aracter$st$cs
%. General
%.. T/e !es*onse #/a!a#te!isti#s of a floating s**o!t st!#t!e a!e of inte!est in t/e design of t/e st!#t!e-
As gidan#e in design. t/is s"se#tion *!o+ides an o+e!+ie, of !es*onse #/a!a#te!isti#s fo! +a!ios floate!
#on#e*ts of !ele+an#e fo! s**o!t of floating ,ind t!"ines-
%..% Wit/ !efe!en#e to t/ei! #o)*liant and KsoftL "e/a+io! in t/e /o!iGontal *lane. )ost floate! t(*es
t(*i#all( /a+e nat!al *e!iods in s!ge. s,a( and (a, ,/i#/ a!e longe! t/an 100 se# and ,/i#/ a!e go+e!ned
"( t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste)-
%..' De*ending on t/e lo#ation and t/e sea state. o#ean ,a+es #ontain s"stantial ene!g( in t/e s*e#t!al *e!iod
!ange @ to %@ se#- Fo! a floate!. t/e nat!al *e!iods of )otion a!e 'e( feat!es. ,/i#/ !efle#t t/e design
*/iloso*/( a**lied fo! t/e floate!- T/e nat!al *e!iod in /ea+e is no!)all( a"o+e %@ se# fo! a s*a! and "elo,
@ se# fo! a T<2-
%..( Roll and *it#/ *e!iods )a( "e )o!e i)*o!tant t/an /ea+e *e!iodsI /o,e+e!. ,/at is )ost i)*o!tant is to
a+oid #o*led +i"!ation fo!)s ,/i#/ )a( o##! if /ea+e *e!iods a!e too #lose to !oll and *it#/ *e!iods- T/e
#o*ling "et,een t/e (a, and *it#/ )odes of )otion )a( "e i)*o!tant fo! floate!s ,it/ lo, (a, !esistan#e.
s#/ as s*a!s. sin#e a tilted !oto! ,ill !eslt in (a, loads-
%.% Dee/8dra#g5t &loaters ;DDFs<
%.%. Alt/og/ DDFs s#/ as s*a!s a!e not !est!ained in /ea+e. t/e( a!e #/a!a#te!iGed "( s)all /ea+e )otions
o,ing to t/ei! la!ge d!ag/ts- T/is is ad+antageos fo! *o,e! ta'e-off #a"les. )"ili#als and )oo!ings- Solid
and li3id "allast is often e)*lo(ed at t/e 'eel to #ont!ol t/e floating *e!fo!)an#e- T/e do)inant loads a!e
,ind and ,a+e loadsI /o,e+e!. DDFs do /a+e a la!ge a!ea eD*osed to #!!ent fo!#es- St!a'es added to t/e /ll
of a s*a! )a( !ed#e *ossi"le +o!teD-ind#ed #!oss-flo, os#illations. "t ,ill at t/e sa)e ti)e in#!ease t/e
added )ass and t/e d!ag fo!#es on t/e s*a!- A #/e#' against VI7 s/all "e #a!!ied ot. see gidan#e in Se#-B
N1-3O-
%.' Sem$s#+mers$+les
%.'. Se)is")e!si"les a!e sall( #ol)n-sta"iliGed nits #onsisting of la!ge-dia)ete! s**o!t #ol)ns
atta#/ed to s")e!ged *ontoons- T/e *ontoons )a( "e of diffe!ent designs s#/ as !ing *ontoons. t,in
*ontoons and )lti-footing *ontoons- Se)is")e!si"les /a+e s)all ,ate!-*lane a!eas ,/i#/ gi+e !at/e! /ig/
nat!al *e!iods in +e!ti#al )odes- T/e nat!al *e!iod in /ea+e is sall( otside t/e !ange of ,a+e *e!iods
eD#e*t in eDt!e)e sea states- T/is i)*lies t/at a se)is")e!si"le no!)all( /as !elati+el( s)all +e!ti#al )otions
#o)*a!ed to a )ono/ll floate! s#/ as a "a!ge- Ho,e+e!. its "e/a+io! in eDt!e)e ,eat/e! #onditions !e3i!es
fleDi"le )oo!ing and *o,e! ta'e-off s(ste)s- A +a!iet( of )oo!ing s(ste)s a!e a+aila"le fo! t/e
se)is")e!si"le #on#e*t-
%.( Tens$on8leg /lat&orms ;T43s<
%.(. A T<2 diffe!s fnda)entall( f!o) ot/e! floate! #on#e*ts in t/at it is t/e tendon stiffness !at/e! t/an t/e
,ate!-*lane stiffness t/at go+e!ns t/e +e!ti#al )otions- T/e tension s(ste) is a soft s*!ing in s!ge. s,a( and
(a,. "t a stiff s*!ing in /ea+e. !oll and *it#/-
%.(.% A T<2 gene!all( eD*e!ien#es WF )otions in t/e /o!iGontal *lane t/at a!e of t/e sa)e )agnitde as t/ose
of a se)is")e!si"le of #o)*a!a"le siGe- In t/e +e!ti#al *lane. /o,e+e!. t/e T<2 ,ill "e/a+e )o!e li'e a
"otto)-fiDed st!#t!e ,it/ *!a#ti#all( no WF )otion !es*onse- WF fo!#es a!e di!e#tl( #onte!a#ted "( t/e
tendon stiffness fo!#es- Tendon fo!#es to 'ee* t/e floate! in *osition sall( "e#o)e la!ge-
%.(.' Hig/e! o!de! s)-f!e3en#( fo!#es )a( int!od#e s*!inging andJo! !inging !es*onse in +e!ti#al )odes.
see DNV-R2-9%0@- T/ese effe#ts )a( gi+e signifi#ant #ont!i"tions to t/e fatige !es*onses of t/e tet/e!s-
%.(.( Set-do,n denotes t/e 'ine)ati# #o*ling "et,een t/e /o!iGontal s!geJs,a( )otions and t/e +e!ti#al
/ea+e )otions- Set-do,n is i)*o!tant in t/e #al#lation of tet/e! fo!#es and in t/e #al#lation of !es*onses in
*o,e! ta'e-off #a"les- Set-do,n #an "e of t/e sa)e o!de! of )agnitde as ,a+e-f!e3en#( s!ge and s,a( in
s/allo, ,ate!s- Fo! f!t/e! details. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV-OS-910@-
%.. 6ono5#ll str#ct#res
%... De to la!ge ,ate! *lane a!eas and !elati+el( s)all d!ag/ts. )ono/ll st!#t!es a!e ss#e*ti"le to la!ge
)otions- A )ono/ll st!#t!e #an "e s/a*ed as a "a!ge o! as a s/i*- T/e #o)"ination of /ead sea and "ea)
s,ell fo!) a #!iti#al #ondition fo! a )ono/ll st!#t!e- Signifi#ant a##ele!ations in !oll )a( o##! fo! o"long
st!#t!es s#/ as s/i*s and )a( /a+e an i)*a#t on t/e t!"ine and on t/e design of #a"les and )oo!ing s(ste)-
<a!ge "ilge 'eels )ig/t "e ne#essa!( in o!de! to #ont!ol t/e )otions. !ega!dless of t/e s/a*e of t/e /ll-
!ec.+ 5oads and 5oad 2ffects ) *age &/
Sele#tion of a *!o*e! da)*ing esti)ate is i)*o!tant fo! t/e *!edi#tion of !es*onses-
' 0as$s &or De&$n$t$on o& C5aracter$st$c 4oads
'. 4oad categor$Cat$on
'.. <oads a!e #atego!iGed a##o!ding to t(*e- T/e load #atego!iGation is sed as "asis fo! definition of
#/a!a#te!isti# loads fo! se in design-
'..% T/e follo,ing load #atego!ies a!e defined0
1 *e!)anent loads
1 +a!ia"le fn#tional loads
1 en+i!on)ental loads
1 a"no!)al ,ind t!"ine loads Floads asso#iated ,it/ falt sitations fo! t/e ,ind t!"ine5
1 defo!)ation loads
1 a##idental loads-
G#$dance note@
A"no!)al loads a!e ,ind loads !eslting f!o) a n)"e! of se+e!e falt sitations fo! t/e ,ind t!"ine ,/i#/ !eslt in
a#ti+ation of s(ste) *!ote#tion fn#tions- A"no!)al ,ind loads de to falt #onditions fo! t/e t!"ine /a+e a /ig/e!
*!o"a"ilit( of o##!!en#e t/an a##idental loads #onside!ed fo! t/e A<S- De*ending on t/e t(*e of falt. a"no!)al
,ind loads de to falt #onditions fo! t/e t!"ine )a( e+en /a+e a /ig/e! *!o"a"ilit( of o##!!en#e t/an t(*i#al $<S
loads-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
'.% De&$n$t$on o& c5aracter$st$c loads
'.%. $nless s*e#ifi# eD#e*tions a**l(. as do#)ented ,it/in t/is standa!d. t/e "asis fo! sele#tion of
#/a!a#te!isti# loads o! #/a!a#te!isti# load effe#ts s*e#ified in N3-%-%O and N3-%-3O s/all a**l( in t/e te)*o!a!(
and o*e!ational design #onditions. !es*e#ti+el(-
G#$dance note@
Te)*o!a!( design #onditions #o+e! design #onditions d!ing t!ans*o!t. asse)"l(. )aintenan#e. !e*ai! and
de#o))issioning of t/e ,ind t!"ine st!#t!e-
O*e!ational design #onditions #o+e! stead( #onditions s#/ as *o,e! *!od#tion. idling and stand-still as ,ell as
t!ansient #onditions asso#iated ,it/ sta!t-*. s/tdo,n. (a,ing and falts of t/e ,ind t!"ine-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
'.%.% Fo! t/e te)*o!a!( design #onditions. t/e #/a!a#te!isti# loads and load effe#ts in design #/e#'s s/all "e
"ased on s*e#ified en+i!on)ental design #onditions as otlined in Ta"le ?-1- T/e en+i!on)ental design
#onditions s/all "e s*e#ified ,it/ de attention to t/e a#tal lo#ation. t/e season of t/e (ea!. t/e ,eat/e!
fo!e#ast and t/e #onse3en#es of fail!e- Fo! design #onditions d!ing t!ans*o!t and installation. !efe!en#e is
)ade to DNV-OS-H101 and DNV-OS-H10%-
G#$dance note@
En+i!on)ental design #onditions a!e sall( s*e#ified in te!)s of +ales fo! 3antities s#/ as signifi#ant ,a+e
/eig/t. )ean ,ind s*eed. and #!!ent +elo#it(- In t/e #onteDt of )a!ine o*e!ations. en+i!on)ental design #onditions
a!e !efe!!ed to as en+i!on)ental design #!ite!ia-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
!ec.+ 5oads and 5oad 2ffects ) *age &0
'.%.' Fo! t/e o*e!ational design #onditions. t/e "asis fo! definition of #/a!a#te!isti# loads and load effe#ts
s*e#ified in Ta"le ?-% !efe!s to statisti#al te!)s ,/ose definitions a!e gi+en in Ta"le ?-3-
'.%.( 9/a!a#te!isti# +ales of en+i!on)ental loads o! load effe#ts. ,/i#/ a!e defined as t/e CEP 3antile in t/e
dist!i"tion of t/e annal )aDi)) of t/e load o! load effe#t. o! "( ot/e! 3antiles in t/is dist!i"tion. s/all "e
esti)ated "( t/ei! #ent!al esti)ates-
Ta+le (8 0as$s &or de&$n$t$on o& c5aracter$st$c loads and load e&&ects &or tem/orar) des$gn cond$t$ons
/imit states = temporary design conditions
/oad category 6/S 3/S
-/S
S/S
8ntact
structure
Damaged
structure
2e!)anent F45 ED*e#ted +ale
Va!ia"le F65 S*e#ified
F15
+ale
S*e#ified
F15
load
/isto!(
S*e#ified
F15
+ale
En+i!on)ental FE5I ,eat/e!
!est!i#ted
S*e#ified +ale
ED*e#ted load
/isto!(
Not
a**li#a"le
S*e#ified +ale
En+i!on)ental FE5I n!est!i#ted
o*e!ations
F%5
8ased on statisti#al
data
F35
ED*e#ted load
/isto!(
8ased on statisti#al data
F3.?5
A##idental FA5
S*e#ified
+ale
Defo!)ation FD5
ED*e#ted eDt!e)e
+ale
ED*e#ted load
/isto!(
S*e#ified +ale
F15 T/e s*e#ified +ale o! t/e s*e#ified load /isto!(. as a**li#a"le. s/all. if !ele+ant. "e ;stified "( #al#lations-
F%5 See DNV-OS-H101-
F35 See DNV-OS-H101. Se#-3-
F?5 Joint *!o"a"ilit( of a##ident and en+i!on)ental #ondition #old "e #onside!ed-
Ta+le (8% 0as$s &or de&$n$t$on o& c5aracter$st$c loads and load e&&ects &or o/erat$onal des$gn cond$t$ons
/imit states = operational design conditions
/oad category 6/S 3/S
-/S
S/S
8ntact
structure
Damaged structure
2e!)anent F45 ED*e#ted +ale
Va!ia"le F65 S*e#ified +ale
En+i!on)ental FE5
CEP 3antile in
dist!i"tion of annal
)aDi)) load o! load
effe#t
F<oad o! load effe#t ,it/
!et!n *e!iod @0 (ea!s5
ED*e#ted load
/isto!( o! eD*e#ted
load effe#t /isto!(
Not
a**li#a"le
<oad o! load effe#t
,it/ !et!n *e!iod not
less t/an 1 (ea!
S*e#ified
+ale
A##idental FA5
S*e#ified
+ale
A"no!)al ,ind
t!"ine loads
S*e#ified +ale
ED*e#ted load
/isto!(
Defo!)ation FD5 ED*e#ted eDt!e)e +ale
Ta+le (8' Stat$st$cal terms #sed &or de&$n$t$on o& c5aracter$st$c loads and load e&&ects
Term Return period 0years1
>uantile in distribution of annual
ma?imum
Probability of e?ceedance in
distribution of
annual ma?imum
100-(ea! +ale 100 CCP 3antile 0-01
@0-(ea! +ale @0 CEP 3antile 0-0%
10-(ea! +ale 10 C0P 3antile 0-10
@-(ea! +ale @ E0P 3antile 0-%0
1-(ea! +ale
7ost *!o"a"le /ig/est +ale in one (ea!. i-e- t/e )ode in dist!i"tion of
annal )aDi))
!ec.+ 5oads and 5oad 2ffects ) *age +%
( 3ermanent 4oads ;G<
(. De&$n$t$on
(.. 2e!)anent loads a!e loads t/at ,ill not +a!( in )agnitde. *osition o! di!e#tion d!ing t/e *e!iod
#onside!ed- EDa)*les a!e0
1 )ass of st!#t!e
1 )ass of *e!)anent "allast and e3i*)ent
1 eDte!nal and inte!nal /(d!ostati# *!ess!e of a *e!)anent nat!e. in#lding *e!)anent *!ess!e diffe!en#es
1 !ea#tions to t/e a"o+e-
(..% T/e #/a!a#te!isti# +ale of a *e!)anent load is defined as t/e eD*e#ted +ale "ased on a##!ate data of
t/e nit. )ass of t/e )ate!ial and t/e +ol)e in 3estion-
(..' 2e!)anent *!ess!es a!e dealt ,it/ toget/e! ,it/ ot/e! loads on t/e /ll st!#t!e in NCO-
(.% Floater8s/ec$&$c $ss#es
(.%. 2!etension of tendons. sed fo! station 'ee*ing of ,ind t!"ine floate!s of t/e T<2 t(*e. s/all "e
#onside!ed and t!eated as *e!)anent loads- T/e *!etension in tendons is inflen#ed "( tidal ,ate!- T/e )ost
nfa+o!a"le ,ate! le+el s/all "e sed in design-
(.%.% 2!etension of )oo!ing lines #onst!#ted f!o) steel ,i!es and #/ains is sall( a )ean )oo!ing line fo!#e
do)inated "( t/e ,eig/t of t/e )oo!ing line- 2!etension of )oo!ing lines s/all t/e!efo!e "e #atego!iGed as a
*e!)anent load- 2!etension of )oo!ing lines #onst!#ted f!o) fi"!e !o*es is sall( not do)inated "( ,eig/t.
"t is still !e#'oned as a *e!)anent load-
G#$dance note@
FiDed-lengt/ fi"!e !o*es s#/ as t/ose sed in tat )oo!ing s(ste)s )a( eD*e!ien#e !elaDation o+e! ti)e. s#/ t/at
an initiall( /ig/ *!etension in t/e "eginning of a Kdesign ,indo,L )a( "e#o)e !ed#ed as ti)e ela*ses. !eslting in
a lo,e! *!etension at t/e end of t/is ,indo,- Fi"!e !o*es sed in tendons fo! T<2s ,ill. o+e! ti)e. eD*e!ien#e an
analogos #!ee* and #o!!es*onding elongation o,ing to *!etension and t/e *!etension )a( li'e,ise "e#o)e !elaDed-
Des*ite s#/ ti)e-de*endent !elaDation of *!etension in fi"!e !o*es. t/is *!etension is still !e#'oned as a *e!)anent
load-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
(.%.' 2e!)anent solid and li3id "allast sed fo! floating sta"ilit( *!*oses is #atego!iGed as a *e!)anent load-
(.%.( T/e inflen#e of fa"!i#ation and installation tole!an#es s/all "e #onside!ed in t/e design of t/e floating
st!#t!e- T/is is of *a!ti#la! !ele+an#e in tat )oo!ing s(ste)s as t/e st!et#/ of t/e )oo!ing lines #an "e
s)alle! t/an t/e installation tole!an#es-
. 9ar$a+le F#nct$onal 4oads ;=<
.. De&$n$t$on
... Va!ia"le fn#tional loads a!e loads ,/i#/ )a( +a!( in )agnitde. *osition and di!e#tion d!ing t/e
*e!iod nde! #onside!ation. and ,/i#/ a!e !elated to o*e!ation and no!)al se of t/e st!#t!e in 3estion-
Va!ia"le fn#tional loads a!e often !efe!!ed to as *a(load- Fo! floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!e. t/e +a!ia"le
fn#tional loads )ainl( #onsist of0
1 a#tation loads
1 loads on a##ess *latfo!)s and inte!nal st!#t!es s#/ as ladde!s and *latfo!)s
1 s/i* i)*a#ts f!o) se!+i#e +essels de to no!)al o*e!ation
1 ,eig/t of +a!ia"le "allast and *!ess!es de to +a!ia"le "allast
1 #!ane o*e!ational loads-
...% T/e #/a!a#te!isti# +ale of a +a!ia"le fn#tional load is t/e )aDi)) o! )ini)) s*e#ified +ale.
,/i#/e+e! *!od#es t/e )ost nfa+o!a"le load effe#ts in t/e st!#t!e in 3estion-
...' S/i* i)*a#ts a!e dealt ,it/ in N@-%O- 2!ess!es de to +a!ia"le "allast a!e dealt ,it/ toget/e! ,it/ ot/e!
loads on t/e /ll st!#t!e in NCO- Fo! details a"ot ot/e! +a!ia"le loads )entioned in N@-1-1O. !efe!en#e is )ade
to DNV-OS-J101-
..% S5$/ $m/acts and coll$s$ons
..%. S/i* i)*a#t loads de to no!)al o*e!ations a!e defined as +a!ia"le fn#tional loads- Re3i!e)ents
!ega!ding s/i* i)*a#ts as s*e#ified in DNV-OS-J101 a**l( to floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es nless ot/e!,ise
s*e#ified /e!ein-
!ec.+ 5oads and 5oad 2ffects ) *age +$
..%.% S/i* i)*a#t loads as des#!i"ed in DNV-OS-J101 )a( need to "e s**le)ented as ne#essa!( fo! floating
s**o!t st!#t!es. fo! eDa)*le if la!ge! s/i*s /a+e to "e #onside!ed in *!edi#ting loads f!o) s/i* i)*a#ts de
to no!)al o*e!ation- T/e design against s/i* i)*a#ts s/all "e "ased on t/e eD*e#ted )aDi)) at/o!iGed
se!+i#e +essel fo! t/e !ange of ,ind fa!)s fo! ,/i#/ t/e floating s**o!t st!#t!e is )eant to "e sed-
..%.' S/i* i)*a#t loads on floating s**o!t st!#t!es need to "e )o!e t/o!og/l( do#)ented t/an fo! fiDed
st!#t!es- T/is is so "e#ase of t/e #onse3en#es of a s/i* #ollision. s/old t/e #ollision lead to *enet!ation
of a #o)*a!t)ent ,all and #ase flooding. and "e#ase of t/e )otions of t,o "odies ,it/ diffe!ent )otion
#/a!a#te!isti#s- T/e #onse3en#es of a s/i* #ollision a!e go+e!ned "( t/e !atio "et,een t/e stiffness of t/e s/i*
and t/e stiffness of t/e floate! and "( t/e !atio "et,een t/e )ass of t/e s/i* and t/e )ass of t/e floate!- T/e
late!al #o)*lian#e of t/e floating st!#t!e is no ga!antee t/at t/e !eslt of a s/i* #ollision ,ill "e less se+e!e
t/an fo! a "otto)-fiDed s**o!t st!#t!e. sin#e t/e t,o o";e#ts #an "e in */ase o**osition ,/i#/ )a( !ende!
t/e !eslt of t/e s/i* #ollision )o!e se+e!e t/an fo! a "otto)-fiDed st!#t!e-
..%.( A )odel fo! s/i* i)*a#t anal(sis is gi+en in DNV-R2-910?. Se#-E-
- En,$ronmental 4oads ;E<
-. De&$n$t$on
-.. En+i!on)ental loads a!e loads #ased "( en+i!on)ental */eno)ena- T/ese a!e loads ,/ose )agnitde
and di!e#tion )a( +a!( ,it/ ti)e. s#/ as
1 ,ind loads
1 /(d!od(na)i# loads ind#ed "( ,a+es and #!!ent. in#lding d!ag and ine!tia fo!#es
1 ea!t/3a'e loads
1 tidal effe#ts
1 )a!ine g!o,t/
1 sno, and i#e loads-
-..% En+i!on)ental loads and load effe#ts to "e sed fo! design s/all "e "ased on en+i!on)ental data
!e*!esentati+e fo! t/e ta!get !egion and !ele+ant fo! t/e o*e!ation in 3estion- En+i!on)ental loads and load
effe#ts to "e sed fo! design s/all "e dete!)ined "( se of !ele+ant )et/ods a**li#a"le fo! t/e ta!get !egion and
fo! t/e o*e!ation of t/e st!#t!e. and ta'ing into a##ont t/e t(*e. siGe and s/a*e of t/e st!#t!e as ,ell as its
!es*onse #/a!a#te!isti#s-
-..' 9/a!a#te!isti# loads and load effe#ts s/all "e dete!)ined as 3antiles ,it/ s*e#ified *!o"a"ilities of
eD#eedan#e in t/e !es*e#ti+e !ele+ant *!o"a"ilit( dist!i"tions-
-..( 2!a#ti#al info!)ation !ega!ding en+i!on)ental #onditions and en+i!on)ental loads a!e gi+en in DNV-
R2-9%0@-
-.% Floater8s/ec$&$c $ss#es
-.%. In o!de! to ade3atel( #a*t!e effe#ts asso#iated ,it/ t/e nat!al f!e3en#ies of floating s**o!t
st!#t!es ,/en loads and !es*onses a!e to "e dete!)ined. a sffi#ient lengt/ of t/e in+ol+ed si)lations )st
"e ens!ed- Si)lation *e!iods s/old t/e!efo!e "e in#!eased f!o) t/e standa!d defalt of 10 )intes- A
)ini)) of 3 /o!s is !e#o))ended to ade3atel( #a*t!e effe#ts s#/ as nonlinea!ities. se#ond o!de! effe#ts.
and slo,l( +a!(ing !es*onses. and to *!o*e!l( esta"lis/ t/e design load effe#ts- T/is *oses so)e #/allenges.
sin#e ,ind #annot "e #onside!ed stationa!( o+e! ti)e s#ales as long as 3 to A /o!s-
G#$dance note@
Wind anal(ses a!e sall( #a!!ied ot as stationa!( anal(ses. so one o*tion fo! #i!#)+enting t/e isse of
nonstationa!it( o+e! ti)es*ans in t/e o!de! of 3 to A /o!s #old "e to #a!!( ot a n)"e! of stationa!( anal(ses o+e!
s/o!te! ti)es*ans and #o)"ine t/e) in a *!o*e! ,a(-
Anot/e! o*tion is to ass)e stationa!it( o+e! t/e 3- to A-/o! ti)es*ans needed. !ega!dless t/at t/is stationa!it(
ass)*tion is not flfilled as fa! as t/e ,ind is #on#e!ned. and t/en #o)"ine ,it/ sita"le #onse!+ati+e anal(sis
ass)*tions- In gene!al. ,/en it #an "e de)onst!ated t/at #onside!ing stationa!( #onditions o+e! 3 to A /o!s (ields
less fa+o!a"le loads. stationa!( ,ind #onditions o+e! s#/ long *e!iods #an "e ass)ed in design-
T/e need fo! si)lation ti)es as long as 3 to A /o!s is fi!st of all eD*e#ted fo! anal(sis in t/e o*e!ating #ondition-
Fo! anal(sis in t/e s!+i+al #ondition. ,/e!e t/e ,ind t!"ine is not o*e!ating. s/o!te! si)lation ti)es a!e eD*e#ted
to sffi#e-
Si)lations fo! dete!)ination of loads and !es*onses in+ol+e #o)"inations of ,ind and ,a+es- S#/ #o)"inations
,ill !e3i!e #on+e!sion of signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/ts and )ean ,ind s*eeds f!o) t/ei! !es*e#ti+e Fsall( diffe!ent5
!efe!en#e *e!iods to a #o))on !efe!en#e *e!iod e3al to t/e #/osen si)lation lengt/- Refe!en#e is )ade to
#on+e!sion fo!)las fo! signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t in Se#-3 NA-1-3O and #on+e!sion fo!)las fo! )ean ,ind s*eed in
!ec.+ 5oads and 5oad 2ffects ) *age +'
DNV-OS-J101. Se#-3- Fo! a si)lation lengt/ of 1 /o!. it is !e#o))ended to a**l( t/e sa)e #on+e!sion as t/e one
!e#o))ended in IE9A1?00-3. Se#tion B-?-A-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
-.%.% A #o*led anal(sis in t/e ti)e do)ain s/all "e #a!!ied ot fo! floating nits in t/e o*e!ational */ases fo!
t/e ,ind t!"ine-
-.' Des$gn load cases
-.'. DNV-OS-J101. Se#- ?. Ta"le E1. *!o+ides a n)"e! of *!o*osed load #ases "( #o)"ining +a!ios
en+i!on)ental #onditions- T/is ta"le s/all "e s**le)ented as ne#essa!( ,it/ load #ases a##onting fo!0
1 #/anges ne#essitated "( ne, o! !e+ised !e*!esentations of gst sitations as add!essed in Se#-3
1 #/anges ne#essitated "( floating ,ind t!"ines. in *a!ti#la! t/ose !efle#ting t/at t/e #ont!ol s(ste) is sed
to 'ee* t/e t!"ine in *la#e "( )ini)iGing eD#itation-
-.'.% Fo! $<S load #ases it is i)*o!tant to ass)e t/e )ost nfa+o!a"le di!e#tions of t/e ,ind and t/e ,a+es-
-.( !ce loads
-.(. 2!o*osed load #ases fo! i#e loading. gi+en in DNV-OS-J101. Se#-? E@00. s/all "e s**le)ented as
ne#essa!( "( s**le)enta!( load #ases of i)*o!tan#e fo! t/e )oo!ing s(ste). fo! eDa)*le if lo#ations in #old
#li)ates s#/ as t/e 4lf of 8ot/nia a!e #onside!ed-
-.. Fat$g#e loads
-... T/e long te!) ,ind and ,a+e en+i!on)ent #an "e !e*!esented "( a n)"e! of dis#!ete #onditions- Ea#/
#ondition #onsists of a !efe!en#e ,ind di!e#tion. a !efe!en#e ,a+e di!e#tion and a !efe!en#e sea state
#/a!a#te!iGed "( a signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t. *ea' *e!iod. #!!ent +elo#it(. )ean ,ind s*eed. and standa!d
de+iation of ,ind s*eed- T/e *!o"a"ilit( of o##!!en#e of ea#/ of t/ese #onditions )st "e s*e#ified- In gene!al
E to 1% !efe!en#e di!e#tions *!o+ide a good !e*!esentation of t/e di!e#tional dist!i"tion of a long-te!) ,a+e
en+i!on)ent- T/e ne#essa!( n)"e! of !efe!en#e sea states #an "e in t/e !ange of 10 to @0- Fatige da)age
*!edi#tion #an "e sensiti+e to t/e n)"e! of sea states in t/is dis#!etiGation. and sensiti+it( stdies #an "e
ne#essa!(-
-...% All signifi#ant st!ess !anges. ,/i#/ #ont!i"te to fatige da)age in t/e st!#t!e. s/all "e #onside!ed-
St!ess !anges #ased "( ,ind and ,a+e loading s/all no!)all( "e esta"lis/ed "( ti)e do)ain anal(sis nde!
de #onside!ation of t/e )otion #/a!a#te!isti#s of t/e floate! and its inte!a#tion ,it/ t/e #ont!ol s(ste)-
St!ess !anges #ased "( ,a+e and ,ind loading s/all "e esta"lis/ed f!o) site-s*e#ifi# en+i!on)ental data- T/e
a#tal align)ent of t/e !oto! aDis of t/e ,ind t!"ine !elati+e to t/e di!e#tion of t/e ,ind #an "e i)*o!tant-
St!ess !anges #ased "( a"no!)al ,ind t!"ine loads s/all "e #onside!ed as a**!o*!iate- St!esses f!o)
*e!sistent e!!o!s. s#/ as senso! e!!o!s in t/e t!"ine #ont!ol s(ste). and f!o) !elati+el( f!e3entl( o##!!ing
falts )ig/t "e !ele+ant-
If f!e3en#( do)ain anal(sis is sed. +alidation against )odel tests o! ti)e do)ain anal(sis s/all "e *e!fo!)ed-
-...' D(na)i# effe#ts. in#lding d(na)i# a)*lifi#ation. s/all "e dl( a##onted fo! ,/en esta"lis/ing t/e
long-te!) st!ess !ange dist!i"tion-
7 Acc$dental 4oads ;A<
7. De&$n$t$on
7.. A##idental loads a!e loads !elated to a##idental e+ents. a"no!)al o*e!ations o! te#/ni#al fail!e. i-e-
e+ents t/at o##! )o!e !a!el( t/an t/e @0- o! 100-(ea! loads sall( sed as #/a!a#te!isti# loads fo! design in
t/e $<S- 9/a!a#te!isti# a##idental loads a!e a##o!dingl( sele#ted s#/ t/at t/e( /a+e annal eD#eedan#e
*!o"a"ilities in t/e !ange 10
?
to 10
%
- $nless s*e#ified ot/e!,ise. #/a!a#te!isti# a##idental loads fo! floating
,ind t!"ine st!#t!es and t/ei! station 'ee*ing s(ste)s s/all "e ta'en as 1000-(ea! loads. i-e- loads ,it/ an
annal *!o"a"ilit( of eD#eedan#e of 10
3
- Fo! floating s**o!t st!#t!es. a##idental loads a!e fo!eseen fi!st of
all to "e loads de to
1 i)*a#ts f!o) nintended #ollisions "( d!ifting se!+i#e +essels
1 nintended #/ange in "allast dist!i"tion Fe-g- fail!e of a#ti+e "allast s(ste)5
1 #/ange of intended *!ess!e diffe!en#e
1 loss of )oo!ing line o! tendon
1 d!o**ed o";e#ts
1 fi!e and eD*losions
1 a##idental flooding-
!ec.+ 5oads and 5oad 2ffects ) *age +&
7..% A##idental loads f!o) nintended #ollisions ,it/ d!ifting se!+i#e +essels s/all "e #onside!ed and s/all
ad/e!e to N@-%-3O and s/all )eet t/e !e3i!e)ents s*e#ified in DNV-OS-J101. Se#-?. D300-
7..' A##idental loads f!o) d!o**ed o";e#ts s/all "e #onside!ed as t/e( #an "e eD*e#ted f!o) no!)al
)aintenan#e o*e!ations ,/e!e o";e#ts a!e lifted and at t/e !is' of "eing d!o**ed-
7..( Fo! st!#t!es ,/i#/ a!e to "e designed fo! se in a!eas eD*osed to !a!e t!o*i#al sto!)s. loads de to s#/
t!o*i#al sto!)s #an "e !e#'oned as a##idental loads-
: De&ormat$on 4oads ;D<
:. De&$n$t$on
:.. Defo!)ation loads a!e loads #ased "( infli#ted defo!)ations s#/ as
1 te)*e!at!e loads
1 "ilt-in defo!)ations
1 #!ee* loads
1 settle)ents of fondations-
G#$dance note@
9!ee* loads #an !eslt f!o) ti)e-de*endent elongation of fi"!e !o*es- 9!ee* loads a!e add!essed in detail in DNV-
OS-E303-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
:..% Re3i!e)ents fo! defo!)ation loads a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-J101-
1 3ress#re 4oads on H#ll
1. General
1.. <oads on /ll st!#t!es #onsist of tan' *!ess!es and sea *!ess!es and #o)*!ise *!ess!e loads in t/e
follo,ing #atego!ies.
1 *e!)anent loads f!o) "allast ,ate!
1 +a!ia"le fn#tional loads f!o) "allast ,ate!
1 *e!)anent /(d!ostati# loads f!o) sea,ate!
1 +a!ia"le en+i!on)ental loads f!o) sea,ate!-
1..% Fo! t/e design of tan's. i-e- "ot/ "allast tan's and ot/e! tan's in t/e /ll. lo#al tan' loads a!e s*e#ified
as tan' *!ess!es and sea *!ess!es in NC-%O and NC-3O. !es*e#ti+el(- T(*i#al #o)"inations fo! lo#al tan'
*!ess!es and sea *!ess!es a!e add!essed in NC-?O-
1..' T/e design s/all in#lde t/e effe#ts of !ele+ant glo"al and lo#al !es*onses- T/e tig/tness of t/e tan'
s/old "e tested d!ing #onst!#tion- T/e testing #onditions s/old. at a )ini)). !e*!esent t/e )aDi))
stati# *!ess!e d!ing o*e!ation- W/en testing is to "e *e!fo!)ed. !e3i!e)ents fo! st!#t!al tests as ,ell as
fo! testing fo! ,ate!tig/tness s*e#ified in DNV-OS-9?01. 9/-%. Se#-?. #an "e a**lied-
1..( Fo! a!!ange)ents ,it/ f!ee flooding o! le+el ala!)s installed. li)iting t/e o*e!ational tan' *!ess!es. it
s/all "e ens!ed t/at t/e tan' ,ill not "e#o)e o+e!*!ess!iGed d!ing o*e!ation and tan' testing #onditions-
1.% Tank /ress#res
1.%. Tan's s/all "e designed fo! t/e )aDi)) filling /eig/t- T/!ee alte!nati+e tan' filling t(*es a!e defined
as s*e#ified in NC-%-%O. NC-%-3O and NC-%-?O. !es*e#ti+el(- Re3i!e)ents fo! t/e design tan' *!ess!es fo! t/ese
t/!ee alte!nati+es a!e gi+en in NC-%-@O- Additional !e3i!e)ents fo! a fo!t/ alte!nati+e. !efe!!ing to tan's t/at
#an "e e)*tied "( ai! *!ess!e. a!e s*e#ified in NC-%-AO-
1.%.% Alte!nati+e 10 Tan' filling fo! nits ,it/ot inte!nal tan's o! ,ate!tig/t de#'s0
1 Wate! is filled * to t/e le+el ass)ed in t/e design anal(ses-
1 T/e ,ate! le+el s/old "e eas( to #/e#' d!ing installation and o*e!ation-
1 Ato)ati# o! )anal !otines fo! !egla! #/e#'ing s/all "e in *la#e-
1.%.' Alte!nati+e %0 Tan' filling fo! tan's ,it/ )aDi)) filling /eig/t less t/an at t/e to* of t/e ai! *i*e0
a5 filling "( *)*s ,it/ tan' le+el ala!)s installed0
1 A**li#a"le fo! a!!ange)ents ,it/ li)itations of t/e *ossi"le filling /eig/t-
!ec.+ 5oads and 5oad 2ffects ) *age ++
1 T/e tan' is a!!anged ,it/ an ala!) s(ste) installed to li)it t/e )aDi)) *!ess!e /eig/t-
1 9!ite!ia a**li#a"le fo! t/e tan' filling a!!ange)ents a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-D101 9/-% Se#-3 9300-
S#/ a!!ange)ent s/old /a+e a /ig/ le+el ala!) and a /ig/-/ig/ le+el ala!) ,it/ ato)ati# s/t-off
of t/e *)*- 9onse3en#e of *ossi"le fail!e of t/e ala!) s(ste) )a( "e #onside!ed as an a##idental
e+ent-
1 T/e d(na)i# *!ess!e /ead de to t/e o*e!ation of t/e *)*s. *
d(n
. )a( no!)all( "e negle#ted.
*!o+ided t/e s/t-off le+el is set to CEP of t/e tan' /eig/t-
"5 filling "( f!ee flooding0
1 A**li#a"le fo! a!!ange)ents ,/e!e t/e tan's a!e filled "( g!a+it(. ,it/ot *)*s-
1 9!ite!ia a**li#a"le fo! t/e tan' filling a!!ange)ents a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-D101 9/-% Se#-3 9300. fo!
f!ee flooding "allast s(ste)s-
1 T/e d(na)i# *!ess!e /ead de to t/e o*e!ation of t/e *)*s. *
d(n
. )a( "e negle#ted-
1.%.( Alte!nati+e 30 Tan' filling fo! tan's ,it/ )aDi)) filling /eig/t to t/e to* of t/e ai! *i*e0
1 A**li#a"le fo! a!!ange)ents ,it/ no li)itations of t/e *ossi"le filling /eig/t-
1 T/e tan' is filled "( *)*s-
1 In addition to t/e stati# *!ess!e /ead to t/e to* of t/e ai! *i*e. t/e d(na)i# *!ess!e /ead de to flo,
t/!og/ ai! *i*es de to t/e o*e!ation of t/e *)*s. *
d(n
. s/old "e #onside!ed-
1.%.. T/e design tan' *!ess!e a#ting on t/e inte!nal tan' ,all s/all "e ta'en as
in ,/i#/
a
+
S )aDi)) +e!ti#al a##ele!ation F)Js
%
5. ta'en as t/e #o*led )otion !es*onse a**li#a"le to t/e tan' in
3estion- Fo! *!eli)ina!( design #al#lations of tan' *!ess!es. a
+
)a( "e ta'en as 0-%@g
0
- Fo! final
design. a
+
s/all "e do#)ented. e-g- "( d(na)i# anal(sis-
g
0
S C-E1)Js
%
. a##ele!ation of g!a+it(
S densit( of li3id. )ini)) densit( e3al to t/at of sea,ate! F10%@ 'gJ)
3
5
f.4.6
S load fa#to! fo! *e!)anent and +a!ia"le fn#tional loads. see Se#-@-
f.E
S load fa#to! fo! en+i!on)ental loads. see Se#-@-
/
o*
S +e!ti#al distan#e F)5 f!o) t/e load *oint to t/e *osition of )aDi)) filling /eig/t- Fo! tan's ad;a#ent
to t/e sea t/at a!e sitated "elo, t/e eDt!e)e o*e!ational d!ag/t FT
E
5. t/e )aDi)) filling /eig/t
fo! $<S design is not to "e ta'en less t/an to t/e eDt!e)e o*e!ational d!ag/t-
2a!a)ete!s sed in t/e eD*!ession fo! t/e design tan' *!ess!e a!e illst!ated in Fig!e ?-1-
1.%.- Alte!nati+e ?0 Fo! tan's t/at #an "e e)*tied "( ai! *!ess!e. t/e follo,ing additional !e3i!e)ents a**l(0
Fo! tan's ,/e!e t/e ai! *i*e )a( "e filled d!ing filling o*e!ations. t/e follo,ing additional inte!nal design
*!ess!e #ondition s/all "e #onside!ed0
in ,/i#/ *
d(n
S *!ess!e de to flo, t/!og/ *i*es. )ini)) %@ 'NJ)
%
-
If t/e tan' s/all "e e)*tied "( ai! *!ess!e. t/e *!ess!e in t/e tan' ,ill "e #onstant o+e! t/e total /eig/t of t/e
tan' ,alls. as ,ell as t/e to* and "otto) s!fa#es- T/e /eig/t /
o*
s/all "e #al#lated f!o) t/e "otto) of t/e
#onside!ed tan'. see Fig!e ?-1 KAlt ?"L-
G#$dance note@
T/e inte!nal *!ess!e s*e#ified in NC-%-AO need not "e #o)"ined ,it/ eDt!e)e en+i!on)ental loads- No!)all( onl(
stati# glo"al !es*onse need to "e #onside!ed-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
|
|
\
|
+ =
( f
v
> @ f op d
g
a
h g p
.
0
. . 0

( )
> @ f dyn op d
p h g p
. . 0
+ =
!ec.+ 5oads and 5oad 2ffects ) *age +,
F$g#re (8
3arameters &or $nternal tank /ress#res
1.' Sea /ress#res &or t5e U4S
1.'. T/e design sea *!ess!e a#ting on floating ,ind t!"ine nits in o*e!ating #onditions in dee* ,ate!s #an
"e ta'en as
in ,/i#/
*
s
S g
0
FT
E
G
"
5 F'NJ)
%
5 0
*
e
S g
0
FD
D
G
"
5 F'NJ)
%
5 fo! G
"

E
S 0-@ g
0
He
'G
#os fo! G
"
U
E
T
E
S eDt!e)e o*e!ational d!ag/t F)5 )eas!ed +e!ti#all( f!o) t/e )olded "aseline F8-<-5 to t/e assigned
load ,ate!line- Set-do,n effe#ts s/old "e #onside!ed-
D
D
S +e!ti#al distan#e F)5 f!o) t/e )olded "aseline to t/e ,a+e #!est- Relati+e /ea+e )otions s/all "e
#onside!ed-
G
"
S +e!ti#al distan#e F)5 f!o) t/e )olded "ase line to t/e load *oint
*
s
S stati# sea *!ess!e
*
e
S d(na)i# Fen+i!on)ental5 sea *!ess!e-
H S t!og/-to-#!est ,a+e /eig/t
S 5?t S 5F?ct5
? S distan#e of *!o*agation
c S ,a+e #ele!it(
S %/T S angla! ,a+e f!e3en#(
5 S %/ S ,a+e n)"e!. infinite ,ate! de*t/
G S FT
E
G
"
5 S distan#e f!o) )ean f!ee s!fa#e Fdefined as *ositi+e5
Fo! s/allo, ,ate! de*t/s t/e design sea *!ess!e #an "e #al#lated a##o!ding to DNV-R2-9%0@-
Re3i!e)ents fo! load fa#to!s a!e gi+en in Se#-@-
2a!a)ete!s sed in t/e eD*!ession fo! t/e design sea *!ess!e a!e illst!ated in Fig!e ?-%-
( f e > @ f s 6/S d
p p p
. . . .
+ =
!ec.+ 5oads and 5oad 2ffects ) *age +-
F$g#re (8%
3arameters &or sea /ress#res
1.( Com+$nat$on o& tank /ress#res and sea /ress#res
1.(. EDa)*les of #onside!ations t/at s/old "e e+alated in #onne#tion ,it/ t/e load #ases of lo#al *!ess!es
a#ting on t/e s"st!#t!e of a floating ,ind t!"ine nit a!e gi+en "elo,0
1 Rele+ant #o)"inations of inte!nal tan' *!ess!es and eDte!nal sea *!ess!es fo! tan's s/old "e #onside!ed
fo! "ot/ t/e inta#t and da)aged load #onditions-
1 7aDi)) eDte!nal *!ess!e s/all "e #o)"ined ,it/ )ini)) inte!nal *!ess!e
1 7ini)) eDte!nal *!ess!e s/all "e #o)"ined ,it/ )aDi)) inte!nal *!ess!e-
1 Fo! tan's se*a!ated "( inte!nal ,ate!tig/t "l'/eadJde#'. t/e inte!nal tan' *!ess!e s/old no!)all( not "e
#onside!ed to a#t si)ltaneosl( on "ot/ sides of t/e "l'/eadJde#'- 9o)"inations ,it/ )aDi)) tan'
*!ess!e f!o) ea#/ of t/e tan's and Ge!o tan' *!ess!e f!o) t/e neig/"o!ing tan' s/old "e #onside!ed if
!ele+ant- Effe#ts of sea *!ess!e !es*onse on t/e inte!nal ,ate!tig/t "l'/eadJde#' s/old "e assessed and
in#lded ,/en !ele+ant-
1 Fo! nits ,it/ #o)*leD geo)et!( lo#al st!#t!al )odels s/old "e #!eated in o!de! to e+alate !es*onses
of t/e st!#t!e to +a!ios sea and tan' *!ess!es- If #!oss-se#tion a!!ange)ents #/ange along t/e lengt/ of
t/e st!#t!e. se+e!al lo#al )odels )a( "e !e3i!ed in o!de! to fll( e+alate lo#al !es*onse at all !ele+ant
se#tions-
1 T/e intention of t/e lo#al )odel is to si)late t/e lo#al st!#t!al !es*onse fo! t/e )ost nfa+o!a"le
#o)"ination of !ele+ant lo#al loads- <oads a!e sall( a**lied in t/e anal(sis )odels at t/e gi!de! le+el and
not at t/e indi+idal stiffene! le+el Ft(*i#al glo"al and in so)e #ases lo#al anal(sis )odels5- In s#/ #ases
t/e lo#al stiffene! "ending is not in#lded in t/e )odel !es*onses- T/e stiffene! "ending !es*onse ,ill t/en
"e eD*li#itl( in#lded in t/e "#'ling #ode #/e#' as late!al *!ess!e Ffo! *late ind#ed andJo! stiffene!
ind#ed "#'ling5-
1.. S#/er$m/os$t$on o& res/onses
1... T/e si)ltaneit( of t/e !es*onses !eslting f!o) t/e lo#al and glo"al anal(sis )odels. in#lding +a!ios
sea and tan' *!ess!es. )a( no!)all( "e a##onted fo! "( linea! s*e!*osition of t/e !es*onses fo! logi#al load
#o)"inations-
1...% W/en e+alating !es*onses "( s*e!i)*osing st!esses !eslting f!o) se+e!al diffe!ent )odels.
#onside!ation s/all "e gi+en to t/e follo,ing0
1 loads a**lied in glo"al and lo#al )odels
1 !ele+ant #o)"ination of tan' and sea *!ess!es
1 it s/old "e ens!ed t/at !es*onses f!o) design loads a!e not in#lded )o!e t/an on#e-
!ec.+ 5oads and 5oad 2ffects ) *age +.
1...' F!t/e! info!)ation !ega!ding s*e!i)*osition of loads f!o) lo#al and glo"al )odels #an "e fond in
DNV-R2-9103-
1.- Wa,e slamm$ng
1.-. 2a!ts of t/e st!#t!e t/at a!e lo#ated nea! t/e ,ate! s!fa#e a!e ss#e*ti"le to fo!#es #ased "( ,a+e
sla))ing ,/en t/e st!#t!al *a!ts *enet!ate t/e ,ate! s!fa#e- Sla))ing is de to sdden !eta!dation of a
+ol)e of flid- T/e !eta!dation #ases a #onside!a"le fo!#e to a#t on t/e st!#t!e-
1.-.% Wa+e sla))ing )a( /a+e "ot/ glo"al and lo#al effe#ts- T/e i)*a#t of a )assi+e "l' of ,ate! f!o) a
,a+e #!est /itting a de#' st!#t!e is a glo"al load effe#t. ,/ile ,a+e sla))ing on a "!a#e in t/e s*las/ Gone
is a lo#al load effe#t ,/i#/ sall( does not #o)*!o)ise t/e glo"al st!#t!al #a*a#it(-
1.-.' Fo! f!t/e! info!)ation !ega!ding ,a+e sla))ing and its !e*!esentation. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV-R2-
9%0@-
!ec., 5oad <actors and 6aterial <actors ) *age +/
SECT!ON . 4OAD FACTORS AND 6ATER!A4 FACTORS
4oad Factors
. 4oad &actors &or t5e U4S and t5e A4S
.. Ta"le @-1 *!o+ides fo! sets of load fa#to!s to "e sed ,/en #/a!a#te!isti# loads o! load effe#ts f!o)
diffe!ent load #atego!ies a!e #o)"ined to fo!) t/e design load o! t/e design load effe#t fo! se in design- Fo!
anal(sis of t/e $<S. t/e sets denoted Fa5 and F"5 s/all "e sed ,/en t/e #/a!a#te!isti# en+i!on)ental load o!
load effe#t is esta"lis/ed as t/e CEP 3antile in t/e dist!i"tion of t/e annal )aDi)) load o! load effe#t- Fo!
anal(ses of t/e $<S fo! a"no!)al ,ind load #ases as defined in DNV-OS-J101. t/e set denoted F#5 s/all "e
sed- Fo! anal(sis of t/e A<S. t/e load fa#to! set denoted Fd5 s/all "e sed-
T/e load fa#to!s a**l( in t/e o*e!ational #ondition as ,ell as in t/e te)*o!a!( #ondition- T/e load fa#to!s a!e
gene!all( a**li#a"le fo! all t(*es of floating s**o!t st!#t!es and t/ei! station 'ee*ing s(ste)s- T/e load
fa#to!s fo! en+i!on)ental loads de*end on t/e safet( #lass !e3i!ed fo! t/e st!#t!al #o)*onent in 3estion-
In s*e#ial #ases. s#/ as fo! #e!tain #o)*onents of t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste). ot/e! load fa#to! !e3i!e)ents
)a( a**l( and a!e t/en s*e#ifi#all( stated toget/e! ,it/ t/e design !les in ,/i#/ t/e( a!e sed- In *a!ti#la!.
fo! design of )oo!ing lines and an#/o! fondations fo! )oo!ing lines. se*a!ate load fa#to! !e3i!e)ents a!e
gi+en and o+e!!le load fa#to! set F"5 in Ta"le @-1. see Se#-E-
G#$dance note@
<oad fa#to! set Fa5 is sed fo! $<S design of *!i)a!( and se#onda!( st!#t!es ,/en t/e *e!)anent load o! t/e
+a!ia"le fn#tional load is t/e do)inating load- Design against *!etension. lifting fo!#es and /(d!ostati# *!ess!es
fo!)s eDa)*les ,/e!e load fa#to! set Fa5 is go+e!ning- Also. load fa#to! set Fa5 is of !ele+an#e fo! design of se#onda!(
st!#t!es s#/ as "oat landings. fende!s and la( do,n a!eas. fo! ,/i#/ +a!ia"le fn#tional loads f!o) s/i* i)*a#ts
a!e t/e do)inating loads- <oad fa#to! set F"5 is sed fo! $<S design ,/en t/e en+i!on)ental load is t/e do)inating
load-
T/e!e a!e sall( ,eat/e! !est!i#tions in *la#e fo! ,/en se!+i#e +essels #an "e o*e!ated- To t/e eDtent t/at it is
ne#essa!( to #o)"ine a fn#tional s/i* i)*a#t load f!o) a se!+i#e +essel ,it/ an en+i!on)ental load a##o!ding to
load fa#to! set Fa5. t/e #/a!a#te!isti# en+i!on)ental load ,ill /a+e to "e ta'en as t/e CEP 3antile in t/e dist!i"tion
of t/e annal )aDi)) en+i!on)ental load #onditioned on t/e en+i!on)ent "eing "elo, t/e s*e#ified t/!es/old fo!
o*e!ation of t/e se!+i#e +essels- T/is is a load ,/i#/ ,ill "e s)alle! t/an t/e #/a!a#te!isti# en+i!on)ental load fo! t/e
sitation t/at no ,eat/e! !est!i#tions a!e in *la#e- T/e dist!i"tion of t/e annal )aDi)) en+i!on)ental load
#onditioned on t/e en+i!on)ent "eing "elo, t/e s*e#ified t/!es/old fo! o*e!ation of t/e se!+i#e +essels !eslts f!o)
a t!n#ation of t/e **e! tail of t/e dist!i"tion of t/e annal )aDi)) en+i!on)ental load fo! t/e sitation t/at no
,eat/e! !est!i#tions a!e in *la#e-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
..% T/e #/a!a#te!isti# en+i!on)ental load effe#t FE5. ,/i#/ fo!)s *a!t of t/e load #o)"inations of Ta"le @-1.
is to "e ta'en as t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #o)"ined load effe#t. dete!)ined a##o!ding to Se#-?. and !e*!esenting t/e
load effe#t t/at !eslts f!o) t,o o! )o!e #on#!!entl( a#ting load *!o#esses-
.% 4oad &actor &or t5e F4S
.%. T/e st!#t!e s/all "e a"le to !esist eD*e#ted fatige loads. ,/i#/ )a( o##! d!ing te)*o!a!( and
o*e!ational design #onditions- W/ene+e! signifi#ant #(#li# loads )a( o##! in ot/e! */ases. e-g- d!ing
Ta+le .8 4oad &actors
&
&or t5e U4S and t5e A4S
/oad
factor set
/imit state
/oad categories
@ >
(
D Safety class
/ow ormal $igh
Fa5 $<S 1-%@ 1-%@ 0-B FX5 1-0
F"5 $<S 1-0 1-0 1-%0 1-3@ 1-@@ 1-0
F#5 $<S fo! a"no!)al ,ind load #ases 1-0 1-0 1-1 1-0
Fd5 A<S 1-0 1-0 0-C 1-0 1-1@ 1-0
<oad #atego!ies a!e0
4 S *e!)anent load
6 S +a!ia"le fn#tional load. no!)all( !ele+ant onl( fo! design against s/i* i)*a#ts and fo! lo#al design of *latfo!)s
E S en+i!on)ental load
D S defo!)ation load-
Fo! des#!i*tion of load #atego!ies. see Se#-?-
FX5 W/en en+i!on)ental loads a!e to "e #o)"ined ,it/ fn#tional loads f!o) s/i* i)*a#ts. t/e en+i!on)ental load fa#to! s/all "e
in#!eased f!o) 0-B to 1-0 to !efle#t t/at s/i* i)*a#ts a!e #o!!elated ,it/ t/e ,a+e #onditions-
!ec., 5oad <actors and 6aterial <actors ) *age +0
)anfa#t!ing and t!ans*o!tation. s#/ #(#li# loads s/all "e in#lded in t/e fatige load esti)ates-
.%.% T/e load fa#to!
f
in t/e F<S is 1-0 fo! all load #atego!ies-
.' 4oad &actor &or t5e S4S
.'. Fo! anal(sis of t/e S<S. t/e load fa#to!
f
is 1-0 fo! all load #atego!ies. "ot/ fo! te)*o!a!( and o*e!ational
design #onditions-
% 6ater$al Factors
%. 6ater$al &actors &or t5e U4S
%.. 7ate!ial fa#to!s fo! t/e $<S a!e gi+en in t/e !ele+ant se#tions fo! design in t/e $<S- T/ese )ate!ial
fa#to!s a**l( to design of s**o!t st!#t!es and fondations ,/i#/ 3alif( fo! design to no!)al safet( #lass-
%.% 6ater$al &actors &or t5e F4S
%.%. 7ate!ial fa#to!s as s#/ a!e not s*e#ified fo! t/e F<S- Design against t/e F<S is "ased on a fo!)at ,/i#/
)a'es se of an o+e!all Design Fatige Fa#to! FDFF5 a**lied to a #/a!a#te!isti# #)lati+e da)age-
Re3i!e)ents fo! design fatige fa#to!s fo! t/e F<S a!e gi+en in t/e !ele+ant se#tions fo! design in t/e F<S-
%.' 6ater$al &actors &or t5e A4S and t5e S4S
%.'. T/e )ate!ial fa#to!
)
fo! t/e A<S and t/e S<S s/all "e ta'en as 1-0-
!ec.- 6aterials ) *age ,%
SECT!ON - 6ATER!A4S
!ntrod#ct$on
. General
.. 7ate!ial s*e#ifi#ations s/all "e esta"lis/ed fo! all st!#t!al )ate!ials tiliGed in a floating ,ind t!"ine
st!#t!e and its station 'ee*ing s(ste)- S#/ )ate!ials s/all "e sita"le fo! t/ei! intended *!*ose and /a+e
ade3ate *!o*e!ties in all !ele+ant design #onditions- 7ate!ial sele#tion s/all "e nde!ta'en in a##o!dan#e ,it/
t/e *!in#i*les gi+en in DNV-OS-J101-
..% W/en #onside!ing #!ite!ia a**!o*!iate to )ate!ial g!ade sele#tion. ade3ate #onside!ation s/all "e gi+en
to all !ele+ant */ases in t/e life #(#le of t/e nit- In t/is #onteDt t/e!e )a( "e #onditions and #!ite!ia. ot/e! t/an
t/ose f!o) t/e in-se!+i#e. o*e!ational */ase. ,/i#/ )a( go+e!n t/e design !e3i!e)ents ,it/ !es*e#t to t/e
sele#tion of )ate!ials- S#/ #!ite!ia )a(. fo! eDa)*le. #onsist of design te)*e!at!e and st!ess le+els d!ing
)a!ine o*e!ations-
..' In st!#t!al #!oss-;oints essential fo! t/e o+e!all st!#t!al integ!it( ,/e!e /ig/ tensile st!esses a!e a#ting
no!)al to t/e *lane of a *late. t/e *late )ate!ial s/all "e tested to *!o+e t/e a"ilit( to !esist la)ella! tea!ing FR-3alit(5-
..( 7ate!ial designations a!e defined in DNV-OS-J101-
% Select$on o& 6etall$c 6ater$als
%. General
%.. Fo! sele#tion of st!#t!al steel fo! design and #onst!#tion of floating s**o!t st!#t!es. !efe!en#e is
)ade to t/e )ate!ials se#tion of DNV-OS-J101-
%..% Fo! sele#tion of steel to "e sed in station 'ee*ing s(ste)s. s#/ as steel fo! tendons and steel fo! #/ains
sed in )oo!ing lines. !efe!en#e is )ade to Se#-A NAO-
%.% Str#ct#ral steel and al#m$n$#m
%.%. S*e#ial )ate!ial !e3i!e)ents to s**o!t st!#t!al integ!it( a!e gi+en in N%-%-%O to N%-%-?O-
%.%.% 7ate!ials fo!
1 !olled steel fo! st!#t!al a**li#ations and *!ess!e +essels
1 steel t"es. *i*es and fittings
1 steel fo!gings
1 steel #astings
s/all #o)*l( ,it/ t/e !e3i!e)ents set fo!t/ in DNV-OS-J101-
%.%.' Stainless steel s/all /a+e a )aDi)) #a!"on #ontent of 0-0@P- T/e stainless steel )ate!ial s/all "e in
t/e ,/ite *i#'led and *assi+ated #ondition-
%.%.( Al)ini) s/all "e of sea,ate! !esistant t(*e- Al)ini) allo(s s/all #o)*l( ,it/ t/e !e3i!e)ents set
fo!t/ in DNV-OS-8101-
%.' 0olt$ng mater$als
%.'. 8olting )ate!ials fo! st!#t!al a**li#ations s/all in gene!al "e #a!"on steels o! lo,-allo( steels ,it/ t/e
li)itation t/at t/e /a!dness and st!engt/ #lass s/all not eD#eed ISO ECE 9lass E-E- Fo! "olting )ate!ials to "e
sed in to,e!s. t/e /a!dness and st!engt/ #lass s/all not eD#eed ISO ECE 9lass 10-C-
G#$dance note@
8olts in a##o!dan#e ,it/ AST7 A 3%0 4!ade <B a!e a##e*ta"le ,it/in gi+en li)itations-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
' Select$on o& Concrete 6ater$als
'. General
'.. Fo! sele#tion of #on#!ete )ate!ials fo! design and #onst!#tion of floating s**o!t st!#t!es. !efe!en#e
is )ade to t/e )ate!ials se#tion of DNV-OS-J101- $sefl info!)ation fo! sele#tion of #on#!ete )ate!ials #an
also "e fond in DNV-OS-9@0%-
!ec.- 6aterials ) *age ,$
( Select$on o& Gro#t 6ater$als
(. General
(.. Fo! sele#tion of g!ot )ate!ials fo! design and #onst!#tion of g!oted #onne#tions in floating s**o!t
st!#t!es. !efe!en#e is )ade to t/e )ate!ials se#tion of DNV-OS-J101-
. Select$on o& Com/os$te 6ater$als
.. General
... O,ing to t/ei! fa+o!a"le ,eig/t *!o*e!ties. #o)*osite )ate!ials s#/ as fi"!e-!einfo!#ed *lasti#
la)inates and sand,i#/ #onst!#tions )a( *!o+e att!a#ti+e fo! #onst!#tion of sele#ted st!#t!al #o)*onents
in floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es. s#/ as to,e!s- Fo! sele#tion of #o)*osite )ate!ials. !efe!en#e is )ade to
DNV-OS-9@01-
- Select$on o& 6ater$als &or C5a$ns* W$res and Tet5ers
-. General
-.. W/en designing a )oo!ing s(ste) it is of +ital i)*o!tan#e t/at t/e #o)*onents of t/e indi+idal )oo!ing
lines Fo! tendons5 )at#/ one anot/e!. i-e- no ad+e!se effe#ts s#/ as #o!!osion s/all "e int!od#ed f!o) one
#o)*onent to t/e neDt-
-..% De #onside!ation s/all "e gi+en to fatige loads gene!ated "( a tat fi"!e !o*e. and /o, t/is affe#ts #/ain
and ,i!e-!o*e fatige life- On t/is "asis. it is gene!all( !e#o))ended to se Ylo,e!-g!adeM steel )ate!ials. in
*a!ti#la! fo! #/ain loaded in a #onfig!ation ,it/ little o! no #atena!(-
-..' T/e to!3e and t,ist #/a!a#te!isti#s s/old "e )at#/ed "et,een all ele)ents of ea#/ )oo!ing line o!
tendon- An( nde t,isting of steel-,i!e !o*e ,ill affe#t fatige life- 9/ain s/old onl( "e #onne#ted to to!3e-
net!al fi"!e !o*es-
-..( Re3i!e)ents fo! s(ste) anal(sis a!e fond in DNV-OS-E301-
-.% C5a$ns
-.%. Steels #onside!ed fo! !olled steel "a!s. steel fo!gings and steel #astings to "e sed in t/e )anfa#t!e of
offs/o!e )oo!ing #/ain and a##esso!ies a!e #lassified "( s*e#ified )ini)) lti)ate tensile st!engt/ into fi+e
g!ades0 R3. R3S. R?. R?S and R@- S*e#ifi# !e3i!e)ents fo! ea#/ g!ade a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-E30%. 9/-%.
Se#-1-
-.%.% Re#o))ended +ales fo! #o!!osion allo,an#e. defined as an addition to t/e #/ain dia)ete!. a!e gi+en in
Se#-13-
-.' Steel w$res
-.'. T/e lifeti)e of a steel ,i!e !o*e is de*endent on t/e la(ot and design of t/e ,i!e and on t/e deg!ee of
*!ote#tion- 4idan#e fo! sele#tion of t/e t(*e of steel ,i!e !o*e de*ending on t/e s*e#ified design life is gi+en
in Ta"le A-1-
-.'.% Details !ega!ding steel ,i!e !o*es fo! )oo!ing lines #an "e fond in DNV-OS-E30?-
-.( F$+re ro/es
-.(. Design of fi"!e !o*e s(ste)s fo! )oo!ing of floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es s/old "e *e!fo!)ed as an
o*ti)iGation *!o#ess "et,een sele#tion of #/ange-in-lengt/ *e!fo!)an#e and 3-T load"ea!ing #a*a#it(- T/e
s*e#ifi# #/ange-in-lengt/ #/a!a#te!isti#s a!e dete!)ined in t/e sele#tion of load"ea!ing )ate!ial. and t/en t/e
"alan#e "et,een #/ange-in-lengt/ #/a!a#te!isti#s fo! t/e !o*e and t/e 3-T #a*a#it( fo! t/e !o*e is dete!)ined
Ta+le -8 C5o$ce o& t)/e o& steel w$re ro/e
Design life 0years1
Possibility for replacement of wire rope segments
9es o
U E AJ8J9 AJ8J9
E to 1@ AJ8J9 AJ8
V 1@ AJ8 A
A5 Half lo#'ed #oilJfll lo#'ed #oilJs*i!al !o*e ,it/ *lasti# s/eat/ing
85 Half lo#'ed #oilJfll lo#'ed #oilJs*i!al !o*e ,it/ot *lasti# s/eat/ing
95 St!anded !o*e
!ec.- 6aterials ) *age ,'
"( #/oosing t/e a**!o*!iate no)inal load"ea!ing linea! densit(- T/e #/ange-in-lengt/ *e!fo!)an#e is
*!o*o!tional to t/e o!iginal lengt/ of t/e !o*e-
G#$dance note@
T/e #/ange-in-lengt/ *e!fo!)an#e is t/e lengt/ and d(na)i# stiffness of t/e fi"!e !o*e as fn#tion of loading
se3en#e and ti)e-
T/e load"ea!ing #a*a"ilit( of s(nt/eti#-(a!n )ate!ials is !efe!!ed to as 3-T Ft!i*le-T5 sin#e it de*ends on t/e
#o)"ination of t/e #!iti#al *a!a)ete!s YtensionM. Yti)eM and Yte)*e!at!eM-
T/e No)inal <oad"ea!ing <inea! Densit( is t/e agg!egate linea! densit( of t/e load"ea!ing (a!ns as )eas!ed at t/e
(a!n )anfa#t!e!- T/e!e is no testing of !o*e !e3i!ed to dete!)ine no)inal load"ea!ing linea! densit(-
T/e "asi# )eas!e)ent nit fo! linea! densit(. i-e- ,eig/t *e! nit lengt/ of teDtiles is teD S 10
-3
gJ)I and dteD S
10
-?
gJ). 'teD S gJ). and 7teD S 'gJ)-
T/e lengt/ of t/e fi"!e !o*e as it /as "een *!od#ed is denoted as t/e O!iginal lengt/- It is )eas!ed at !efe!en#e
tension. eit/e! as t/e gage lengt/ d!ing testing o! as t/e O!iginal !o*e lengt/ d!ing t/e *!o#ess of )anfa#t!ing
fo! deli+e!(-
9/ange-in-lengt/ effe#ts in#lde. "t a!e not li)ited to. #!ee*-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
-.(.% Re3i!e)ents fo! offs/o!e fi"!e !o*es and tet/e!s a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-E303- Re#o))endations ,ill
"e *!o+ided in D!"RP"()&* fo! #ondition )anage)ent and in D!"RP"()&' fo! design. testing and anal(sis-
7 Select$on o& 6ater$als &or Electr$cal Ca+les
7. General
7.. Re3i!e)ents fo! )ate!ial sele#tion fo! ele#t!i#al #a"les a!e gi+en in ISO 13A%E-@ and s/all a**l(-
7..% $sefl gidan#e fo! )ate!ial sele#tion fo! ele#t!i#al #a"les is gi+en in EE7$A *"li#ation no- 1C?-
: Select$on o& 6ater$als &or Sol$d 0allast
:. General
:.. T/e t(*e and se of *e!)anent "allast fo! sta"ilit( *!*oses. fo! eDa)*le ,it/in t/e inte!nal
#o)*a!t)ent of a s*a! nit. )st "e #a!efll( e+alated ,it/ !es*e#t to long te!) effe#ts s#/ as t/ose !elated
to #o!!osion and ,as/ot- W/en sele#ting solid "allast )ate!ial. #ation )st "e eDe!#ised to a+oid )ate!ials
s#/ as #ont!a#tant sands ,/i#/ a!e ss#e*ti"le to li3efa#tion and ,/i#/ )a( s/ift lo#ation in t/e li3efied
#ondition and #o)*!o)ise t/e sta"ilit(-
!ec.. !tructural Design ) *age ,&
SECT!ON 7 STRUCTURA4 DES!GN
!ntrod#ct$on
. General
.. T/e !e3i!e)ents fo! st!#t!al design gi+en in DNV-OS-J101 a**l( to floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es
,it/ t/e eD#e*tions. de+iations and additional !e3i!e)ents s*e#ified in t/is se#tion- In *a!ti#la!. t/e
!e3i!e)ents fo! )ate!ial fa#to!s s*e#ified in DNV-OS-J101 a**l( nless ot/e!,ise s*e#ified in t/is se#tion-
..% Dete!)ination of /(d!od(na)i# loading and !es*onse is +ital fo! st!#t!al design. sin#e t/is loading and
!es*onse in+ol+e ,a+e eD#itation. added )ass. ,a+e and +is#os da)*ing. stiffness as ,ell as t/e geo)et!( of
t/e floating st!#t!e- All t/ese *a!a)ete!s a!e de#isi+e fo! dete!)ination of ,a+e f!e3en#( FWF5. lo,
f!e3en#( F<F5 and /ig/ f!e3en#( FHF5 floate! )otions- All t/ese )otion #o)*onents a!e of i)*o!tan#e and
)st "e dete!)ined #a!efll(- Fo! f!t/e! details. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV-R2-9%0@ and DNV-R2-F%0@-
..' As fa! as *ossi"le. t!ans)ission of /ig/ tensile st!esses t/!og/ t/e t/i#'ness of *lates d!ing ,elding.
"lo#' asse)"l( and o*e!ation s/all "e a+oided- In #ases ,/e!e t!ans)ission of /ig/ tensile st!esses t/!og/ t/e
t/i#'ness o##!s. st!#t!al )ate!ial ,it/ *!o+en t/!og/-t/i#'ness *!o*e!ties s/all "e sed-
..( St!#t!al ele)ents )a( "e )anfa#t!ed a##o!ding to t/e !e3i!e)ents gi+en in DNV-OS-9?01-
.% !nter&ace w$t5 w$nd t#r+$ne
.%. T/e !otating t!"ine ,ill inflen#e t/e glo"al )otions of t/e floating ,ind t!"ine in t/e o*e!ating )ode.
)ainl( in !oll and *it#/- A #ont!ol s(ste) s/all "e in *la#e fo! t/e floate! as !e3i!ed in Se#-11- T/e #ont!ol
s(ste) )a( in#lde s*e#ifi# soft,a!e and algo!it/)s de+elo*ed "ased on a #o)"ination of )odel tests and
ad+an#ed anal(ses. and t/is #ont!ol soft,a!e and t/e algo!it/)s a!e sed d!ing o*e!ation to li)it t/e floate!
)otions- T/e !oll and *it#/ ,ind da)*ing effe#ts )a( "e +ital in !elation to !ed#ing t/e in#linations and
t/e!e"( !ed#ing t/e )otions and a##ele!ations as ,ell as t/e glo"al "ending )o)ents in t/e s"st!#t!e and
t/e to,e!- S#/ #ont!ol soft,a!e and algo!it/)s ,ill also /a+e effe#ts on )oo!ing and #a"le /ang-off )otions
fo! fatige #onside!ations- T/e #o*ling "et,een t/e (a, and *it#/ )odes of )otion )a( "e i)*o!tant fo!
floate!s ,it/ lo, (a, !esistan#e. s#/ as s*a!s. sin#e a tilted !oto! ,ill !eslt in (a, loads-
.%.% T/e ae!o-/(d!o #o*ling of t/e ,ind t!"ine ,it/ t/e s**o!ting floating st!#t!e s/all "e in+estigated
in detail- An( soft,a!e sed fo! t/is *!*ose s/all "e +alidated against ot/e! +alidated soft,a!e o! against
)odel tests o! fll s#ale tests-
G#$dance note@
An o*ti)) floate! design is ne#essa!( to a#/ie+e a #ost-effe#ti+e soltion fo! offs/o!e floating ,ind t!"ines-
One ,a( of a#/ie+ing an o*ti)) floate! design is to tiliGe a+aila"le !es*onse anal(sis *!og!a)s fo! )oo!ing s(ste)
fo!#es and +essel )otions in #o)"ination ,it/ a )et/od fo! soltion of nonlinea! o*ti)iGation *!o"le)s ,it/
a!"it!a!( #onst!aints- EDa)*les of #onst!aints to #onside! in#lde +essel )otion. to,e! in#lination. to,e! to*
a##ele!ation. d!ag/t. )oo!ing line tension. )ini)) /o!iGontal *!etension. and )aDi)) /o!iGontal offset-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
.%.' A sffi#ient ai! ga* "et,een t/e lo,est "lade ti* *osition of t/e ,ind t!"ine and t/e sea s!fa#e s/all "e
ens!ed. s#/ t/at eDt!e)e ,a+e #!ests * to t/e /eig/t of t/e design ,a+e #!est a!e allo,ed to *ass ,it/ot
!is' of to#/ing t/e "lades- T/e e+alation of t/e ai! ga* s/all "e #a!!ied ot ,it/ de #onside!ation of t/e ,a+e
*!o#ess and t/e floate! )otions- W/en t/e ai! ga* /as "een #al#lated it is !e#o))ended to #onside! an eDt!a
allo,an#e of at least 1-0 )-
.' Des$gn aga$nst #ndes$ra+le e&&ects
.'. It s/all "e ens!ed t/at effe#ts li'e 7at/ie Insta"ilit( F7I5 and Vo!teD Ind#ed 7otions FVI75 a!e
nli'el( to o##! o! #an "e #ont!olla"le- Sele#tion of nat!al *e!iods in /ea+e. !oll and *it#/ fo! a DDF is one
eDa)*le ,/e!e #ation in t/is !es*e#t )st "e eDe!#ised- Anot/e! #ase ,/e!e #ation )st "e eDe!#ised ,it/
!es*e#t to 7at/ie Insta"ilit( !efe!s to floate! #on#e*ts ,it/ a"!*t #/anges in ,ate!-*lane stiffness and
)eta#ent!i# /eig/t- 7odel testing fo!)s an eD#ellent )et/od to +e!if( t/at effe#ts li'e 7I and VI7 a!e nli'el(
to o##! o! a!e #ont!olla"le. "t state-of-t/e-a!t offs/o!e design *!a#ti#es and )et/odologies #an *!o+ide
sffi#ient gidan#e in ea!l( design stages- T/e effe#t of t/e t!"ine #ont!olle! s/all "e #onside!ed ,/en effe#ts
li'e 7I and VI7 a!e add!essed-
G#$dance note@
DNV-OS-910A and DNV-R2-F%0@ *!o+ide sefl info!)ation !ega!ding VI7- 7I )a( t(*i#all( o##! as t/e !eslt
of la!ge /ea+e )otion if t/e nat!al *e!iod of /ea+e #o)es #lose o! e3al to /alf t/e nat!al *e!iod of *it#/ o! /alf t/e
nat!al *e!iod of !oll-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
!ec.. !tructural Design ) *age ,+
.( !nstallat$on8&r$endl) des$gn
.(. It s/all "e assessed ,/i#/ initiati+es and a#tions #an "e ta'en in design in o!de! to fa#ilitate t/e
installation and )aintenan#e of t/e st!#t!e-
G#$dance note@
T/e logisti#s fo! installation of )an( st!#t!es in a ,ind fa!) is a 'e( isse. e-g- ,it/ a +ie, to a+oiding ,aiting
ti)es ,/i#/ a!e #ostl(- EDa)*les of isses to #onside! in t/is #onteDt a!e n)"e! and lo#ations of asse)"l( sites.
t!ans*o!tation )et/ods Ft!ans*o!tation in floating #ondition +s- t!ans*o!tation on a +essel5. and )ini)) d!ag/ts fo!
diffe!ent o*e!ations d!ing t/e installation-
E+en t/og/ t/e fa!) #onsists of )an( )ass *!od#ed nits. ,/i#/ in *!in#i*le a!e identi#al. t/e!e ,ill "e indi+idal
ada*tations. tailo!ed fo! s*e#ifi# ,ind t!"ine *ositions and t/e!e"( *osing #/allenges fo! an effi#ient and #ost-
effe#ti+e installation on site- Na+igation lig/ts fo!) one eDa)*le of e3i*)ent ,/i#/ is indi+idall( tailo!ed fo! ea#/
,ind t!"ine *osition and i)*lies an indi+idal ada*tation of t/e ,ind t!"ine st!#t!e in t/at *osition- Va!ia"le
d!ag/t and "otto) #onditions fo!) ot/e! eDa)*les t/at i)*l( s#/ indi+idal ada*tation in ea#/ indi+idal ,ind
t!"ine *osition-
It ,ill in gene!al #ont!i"te to an effi#ient installation to #onside! #onst!#ta"ilit( and installa"ilit( of t/e ,ind t!"ine
st!#t!e ,/en #/oosing t/e soltion fo! t/e st!#t!e and #a!!(ing ot t/e st!#t!al design of it-
It )a( in so)e #ases #ont!i"te to an effi#ient installation if t/e st!#t!al design is #a!!ied ot ,it/ a +ie, to allo,
fo! se of t/e sa)e ,eat/e! #!ite!ion fo! installation of s**o!t st!#t!es and )oo!ing lines as fo! ,ind t!"ines and
#a"les- T/e !is' fo! dela(s asso#iated ,it/ se of diffe!ent ,eat/e! #!ite!ia fo! installation of diffe!ent #o)*onents is
t/e 'e( isse /e!e- T/e sa)e ,eat/e! #!ite!ion fo! installation of diffe!ent st!#t!al #o)*onents #an "e a#/ie+ed "(
*lanning and sita"le design-
Ho,e+e!. if so)e o*e!ations #an "e *e!fo!)ed in /ig/e! ,a+es t/an ot/e! o*e!ations. t/e i)*li#ation )a( "e a la!ge!
fleDi"ilit( of t/e installation a#ti+ities. *!o+ided none of t/ese a#ti+ities a!e s";e#t to too st!ingent !est!i#tions-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
.. S/ec$al /ro,$s$ons &or glo+al anal)s$s
... 2-delta effe#ts de to floate! /eel o! t!i) s/all "e do#)ented "( a glo"al anal(sis. as t/e( #an "e
eD*e#ted to "e signifi#ant de to la!ge !oto! and na#elle ,eig/ts- 4lo"al "ending fo!#es and s/ea! fo!#es along
t/e /eig/t of t/e to,e! and s"st!#t!e de to en+i!on)ental load effe#ts s/all "e dete!)ined fo! t/e $<S and
t/e F<S as ,ell as fo! t/e A<S-
...% Anal(ti#al )odels s/all ade3atel( des#!i"e t/e !ele+ant *!o*e!ties of )asses. loads. load effe#ts.
stiffness. )otions and dis*la#e)ents. and s/all satisfa#to!il( a##ont fo! lo#al effe#ts and s(ste) effe#ts of ti)e
de*enden#(. da)*ing. d!ag loads and ine!tia loads- H("!id anal(ti#al )odels )a( "e ne#essa!( in o!de! to
#a*t!e "ot/ d!ag and ine!tia load and da)*ing !easona"l( a##!atel(-
.- S/ec$al /ro,$s$ons &or sem$s#+mers$+les
.-. 4ene!al #onside!ations ,it/ !es*e#t to )et/ods of anal(sis and #a*a#it( #/e#'s of se)is")e!si"les a!e
gi+en in DNV-OS-9103 and DNV-R2-9103-
.-.% T/e )aDi)) !es*onses in a se)is")e!si"le a!e often not go+e!ned "( t/e )aDi)) ,a+e /eig/t and
asso#iated ,a+e *e!iod- Wa+es ,it/ s/o!te! *e!iod often gi+e t/e /ig/est !es*onse. e-g- *e!iods t/at gi+e
)aDi)) s*lit fo!#es "et,een t/e #ol)ns. see Fig!e B-1-
.-.' Fo! *!eli)ina!( design and fo! design in t/e s!+i+al #ondition. design ,a+e anal(ses )a( "e *e!fo!)ed
in ,/i#/ t/e follo,ing !es*onses in t/e /ll s/old "e #onside!ed0
1 s*lit fo!#es Ft!ans+e!se. longitdinal o! o"li3e sea fo! odd-#ol)ned se)is")e!si"le5
1 to!sional )o)ent a"ot a t!ans+e!se and longitdinal. /o!iGontal aDis Fin diagonal o! nea!-diagonal seas5
1 longitdinall( o**osed fo!#es "et,een *a!allel *ontoons Fin diagonal o! nea!-diagonal seas5
1 longitdinal. t!ans+e!se and +e!ti#al a##ele!ations of de#' )asses-
It is !e#o))ended t/at a fll s*e#t!al ,a+e load anal(sis "e sed as "asis fo! t/e final design in t/e s!+i+al
#ondition- Hen#e. it is ne#essa!( to "ase t/e anal(sis on a s#atte! diag!a) of signifi#ant ,a+e and *ea' *e!iod
t/at also !e*!esents t/e $<S #onditions fo! all !ele+ant ,a+e *e!iods-
!ec.. !tructural Design ) *age ,,
F$g#re 78
S/l$t &orce +etween /ontoons
.-.( In t/e $<S #ondition. *ositi+e ai! ga* fo! )ain /o!iGontal load"ea!ing )e)"e!s. "o(an#( )e)"e!s and
*latfo!)s s/old in gene!al "e ens!ed ,it/ a #e!tain #lea!an#e fo! ,a+es ,it/ a @0-(ea! !et!n *e!iod- W/en
s#/ *ositi+e ai! ga* is not ens!ed. t/e effe#ts of t/ese ,a+es on t/e st!#t!al #o)*onents in 3estion s/all
"e do#)ented and t/ese #o)*onents s/all "e designed against t/ese effe#ts- W/en sffi#ient ai! ga* is not
ens!ed fo! "o(an#( )e)"e!s. ,a+e o+e!to**ing )ig/t ta'e *la#e- Wit/ot s#/ ai! ga*. t/ese )e)"e!s s/all
"e designed against sla))ing loads- DNV-OS-J101 )a( "e #onslted fo! gidan#e !ega!ding ai! ga*- <o#al
,a+e i)*a#t )a( "e a##e*ted in t/e A<S #ondition if s#/ loads. in#lding sla))ing loads. a!e ade3atel(
a##onted fo! in t/e design-
.-.. Anal(sis nde!ta'en to #/e#' ai! ga* s/old "e #ali"!ated against !ele+ant )odel test !eslts ,/en
a+aila"le. see DNV-OS-9103 Se#-? D10%-
.-.- 9ol)n K!n-*L load effe#ts s/all "e a##onted fo! in t/e design of /o!iGontal st!#t!al ele)ents and
*latfo!)s a"o+e t/e still ,ate! line- T/e K!n-*L loads s/old not "e ass)ed to o##! si)ltaneosl( ,it/
ot/e! en+i!on)ental loads-
.-.7 Re3i!e)ents fo! t/e *osition )oo!ing s(ste) a!e gi+en in Se#-E- T/e follo,ing ite)s !elate di!e#tl( to
t/e )oo!ing lines and t/e )oo!ing e3i*)ent F,indlassJ,in#/. #/ain sto**e!. fai!lead5 s**o!ted on t/e /ll
and de#' st!#t!e of t/e nit0
1 st!#t!al design *!o#ed!e fo! t/e )oo!ing lines. in#lding )oo!ing s(ste) anal(sis and design #!ite!ia
fo!)lated in te!)s of t/e $<S. t/e A<S and t/e F<S. a!e s*e#ified in Se#-E-
1 st!#t!al design *!o#ed!e fo! )oo!ing e3i*)ent s#/ as ,indlassJ,in#/. #/ain sto**e!. and fai!lead a!e
s*e#ified in DNV-OS-E301 9/-% Se#-?- T/e design of t/ese #o)*onents is "ased on a load e3al to t/e
#/a!a#te!isti# "!ea'ing st!engt/ of t/e )oo!ing lines-
Fai!leads. ,in#/es. et#-. and t/ei! lo#al s**o!ting st!#t!es. toget/e! fo!)ing *a!t of t/e fiDed *osition
)oo!ing s(ste). s/all ,it/stand fo!#es e3i+alent to 1-%@ ti)es t/e #/a!a#te!isti# "!ea'ing st!engt/ of an(
indi+idal )oo!ing line. see DNV-OS-9103 Se#-B 8100- T/e st!engt/ e+alation s/old "e nde!ta'en.
tiliGing t/e )ost nfa+o!a"le o*e!ational di!e#tion of t/e an#/o! line- In t/e e+alation of t/e )ost
nfa+o!a"le di!e#tion. a##ont s/all "e ta'en of !elati+e angla! )otion of t/e nit in addition to *ossi"le line
lead di!e#tions- T/e #/a!a#te!isti# "!ea'ing st!engt/ is defined in Se#-E N%O-
.-.: T/e s**o!ting st!#t!e inflen#ed "( t/e )oo!ing fo!#es. s#/ as t/e s**o!t of ,in#/es and fai!leads
and t/e #ol)n s/ell "et,een ,in#/ and fai!lead. s/all "e designed fo! t/e follo,ing t,o )ain loading
#onditions0
a5 8!ea'ing load of one single )oo!ing line0
F
d ,1
= F
8
Z
f
F
d.,1
S design load on ,indlass F#o!!es*onding to one )oo!ing line5
F
8
S #/a!a#te!isti# "!ea'ing st!engt/ of one )oo!ing line
f
= 1-%@ Fload fa#to!. see N1-A-BO5
T/e )ate!ial fa#to!
)
is 1-0 in t/is #ase-
"5 O*e!ational loads f!o) all )oo!ing lines0
T/e design of all st!#t!al ele)ents inflen#ed "( t/e )oo!ing loads s/all ta'e into a##ont !ele+ant loads
F$<S and A<S5 fond f!o) t/e )oo!ing anal(sis- T/e stati# and d(na)i# #ont!i"tions to t/e )oo!ing line
fo!#es s/old "e #onside!ed fo! !ele+ant a**li#ation of load and )ate!ial fa#to!s-
!ec.. !tructural Design ) *age ,-
.7 S/ec$al /ro,$s$ons &or T43s
.7. 4ene!al #onside!ations !ega!ding )et/ods of anal(sis and #a*a#it( #/e#'s fo! T<2s and tendons a!e
gi+en in DNV-OS-9101 and DNV-OS-910@- S*e#ial #onside!ations fo! tendons #onst!#ted f!o) fi"!e !o*es
a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-E303-
.7.% T/e )aDi)) !es*onses in a T<2 a!e often not go+e!ned "( t/e )aDi)) ,a+e /eig/t and asso#iated
,a+e *e!iod- Refe!en#e is )ade to N1-AO-
.7.' T<2s and t/ei! tendons s/all "e designed against "ot/ )aDi)) and )ini)) ,ate! le+els. defined
!es*e#ti+el( as /ig/ and lo, ,ate! le+els ,it/ a s*e#ified !et!n *e!iod. t(*i#all( @0 (ea!s nless ot/e!,ise
stated-
.7.( S*e#ial attention s/all "e *la#ed on t/e design of tendons and t/ei! #onne#tion to t/e /ll and t/ei!
an#/o!ing *oints- As a )ini)). t/e follo,ing isses s/all "e #onside!ed in design of tendons0
1 *!etension Fstati# tension5
1 tide Ftidal effe#ts5
1 sto!) s!ge F*ositi+e and negati+e +ales5
1 tendon ,eig/t Fs")e!ged ,eig/t5
1 o+e!t!ning Fde to #!!ent. de to t/!st in o*e!ating #ondition. de to )ean ,ind in s!+i+al #ondition.
o! de to d!ift load5
1 set-do,n Fde to #!!ent. de to t/!st in o*e!ating #ondition. de to )ean ,ind in s!+i+al #ondition. o!
de to d!ift load5
1 WF tension F,a+e f!e3en#( #o)*onent5
1 <F tension F,ind gst and slo,l( +a!(ing d!ift5
1 !inging FHF !es*onse5
1 seis)i# !is'
1 /ll VI7 inflen#e on tendon !es*onses
1 tendon VIV ind#ed loads-
.7.. Additional isses to "e #onside!ed fo! tendons a!e0
1 )a!gins fo! fa"!i#ation. installation and tension !eading tole!an#es
1 allo,an#e fo! fondation )is*ositioning
1 fondation *lift and *ossi"le settle)ents
1 loads de to s*ooling d!ing t!ans*o!tation and sto!age of fleDi"le tendons
1 o*e!ational !e3i!e)ents Fe-g- o*e!ational fleDi"ilit( of "allasting o*e!ations5-
.7.- 9o)*osite tendons s/all "e designed in a##o!dan#e ,it/ DNV-OS-9@01 ,it/ additional *!o+isions as
gi+en in t/is standa!d-
.7.7 Tendon fail!e )a( /a+e s"stantial #onse3en#es and t/e!efo!e t/e tendons s/all "e designed ,it/
sffi#ient safet( )a!gin- T/e floating st!#t!e. ,/i#/ is 'e*t in *osition and s**o!ted "( t/e tendons. s/all
"e #/e#'ed fo! t/e loss of one tendon in t/e A<S #ondition- Alte!nati+el(. instead of #/e#'ing fo! t/e loss of
one tendon in t/e A<S #ondition. t/e tendons s/all "e designed to a /ig/e! safet( #lass as s*e#ified in Se#-%
N%-1-@O-
.7.: Tendon !e)o+al )a( "e ne#essa!( fo! t/e *!*ose of )aintenan#e. ins*e#tion o! !e*la#e)ent- T/e
tendon !e)o+al #ondition s/old "e *lanned fo!- 9onside!ation s/old "e gi+en to t/e eD*e#ted f!e3en#( of
tendon !e)o+al and to t/e lengt/ of *e!iod fo! ,/i#/ one tendon is li'el( to "e ot of se!+i#e-
.7.1 Fo! t/e A<S #ondition. )ini)) tension in at least t/!ee #o!ne! g!o*s of tendons s/all !e)ain non-
negati+e in t/e !e3i!ed a##idental en+i!on)ent as defined "( Se#-? N3-%-3O- If non-negati+e tension is not
)aintained in all #o!ne! g!o*s in t/e !e3i!ed a##idental en+i!on)ent. t/en a #o)*!e/ensi+e #o*led anal(sis
of t/e tendon s(ste) *e!fo!)an#e nde! loss of tension s/all "e *e!fo!)ed to de)onst!ate *!o*e! !eengage)ent
of t/e "otto) #onne#to! ,it/ t/e fondation !e#e*ta#le and ade3ate !o"stness against s"se3ent snat#/
loading- T/e anal(sis s/all eDa)ine detailed load se3en#es ind#ed in all #o)*onents Fto* and "otto)5 on all
tendons to ens!e load #a*a#ities a!e not eD#eeded and #o)*onents fn#tion as intended in o!de! to *!e+ent
tendon dis#onne#t-
.7." Tendons and tendon #o)*onents #onst!#ted f!o) steel s/all "e designed against t/e F<S ,it/ a design
fatige fa#to! DFF fo! steel e3al to o! g!eate! t/an gi+en in Ta"le B-% fo! #ase Fd5 and #ase Fe5 as a**li#a"le-
.7. Fo! tendons #onst!#ted "( fi"!e !o*es. design against t/e F<S s/all "e #a!!ied ot a##o!ding to
!e3i!e)ents gi+en in DNV-OS-E301. DNV-OS-E303 and D!"RP"()&'-
.7.% 4idelines fo! #e!tifi#ation of tendons a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-910@ A**endiD A-
!ec.. !tructural Design ) *age ,.
.: S/ec$al /ro,$s$ons &or s/ars
.:. 4ene!al #onside!ations ,it/ !es*e#t to )et/ods of anal(sis and #a*a#it( #/e#'s of st!#t!al ele)ents
a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-910A and DNV-R2-9%0@-
.:.% W/en tendons a!e sed fo! station 'ee*ing of a s*a! t(*e nit. t/e *!o+isions s*e#ified fo! tendons in
N1-BO a**l(-
.:.' In #ase t/at !esonant o! nea! !esonant /ea+e )otion )a( o##!. t/e t/eo!eti#al *!edi#tions of /ea+e
)otion s/old "e +alidated against )odel test !eslts- Fo! s*a!s. /ea+e is in gene!al not as i)*o!tant as *it#/
and !oll-
.:.( T/e #o*ling "et,een t/e (a, and *it#/ )odes of )otion s/all "e #onside!ed-
G#$dance note@
A tilted !oto!. in t/e #ase of a *it#/ed floate!. ,ill !eslt in (a, loads- T/is )a( "e i)*o!tant ,/en t/e (a, !esistan#e
is lo,. ,/i#/ #an "e t/e #ase fo! a s*a!-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
.:.. If VI7 s**!ession de+i#es s#/ as s*i!al st!a'es a!e atta#/ed to t/e /ll. t/e in#!eases t/at t/e( #ase
in t/e d!ag and ine!tia loads s/all "e ta'en into a##ont- T/is a**lies to t/e o*e!ational */ase as ,ell as to non-
o*e!ational */ases-
.:.- Fo! dee* d!ag/t floate!s. "o(an#( #annot "e #al#lated #o!!e#tl( "( sing si)*le A!#/i)edes
*!in#i*les fo! t/e floate! ,/en ,a+es a!e *!esent- T/is #an "e !ealiGed "( #onside!ing an infinitel( long +e!ti#al
#(linde! in ,a+es- In t/is #ase t/e *assing ,a+e ,ill /a+e no inflen#e on t/e "o(an#( "e#ase t/e d(na)i#
*!ess!e at t/e "otto) end of t/e #(linde! is Ge!o and t/e "o(an#( is t/e!efo!e #onstant- Fo! s#/ s(ste)s. t/e
total "o(an#( effe#t #an onl( "e #al#lated #o!!e#tl( "( *!ess!e integ!ation o+e! all ,et s!fa#es of t/e
floating "od(- In so)e #ases fo! a s*a! t(*e floate! t/e total +a!ia"le +e!ti#al fo!#e de to t/e ,a+es ,ill "e
di!e#ted in t/e o**osite di!e#tion of a si)*le A!#/i)edes )odel- 9o!!e#t )odelling is t/e!efo!e +e!( i)*o!tant
fo! dee* s*a! s(ste)s-
.:.7 Re3i!e)ents fo! t/e *osition )oo!ing s(ste) a!e gi+en in Se#-E and in N1-AO-
.1 3ro,$s$ons &or concrete str#ct#res
.1. Floating #on#!ete s**o!t st!#t!es fo! floating ,ind t!"ines s/all "e designed a##o!ding to DNV-OS-
J101. ,/i#/ )a'es !efe!en#e to DNV-OS-9@0%- Re3i!e)ents fo! *a!tial safet( fa#to!s s/all "e ta'en
a##o!ding to s*e#ifi#ations gi+en in DNV-OS-J101-
.1.% 9on#!ete #o)*onents of floating s**o!t st!#t!es fo! ,ind t!"ines s/all "e designed a##o!ding to
DNV-OS-J101. ,/i#/ )a'es !efe!en#e to DNV-OS-9@0%- Re3i!e)ents fo! *a!tial safet( fa#to!s s/all "e
ta'en a##o!ding to s*e#ifi#ations gi+en in DNV-OS-J101-
." S/ec$al /ro,$s$ons &or towers
.". E+en ,/en t/e )ass and stiffness dist!i"tions o+e! t/e /eig/t of t/e to,e! a!e 'e*t t/e sa)e as fo! t/e
to,e! fo! an ons/o!e ,ind t!"ine. t/e eigenf!e3en#ies of t/e to,e! a!e alte!ed ,/en it is )onted on a floate!-
T/is is "e#ase t/e "otto) "onda!( #ondition of t/e s**o!t st!#t!e. eD#e*t in t/e #ase of a T<2. is alte!ed
f!o) fiDed to f!ee- In o!de! to 'ee* t/e eigenf!e3en#ies of t/e to,e! n#/anged. e3al to t/ose of t/e to,e!
s**o!ting t/e ons/o!e t!"ine. t/e to,e! s/old "e )ade )o!e fleDi"le ,/en it is to "e s**o!ted "( a floate!
li'e a s*a! o! a se)is")e!si"le- Refe!en#e is )ade to gidan#e note in Se#-1 N1-1-@O-
.".% T/e to,e! a##ess s(ste) #onsists of se#onda!( st!#t!es s#/ as "oat landings. ladde!s and *latfo!)s-
Re3i!e)ents fo! s#/ se#onda!( st!#t!es a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-J101-
% Ult$mate 4$m$t States ;U4S< &or Steel Str#ct#res
%. General
%.. 2!o+isions and !e3i!e)ents fo! design of +a!ios t(*es of st!#t!es and st!#t!al #o)*onents against
lti)ate li)it states F$<S5 a!e gi+en in N%-%O t/!og/ N%-AO-
%.% U4S T#+#lar mem+ers* t#+#lar Ao$nts and con$cal trans$t$ons
%.%. T"la! )e)"e!s. t"la! ;oints and #oni#al t!ansitions s/all "e designed a##o!ding to NORSOK N-00?-
Fo! st!#t!al )e)"e!s ,/i#/ a!e not eD*osed to eDte!nal ,ate! *!ess!e. ot/e! standa!ds t/an NORSOK
N-00? )a( "e a**lied fo! design. e-g- E!o#ode-
!ec.. !tructural Design ) *age ,/
G#$dance note@
T"la! )e)"e!s a!e )e)"e!s ,/ose dia)ete!-to-t/i#'ness !atio satisfies t/e follo,ing #!ite!ion0
DJt 1%0. in ,/i#/ D S dia)ete! and t S ,all t/i#'ness-
7e)"e!s ,it/ DJt V 1%0 a!e #onside!ed s/ell st!#t!es-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%.' U4S S5ell str#ct#res
%.'. ED#e*t fo! to,e!s. s/ell st!#t!es s/all "e designed against "#'ling in a##o!dan#e ,it/ DNV-R2-9%0%-
S/ell st!#t!es in to,e!s s/all "e designed against "#'ling a##o!ding to DNV-OS-J101-
%.'.% In #ase solid "allast is sed. t/e "enefi#ial effe#t of /o!iGontal *!ess!e set * "( t/e solid "allast and
#onte!a#ting eDte!nal *!ess!e s/all no!)all( not "e a##onted fo! in t/e "#'ling #/e#'s fo! +e!ti#al s/ell
ele)ents- Ho,e+e!. t/e "enefi#ial effe#t of /o!iGontal *!ess!e f!o) "allast ,ate! #an al,a(s "e #onside!ed in
t/ese #/e#'s- Onl( in t/e #ase t/at a /o!iGontal ea!t/ *!ess!e f!o) sat!ated solid "allast #an "e do#)ented.
s#/ an ea!t/ *!ess!e #an "e a##onted fo! in t/e "#'ling #/e#'s-
G#$dance note@
T/e isse /e!e is t/at it is n#lea! ,/et/e! ea!t/ *!ess!es f!o) sat!ated solid "allast against t/e s/ell ele)ents ,ill
"e#o)e )o"iliGed and #an "e #onted on- S#/ an ea!t/ *!ess!e )o"iliGation !e3i!es t/at t/e solid "allast "e#o)es
*!o*e!l( installed and dist!i"ted in t/e #o)*a!t)ent in 3estion to a#tall( )a'e #onta#t ,it/ t/e #o)*a!t)ent ,alls-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%.( U4S Non8t#+#lar +eams* col#mns and &rames
%.(. T/e design of non-t"la! "ea)s. #ol)ns and f!a)es s/all ta'e into a##ont t/e *ossi"le li)its on t/e
!esistan#e of t/e #!oss se#tion de to lo#al "#'ling-
%.(.% 8#'ling #/e#'s )a( "e *e!fo!)ed a##o!ding to EN 1CC3-1-1-
%.(.' 9a*a#it( #/e#'s )a( "e *e!fo!)ed a##o!ding to EN 1CC3-1-1-
%.(.( T/e )ate!ial fa#to!s a##o!ding to Ta"le B-1 s/all "e sed ,/en EN 1CC3-1-1 is sed fo! #al#lation of
st!#t!al !esistan#e-
%.. U4S S/ec$al /ro,$s$ons &or /lat$ng* st$&&eners and g$rders
%... Fo! )ini)) !e3i!e)ents fo! *late t/i#'ness. stiffene! se#tional )odls and gi!de!s. !efe!en#e is
)ade to DNV-OS-J101- T/ese !e3i!e)ents ,ill no!)all( gi+e )ini)) s#antlings to *lates and stiffened
*anels ,it/ !es*e#t to (ield-
%...% 8#'ling of stiffened *lates in#lding gi!de!s s/all "e #/e#'ed a##o!ding to DNV-R2-9%01-
%.- U4S S/ec$al /ro,$s$ons &or str#ct#ral des$gn o& anc5ors
%.-. T/e design fo!#e. T
d
. a#ting on t/e an#/o! and a!ising f!o) line tension in a )oo!ing line. ,/i#/ is
/oo'ed * to t/e an#/o!. s/all "e ta'en as e3al to t/e design line tension in t/e )oo!ing at t/e inte!fa#e
"et,een t/e )oo!ing line and t/e an#/o!. as !eslting f!o) #al#lations a##o!ding to s*e#ifi#ations gi+en in
Se#-E N%-%O- W/en )o!e t/an one )oo!ing line is /oo'ed * to t/e an#/o!. t/e design fo!#e T
d
. a#ting on t/e
an#/o!. s/all "e #al#lated ,it/ de #onside!ation of design fo!#e #ont!i"tions f!o) all )oo!ing lines-
%.-.% T/e design fo!#e. T
d
. a#ting on t/e an#/o! and a!ising f!o) tension in a tendon. ,/i#/ is /oo'ed * to
t/e an#/o!. s/all "e ta'en as e3al to t/e design tension in t/e tendon at t/e inte!fa#e "et,een t/e tendon and
t/e an#/o!. as !eslting f!o) #al#lations a##o!ding to s*e#ifi#ations of #/a!a#te!isti# loads gi+en in Se#-? and
!e3i!e)ents fo! load fa#to!s and load #o)"inations gi+en in Se#-@ N1-1O- W/en )o!e t/an one tendon is
/oo'ed * to t/e an#/o!. t/e design fo!#e T
d
. a#ting on t/e an#/o!. s/all "e #al#lated ,it/ de #onside!ation
of design fo!#e #ont!i"tions f!o) all tendons-
%.-.' 9ation )st "e eDe!#ised ,/en t/e design fo!#e is esta"lis/ed fo! an an#/o! ,/i#/ is sed as a s/a!ed
an#/o! *oint fo! an#/o!ing of )lti*le ,ind t!"ine nits. see Se#-C N1-%-3O and N1-%-?O-
Ta+le 78 6ater$al &actors #sed w$t5 EN 11'88
Type of calculation +aterial factor
15
!alue
Resistan#e of 9lass 1. % o! 3 #!oss se#tions
70
1-10
Resistan#e of 9lass ? #!oss se#tions
71
1-10
Resistan#e of )e)"e!s to "#'ling
71
1-10
15 S()"ols a##o!ding to EN 1CC3-1-1-
!ec.. !tructural Design ) *age ,0
%.7 U4S 0olted connect$ons
%.7. All "olts in t/e )ain load-"ea!ing s(ste) of t/e *!i)a!( st!#t!e s/all "e *!est!essed and t/e "olts s/all
satisf( t/e )ate!ial !e3i!e)ents s*e#ified in Se#-A-
%.7.% Sli*-!esistant "olt #onne#tions s/all "e designed a##o!ding to DNV-OS-J101-
%.7.' End *late "olt #onne#tions s/all "e designed a##o!ding to EN 1CC3-1-E-
' Fat$g#e 4$m$t States ;F4S< &or Steel Str#ct#res
'. General
'.. To ens!e t/at t/e st!#t!e ,ill flfil its intended fn#tion. a fatige assess)ent s/all "e #a!!ied ot fo!
ea#/ indi+idal )e)"e!. ,/i#/ is s";e#ted to fatige loading- W/e!e+e! a**!o*!iate. t/e fatige assess)ent
s/all "e s**o!ted "( a detailed fatige anal(sis-
G#$dance note@
A fatige assess)ent #o)*!ises a fatige anal(sis as ,ell as a #a*a#it( #/e#'-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
'..% T/e design fatige life fo! st!#t!al #o)*onents s/all "e "ased on t/e s*e#ified se!+i#e life of t/e
st!#t!e- %0 (ea!s s/old no!)all( "e sed as a )ini)). !ega!dless of ,/et/e! t/e t!e se!+i#e life is less
t/an %0 (ea!s-
'..' 9o)*leD #onne#tions of *lated st!#t!es s/all "e do#)ented a##o!ding to t/e /ot s*ot )et/odolog(
des#!i"ed in DNV-R2-9%03 Se#-?-
G#$dance note@
9o)*leD ;oints a!e details not eD*li#itl( #o+e!ed "( DNV-R2-9%03. i-e- ;oints ot/e! t/an t/ose #o+e!ed "( DNV-R2-9%03.
A**endi#es A to 9-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
'..( 9/a!a#te!isti# S-N #!+es fo! se in design against fatige fail!e a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-J101-
G#$dance note@
In gene!al. t/e #lassifi#ation of st!#t!al details and t/ei! #o!!es*onding S-N #!+es in ai!. in sea,ate! ,it/ ade3ate
#at/odi# *!ote#tion and in f!ee #o!!osion #onditions. #an "e ta'en f!o) DNV-R2-9%03 KFatige St!engt/ Anal(ses
of Offs/o!e Steel St!#t!esL-
T/e S-N #!+es fo! t/e )ost f!e3entl( sed st!#t!al details in steel s**o!t st!#t!es fo! offs/o!e ,ind t!"ines
a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-J101. Se#-B. Ta"le J1- W/i#/ of t/ese S-N #!+es a!e to "e sed in design de*end on lo#ation
Gone fo! t/e st!#t!al detail and on t/e #o!!osion *!ote#tion of t/e st!#t!al s!fa#e and a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-J101.
Se#-B. Ta"le J%-
9!+es s*e#ified fo! )ate!ial in ai! a!e +alid fo! details. ,/i#/ a!e lo#ated a"o+e t/e s*las/ Gone- T/e Kin ai!L #!+es
)a( also "e sed fo! t/e inte!nal st!#t!es of ai!-filled )e)"e!s "elo, ,ate!-
T/e "asis fo! t/e se of t/e S-N #!+es in Ta"le J1 in DNV-OS-J101 Se#-B is t/at a /ig/ fa"!i#ation 3alit( of t/e
details is *!esent. i-e- ,elding and NDT s/all "e in a##o!dan#e ,it/ Ins*e#tion 9atego!( I and St!#t!al 9atego!(
YS*e#ialM a##o!ding to DNV-OS-9?01-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
'... 9o!!osion s/all "e ta'en into #onside!ation ,/e!e !ele+ant- 8ot/ t/e #o!!osion di)intion and t/e effe#t
of t/e #o!!osion on t/e S-N #!+e s/all "e #onside!ed- De*ending on t/e #o!!osion *!ote#tion o+e! t/e se!+i#e
life. diffe!ent st!ategies fo! fatige anal(ses a!e !ele+ant0
1 T/e st!#t!e is *!ote#ted against #o!!osion fo! t/e ,/ole se!+i#e life0 no !ed#tion in t/i#'ness and no
#/ange in S-N #!+e
1 T/e steel is #oated ,it/ /ig/ 3alit( #oating0 t/e #oating is not )aintained0 g!oss s#antlings to "e sed in
glo"al anal(ses. #/ange in S-N #!+e at t/e end of t/e effe#ti+e #oating life to Kf!ee #o!!osionL-
1 No #oating and ,it/ot effe#ti+e #at/odi# *!ote#tion0 fatige #al#lations #an "e "ased on a steel ,all
t/i#'ness e3al to t/e no)inal t/i#'ness !ed#ed "( /alf t/e #o!!osion allo,an#e o+e! t/e fll se!+i#e life-
S-N #!+es fo! f!ee #o!!osion s/all "e sed o+e! t/e ,/ole se!+i#e life-
Fo! *!i)a!( steel st!#t!es in t/e s*las/ Gone. ,/i#/ is defined in Se#-13. t/e #o!!osion allo,an#e #an "e
#al#lated f!o) t/e #o!!osion !ates s*e#ified in DNV-OS-J101. Se#-11-
T/e additional #osts of #o!!osion allo,an#e fo! !e*la#ea"le se#onda!( st!#t!es s/old "e "alan#ed against
t/e #osts of !e*la#e)ent-
'..- 9al#lation of t/e fatige life )a( "e "ased on a f!a#t!e )e#/ani#s design anal(sis. eit/e! se*a!atel( o!
!ec.. !tructural Design ) *age -%
as a s**le)ent to an S-N fatige #al#lation. see DNV-R2-9%03- An alte!nati+e )et/od fo! f!a#t!e
)e#/ani#s anal(sis #an "e fond in 8S BC10-
'..7 W/ene+e! a**!o*!iate. all st!ess !anges of t/e long-te!) st!ess !ange dist!i"tion s/all "e )lti*lied "(
a st!ess #on#ent!ation fa#to! FS9F5- T/e S9F de*ends on t/e st!#t!al lo#al and glo"al geo)et!(- S9Fs #an "e
#al#lated "ased on info!)ation in !ele+ant lite!at!e o! "( finite ele)ent anal(sis-
G#$dance note@
In ,ind fa!)s. ,/e!e t/e sa)e ;oint o! st!#t!al detail is !e*eated )an( ti)es in )an( identi#al s**o!t st!#t!es.
!e3i!e)ents fo! #ost-effe#ti+eness )a'e it *a!ti#la!l( i)*o!tant to assess t/e S9Fs a##!atel(. and assess)ent "(
finite ele)ent anal(sis is !e#o))ended-
Rele+ant st!ess #on#ent!ation fa#to!s #an "e fond in DNV-R2-9%03 and DNV 9lassifi#ation Notes No- 30-B-
It is !e#o))ended t/at fa"!i#ation tole!an#es in a##o!dan#e ,it/ KS*e#ialL #atego!( in DNV-OS-9?01 a!e sed to
)ini)iGe t/e st!ess #on#ent!ation fa#to! fo! "tt ,elds-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
'..: Fo! fatige anal(sis of "ot/ "ase )ate!ial and ,elded st!#t!es. t/e st!ess !anges )a( "e !ed#ed *!io!
to t/e fatige anal(sis de*ending on t/e )ean st!ess- Fo! details !ega!ding #al#lation of t/e a##e*ta"le st!ess
!ange !ed#tions as a fn#tion of t/e )ean st!ess. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV-OS-J101-
'..1 2!edi#tions of fatige life )a( "e "ased on #al#lations of #)lati+e fatige da)age nde! t/e
ass)*tion of linea!l( #)lati+e da)age- T/e #/a!a#te!isti# st!ess !ange /isto!( to "e sed fo! t/is *!*ose
#an "e "ased on !ain-flo, #onting of st!ess #(#les- T/e #o!!es*onding #/a!a#te!isti# #)lati+e da)age
#ased "( t/is st!ess !ange /isto!( is denoted D
9
-
G#$dance note@
W/en 7ine!Ms s) is sed fo! *!edi#tion of linea!l( #)lati+e da)age. t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #)lati+e da)age D
9
is
#al#lated as
in ,/i#/
D
9
S #/a!a#te!isti# #)lati+e da)age
I S n)"e! of st!ess !ange "lo#'s in a sffi#ientl( fine. #/osen dis#!etiGation of t/e st!ess !ange aDis
n
9.i
S n)"e! of st!ess #(#les in t/e i
t/
st!ess "lo#'. inte!*!eted f!o) t/e #/a!a#te!isti# long-te!) dist!i"tion of
st!ess !anges. e-g- o"tained "( !ain-flo, #onting
N
9.i
S n)"e! of #(#les to fail!e at t/e st!ess !ange
i
of t/e i
t/
st!ess "lo#'. inte!*!eted f!o) t/e #/a!a#te!isti#
S-N #!+e
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
'.." T/e design #)lati+e da)age D
D
is o"tained "( )lti*l(ing t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #)lati+e da)age D
9
"( t/e design fatige fa#to! D33
D
D
S D33[D
9
'.. Re3i!e)ents fo! t/e design fatige fa#to! DFF a!e gi+en in Ta"le B-% and de*end on t/e !e3i!ed safet(
#lass- T/e design fatige fa#to!s in Ta"le B-% de*end on t/e lo#ation of t/e st!#t!al detail and of t/e
a##essi"ilit( fo! ins*e#tion and !e*ai!- T/e design fatige fa#to!s s*e#ified fo! st!#t!al details ,/i#/ a!e
a##essi"le fo! ins*e#tion a!e gi+en ,it/ t/e *!e!e3isite t/at ins*e#tions a!e #a!!ied ot at inte!+als of fo! to
fi+e (ea!s-
G#$dance note@
Non-a##essi"le and non-!e*ai!a"le st!#t!al details ,ill /a+e to "e designed se*a!atel( f!o) a##essi"le and
!e*ai!a"le details- T/e a##essi"le and !e*ai!a"le details ,ill t/en /a+e to "e designed nde! t/e ass)*tion of
ins*e#tions e+e!( fo! o! fi+e (ea!s- 8( *!o*e! *lanning. it )a( "e *ossi"le to design nde!,ate! /lls in s#/ a
)anne! t/at #!iti#al ,elds a!e lo#ated on t/e inside of t/e /ll and ,it/ a##ess-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
=
=
8
i i ,
i ,
,
n
D
1 .
.
!ec.. !tructural Design ) *age -$
'..% T/e design #!ite!ion is
D
D
1-0-
'..' T/e fatige *e!fo!)an#e of ,elds #an "e i)*!o+ed "( g!inding- 4!inding of ,elds ,ill in#!ease t/e
#al#lated fatige life of t/e ,elded #onne#tion if *e!fo!)ed a##o!ding to t/e #onditions s*e#ified in DNV-OS-
J101 and in DNV-R2-9%03-
G#$dance note@
If ,elds a!e g!ond in o!de! to in#!ease t/e fatige life. t/e no)inal st!ess le+el ,ill in#!ease fo! t/e sa)e #al#lated
fatige life- 2ossi"le fatige #!a#'s ,ill t/e!efo!e g!o, faste! afte! t/e #!a#' /as initiated. if t/e ,eld /as "een g!ond-
T/e #onse3en#es of #o!!osion in t/e ,eld lines ,ill also "e la!ge! in #ase of g!inding- T/e S-N #!+e s/old "e
do,ng!aded "( one #lass as defined in DNV-R2-9%03 and an S-N #!+e fo! f!ee #o!!osion s/old "e a**lied-
T/ese t,o #ases ,ill "ot/ ne#essitate s/o!te! ti)e "et,een ins*e#tions in o!de! to 'ee* t/e sa)e safet( le+el as fo!
st!#t!es fo! ,/i#/ g!inding is not *e!fo!)ed-
T/e designe! is ad+ised to i)*!o+e t/e details lo#all( "( ot/e! )eans t/an g!inding. o! to !ed#e t/e st!ess !ange
t/!og/ design and 'ee* t/e *ossi"ilit( of fatige life i)*!o+e)ent as a !ese!+e to allo, fo! *ossi"le in#!ease in
fatige loading d!ing t/e design and fa"!i#ation *!o#ess-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
( Acc$dental 4$m$t States ;A4S<
(. General
(.. Floating s**o!t st!#t!es fo! ,ind t!"ines and t/ei! station 'ee*ing s(ste)s s/all "e designed against
a##idental li)it states FA<S5- 2!o+isions and !e3i!e)ents fo! design against a##idental li)it states a!e gi+en
in N?-1-%O to N?-1-BO-
(..% T/e )ate!ial fa#to!
)
fo! t/e A<S is 1-0. nless ot/e!,ise s*e#ified-
(..' Design against t/e A<S s/all "e #a!!ied ot fo! t/e follo,ing t,o sitations0
1 #/e#' of !esistan#e of t/e st!#t!e against design a##idental loads
1 #/e#' of *ost-a##ident !esistan#e of t/e st!#t!e against en+i!on)ental loads ,/en t/e st!#t!al !esistan#e
/as "e#o)e !ed#ed "( st!#t!al da)age #ased "( t/e design a##idental loads s#/ as t/e design fi!e o!
t/e design #ollision-
(..( T/e o+e!all o";e#ti+e of design against a##idental loads is to a#/ie+e a st!#t!al s(ste) ,/e!e t/e
st!#t!al integ!it( is not i)*ai!ed "( t/e design a##idental loads-
(... T/e design against a##idental loads )a( "e #a!!ied ot di!e#tl( "( #al#lating t/e effe#ts of t/e design
a##idental loads and #/e#'ing t/at t/e !esistan#e is not eD#eeded. o! indi!e#tl( "( designing t/e st!#t!e as
tole!a"le to a##idents- One eDa)*le of t/e latte! #onsists of int!od#ing #o)*a!t)entaliGation of t/e floating
st!#t!e in o!de! to *!o+ide sffi#ient integ!it( to s!+i+e #e!tain #ollision s#ena!ios ,it/ot f!t/e! #al#lations-
(..- T/e in/e!ent n#e!taint( in t/e f!e3en#( and )agnitde of so)e a##idental loads. as ,ell as t/e
a**!oDi)ate nat!e of t/e )et/ods fo! dete!)ination of t/e asso#iated a##idental load effe#ts. s/all "e
!e#ogniGed and )a'es it essential to a**l( sond enginee!ing ;dg)ent and *!ag)ati# e+alations in design
against a##idental loads-
Ta+le 78% Re?#$rements &or des$gn &at$g#e &actors* DFF
Structural element
Safety class
/ow ormal $igh
Fa5 Inte!nal st!#t!e. a##essi"le and not ,elded di!e#tl( to
t/e s")e!ged *a!t-
1 % 3
F"5 EDte!nal st!#t!e. a##essi"le fo! !egla! ins*e#tion and
!e*ai! in d!( and #lean #onditions-
1 % 3
F#5 Inte!nal st!#t!e. a##essi"le and ,elded di!e#tl( to t/e
s")e!ged *a!t-
% 3 A
Fd5 EDte!nal st!#t!e not a##essi"le fo! ins*e#tion and
!e*ai! in d!( and #lean #onditions-
15
% 3 A
Fe5 Non-a##essi"le a!eas. a!eas not *lanned to "e a##essi"le
fo! ins*e#tion and !e*ai! d!ing o*e!ation. and st!#t!es
,it/ *e!)anent "allast-
%5
3 A 10
15 Regla! ins*e#tion. *!efe!a"l( "( NDT-
%5 No *lanned ins*e#tion-
!ec.. !tructural Design ) *age -'
(..7 T(*i#al a##idental loads a!e listed in Se#-?-
(.% 3ost8acc$dental $ntegr$t) a&ter #n$ntended c5ange $n +allast d$str$+#t$on
(.%. It is !e#o))ended to #/e#' t/e st!#t!al integ!it( of floate!s #onsisting of )lti*le floating ele)ents
afte! t/e e+ent of an nintended #/ange in "allast dist!i"tion "et,een t/e ele)ents. e-g- as t/e !eslt of an e!!o!
in ,ate! filling of t/e "allast tan's- T/e #/e#' of t/e st!#t!al integ!it( #an "e "ased on an ass)*tion of a
*a!ti#la! *!es#!i"ed t!i) o! list of 10\ o! %0\- As an alte!nati+e to *!es#!i"ing a *a!ti#la! t!i) o! list. a t!i)
o! list !eslting f!o) t/e sta"ilit( e+alation of t/e floate! #an "e sed as a "asis- T/e ass)ed t!i) and list
s/all t/en "e #o)"ined ,it/ ,ind and ,a+es as a**!o*!iate-
(.' 3ost8acc$dental $ntegr$t) o& a s5ared anc5or
(.'. T/e load *atte!n of an an#/o! s/a!ed "( t,o o! )o!e )oo!ing lines o! t,o o! )o!e tendons )a( #/ange
signifi#antl(. s/old one of t/e atta#/ed lines o! tendons "!ea' o! fail o! ot/e!,ise "e lost- T/e effe#t of s#/
a #/anged load *atte!n s/all "e #onside!ed ,/en t/e st!#t!al integ!it( of t/e an#/o! is assessed in t/e A<S in
t/e *ost-a##idental da)aged #ondition-
!ec./ !tation =eeping ) *age -&
SECT!ON : STAT!ON >EE3!NG
!ntrod#ct$on
. General
.. T/is se#tion *!o+ides !e3i!e)ents fo! station 'ee*ing s(ste)s fo! floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es-
..% T/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) !efe!s to t/e #atena!( o! tat )oo!ing s(ste)s of eit/e! #/ain. ,i!e o! fi"!e
!o*es fo! #o)*liant s**o!t st!#t!es s#/ as DDFs. o! to t/e tendon s(ste)s of tet/e!s fo! !est!ained s**o!t
st!#t!es s#/ as T<2s- In *!in#i*le. station 'ee*ing #old also "e *!o+ided "( se of d(na)i# *ositioning-
T/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) is +ital fo! 'ee*ing t/e ,ind t!"ine in *osition s#/ t/at it #an gene!ate ele#t!i#it(
and s#/ t/at t/e t!ansfe! of ele#t!i#it( to a !e#ei+e! #an "e )aintained-
..' $nless ot/e!,ise s*e#ified. all st!#t!al #o)*onents in t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) of t/e floating
s**o!t st!#t!e. s#/ as )oo!ing lines and tendons. s/all "e designed to t/e safet( #lass ,/i#/ is s*e#ified in
Se#-% N%-1-?O- T/is !e3i!e)ent !efe!s to station 'ee*ing s(ste)s ,/i#/ /a+e !edndan#(-
..( Fo! station 'ee*ing s(ste)s ,it/ot !edndan#(. all st!#t!al #o)*onents in t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste)
s/all "e designed to a /ig/e! safet( #lass as s*e#ified in Se#-% N%-1-@O- T/is !e3i!e)ent !efle#ts t/e !is' fo!
#ollision ,it/ ad;a#ent ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es. s/old t/e floate! /a**en to disengage f!o) its station 'ee*ing
s(ste) and float a"ot ,it/in t/e ,ind fa!) t/at it #onstittes a *a!t of. fo! eDa)*le in t/e e+ent of a )oo!ing
line fail!e-
G#$dance note@
In so)e #ases it is o"+ios ,/et/e! a station 'ee*ing s(ste) is !edndant o! not- Fo! eDa)*le. it is o"+ios t/at if
fail!e of a tet/e! in a T<2 #ases #a*siGing t/en t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) of t/e T<2 is a s(ste) ,it/ot
!edndan#(- In ot/e! #ases. it is not so o"+ios ,/et/e! a station 'ee*ing s(ste) is !edndant o! not- Fo! eDa)*le.
fail!e of a sla#' )oo!ing line in a t/!ee-line s(ste). #asing a la!ge d!ift-off. does not ne#essa!il( i)*l( a s(ste)
,it/ot !edndan#(- In s#/ #ases. it )a( "e ne#essa!( to #a!!( ot a 3alifi#ation of t/e !edndan#( of t/e station
'ee*ing s(ste). fo! eDa)*le "( do#)enting t/at t/e s(ste) is #a*a"le of ,it/standing loads in t/e da)aged
#ondition afte! an a##ident- Fo! t/is *!*ose. #/a!a#te!isti# en+i!on)ental loads defined as 1-(ea! loads #an "e
ass)ed in #on;n#tion ,it/ load fa#to!s fo! t/e A<S in t/e !ele+ant safet( #lass-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
... T/e !e3i!e)ent in N1-1-?O #an "e !elaDed ,/en t/e!e is no !is' fo! #ollision ,it/ ad;a#ent ,ind t!"ine
st!#t!es- In t/is #ase. t/e st!#t!al #o)*onents in t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) s/all "e designed to t/e safet(
#lass s*e#ified in Se#-% N%-1-?O-
G#$dance note@
It is *ossi"le to la( ot t/e ,ind fa!) and #a!!( ot t/e design of t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) in s#/ a )anne! t/at t/e
!is' fo! #ollisions ,it/ ad;a#ent st!#t!es "e#o)es !ed#ed o! )a("e e+en eli)inated- T/is #an "e done "( 'ee*ing
la!ge! distan#es "et,een ad;a#ent st!#t!es. o! "( "ilding !edndan#( into t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste). in#lding
sffi#ientl( la!ge !esidal #a*a#it( of t/e da)aged s(ste). o! "( a #o)"ination-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
.% Com/l$ant &loaters general
.%. T/e station 'ee*ing s(ste)s of #o)*liant floate!s a!e "ased on tat o! #atena!( )oo!ing lines t/at
t!ansfe! t/e loads a#ting on t/e floate! to an#/o!s t/at a!e installed in t/e sea"ed soils- T/e an#/o! soltion /as
to "e de#ided on a #ase-"(-#ase "asis de*ending on t/e soil #onditions on t/e a#tal site-
.%.% O*ti)iGation of )oo!ing s(ste)s )a( lead to non-!edndant s(ste)s ,/e!e a )oo!ing line fail!e )a(
lead to loss of *osition and *ossi"le #onfli#t ,it/ ad;a#ent ,ind t!"ines- Redndan#( #onside!ations a!e
t/e!efo!e an i)*o!tant *a!t of )oo!ing design and fo!) *a!t of t/e "asis fo! sele#tion of t/e a**!o*!iate safet(
#lass a##o!ding to N1-1-3O to N1-1-@O-
G#$dance note@
Safet( fa#to! !e3i!e)ents a!e de*endent on safet( #lass and safet( #lass is de*endent on #onse3en#e of fail!e ,/i#/
in t!n is de*endent on !edndan#( of s(ste)- In fll analog(. DNV-OS-E301 F2osition 7oo!ing5 /as int!od#ed t/e
o*tion of a**l(ing in#!eased safet( fa#to!s FSF5 fo! )oo!ing s(ste)s ,it/ot sffi#ient !edndan#( !elati+e to t/ose
!e3i!ed ,/en t/e!e is !edndan#( in t/e s(ste)-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
.%.' T/e fai!lead is a de+i#e t/at gides a )oo!ing line nea! t/e *oint ,/e!e t/e )oo!ing line is #onne#ted to
t/e floate!- T/e lo#ation of t/e fai!lead /as to "e de#ided d!ing t/e design *!o#ess- In design. "ot/ <F and WF
,ind and ,a+e ind#ed !es*onses /a+e to "e ta'en into a##ont- Fo! so)e #on#e*ts sffi#ient !esto!ing
stiffness in (a, )a( !e3i!e se of Y#!o,footsM o! si)ila! a!!ange)ents to,a!ds t/e floate! and its fai!leads-
!ec./ !tation =eeping ) *age -+
.%.( Wea! of )oo!ing lines )a( fo!) a *!o"le) fo! station 'ee*ing s(ste)s in t/e o*e!ational */ase- It is
!e#o))ended t/at ,ea! of )oo!ing lines is add!essed in t/e design */ase and a##onted fo! in t/e design of
t/e )oo!ing lines-
.%.. Re3i!e)ents fo! design of )oo!ing lines a!e gi+en in N%O- Fo! f!t/e! details of *!in#i*les fo! design of
)oo!ing lines. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV-OS-E301-
.' Restra$ned &loaters general
.'. T/e station 'ee*ing s(ste)s of !est!ained floate!s a!e "ased on tendons t/at !est!ain one o! )o!e )odes
of )otion- S(ste)s ,it/ t/!ee o! )o!e tendons lo#ated ,it/ sffi#ient se*a!ation ,ill "e !est!ained not onl( in
/ea+e. "t also in *it#/ and !oll- S(ste)s ,it/ onl( one #ent!al tendon ,ill "e !est!ained in /ea+e and #o)*liant
in !oll and *it#/-
.'.% Floate!s ,it/ !est!ained )odes ,ill t(*i#all( eD*e!ien#e !es*onses in t/!ee !anges of f!e3en#ies. i-e- HF.
WF and <F. and t/e( a!e t/e!efo!e eD*e#ted to "e )o!e #o)*leD to anal(se and design t/an st!#t!es ,it/
!es*onses ,it/in ;st one li)ited f!e3en#( !ange-
.'.' Tendon s(ste)s fo! !est!aining t/e /ea+e )ode. and *ossi"l( also t/e *it#/ and !oll )odes. #an "e eit/e!
)etalli# o! #o)*osite- Steel and titani) a!e )etals t(*i#all( sed fo! tet/e!s in s#/ s(ste)s-
.'.( Fo! all tendon s(ste)s. t/e end te!)inations ,ill sall( "e #!iti#al #o)*onents ,/i#/ need s*e#ial
attention in design- T/is a**lies !ega!dless of ,/et/e! t/e tendon s(ste) is )etalli# o! #o)*osite- F!t/e!
#o)*leDit( )a( "e int!od#ed if ni+e!sal ;oints a!e int!od#ed eit/e! at 'eel le+el o! at sea"ed-
.'.. Re3i!e)ents fo! design of tet/e!s a!e gi+en in N3O ,/i#/ !efe!s to Se#-B- Fo! f!t/e! details of *!in#i*les
fo! design of )etalli# tet/e!s. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV-OS-910@- Fo! f!t/e! details of *!in#i*les fo! design
of fi"!e !o*es. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV-OS-E303-
.'.- W/en fi"!e !o*e is sed fo! tendons and s";e#ted to *e!)anent tensile loads. ti)e-de*endent elongation
of t/e fi"!e !o*e ,ill ta'e *la#e de to #!ee*- T/is ,ill i)*l( an asso#iated !elaDation of t/e tension in t/e !o*e-
9!ee* and its asso#iated !elaDation fo!) a se*a!ate load #ase and s/all "e add!essed in t/e design of tet/e!s
#onst!#ted f!o) fi"!e !o*e- Fo! t/is *!*ose t/e #!ee* and its asso#iated !elaDation s/all "e #o)"ined ,it/
/ig/ o! lo, ,ate! le+el. ,/i#/e+e! is )o!e nfa+o!a"le-
.'.7 Redndan#( #onside!ations a!e an i)*o!tant *a!t of tendon design and fo!) *a!t of t/e "asis fo! sele#tion
of t/e a**!o*!iate safet( #lass a##o!ding to N1-1-3O. N1-1-?O and N1-1-@O-
G#$dance note@
In analog( ,it/ t/e !e3i!e)ents in N1-1-3O to N1-1-@O. fo! tendon s(ste)s ,it/ot !edndan#( ,it/ !es*e#t to loss of
a tet/e!. t/e standa!d DNV-OS-910@ fo! T<2 design !e#o))ends t/at load fa#to!s sed fo! tet/e! design "e in#!eased
"( %0P !elati+e to t/ose sed fo! !edndant s(ste)s-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
% 6oor$ng 4$nes
%. !ntrod#ct$on
%.. T/is s"se#tion *!o+ides !e3i!e)ents fo! design of )oo!ing lines fo! floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es
!el(ing on eit/e! #atena!( )oo!ing o! tat )oo!ing- Design of tendons fo! tension leg *latfo!)s is not #o+e!ed
in t/is s"se#tion- Fo! design of tendons. !efe!en#e is )ade to N3O-
%.% Ult$mate loads
%.%. T/e design tension T
d
in a )oo!ing line is t/e s) of t,o fa#to!ed #/a!a#te!isti# tension #o)*onents
T
#.)ean
and T
#.d(n
.
in ,/i#/ T
#.)ean
S #/a!a#te!isti# )ean tension. T
#.d(n
S #/a!a#te!isti# d(na)i# tension. and
)ean
and
d(n
a!e
load fa#to!s-
%.%.% T/e #/a!a#te!isti# )ean tension T
#.)ean
is defined as t/e )ean *a!t of t/e @0-(ea! +ale of t/e line
tension and is #ased "( *!etension and )ean en+i!on)ental loads f!o) stati# ,ind. #!!ent and ,a+e d!ift-
T/e #/a!a#te!isti# d(na)i# tension T
#.d(n
is defined as t/e d(na)i# *a!t of t/e @0-(ea! +ale of t/e line tension
and is #ased "( os#illato!( lo,-f!e3en#( and ,a+e-f!e3en#( effe#ts-
%.%.' Fo! esti)ation of T
#.)ean
and T
#.d(n
. a n)"e! of t!ial sea states defined in te!)s of H
s
. T
*
and $
10
along
a @0-(ea! #onto! in FH
s
. T
*
. $
10
5 s*a#e #an "e in+estigated- T
#.)ean
and T
#.d(n
#an t/en "e sele#ted f!o) t/e
dyn c dyn mean c mean d
T T T
. .
+ =
!ec./ !tation =eeping ) *age -,
*a!ti#la! sea state t/at (ields t/e la!gest line tension !es*onse along t/e @0-(ea! #onto!- An in+e!se FOR7
te#/ni3e #an "e sed to esta"lis/ t/is @0-(ea! #onto!- T/e ;oint *!o"a"ilit( dist!i"tion of H
s
. T
*
and $
10
at
t/e site of t/e )oo!ing s(ste) is ne#essa!( fo! t/is *!*ose- T/e line tension in a )oo!ing line is sensiti+e to
t/e di!e#tion of t/e en+i!on)ental loading- T/e!efo!e. ,/en t/e in+estigation of t/e sea states along t/e
en+i!on)ental @0-(ea! #onto! is #a!!ied ot nde! an ass)*tion of di!e#tion-inde*endent en+i!on)ental
loading a#ting in t/e di!e#tion ,/i#/ is )ost nfa+o!a"le fo! t/e )oo!ing line. t/is i)*lies a #onse!+atis) is
int!od#ed s#/ t/at t/e la!gest line tension !es*onse along t/e @0-(ea! #onto! #an "e #onside!ed di!e#tl( as
an esti)ate of t/e @0-(ea! +ale of t/e line tension ,it/ot an( need fo! )lti*li#ation ,it/ an inflation fa#to!-
T
#.)ean
and T
#.d(n
#an t/en "e esti)ated "( t/e )ean *a!t and t/e d(na)i# *a!t. !es*e#ti+el(. of t/is la!gest line
tension !es*onse- S/old it "e desi!a"le to a##ont fo! di!e#tional dist!i"tions of ,ind and ,a+es in a )o!e
detailed )anne!. !at/e! t/an ass)ing di!e#tion-inde*endent en+i!on)ental loading a#ting in t/e )ost
nfa+o!a"le di!e#tion. t/is #an "e done a##o!ding to a )et/odolog( des#!i"ed in NORSOK N-00A. Se#- A-A-
%.%.( T/e *!e!e3isite fo! t/e *!o#ed!e in N%-%-3O is t/at t/e @0-(ea! +ale of t/e line tension is ass)ed to
o##! d!ing a sea state along t/e @0-(ea! en+i!on)ental #onto!- Ho,e+e!. t/e @0-(ea! +ale of t/e line
tension )a( not ne#essa!il( o##! d!ing a sea state along t/is #onto!. "e#ase sstained ,inds at t/e !ated
,ind s*eed. ,/e!e t/e o*e!ational t/!st is often t/e /ig/est. )a( #ase t/e la!gest d!ift and t/e /ig/est loads
in t/e )oo!ing s(ste)- Fo! esti)ation of T
#.)ean
and T
#.d(n
. it is t/e!efo!e i)*o!tant also to in+estigate t/e
loads in t/e )oo!ing s(ste) #ased "( sstained ,ind at t/e !ated ,ind s*eed-
%.%.. Details !ega!ding /o, t/e #/a!a#te!isti# )ean tension and t/e #/a!a#te!isti# d(na)i# tension #an "e
esta"lis/ed. e-g- f!o) ti)e se!ies of tensile !es*onse in )oo!ing lines. a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-E301-
%.%.- Re3i!e)ents fo! load fa#to!s in t/e $<S and t/e A<S a!e gi+en in Ta"le E-1 as a fn#tion of safet( #lass-
%.' Res$stance
%.'. T/e #/a!a#te!isti# #a*a#it( of a )oo!ing line is defined in N%-3-@O- T/e *!e)ises fo! t/e definition a!e
gi+en in N%-3-%O to N%-3-?O-
%.'.% T/e #/a!a#te!isti# #a*a#it( s*e#ified in N%-3-@O is defined on t/e follo,ing "asis0
1 T/e )oo!ing line #o)*onents s/all "e )anfa#t!ed ,it/ a /ig/ standa!d of 3alit( #ont!ol. a##o!ding to
!e#ogniGed standa!ds. s#/ as DNV-OS-E30%. DNV-OS-E303 and DNV-OS-E30?-
1 9a!efl #ont!ol of all as*e#ts of /andling. t!ans*o!t. sto!age. installation and !et!ie+al of t/e )oo!ing lines
is i)*e!ati+e to ens!e t/at t/e #a*a#it( of t/e )oo!ing lines is not #o)*!o)ised-
%.'.' A )oo!ing line is sall( asse)"led f!o) a la!ge n)"e! of identi#al #o)*onents toget/e! ,it/ a fe,
#onne#ting lin's s#/ as line te!)inations- A #/ain line #ontains a la!ge n)"e! of #/ain lin's- A long steel
,i!e !o*e o! a s(nt/eti# fi"!e !o*e )a( also "e #on#e*tall( t!eated as a la!ge n)"e! of ,i!e !o*e seg)ents-
T/e st!engt/ of a long line is eD*e#ted to "e less t/an t/e a+e!age st!engt/ of t/e #o)*onents t/at )a'e * t/e
line- T/is effe#t is ta'en into a##ont in t/e definition of t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #a*a#it(. see N%-3-@O-
%.'.( T/e follo,ing statisti#s a!e !e3i!ed fo! t/e st!engt/ of t/e #o)*onents t/at )a'e * t/e )ain "od( of
t/e )oo!ing line0
1
S
. t/e )ean +ale of t/e "!ea'ing st!engt/ of t/e #o)*onent
1 9OV
S
. t/e #oeffi#ient of +a!iation of t/e "!ea'ing st!engt/ of t/e #o)*onent-
%.'.. T/e #/a!a#te!isti# #a*a#it( of t/e "od( of t/e )oo!ing line #onst!#ted f!o) t/e #o)*onent ,it/ t/e
*!o*e!ties s*e#ified in N%-3-?O is defined "(
T/is fo!)lation is a**li#a"le fo! )oo!ing lines #onsisting of #/ain. steel ,i!e !o*e and s(nt/eti# fi"!e !o*e- T/e
#/a!a#te!isti# #a*a#it( S
9
is so)eti)es !efe!!ed to as t/e #/a!a#te!isti# "!ea'ing st!engt/ of t/e )oo!ing line-
%.'.- W/en statisti#s of t/e "!ea'ing st!engt/ of a #o)*onent a!e not a+aila"le. t/en t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #a*a#it(
of t/e "od( of t/e )oo!ing line )a( "e o"tained f!o) t/e )ini)) "!ea'ing st!engt/ S
)"s
of ne, #o)*onents as
Ta+le :8 4oad &actor re?#$rements &or des$gn o& moor$ng l$nes
/imit state /oad factor
Safety class
ormal $igh
$<S
)ean
1-3 1-@
$<S
d(n
1-B@ %-%
A<S
)ean
1-00 1-00
A<S
d(n
1-10 1-%@
0-10 9OV 55I A 3 F 1 F
S
< =
S S S ,
,#! ,#! S
mbs ,
S S = C@ - 0
!ec./ !tation =eeping ) *age --
%.'.7 T/e statisti#al "asis fo! t/e #/a!a#te!isti# st!engt/ #an also "e a**lied to sed #o)*onents if "!ea'ing
st!engt/ statisti#s a!e o"tained fo! t/e sed #o)*onents "( #a!!(ing ot "!ea' load tests- Ho,e+e!. t/e
alte!nati+e "asis sing t/e )ini)) "!ea'ing st!engt/ s/old not "e a**lied to sed #o)*onents ,it/ot
#/anging t/e !ed#tion fa#to!- To a+oid a !ed#tion in )ini)) "!ea'ing st!engt/ of @P. t/e "!ea'ing tests of
t/e )oo!ing line seg)ents #an "e *e!fo!)ed to a load @P /ig/e! t/an t/e s*e#ified )ini)) "!ea'ing st!engt/-
T/e n)"e! of tests s/all "e as !e3i!ed in DNV-OS-E30%. DNV-OS-E303 and DNV-OS-E30?-
%.'.: W/en t/e st!engt/ dist!i"tion is "ased on test statisti#s. t/e!e ,ill "e statisti#al n#e!taint( in t/e !eslts-
T/e statisti#al n#e!taint( de*ends on t/e n)"e! of tests *e!fo!)ed- In o!de! to a##ont fo! t/e statisti#al
n#e!taint(. s#/ t/at t/e ta!get !elia"ilit( is )aintained. a #atios esti)ate of t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #a*a#it( of
t/e "od( of t/e )oo!ing line s/all "e a**lied in design- T/e #atios esti)ate of t/e statisti#all( n#e!tain
#/a!a#te!isti# #a*a#it( s/all "e ta'en as
in ,/i#/ 9OV
S
is t/e #oeffi#ient of +a!iation of t/e "!ea'ing st!engt/ of t/e #o)*onent and n is t/e n)"e! of
tests. not less t/an @-
%.'.1 Ot/e! #o)*onents in t/e )oo!ing line s#/ as #onne#ting lin's and te!)inations s/all "e designed to
/a+e #/a!a#te!isti# #a*a#ities ,/i#/ eD#eed t/e #/a!a#te!isti# st!engt/ of t/e )ain "od( of t/e )oo!ing line
,it/ a +e!( /ig/ le+el of #onfiden#e-
%.'." Fo! definition of t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #a*a#it( of an#/o!s fo! t!ansfe! of )oo!ing line fo!#es to t/e sea"ed
soils. !efe!en#e is )ade to Se#-C-
%.( Des$gn cr$ter$on
%.(. T/e design #!ite!ion in t/e $<S is
in ,/i#/ t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #a*a#it( S
9
is to "e !e*la#ed "( S
9
X
,/en t/e st!engt/ dist!i"tion fo! t/e )oo!ing
line #o)*onents is "ased on test statisti#s. see N%-3-EO-
%.(.% T/e design #!ite!ion in t/e A<S is
in ,/i#/ t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #a*a#it( S
9
is to "e !e*la#ed "( S
9
X
,/en t/e st!engt/ dist!i"tion fo! t/e )oo!ing
line #o)*onents is "ased on test statisti#s. see N%-3-EO. and in ,/i#/ T
d
is esta"lis/ed nde! an ass)*tion of
da)aged )oo!ing s(ste) in te!)s of one "!o'en )oo!ing line-
%.. Fat$g#e des$gn
%... 7oo!ing lines s/all "e designed against fatige fail!e- T/e design #)lati+e fatige da)age is
D
D
S D33[D
9
in ,/i#/ D
9
is t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #)lati+e fatige da)age #ased "( t/e st!ess /isto!( in t/e )oo!ing line
o+e! t/e design life. and in ,/i#/ D33 denotes t/e design fatige fa#to!- Re3i!e)ents fo! D33 de*end on t/e
safet( #lass and a!e gi+en in Se#-B- T/e design life of a )oo!ing line ,ill often "e s/o!te! t/an t/e design life
of t/e floating st!#t!e and t/e ,ind t!"ine. /en#e i)*l(ing t/at *ossi"le !e*la#e)ent of t/e )oo!ing line
d!ing t/e design life of t/e floating nit is an i)*li#it design ass)*tion-
%...% T/e #/a!a#te!isti# #)lati+e fatige da)age D
9
#an "e #al#lated "( 7ine!Ms s) as otlined in Se#-B-
Fo! t/is *!*ose. #/a!a#te!isti# S-N #!+es fo! #/ain and steel ,i!e !o*es. gi+en in DNV-OS-E301 ,/e!e t/e(
a!e !efe!!ed to as design S-N #!+es. #an "e sed- 9/a!a#te!isti# S-N #!+es "ased on fatige test data #an also
"e sed- Fo! gi+en st!ess S. t/e N-+ale of t/e #/a!a#te!isti# S-N #!+e is defined as t/e %-3P 3antile in t/e
dist!i"tion of t/e n)"e! of #(#les to fail!e at t/is st!ess- W/en t/e #/a!a#te!isti# S-N #!+e is "ased on
li)ited test data it s/all "e esti)ated ,it/ at least B@P #onfiden#e-
%...' Fo! si)*li#it(. t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #)lati+e fatige da)age )a( "e #al#lated "( )eans of t/e si)*le
#onse!+ati+e K#o)"ined s*e#t!) a**!oa#/L otlined in DNV-OS-E301-
%...( T/e design #!ite!ion is
D
D
1-0-
5 % 1 F
X
n
,#!
S S
S
, ,
=
d ,
T S >
d ,
T S >
!ec./ !tation =eeping ) *age -.
' Tendons
'. Steel tendons
'.. Re3i!e)ents fo! design of steel tendons a!e gi+en in N3-3O and in Se#-B- <oad fa#to! !e3i!e)ents fo!
steel tendons a!e gi+en in Se#-@ N1-1O-
'.% F$+re ro/e tendons
'.%. T/e design tension. T
d
. in a fi"!e !o*e tendon s/all "e #al#lated a##o!ding to s*e#ifi#ations of
#/a!a#te!isti# loads gi+en in Se#-? and !e3i!e)ents fo! load fa#to!s and load #o)"inations gi+en in Se#-@ N1-1O-
'.%.% T/e #/a!a#te!isti# tensile #a*a#it(. R
#
. of a tendon #onst!#ted f!o) fi"!e !o*es s/all "e ta'en as t/e %-@P
3antile in t/e *!o"a"ilit( dist!i"tion of t/e tensile #a*a#it( in an a!"it!a!( #!oss se#tion along t/e tendon- T/e
design tensile #a*a#it( of t/e tendon is
,/e!e t/e )ate!ial fa#to!
)
s/all "e ta'en e3al to at least
)
S 1-@ nde! an ass)*tion of d#tile )ate!ial
"e/a+io! and not )o!e t/an 10P #oeffi#ient of +a!iation of t/e tensile #a*a#it(-
'.%.' T/e design #!ite!ion in t/e $<S is
'.%.( Fi"!e !o*e tendons s/all "e designed against fatige fail!e- Re3i!e)ents fo! fatige design of fi"!e !o*e
tendons s/all "e esta"lis/ed on a #ase-"(-#ase "asis- $sefl gidan#e #an "e fond in DNV-OS-E301 and
DNV-OS-E303-
'.%.. In designing fi"!e !o*es ,it/ !es*e#t to #(#li# end!an#e. it is i)*o!tant to noti#e t/e diffe!en#e f!o)
fatige of steel st!#t!es- Fi"!e !o*e d!a"ilit( is sall( d!i+en "( t/e stati# tension le+el. see N3-%-AO- T/e
st!#t!e s/all "e designed so as to in/i"it inte!nal a"!asion. and t/e non-det!i)ental effe#t of #(#li# loading
,it/ !es*e#t to stati# /olding #a*a#it( F3-TI tension. ti)e. te)*e!at!e5 s/all "e de)onst!ated-
'.%.- Fi"!e !o*e tendons s/all "e designed against fail!e fo! sstained loads #ased "( *!etension and
sstained en+i!on)ental loads- T/e a##)lated stati# loads s/all "e sed fo! esta"lis/ing sffi#ient design
)a!gin against #!ee* fail!e o! st!ess !*t!e. ,/i#/e+e! is a**li#a"le- $sefl gidan#e #an "e fond in DNV-
OS-E301 and in DNV-OS-E303- F!t/e! !e#o))endations ,ill "e *!o+ided in D!"RP"()&'-
G#$dance note@
T/e a"ilit( to ,it/stand #!ee* fail!e o! st!ess !*t!e. de*ending on t(*e of fail!e. is !efe!!ed to as 3-T #a*a#it(. see
DNV-OS-E303-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
'.' Tendon slack
'.'. Tendons s/all "e designed against sla#' in t/e $<S-
G#$dance note@
A tendon is #onside!ed sla#' ,/en
f.4
[T
*!etension.#

f.E
[T
d(na)i#.#
0. in ,/i#/
f.4
is t/e load fa#to! fo! *e!)anent
loads.
f.E
is t/e load fa#to! fo! en+i!on)ental loads. T
*!etension.#
is t/e #/a!a#te!isti# *!etension in t/e tendon. and
T
d(na)i#.#
is t/e #/a!a#te!isti# en+i!on)ental d(na)i# fo!#e in t/e tendon- Re3i!e)ents fo! t/e load fa#to!s a!e gi+en
in Se#-@ N1-1O- $sall( t/e load fa#to! set denoted $<S F"5 is t/e set t/at go+e!ns t/e design against tendon sla#'-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
'.'.% T/e !e3i!e)ent in N3-3-1O #an "e ,ai+ed ,/en t/e follo,ing t,o #onditions a!e flfilled0
1 At least t/!ee #o!ne! g!o*s of tendons a!e in tension in o!de! to )aintain floating sta"ilit( at an( ti)e
1 <ess t/an /alf of t/e #o!ne! g!o*s of tendons a!e sla#'-
W/en t/ese t,o #onditions a!e flfilled and t/e tendons a!e not designed against sla#'. a #o)*!e/ensi+e
!edndan#( anal(sis s/all "e *e!fo!)ed to e+alate t/e effe#t of t/e loss of tension in one #o!ne! g!o* on t/e
tendon s(ste) and its s**o!ting st!#t!es- T/e anal(sis s/all de)onst!ate t/at st!#t!al integ!it( is
)aintained ,/en tendons ,it/ negati+e tension a!e !e)o+ed- As an alte!nati+e to t/is anal(sis. )odel tests )a(
"e *e!fo!)ed to de)onst!ate t/at t/e st!#t!al integ!it( is )aintained-
'.'.' W/en te)*o!a!( tendon tension loss is *e!)itted in t/e $<S a##o!ding to N3-3-%O. tendon d(na)i#
anal(ses s/all "e #ond#ted to e+alate t/e effe#t of t/e tension loss on t/e #o)*lete tendon s(ste) and its
s**o!ting st!#t!es- Alte!nati+el(. )odel tests )a( "e *e!fo!)ed- T/e !easoning "e/ind t/is !e3i!e)ent is
m
c
d
R
R
=
d d
T R >
!ec./ !tation =eeping ) *age -/
t/at loss of tension #old !eslt in det!i)ental effe#ts to #o)*onents s#/ as tendon "od(. #onne#to!s. fleD
ele)ents. floating st!#t!e and an#/o! fondations- S#/ det!i)ental effe#ts in#lde fatige of +a!ios
st!#t!al #o)*onents and #(#li# st!engt/ deg!adation of an#/o! fondations-
!ec.0 Design of 4nchor <oundations ) *age -0
SECT!ON 1 DES!GN OF ANCHOR FOUNDAT!ONS
!ntrod#ct$on
. General
.. T/is se#tion deals ,it/ t/e geote#/ni#al design of t/e an#/o!ing s(ste)s t/at t!ansfe! loads "et,een F15
t/e )oo!ing lines o! t/e tendons of t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) and F%5 t/e sea"ed soils- T/e se#tion also deals
,it/ t/e design of g!oted !o#' an#/o!s fo! t!ansfe! of loads f!o) t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) to a sea"ed
#onsisting of !o#' !at/e! t/an soil-
..% T/e !e3i!e)ents fo! fondation design gi+en in DNV-OS-J101 a**l( to t/e geote#/ni#al design of t/e
an#/o!ing s(ste)s of floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es ,it/ t/e eD#e*tions. de+iations and additional
!e3i!e)ents s*e#ified in t/is se#tion- In *a!ti#la!. t/e !e3i!e)ents fo! )ate!ial fa#to!s s*e#ified in DNV-OS-
J101 a**l( nless ot/e!,ise s*e#ified in t/is se#tion-
..' T/is se#tion deals ,it/ t/e design of t/e follo,ing t(*es of an#/o! fondations of !ele+an#e fo!
an#/o!ing of floating ,ind t!"ine nits0
1 *ile an#/o!s
1 g!a+it( an#/o!s
1 s#tion an#/o!s
1 f!ee-fall an#/o!s
1 fl'e an#/o!s
1 *late an#/o!s
1 g!oted !o#' an#/o!s-
O,ing to t/ei! )odes of o*e!ation. fl'e an#/o!s and *late an#/o!s a!e eD*e#ted onl( to "e sita"le as
indi+idal an#/o! *oints fo! an#/o!ing of single ,ind t!"ines. "t not as s/a!ed an#/o! *oints fo! an#/o!ing
of )lti*le ,ind t!"ines-
..( T(*e-s*e#ifi# !e3i!e)ents fo! an#/o! design a!e gi+en in N%O t/!og/ NEO-
... T/e anal(sis of an#/o! !esistan#e s/all "e #a!!ied ot fo! t/e $<S and t/e A<S and in a##o!dan#e ,it/
t/e safet( !e3i!e)ents in Se#-%- De #onside!ation s/all "e gi+en to t/e s*e#ifi# as*e#ts of t/e *a!ti#la!
an#/o! t(*e in 3estion and t/e #!!ent state of 'no,ledge and de+elo*)ent- Fo! g!oted !o#' an#/o!s. anal(sis
of t/e an#/o! !esistan#e )a( also "e ne#essa!( fo! t/e S<S-
..- T/e an#/o! is defined as a load-"ea!ing st!#t!e and s/all "e designed against geote#/ni#al an#/o!
fail!e in t/e $<S and in t/e A<S-
..7 Design against t/e $<S is intended to ens!e t/at t/e an#/o! ,it/ its geote#/ni#al an#/o! !esistan#e #an
,it/stand t/e loads a!ising in an inta#t station 'ee*ing s(ste) nde! eDt!e)e en+i!on)ental #onditions-
<i'e,ise. design against t/e A<S is intended to ens!e t/at t/e an#/o! #an ,it/stand t/e loads a!ising in an
inta#t station 'ee*ing s(ste) nde! a##idental load #onditions- Design against t/e A<S is also intended to
ens!e t/at t/e da)aged station 'ee*ing s(ste) !etains ade3ate #a*a#it( if one )oo!ing line. one tendon o!
one an#/o! s/old a##identall( fail fo! !easons otside t/e designe!Ms #ont!ol-
..: It s/old "e 'e*t in )ind t/at t/e design lifeti)e fo! an#/o!s )a( "e #onside!a"l( longe! t/an fo! t/e
floate!s and t!"ines t/e( a!e to s**o!t. s#/ t/at t/e( s/old "e *!e*a!ed and designed fo! se+e!al /oo'-*s
o+e! ti)e-
.% Anc5or load
.%. T/e design fo!#e. T
d
. a#ting on t/e an#/o! and a!ising f!o) line tension in a )oo!ing line. ,/i#/ is
/oo'ed * to t/e an#/o!. s/all "e ta'en as e3al to t/e design line tension in t/e )oo!ing at t/e inte!fa#e
"et,een t/e )oo!ing line and t/e an#/o!. as !eslting f!o) #al#lations a##o!ding to s*e#ifi#ations gi+en in
Se#-E N%-%O- W/en )o!e t/an one )oo!ing line is /oo'ed * to t/e an#/o!. t/e design fo!#e T
d
. a#ting on t/e
an#/o!. s/all "e #al#lated ,it/ de #onside!ation of design fo!#e #ont!i"tions f!o) all )oo!ing lines-
.%.% T/e design fo!#e. T
d
. a#ting on t/e an#/o! and a!ising f!o) tension in a tendon. ,/i#/ is /oo'ed * to
t/e an#/o!. s/all "e ta'en as e3al to t/e design tension in t/e tendon at t/e inte!fa#e "et,een t/e tendon and
t/e an#/o!. as !eslting f!o) #al#lations a##o!ding to s*e#ifi#ations of #/a!a#te!isti# loads gi+en in Se#-? and
!e3i!e)ents fo! load fa#to!s and load #o)"inations gi+en in Se#-@ N1-1O- W/en )o!e t/an one tendon is
/oo'ed * to t/e an#/o!. t/e design fo!#e T
d
. a#ting on t/e an#/o!. s/all "e #al#lated ,it/ de #onside!ation
of design fo!#e #ont!i"tions f!o) all tendons-
.%.' So)e an#/o!s a!e sed as indi+idal an#/o! *oints fo! an#/o!ing of single ,ind t!"ine nits onl(.
,/e!eas ot/e! an#/o!s se!+e as s/a!ed an#/o! *oints fo! an#/o!ing of )lti*le ,ind t!"ine nits- 9ation )st
!ec.0 Design of 4nchor <oundations ) *age .%
in gene!al "e eDe!#ised ,/en assessing t/e load *atte!n at an an#/o! and dete!)ining t/e design fo!#e T
d
. in
*a!ti#la! ,/en t/e an#/o! is a s/a!ed an#/o! *oint fo! ,/i#/ t/e load *atte!n #an "e eD*e#ted to "e #o)*leD-
.%.( T/e load *atte!n of a s/a!ed an#/o! )a( #/ange signifi#antl(. s/old one of t/e atta#/ed lines o! tendons
"!ea' o! fail o! ot/e!,ise "e lost- T/e effe#t of s#/ a #/anged load *atte!n s/all "e #onside!ed ,/en t/e
st!#t!al and geote#/ni#al integ!it( of t/e an#/o! is assessed in t/e A<S in t/e *ost-a##idental da)aged
#ondition-
.' Anc5or res$stance
.'. $nless ot/e!,ise stated. t/e #/a!a#te!isti# an#/o! !esistan#e is defined as t/e )ean an#/o! !esistan#e as
set * "( t/e s**o!ting soils o! !o#'-
.'.% W/en t/e #/a!a#te!isti# +ale of a soil *!o*e!t( o! an an#/o! !esistan#e is esti)ated f!o) li)ited data.
t/e esti)ate s/all "e a #atios esti)ate- T/is i)*lies t/at t/e #/a!a#te!isti# +ale s/all "e esti)ated ,it/
#onfiden#e- It is !e#o))ended to a**l( a #onfiden#e of at least B@P-
G#$dance note@
Rele+ant statisti#al )et/ods s/old "e sed fo! esti)ation of #/a!a#te!isti# +ales of soil *!o*e!ties- Fo! esti)ation
of #/a!a#te!isti# +ales of soil *!o*e!ties "( )eans of statisti#al )et/ods. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV-R2-9%0B-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
.'.' T/e #/a!a#te!isti# an#/o! !esistan#e )a( "e esti)ated "ased on e)*i!i#al !elations/i*s and !ele+ant test
data- De #onside!ation s/all "e gi+en to t/e #onditions nde! ,/i#/ t/ese !elations/i*s and data a!e esta"lis/ed
and t/e !ele+an#e of t/ese #onditions ,it/ !es*e#t to t/e a#tal soil #onditions. s/a*e and siGe of an#/o!s. and
loading #onditions-
.'.( $nless ot/e!,ise stated. t/e design an#/o! !esistan#e is
in ,/i#/ R
#
is t/e #/a!a#te!isti# geote#/ni#al an#/o! !esistan#e and
)
is a )ate!ial fa#to!-
.'.. Re3i!e)ents fo! t/e )ate!ial fa#to! a!e gi+en fo! t/e indi+idal an#/o! t(*es in N%O t/!og/ NEO-
.( Des$gn cr$ter$on
.(. T/e design #!ite!ion is
.. E&&ects o& c)cl$c load$ng
... T/e effe#ts of #(#li# loading on t/e soil *!o*e!ties s/all "e #onside!ed in t/e geote#/ni#al design of
an#/o!s fo! t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste)s of floating ,ind t!"ines-
...% 9(#li# s/ea! st!esses )a( lead to a g!adal in#!ease in *o!e *!ess!e- S#/ *o!e *!ess!e "ild-* and
t/e a##o)*an(ing in#!ease in #(#li# and *e!)anent s/ea! st!ains )a( !ed#e t/e s/ea! st!engt/ of t/e soil-
T/ese effe#ts s/all "e a##onted fo! in t/e assess)ent of t/e #/a!a#te!isti# s/ea! st!engt/ fo! se in design
,it/in t/e a**li#a"le li)it state #atego!ies- T/ese effe#ts s/all also "e a##onted fo! in t/e assess)ent of
*e!)anent fondation !otations-
...' T/e effe#ts of ,a+e- and ,ind-ind#ed fo!#es on t/e soil *!o*e!ties s/all "e in+estigated fo! single
sto!)s. fo! no!)al o*e!ating #onditions follo,ed "( a sto!) o! "( an e)e!gen#( s/tdo,n. fo! se+e!al
s##essi+e sto!)s. and fo! an( ot/e! ,a+e and ,ind load #ondition t/at )a( inflen#e t/e soil *!o*e!ties-
G#$dance note@
9(#li# deg!adation of soil *!o*e!ties is t/e isse /e!e. as ,ell as !ate effe#ts- Fo! one-,a( #(#li# loading in #la( ,/e!e
a st!ess #(#le does not in+ol+e st!ess !e+e!sal. it is #o))on to see a fa+o!a"le #o)"ined effe#t of t/e #(#li#
deg!adation and t/e !ate effe#t- T/e #o)"ined effe#t is a #(#li# s/ea! st!engt/ ,/i#/ is so)e,/at la!ge! t/an t/e stati#
s/ea! st!engt/ of t/e soil- Fo! t,o-,a( #(#li# loading in t/e #la( ,/e!e a st!ess #(#le in+ol+es st!ess !e+e!sal. t/e
#o)"ined effe#t of #(#li# deg!adation and !ate effe#t is sall( less fa+o!a"le. #onsisting of a #(#li# s/ea! st!engt/
,/i#/ is so)e,/at s)alle! t/an t/e stati# s/ea! st!engt/ of t/e soil-
Fo! a *ile o! an an#/o! ,/i#/ is sed as a s/a!ed an#/o! fo! )o!e t/an one )oo!ing line. e-g- ,it/ one )oo!ing line
f!o) ea#/ of )an( ,ind t!"ine floate!s. t/e loading )a( "e !at/e! #o)*leD- One-,a( #(#li# loading ,/i#/ is
#o))onl( ass)ed fo! an an#/o!. ,/i#/ se!+es onl( one )oo!ing line and ,/i#/ is s";e#ted to a *e!)anent )ean
load f!o) t/is line. #annot ne#essa!il( "e ass)ed- So)e deg!ee of t,o-,a( #(#li# loading and its less fa+o!a"le
#o)"ined effe#t of #(#li# deg!adation and !ate effe#t #an "e eD*e#ted-
m
c
d
R
R
=
d d
R T
!ec.0 Design of 4nchor <oundations ) *age .$
<o,-f!e3en#( load #(#les a!e often en#onte!ed in )oo!ing lines and t/ei! s**o!ting an#/o!s- A less "enefi#ial !ate
effe#t )a( "e eD*e#ted f!o) lo,-f!e3en#( st!ess #(#les t/an f!o) ,a+e-f!e3en#( and /ig/-f!e3en#( st!ess #(#les
in t/e s**o!ting soils-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
% 3$le Anc5ors
%. General
%.. 2ile an#/o!s s/all "e designed in a##o!dan#e ,it/ t/e !ele+ant !e3i!e)ents gi+en in DNV-OS-J101
Se#-10- $sefl gidan#e is gi+en in 9lassifi#ation Notes No- 30-?-
%..% <ong-te!) effe#ts of #!ee* nde! *e!)anent tension s/all "e a##onted fo! in design-
%.% 6ater$al &actors
%.%. T/e soil )ate!ial fa#to!s to "e a**lied to t/e #/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e of *ile an#/o!s s/all not "e ta'en
less t/an
)
S 1-3 fo! t/e $<S
)
S 1-0 fo! t/e A<S
!ega!dless of safet( #lass and !ega!dless of t/e )ate!ial fa#to!s s*e#ified in DNV-OS-J101-
%.%.% W/en t/e!e is little o! no *ossi"ilit( fo! !edist!i"tion of loads f!o) one *ile an#/o! to anot/e!. o! f!o)
one g!o* of *ile an#/o!s to anot/e! g!o* of *ile an#/o!s. la!ge! )ate!ial fa#to!s t/an t/ose gi+en in N%-%-1O
s/all "e sed in design- T/is )a( a**l(. fo! eDa)*le. to *ile an#/o!s fo! T<2s and DDFs- In s#/ #ases t/e
)ate!ial fa#to! s/all not "e ta'en less t/an
)
S 1-B fo! $<S design-
G#$dance note@
$sefl gidan#e #an "e fond in t/e #o))enta!( anneDes of A2I R2 %T-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%.' Anc5ors $n c5alk
%.'. 2ile an#/o!s in #/al' fo!) a s*e#ial #ase of so-#alled !o#'-so#'eted s/aftsI i-e- late!all( loaded d!illed
*iles in #/al'-
%.'.% Fo! design of *ile an#/o!s in #/al'. attention s/old "e *aid to t/e fa#t t/at o+e! ti)e. t/e **e!)ost
#/al' )a( "e#o)e #!s/ed de to #(#li# loading of t/e *ile and t/e asso#iated )otions- S#/ #!s/ing ,ill lead
to a !edist!i"tion of t/e *ile fo!#es ,/i#/ ,ill t/en "e t!ansfe!!ed to t/e #/al' f!t/e! do,n along t/e *ile- T/is
,ill i)*l( a !is' of a *!og!essi+e de+elo*)ent of fail!e along t/e *ile- It )ig/t "e ne#essa!( to design t/e *ile
an#/o! nde! an ass)*tion of Ge!o !esistan#e f!o) t/e #/al' in a Gone of a fe, )et!es )eas!ed +e!ti#all(
f!o) t/e sea"ed do,n-
G#$dance note@
T/e +e!ti#al eDtent of t/e Ge!o-!esistan#e Gone "elo, t/e sea"ed is eD*e#ted to de*end on t/e *ile dia)ete!. t/e *ile
stiffness and t/e 3alit( of t/e #/al'-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%.'.' W/en a *-( #!+e a**!oa#/ is sed fo! t/e design of *ile an#/o!s in #/al'. a *-( #!+e )odel s/old "e
sed ,/i#/ /as a !esidal !esistan#e at la!ge *ile defle#tions. ,/i#/ is lo,e! t/an t/e *ea' !esistan#e at so)e
)ode!ate defle#tion- 9ation )st "e eDe!#ised in *!o+iding ade3ate st!engt/ and stiffness data fo! s#/ a *-(
#!+e )odel-
' Gra,$t) Anc5ors
'. General
'.. 4!a+it( an#/o!s s/all "e designed in a##o!dan#e ,it/ t/e !ele+ant !e3i!e)ents gi+en in DNV-OS-J101
Se#-10-
'..% T/e #a*a#it( against *lift of a g!a+it( an#/o! s/all not "e ta'en /ig/e! t/an t/e s")e!ged )ass of t/e
an#/o!- Ho,e+e!. fo! an#/o!s f!nis/ed ,it/ s'i!ts *enet!ated into t/e sea"ed soils. t/e #ont!i"tion f!o) soil
f!i#tion along t/e s'i!ts )a( "e in#lded- In #e!tain #ases s#/ an#/o!s )a( "e a"le to !esist #(#li# *lift loads
"( t/e de+elo*)ent of te)*o!a!( s#tion ,it/in t/ei! s'i!t #o)*a!t)ents- In !el(ing on s#/ s#tion one s/all
)a'e s!e t/at t/e!e a!e no *ossi"ilities fo! lea'age. e-g- t/!og/ *i*es o! lea'ing +al+es o! #/annels de+elo*ed
in t/e soil. ,/i#/ #old *!e+ent t/e de+elo*)ent of t/e s#tion-
!ec.0 Design of 4nchor <oundations ) *age .'
'.% 6ater$al &actors
'.%. T/e )ate!ial fa#to!s to "e a**lied to t/e #/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e of g!a+it( an#/o!s s/all not "e ta'en
less t/an
)
S 1-3 fo! t/e $<S
)
S 1-0 fo! t/e A<S
!ega!dless of safet( #lass-
( S#ct$on Anc5ors $n Cla)
(. General
(.. S#tion an#/o!s a!e +e!ti#al #(lind!i#al an#/o!s ,it/ o*en o! Fno!)all(5 #losed to*. ,/i#/ a!e installed
"( self-,eig/t *enet!ation follo,ed "( a**li#ation of nde!*!ess!e Fs#tion5 in t/e #losed #o)*a!t)ent- T/e
fail!e )e#/anis) in t/e #la( a!ond an an#/o! ,ill de*end on +a!ios fa#to!s s#/ as t/e load in#lination. t/e
an#/o! de*t/ to dia)ete! !atio. t/e de*t/ of t/e load atta#/)ent *oint. t/e s/ea! st!engt/ *!ofile. and ,/et/e!
t/e an#/o! /as an o*en o! a #losed to*-
G#$dance note@
If t/e load in#lination is #lose to +e!ti#al. t/e an#/o! ,ill tend to )o+e ot of t/e g!ond. )ainl( )o"iliGing t/e s/ea!
st!engt/ along t/e otside s'i!t ,all and t/e in+e!se "ea!ing #a*a#it( of t/e soil at s'i!t ti* le+el- If t/e an#/o! /as an
o*en to*. t/e in+e!se "ea!ing #a*a#it( ,ill not "e )o"iliGed if t/e inside s'i!t f!i#tion is lo,e! t/an t/e in+e!se "ea!ing
#a*a#it( at s'i!t ti* le+el-
If t/e load in#lination is )o!e to,a!ds t/e /o!iGontal. t/e !esistan#e at t/e **e! *a!t of t/e an#/o! ,ill #onsist of
*assi+e and a#ti+e !esistan#es against t/e f!ont and "a#' of t/e an#/o!. and side s/ea! along t/e an#/o! sides- Dee*e!
do,n. t/e soil )a( flo, a!ond t/e an#/o! in t/e /o!iGontal *lane. o! nde!neat/ t/e an#/o!-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
(..% An#/o! !esistan#e is a fn#tion of soil *!o*e!ties s#/ as t/e nd!ained s/ea! st!engt/ and is #o)*osed
of a /o!iGontal and a +e!ti#al !esistan#e-
(..' 9o*ling "et,een +e!ti#al and /o!iGontal !esistan#es o##!s ,/en t/e fail!e )e#/anis) is a
#o)"ination "et,een +e!ti#al and /o!iGontal t!anslation )odes- T/e #o*ling )a( !ed#e t/e +e!ti#al and
/o!iGontal !esistan#e #o)*onents at fail!e. and t/e !eslting !esistan#e ,ill "e s)alle! t/an t/e +e#to! s) of
t/e n#o*led )aDi)) +e!ti#al and /o!iGontal !esistan#es- T/is is illst!ated "( an eDa)*le in Fig!e C-1-
F$g#re 18
Sc5emat$c res$stance d$agram &or s#ct$on anc5or* eBam/le
(..( Re#o))endations fo! geote#/ni#al design and installation of s#tion an#/o!s in #la( a!e *!o+ided in t/e
!e#o))ended *!a#ti#e DNV-R2-E303- T/e design )et/od otlined in t/is !e#o))ended *!a#ti#e )a'es se
of a !elati+el( detailed !esistan#e anal(sis- 7an( eDisting anal(ti#al )et/ods ,ill )eet t/e anal(sis
!e3i!e)ents s*e#ified in t/is !e#o))ended *!a#ti#e- Fo! details. see DNV-R2-E303-
(... If a less detailed !esistan#e anal(sis is a**lied. t/e designe! s/old "e a,a!e of t/e li)itations of t/e
)et/od and )a'e s!e t/at t/e effe#ts of an( si)*lifi#ations a!e #onse!+ati+e in #o)*a!ison ,it/ t/e !eslts
!ec.0 Design of 4nchor <oundations ) *age .&
f!o) t/e )o!e ad+an#ed )et/ods-
(..- In t/e #al#lation of t/e an#/o! !esistan#e. st!engt/ anisot!o*( and t/e effe#ts of #(#li# loading on t/e
nd!ained s/ea! st!engt/ s/all "e a##onted fo!-
(..7 T/e #/a!a#te!isti# an#/o! !esistan#e s/all "e ta'en as t/e an#/o! !esistan#e t/at !eslts f!o) a
#/a!a#te!isti# nd!ained s/ea! st!engt/ defined as t/e )ean +ale- W/en t/e #/a!a#te!isti# nd!ained s/ea!
st!engt/ is esti)ated f!o) li)ited data. t/e esti)ate s/all "e a #atios esti)ate- A #onfiden#e of )ini))
B@P is !e#o))ended fo! t/e esti)ation and de a##ont s/all "e )ade of t/e 3alit( of t/e soil data and t/e
#o)*leDit( of t/e soil #onditions-
(..: Sea"ed i)*a#t landing and s"se3ent *enet!ation "( self-,eig/t s/all "e add!essed in te!)s of !e3i!ed
,ate! e+a#ation a!eas to a+oid eD#essi+e #/annelling andJo! glo"al insta"ilit( d!ing installation- 2ossi"le
!et!ie+al "( )eans of o+e!*!ess!e s/all also "e #onside!ed- <oad fa#to!s fo! loads asso#iated ,it/ i)*a#t
landing. s#tion to ta!get *enet!ation de*t/ and *ossi"le !et!ie+al "( )eans of o+e!*!ess!e s/all "e ta'en
a##o!ding to Ta"le @-1- Fo! loads asso#iated ,it/ *e!)anent !e)o+al afte! se!+i#e life t/e load fa#to!s )a( "e
ta'en e3al to 1-0-
(.% 6ater$al &actors
(.%. T/e soil )ate!ial fa#to!s to "e a**lied to t/e #/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e of s#tion an#/o!s s/all not "e ta'en
less t/an
)
S 1-% fo! t/e $<S !ega!dless of safet( #lass
)
S 1-0 fo! t/e A<S fo! lo, and no!)al safet( #lass
)
S 1-% fo! t/e A<S fo! /ig/ safet( #lass-
. Free8Fall Anc5ors $n Cla)
.. General
... F!ee-fall an#/o!s a!e *!o;e#tile-s/a*ed o";e#ts ,/i#/ a!e installed "( d(na)i# *enet!ation of t/e soil "(
)eans of a f!ee-fall +elo#it( a#/ie+ed "( t/e effe#ts of g!a+it(- 4i+en t/e s/ea! st!engt/ of t/e soil. t/e +elo#it(
of t/e f!ee-fall an#/o! at i)*a#t go+e!ns t/e final *enet!ation de*t/ and t/e final *enet!ation de*t/ go+e!ns t/e
*ll-ot #a*a#it( of t/e an#/o!-
G#$dance note@
So-#alled to!*edo *iles fo!) one t(*e of f!ee-fall an#/o!s-
F!ee-fall an#/o!s a!e t(*i#all( d!o**ed f!o) a /eig/t of @0 to 100 )et!es a"o+e t/e sea"ed- T/e sea"ed i)*a#t
+elo#it( #an !ea#/ a"ot %@ )Js and t/e *enet!ation de*t/ is )aDi)iGed "( o*ti)iGing t/e *ile geo)et!(. t/e #ent!e
of g!a+it( F9O45 and t/e installation *!o#ed!e. ,/ile )ini)iGing t/e as-installed in#lination-
T/e a**li#a"ilit( of f!ee-fall an#/o!s de*ends on t/e soil #onditions on t/e site-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
...% Site-s*e#ifi# soil #onditions s/all "e esta"lis/ed in a##o!dan#e ,it/ !e3i!e)ents set fo!t/ in DNV-OS-
J101- Fo! #ont!ol of t/e installation. t/e an#/o! s/all "e inst!)ented-
G#$dance note@
Do"le integ!ation of a##ele!o)ete! data #an "e sed to dete!)ine t/e a#/ie+ed *enet!ation de*t/ of t/e an#/o! into
t/e sea"ed- T/e a#/ie+ed *enet!ation de*t/ #an also "e +e!ified "( ins*e#ting *!e-)a!'ed *ositions on t/e )oo!ing
line "( )eans of an ROV-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
...' Fo! *!edi#tion of t/e i)*a#t +elo#it( of t/e f!ee-fall an#/o!. all fo!#es a#ting in t/e f!ee-fall */ase
t/!og/ ,ate! s/all "e #onside!ed. in#lding self-,eig/t. "o(an#( and d!ag- Fo! *!edi#tion of t/e final
*enet!ation de*t/. all fo!#es a#ting in t/e *enet!ation */ase s/all "e #onside!ed. in#lding "o(an#(. soil
f!i#tional !esistan#e. end "ea!ing and d!ag-
...( Fo! *!edi#tion of t/e final an#/o! !esistan#e all #ont!i"ting #o)*onents s/all "e #onside!ed. in#lding
s")e!ged ,eig/t. !e+e!se end "ea!ing. soil f!i#tion. !esistan#e on #o)*onents s#/ as *ad-e(es and fl'es.
and ti)e-de*endent set-* effe#ts de to t/iDot!o*( and #onsolidation- Effe#ts of #(#li# loading on t/e final
an#/o! !esistan#e s/all also "e ta'en into a##ont-
.... Fo! design of t/e an#/o!. t/e design load and t/e #o!!es*onding line angle at t/e *ad-e(e s/all "e
*!edi#ted- T/is #an "e done a##o!ding to *!in#i*les otlined in DNV-R2-E301-
...- T/!ee-di)ensional finite ele)ent anal(sis. ass)ing !e*!esentati+e **e! and lo,e! "ond stiffnesses
of t/e s!!onding soil. #an "e sed to *!edi#t t/e st!#t!al !es*onse of t/e an#/o! ,/en s";e#ted to t/e design
!ec.0 Design of 4nchor <oundations ) *age .+
aDial and late!al load #o)*onents at t/e *ad-e(e- T/e lo,e! "ond stiffness )a( "e go+e!ning fo! t/e late!al
!es*onse of t/e an#/o! and ,ill a##ont fo! t/e soil softening de to #la( !e)olding #ased "( t/e *ile
installation and t/e deg!ee of #la( !e#onsolidation at t/e ti)e of /oo'-* to t/e floating st!#t!e- Design #an
also "e #a!!ied ot on t/e "asis of inst!)ented tests on an#/o!s. ,/i#/ a!e installed in t/e ta!get a!ea *!io! to
t/e design */ase. and ,/i#/ a!e not sed fo! an( ot/e! *!*ose-
...7 T/e #/a!a#te!isti# an#/o! !esistan#e is defined as t/e )ean an#/o! !esistan#e-
...: 9!!entl(. no fo!)al design *!o#ed!e eDists fo! f!ee-fall an#/o!s. "t t/e design *!in#i*les fo! *iles as
otlined in DNV-OS-J101 #an no!)all( "e ado*ted- Fo! dee*l( *enet!ated an#/o!s t/e +e!ti#al FaDial5
!esistan#e #o)*onent at t/e *ad-e(e go+e!ns t/e an#/o! #a*a#it(. ,/e!eas fo! )o!e s/allo,l( *enet!ated
an#/o!s t/e late!al !esistan#e #o)*onent Fand late!al dis*la#e)ents5 )a( go+e!n t/is #a*a#it(- So-#alled
Ksti#'-*sL s/all "e a+oided. i-e- fll *enet!ation is !e3i!ed ,it/ no *a!t of t/e installed an#/o! eD*osed a"o+e
t/e sea"ed-
...1 Installation a##e*tan#e #!ite!ia and #ontingen#( *!o#ed!es s/all "e esta"lis/ed "efo!e t/e installation
ta'es *la#e- T/e installation a##e*tan#e #!ite!ia s/all as a )ini)) #onside! t/e *ile installation in#lination
and its aGi)t/ ,it/ !es*e#t to t/e )oo!ing #ent!e. t/e an#/o! *enet!ation de*t/ and t/e deg!ee of set-*
*!edi#ted at t/e ti)e of /oo'-* to t/e )oo!ing s(ste)- T/e an#/o! *enet!ation de*t/ s/all "e +e!ified "(
)eas!e)ents as !e3i!ed in N@-1-%O-
..." A *lan fo! an a**!o*!iate /oo'-* ti)e s/all "e esta"lis/ed ,it/ ade3ate allo,an#e fo! set-* effe#ts
to ta'e *la#e "efo!e /oo'-* of t/e )oo!ing lines o! tendons. as a**li#a"le. is initiated-
..% 6ater$al &actors
..%. T/e soil )ate!ial fa#to!s to "e a**lied to t/e #/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e of f!ee-fall an#/o!s s/all not "e
ta'en less t/an
)
S 1-3 fo! t/e $<S
)
S 1-0 fo! t/e A<S
!ega!dless of safet( #lass-
- Fl#ke Anc5ors $n Cla)
-. General
-.. Design of fl'e an#/o!s s/all "e "ased on !e#ogniGed *!in#i*les in geote#/ni#al enginee!ing
s**le)ented "( data f!o) tests *e!fo!)ed nde! !ele+ant site and loading #onditions- T/e *enet!ation
!esistan#e of t/e an#/o! line s/all "e ta'en into #onside!ation ,/e!e dee* *enet!ation is !e3i!ed to )o"iliGe
!ea#tion fo!#es-
-..% Fl'e an#/o!s a!e no!)all( to "e sed onl( fo! nidi!e#tional /o!iGontal load a**li#ation- A fl'e an#/o!
is t/e!efo!e not sita"le as a s/a!ed an#/o! *oint fo! )o!e t/an one floating ,ind t!"ine nit- So)e *lift )a(
"e allo,ed nde! #e!tain #onditions "ot/ d!ing an#/o! installation and d!ing o*e!ating design #onditions- A
!e#o))ended design *!o#ed!e fo! fl'e an#/o!s is gi+en in DNV-R2-E301-
-..' T/e #/a!a#te!isti# an#/o! !esistan#e in t/e to#/do,n *oint #onsists of a #/a!a#te!isti# installation
!esistan#e R
i.#
in #on;n#tion ,it/ #/a!a#te!isti# *ost-installation !esistan#e effe#ts- 2!o+ided t/at t/e ta!get
installation tension T
i
is !ea#/ed and +e!ified "( !elia"le )eas!e)ents d!ing t/e installation of t/e an#/o!.
t/e #/a!a#te!isti# installation !esistan#e R
i.#
#an "e set e3al to t/e ta!get installation !esistan#e T
i
- T/e
#/a!a#te!isti# *ost-installation effe#ts a!e defined as t/e eD*e#ted +ales of t/e !es*e#ti+e *ost-installation
effe#ts- In #ase t/e an#/o! is designed not to d!ag afte! installation. t/e *ost-installation effe#ts #onsist of t/e
t/iDot!o*( effe#ts. t/e #onsolidation effe#ts. t/e #(#li# loading effe#ts and t/e line f!i#tion on t/e sea"ed- In
#ase an#/o! )o+e)ent "( additional d!ag is allo,a"le afte! installation. t/e *ost-installation effe#ts #onsist of
t/e additional !esistan#e gained t/!og/ additional an#/o! d!ag and *enet!ation. t/e #(#li# loading effe#ts and
t/e line f!i#tion on t/e sea"ed- It is !e#o))ended t/at t/e #/a!a#te!isti# *ost-installation effe#ts a!e esti)ated
,it/ #ation. in *a!ti#la! in soils ,/e!e s/allo, an#/o! *enet!ation is eD*e#ted at t/e end of installation-
-..( If additional an#/o! )o+e)ent "( additional d!ag is allo,ed. t/e )agnitde of t/is )o+e)ent s/all "e
assessed and it s/all "e +e!ified t/at t/e asso#iated additional d!ag is a##e*ta"le ,it/ !es*e#t to offset of t/e
floating st!#t!e and ,it/ !es*e#t to t/e a+aila"le safet( fa#to!s against t/e "!ea'ing st!engt/ of t/e affe#ted
)oo!ing lines-
-... W/en t/e an#/o! is designed not to d!ag afte! installation. t/e design an#/o! !esistan#e R
d
in t/e
!ec.0 Design of 4nchor <oundations ) *age .,
to#/do,n *oint is defined as
W/en t/e an#/o! design !elies on additional d!ag afte! installation. t/e design an#/o! !esistan#e R
d
in t/e
to#/do,n *oint is defined as
R
set-*.#
denotes t/e #/a!a#te!isti# *ost-installation !esistan#e o,ing to t/iDot!o*( and #onsolidation.
R
#(.#
denotes t/e #/a!a#te!isti# *ost-installation effe#t de to #(#li# loading.
R
f!i#.#
denotes t/e #/a!a#te!isti# line f!i#tion on t/e sea"ed.
R
d!ag.#
denotes t/e #/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e gained "( f!t/e! d!ag and *enet!ation of t/e an#/o! afte!
installation. and
)
is a )ate!ial fa#to!-
Fo! details. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV-R2-E301-
-.% 6ater$al &actors
-.%. T/e soil )ate!ial fa#to!s to "e a**lied to t/e #/a!a#te!isti# *ost-installation !esistan#e of fl'e an#/o!s
s/all not "e ta'en less t/an
)
S 1-3 fo! t/e $<S !ega!dless of safet( #lass
)
)
S 1-3 fo! t/e A<S fo! /ig/ safet( #lass-
7 3late Anc5ors $n Cla)
7. General
7.. Design )et/odologies fo! *late an#/o!s s#/ as d!ag-in *late an#/o!s. *s/-in *late an#/o!s. d!i+e-in
*late an#/o!s and s#tion e)"ed)ent *late an#/o!s. s/all "e esta"lis/ed ,it/ de #onside!ation of t/e
#/a!a#te!isti#s of t/e !es*e#ti+e an#/o! t(*es. in#lding /o, t/e an#/o! installation affe#ts t/e in-*la#e
#onditions-
7..% 2late an#/o!s a!e no!)all( to "e sed onl( fo! nidi!e#tional load a**li#ation- A *late an#/o! is t/e!efo!e
not sita"le as a s/a!ed an#/o! *oint fo! )o!e t/an one floating ,ind t!"ine nit-
7..' T/e an#/o! !esistan#e is a fn#tion of t/e nd!ained s/ea! st!engt/ at t/e *enet!ation de*t/ in 3estion.
of t/e *late a!ea and of t/e effe#t of #(#li# loading- T/is is otlined in detail in DNV-R2-E30%-
7..( T/e #/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e of a *late an#/o! at a s*e#ifi# *enet!ation de*t/ is defined as t/e )ean
an#/o! !esistan#e at t/is de*t/- Fo! #al#lation of t/e )ean an#/o! !esistan#e. t/e )ean nd!ained s/ea!
st!engt/ at t/is de*t/ s/all "e sed in #on;n#tion ,it/ t/e eD*e#ted effe#t of #(#li# loading-
7... Re#o))ended design *!o#ed!es fo! *late an#/o!s a!e gi+en in DNV-R2-E30%-
7.% 6ater$al &actors
7.%. T/e soil )ate!ial fa#to!s to "e a**lied to t/e #/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e of *late an#/o!s s/all not "e ta'en
less t/an
)
S 1-? fo! t/e $<S !ega!dless of safet( #lass
)
)
S 1-3 fo! t/e A<S fo! /ig/ safet( #lass-
: Gro#ted Rock Anc5ors
:. General
:.. 4!oted !o#' an#/o!s gene!all( #onsist of steel ele)ents. o! tendons. s#/ as steel "a!s o! ,i!e-!o*e
st!ands. g!oted in a *!e-d!illed /ole in t/e !o#'- Afte! g!oting. t/e g!ot is s";e#t to #!ing- T/e "a!s o!
st!ands a!e s"se3entl( tensioned-
:..% T/e *!o*e!ties of tendons. #onne#tions and g!ot a!e sall( ,ell defined. ,/e!eas t/ose of t/e !o#' a!e
sall( not- 4!ond in+estigations a!e t/e!efo!e ne#essa!( in t/e assess)ent of t/e sita"ilit( of g!oted !o#'
m
c fric c cy c up set
c i d
R R R
R R
. . . -
.
+ +
+ =
m
c fric c cy c drag
c i d
R R R
R R
. . .
.
+ +
+ =
!ec.0 Design of 4nchor <oundations ) *age .-
an#/o!s fo! a site in 3estion-
:..' As a )ini)). g!ond in+estigations s/all in#lde sffi#ient !o#' #o!ing and sa)*ling to dete!)ine
g!ond #onditions s#/ as !o#' fo!)ation and g!ond,ate!. and to identif( an( ad+e!se la(e!s o! sea)s-
Sffi#ient field and la"o!ato!( testing s/all "e sed in o!de! to #lassif( t/e !o#'. fo! eDa)*le Ro#' 6alit(
Designation FR6D5. 4eologi# St!engt/ IndeD F4SI5 and Ro#' 7ass Rating FR7R5- In addition. geo*/(si#al
#o!e-logging )a( "e sefl in identif(ing )o!e !ealisti# in-sit *!o*e!ties. s#/ as densit(. *e!)ea"ilit( and
#!a#'s- <a"o!ato!( testing s/all "e sed to 3antif( #o)*!essi+e and tensile st!engt/s-
:..( T/e g!ot sed fo! !o#' an#/o!s is gene!all( )i#!o-fine o! lt!a-fine #e)ents andJo! sodi) sili#ate
,/i#/ #an "e in;e#ted- Fo! sele#tion of g!ot. t/e follo,ing *!o*e!ties of t/e g!ot s/all "e #onside!ed0
1 *)*a"ilit( F,o!'a"ilit(5
1 d!a"ilit( of /ig/ st!engt/ and lo, *o!osit( fo! long-te!) life
1 !esistan#e to salinit( of sea,ate!-
:... Fo! design of a g!oted !o#' an#/o! against fail!e in t/e $<S. fail!e in t/e follo,ing )odes and in
#o)"inations of t/e) s/all "e #onside!ed0
1 fail!e of g!ot
1 fail!e of #onta#t "et,een g!ot and !o#'
1 fail!e of #onta#t "et,een g!ot and steel ele)ent
1 fail!e of !o#' )ass
1 fail!e of steel ele)ent-
:..- T/e an#/o! ,ill eD*e!ien#e not onl( aDial load "t also #onside!a"le late!al loads Fo,ing to floate!
)otions5 ,/i#/ )a( go+e!n t/e design-
:..7 Effe#ts of #(#li# loading s/all "e #onside!ed in design- 9(#li# loading )a( lead to #!s/ing of t/e g!ot
andJo! t/e !o#' s!!onding t/e an#/o! and )a( t/e!e"( #ase a deg!adation of t/e final an#/o! !esistan#e-
:..: T/e an#/o! s/all "e designed on t/e "asis of t/e g!ond #onditions- T/e design #an "e #a!!ied ot on t/e
"asis of eD*e!ien#e in si)ila! #onditions- T/e design #an also "e #a!!ied ot on t/e "asis of in+estigation tests.
i-e- tests on inst!)ented an#/o!s. ,/i#/ a!e installed in t/e ta!get a!ea *!io! to t/e design */ase. and ,/i#/ a!e
not sed fo! an( ot/e! *!*ose-
G#$dance note@
T/e in+estigation tests a!e sa#!ifi#ial "( nat!e and s/old "e tested to g!otJ!o#' fail!e- Fo! t/ese tests it )a( "e
!ele+ant and a##e*ta"le to se a la!ge! tendon in o!de! to ens!e g!otJ!o#' fail!e as t/e go+e!ning fail!e )ode-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
:..1 T/e an#/o! s/all "e designed nde! de #onside!ation of a**!o*!iate )eas!es to ens!e #o!!osion
*!ote#tion fo! t/e life of t/e tendon- 2ost g!oting afte! *!oof test and lo#'-off )a( "e sed to f!t/e! in#!ease
#o!!osion *!ote#tion and load t!ansfe!-
:.." S*e#ial attention s/all "e *la#ed ,/en installing an#/o!s in slo*ing g!ond #onditions- T/e de*t/ of t/e
an#/o! "ond lengt/ s/all "e s#/ t/at it does not negati+el( i)*a#t t/e slo*e-
:.. 9/allenges in+ol+ed ,it/ g!oting and g!oting *!o#ed!es nde! ,ate!. in *a!ti#la! in dee* ,ate!s.
s/all "e #onside!ed-
G#$dance note@
S*e#ial attention s/old "e *aid in o!de! to )aintain an o*en /ole. *a!ti#la!l( in )iDed soilJ!o#' #onditions- T/is is
*a!ti#la!l( i)*o!tant in o!de! to ens!e sffi#ient "ond is a#/ie+ed "et,een t/e g!ot and t/e s!!onding !o#'-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
:..% A *ost-installation test *!og!a) s/all "e defined and #a!!ied ot fo! ea#/ installed g!oted !o#' an#/o!-
T/e test *!og!a) s/all "e #a!!ied ot afte! #!ing of t/e g!ot /as ta'en *la#e and t/e an#/o! /as !ea#/ed its
fll #a*a#it(- T/e test *!og!a) s/all in#lde a set of sita"ilit( tests. in#lding a *!etension to t/e design
*!etension le+el- T/e set of sita"ilit( tests s/old also in#lde a #!ee* test at t/e design *!etension le+el- A
*!oof test in ,/i#/ t/e an#/o! is s";e#ted to *osttension "e(ond t/e design *!etension le+el s/all also "e
#a!!ied ot-
G#$dance note@
It is !e#o))ended t/at at least t/!ee sita"ilit( tests a!e *e!fo!)ed- T/e *!*ose of t/e sita"ilit( tests is to )o!e
#losel( define t/e #!ee* and load-loss #/a!a#te!isti#s at *!oof and lo#'-off loads-
EN 1CCB-1. EN 1@3B and 2TI D93@-1 )a( "e #onslted fo! gidan#e !ega!ding /o, to *!oof test-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
!ec.0 Design of 4nchor <oundations ) *age ..
:..' An#/o! a##e*tan#e #!ite!ia and #ontingen#( *!o#ed!es s/all "e esta"lis/ed "efo!e t/e *ost-installation
test *!og!a) is eDe#ted and )a( "e "ased on eD*e!ien#e and a##e*ted *ast *!a#ti#e fo! g!oted !o#' an#/o!s-
T/e an#/o! a##e*tan#e #!ite!ia s/all at a )ini)) #onside! t/e *ile installation in#lination and its aGi)t/ ,it/
!es*e#t to t/e )oo!ing #ent!e and t/e tensile #a*a#it( as do#)ented "( t/e test *!og!a)-
!ec.$% <loating !tability ) *age ./
SECT!ON " F4OAT!NG STA0!4!T2
!ntrod#ct$on
. General re?#$rements
.. Floating sta"ilit( i)*lies a sta"le e3ili"!i) and !efle#ts a total integ!it( against do,nflooding and
#a*siGing- Satisfa#to!( floating sta"ilit( of floating ,ind t!"ine nits is ne#essa!( in o!de! to s**o!t t/e safet(
le+el !e3i!ed fo! t/e in+ol+ed st!#t!es-
..% T/is se#tion *!o+ides )ini)) !e3i!e)ents fo! stati# floating sta"ilit( of floating ,ind t!"ine nits-
G#$dance note@
Stati# floating sta"ilit( needs to "e de)onst!ated in t/e ea!l( stages of design- T/is is )e!el( a )atte! of dete!)ining
,/e!e t/e 9O4 of t/e floating nit s/old "e lo#ated in o!de! to ens!e t/at t/e nit is sta"le- Satisfa#to!( d(na)i#
floating sta"ilit( fo! d(na)i#all( a)*lified loads ,ill t/en "e de)onst!ated "( a s##essfl and *!o*e!l( eDe#ted
d(na)i# anal(sis at a late! stage d!ing design. /en#e #onfi!)ing t/at t/e dete!)ined lo#ation of t/e 9O4 is ade3ate
fo! t/e *!*ose of t/e floating nit-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
..' Fo! *e!)anentl( )anned floating ,ind t!"ine nits. sffi#ient floating sta"ilit( is an a"solte
!e3i!e)ent- T/is a**lies to t/e o*e!ational */ase as ,ell as an( te)*o!a!( */ases. and it a**lies to t/e inta#t
floating nit as ,ell as t/e nit in t/e da)aged #ondition- Fo! )anned nits. DNV-OS-9301. Sta"ilit( and
Wate!tig/t Integ!it(. #an "e a**lied fo! e+alation of "ot/ inta#t and da)aged sta"ilit(-
..( Fo! n)anned floating ,ind t!"ine nits. i-e- fo! nits ,/i#/ a!e n)anned d!ing eDt!e)e
en+i!on)ental #onditions and d!ing no!)al o*e!ation of t/e ,ind t!"ine. sffi#ient floating sta"ilit( is an
a"solte !e3i!e)ent in t/e inta#t #ondition- T/is a**lies to t/e o*e!ational */ase as ,ell as an( te)*o!a!(
*/ases- Fo! n)anned nits in t/e da)aged #ondition. sffi#ient floating sta"ilit( is not a !e3i!e)ent. "t an
o*tion ,/i#/ )a( "e #onside!ed- Re3i!e)ents fo! inta#t sta"ilit( a!e gi+en in N%O- Re3i!e)ents fo! da)aged
sta"ilit(. ,/en da)aged sta"ilit( is o*ted fo!. a!e gi+en in N3O-
... <o#ation and design of )an/oles and /at#/es fo! a##ess to t/e to,e! s/all "e #a!efll( e+alated and
designed s#/ t/at ,ate! ing!ess ,ill not ta'e *la#e-
..- T/e !e3i!e)ents fo! sta"ilit( of t/e floating nit s/all "e )et in t/e follo,ing se!+i#e )odes as dee)ed
a**li#a"le fo! t/e nit o! #on#e*t in 3estion0
1 o*e!ation. i-e- a no!)al ,o!'ing #ondition ,it/ t/e ,ind t!"ine o*e!ating
1 te)*o!a!( #onditions. i-e- t!ansient #onditions s#/ as installation and #/anging of d!ag/t
1 s!+i+al #ondition. i-e- #onditions d!ing eDt!e)e sto!)s
1 t!ansit. in *a!ti#la! to,-ot-
..7 T/e sta"ilit( !e3i!e)ents in N%O and N3O a!e "ased on !ig/ting )o)ent #!+es ,it/ a##e*tan#e #!ite!ia
eD*!essed in te!)s of !e3i!e)ents fo! t/e a!ea of t/e !ig/ting )o)ent #!+e !elati+e to t/e a!ea of t/e ,ind
/eeling )o)ent #!+e and. in s*e#ial #ases. in te!)s of a si)*le !e3i!e)ent fo! t/e lo#ation of t/e )eta#ent!i#
/eig/t 47- As an alte!nati+e to de)onst!ating sffi#ient sta"ilit( "( flfilling t/e !e3i!e)ents fo! sta"ilit(
gi+en in N%O and N3O. t/e sta"ilit( )a( "e assessed "( esta"lis/ing t/e !esto!ing fo!#es against *it#/ and !oll f!o)
1 ,ate! *lane a!ea
1 "o(an#(
1 station 'ee*ing s(ste) Fonl( fo! e+alation of inta#t sta"ilit(. not fo! e+alation of da)aged sta"ilit(5
and )a( "e a##e*ted as sffi#ient *!o+ided ade3ate a##e*tan#e #!ite!ia in te!)s of ene!g( !e3i!e)ents fo!
t/e !esto!ing fo!#es #an "e esta"lis/ed and )et- Resto!ing fo!#es #an "e #al#lated a##o!ding to s*e#ifi#ations
gi+en in DNV-R2-9%0@. Se#-B-%-
..: 7aDi)) +e!ti#al #ent!e of g!a+it( FV945 li)it #!+es s/all "e *!e*a!ed a##o!ding to t/e sta"ilit(
!e3i!e)ents s*e#ified in t/is se#tion-
..1 T/e loading of t/e floating nit at all intended se!+i#e d!ag/ts and )odes s/all "e ,it/in t/e li)its of
)aDi)) allo,a"le V94 #!+es-
.." In o!de! to dete!)ine t/e V94 of t/e a#tal loading #onditions. t/e lig/t,eig/t and its #ent!e of g!a+it(
)st "e 'no,n- T/ese *!o*e!ties s/all eit/e! "e o"tained "( an in#lination test of one *!otot(*e nit o! "(
anal(ti#al #al#lation- T/e anal(ti#al #al#lation )a( #onsist of a detailed lig/t,eig/t #al#lation
s**le)ented "( a lig/t,eig/t s!+e( #onfi!)ing t/e #al#lated ,eig/t fo! t/e *!otot(*e- W/en t/e *!o*e!ties
a!e to "e o"tained "( in#lination testing and nits of t/e sa)e design a!e )anfa#t!ed at )o!e t/an one (a!d.
one in#lination test s/all "e #a!!ied ot at ea#/ (a!d-
!ec.$% <loating !tability ) *age .0
.. Fo! e+alation of sffi#ient floating sta"ilit( it is #!#ial to assess t/e ,ind loads- T/e ,ind loads #onsist
of !oto!-filte!ed ,ind loads on t/e !oto! in #o)"ination ,it/ ,ind loads on t/e to,e! and ot/e! ,ind-eD*osed
*a!ts of t/e s**o!t st!#t!e-
G#$dance note@
T/e ,ind loads #an "e #al#lated in si)*lified )anne! "( )eans of a )et/od gi+en in DNV-OS-9301. 9/-% Se#-1 8I
/o,e+e!. t/is )et/od ,ill "e insffi#ient fo! assess)ent of t/e t/!st fo!#e on t/e !otating !oto!- T/e !oto! t/!st #an
"e #al#lated in si)*lified )anne! "( )eans of )o)ent) t/eo!( s**le)ented "( an additional te!) de to d!ag-
8lade ele)ent )o)ent) t/eo!( #an also "e a**lied to *!edi#t t/e !oto! t/!st-
Fo! *!eli)ina!( assess)ents. t/e !oto! t/!st #an "e esti)ated "( t/e follo,ing eD*!ession.
in ,/i#/ is t/e densit( of ai!. $
10
is t/e fa!-field 10-)inte )ean ,ind s*eed. 9
T
is t/e t/!st #oeffi#ient and A
!oto!
is t/e s,e*t a!ea of t/e !oto!- T/e s,e*t a!ea is A
!oto!
SR
%
. ,/e!e R is t/e !oto! !adis- In t/e a"sen#e of data. t(*i#al
+ales fo! t/e t/!st #oeffi#ient 9
T
#an "e eDt!a#ted f!o) Fig!e 10-1I /o,e+e!. it is i)*o!tant to a**!e#iate t/at t/e
t/!st #oeffi#ient ,ill +a!( de*endent on t/e ,ind t!"ine t(*e-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
F$g#re "8
T5r#st coe&&$c$ent ,s. "8m$n#te mean w$nd s/eedD rotor d$ameters ""8%" m
..% A sta"ilit( )anal s/all "e ,o!'ed ot- T/e sta"ilit( )anal )a( "e in#lded as *a!t of t/e o*e!ational
)anal fo! t/e floating nit- T/e sta"ilit( )anal s/all #ontain sffi#ient info!)ation to ena"le o*e!ation of t/e
floating st!#t!e in #o)*lian#e ,it/ t/e a**li#a"le sta"ilit( !e3i!e)ents- 7ain di)ensions. )aDi))
d!ag/t. )aDi)) t!i) and dead,eig/t data ,it/ )asses and *ositions of #ent!es of g!a+it( s/all "e stated in
t/e sta"ilit( )anal ,it/ !efe!en#e to a #lea!l( defined !efe!en#e s(ste) and "aseline- T/e )aDi)) V94 is
t/e )ost i)*o!tant info!)ation to "e stated in t/e sta"ilit( )anal- T/e sta"ilit( )odel. #onsisting of a s'et#/
of +ol)es #ont!i"ting to "o(an#( in inta#t and da)aged sta"ilit( #al#lations. s/all "e in#lded in t/e
)anal- Fo! an n)anned nit. t/e follo,ing ite)s s/all "e in#lded in t/e sta"ilit( )anal0
1 )ain di)ensions and gene!al *a!ti#la!s
1 )aDi)) V94 #!+e
1 t(*i#al loading #onditions
1 inst!#tion on sta"ilit( #al#lation and "allast o*e!ation Fif a**li#a"le5
1 /(d!ostati# data
1 list of o*enings
1 lig/t,eig/t data
1 tan' #a*a#it( Fin#lding +oid s*a#es5
1 tan' ta"les-
..' 7ate!ial !e3i!e)ents fo! *e!)anent "allast sed fo! sta"ilit( *!*oses a!e gi+en in Se#-A-
%
10
%
1
6 - , 3
rotor T thrust
=
!ec.$% <loating !tability ) *age /%
% !ntact Sta+$l$t)
%. General
%.. T/e floating st!#t!e s/all "e #a*a"le of )aintaining sta"ilit( d!ing o*e!ation of t/e ,ind t!"ine at
t/e ,ind s*eed t/at *!od#es t/e la!gest !oto! t/!st- T/e floating st!#t!e s/all also "e #a*a"le of )aintaining
sta"ilit( d!ing standstill of t/e ,ind t!"ine in se+e!e sto!) #onditions- T/ese #onditions s/all "e defined in
#onsisten#e ,it/ t/e )eto#ean #onditions of t/e ta!get en+i!on)ental #lass- T/e *!o#ed!es !e#o))ended and
t/e a**!oDi)ate lengt/ of ti)e !e3i!ed. #onside!ing "ot/ o*e!ating #onditions and t!ansit #onditions. s/all "e
#ontained in t/e sta"ilit( )anal-
G#$dance note@
D!ing o*e!ation of t/e ,ind t!"ine. t/e la!gest !oto! t/!st fo!#e sall( o##!s at t/e !ated ,ind s*eed- Ho,e+e!.
de*ending on t/e ,ind t!"ine t(*e and on t/e !elati+e )agnitdes of !ated ,ind s*eed. @0-(ea! ,ind s*eed and
t!"len#e. t/e la!gest !oto! t/!st fo!#e )a( o##! at ot/e! ,ind s*eeds t/an t/e !ated ,ind s*eed- 9onditions nea!
t/e #t-ot ,ind s*eed )a( "e !ele+ant. fo! eDa)*le de to t/e #o)"ined effe#ts of t/!st f!o) t/e o*e!ating t!"ine
and la!ge ,a+es-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%..% T/e ,ind /eeling )o)ents a**lied in t/e sta"ilit( #al#lation fo! a ,ind s*eed e3al to t/e ,ind s*eed
t/at *!od#es t/e la!gest !oto! t/!st )a( "e ,o!'ed ot a##o!ding to t/e )et/ods s*e#ified in N1-1-11O.
ass)ing t/at t/e !oto! *lane is *e!*endi#la! to t/e di!e#tion of t/e ,ind-
%..' T/e ,ind /eeling )o)ents a**lied in t/e sta"ilit( #al#lation d!ing standstill of t/e ,ind t!"ine in
se+e!e sto!) #onditions )a( "e ,o!'ed ot a##o!ding to t/e )et/ods s*e#ified in N1-1-11O. ass)ing t/at t/e
!oto! *lane is *a!allel to t/e di!e#tion of t/e ,ind- A ,ind s*eed of @1-@ )Js F100 'nots5 s/all "e ass)ed fo!
t/e inta#t sta"ilit( #al#lation- S/old )eto#ean data f!o) t/e !ele+ant site !e+eal t/at t/is ,ind s*eed ,ill
ne+e! o##! at t/e /" /eig/t. a lo,e! ,ind s*eed )a( "e a**lied. "ased on t/e a+aila"le data- To o"tain
sffi#ient sta"ilit( also in t/e falt sitation t/at t/e t!"ine does not (a, ot of t/e ,ind d!ing se+e!e sto!)
#onditions. it ,ill "e ne#essa!( to ass)e t/at t/e !oto! *lane is *e!*endi#la! to t/e di!e#tion of t/e ,ind ,/en
#al#lating t/e ,ind /eeling )o)entsI /o,e+e!. a ,ind s*eed of 3A )Js FB0 'nots5 )a( "e ass)ed fo! t/is
sitation-
%..( In #al#lating t/e ,ind /eeling )o)ents. t/e le+e! of t/e ,ind o+e!t!ning fo!#e s/all "e ta'en +e!ti#all(
f!o) t/e #ent!e of *!ess!e of all ,ind-eD*osed s!fa#es to t/e #ent!e of late!al !esistan#e of t/e nde!,ate!
"od( of t/e nit o! to t/e le+el of t/e )oo!ing line atta#/)ent *oints. ,/i#/e+e! is t/e lo,e!- Fo! a nit in t/e
te)*o!a!( #ondition floating f!ee of )oo!ing !est!aint. t/e le+e! s/all "e ta'en +e!ti#all( f!o) t/e #ent!e of
*!ess!e of all ,ind-eD*osed s!fa#es to t/e #ent!e of late!al !esistan#e of t/e nde!,ate! "od( of t/e nit-
%.% S5$/8s5a/ed str#ct#res
%.%. Re3i!e)ents fo! inta#t sta"ilit( of s/i*-s/a*ed st!#t!es a!e gi+en in N%-%-%O-
%.%.% T/e a!ea nde! t/e !ig/ting )o)ent #!+e to t/e se#ond inte!#e*t o! do,n-flooding angle. ,/i#/e+e! is
less. s/all "e e3al to o! g!eate! t/an 1?0P of t/e a!ea nde! t/e ,ind /eeling )o)ent #!+e to t/e sa)e
li)iting angle- See Fig!e 10-%-
F$g#re "8%
R$g5t$ng moment and w$nd 5eel$ng moment c#r,es
!ec.$% <loating !tability ) *age /$
%.' Col#mn8sta+$l$Ced str#ct#res
%.'. Re3i!e)ents fo! inta#t sta"ilit( of #ol)n-sta"iliGed st!#t!es a!e gi+en in N%-3-%O and N%-3-3O-
%.'.% Fo! #ol)n-sta"iliGed nits s#/ as se)is")e!si"les. t/e a!ea nde! t/e !ig/ting )o)ent #!+e to t/e
angle of do,nflooding s/all "e e3al to o! g!eate! t/an 130P of t/e a!ea nde! t/e ,ind /eeling )o)ent #!+e
to t/e sa)e li)iting angle-
%.'.' T/e !ig/ting )o)ent #!+e s/all "e *ositi+e o+e! t/e enti!e !ange of angles f!o) *!ig/t to t/e se#ond
inte!#e*t-
%.( Dee/ Dra#g5t Floaters ;DDFs<
%.(. Re3i!e)ents fo! inta#t sta"ilit( of DDFs a!e gi+en in N%-?-%O-
%.(.% Fo! dee* d!ag/t floate!s s#/ as s*a!s. t/e )eta#ent!i# /eig/t 47 s/all "e e3al to o! g!eate! t/an 1-0 )-
T/e )eta#ent!i# /eig/t 47 is defined as t/e diffe!en#e "et,een t/e +e!ti#al le+el of t/e )eta#ent!e and t/e
+e!ti#al le+el of t/e #ent!e of g!a+it( and s/all "e #al#lated on t/e "asis of t/e )aDi)) +e!ti#al #ent!e of
g!a+it( V94-
%.. Tens$on 4eg 3lat&orms ;T43s<
%... Re3i!e)ents fo! inta#t sta"ilit( of T<2s a!e gi+en in N%-@-%O-
%...% T/e inta#t sta"ilit( of a T<2 in te)*o!a!( f!ee-floating #onditions d!ing #onst!#tion. to,-ot and
installation s/all. in gene!al. satisf( !e3i!e)ents a**li#a"le to #ol)n-sta"iliGed nits as defined in N%-3O-
%...' So)e T<2s in t/e *e!)anent in-*la#e #ondition a!e onl( +e!ti#all( !est!ained ,it/ a"ilit( to *it#/ and
!oll in o*e!ation. ,/e!eas ot/e!s a!e !est!ained in /ea+e. !oll and *it#/- T/e sta"ilit( in t/e *e!)anent in-*la#e
#ondition of a T<2. ,/i#/ is !est!ained in /ea+e. !oll and *it#/. is t(*i#all( *!o+ided "( t/e *!etension and
stiffness of t/e tendon s(ste). !at/e! t/an "( t/e ,ate!-*lane a!ea-
%...( T/e sta"ilit( anal(sis s/all de)onst!ate t/at t/e s(ste) is sffi#ientl( #onst!ained "( t/e tendon s(ste)
and t/at it is safe f!o) o+e!t!ning in all fo!eseea"le en+i!on)ental #onditions- It is t/e!efo!e i)*o!tant to
)onito! t/e ,eig/t #/ange and 9O4 F9ent!e of 4!a+it(5 s/ift in +a!ios o*e!ational )odes and en+i!on)ental
#onditions-
%.... T/e allo,a"le /o!iGontal s/ift of t/e 9O4 s/all at a )ini)) "e #al#lated fo! t/e follo,ing t/!ee load
#onditions o! o*e!ational )odes0
1 still ,ate!
1 o*e!ating en+i!on)ent
1 s!+i+al en+i!on)ent-
%...- T/e allo,a"le s/ift of 9O4 )a( "e *!esented as an en+elo*e !elati+e to t/e o!iginall( #al#lated 9O4-
%...7 T/e allo,a"le ,eig/t and /o!iGontal 9O4 s/ift s/all "e #al#lated "ased on )aDi)) and )ini))
allo,a"le tendon tension- Va!iation of t/e +e!ti#al 9O4. ,/i#/ !eslts in #/anges in )otion !es*onse and
d(na)i# loads. s/all "e ta'en into a##ont in t/e #al#lation-
%...: An in#lination test o! an anal(ti#al #al#lation as s*e#ified in N1-1-10O s/all "e #ond#ted to a##!atel(
dete!)ine t/e ,eig/t and t/e 9O4 of t/e T<2- T/is a**lies to t/e T<2 in t/e #o)*liant. f!eel( floating
#ondition *!io! to !est!aining t/e nit "( asse)"ling t/e tendons- It sffi#es t/at t/e in#lination test o! t/e
anal(ti#al #al#lation is #a!!ied ot on one *!otot(*e nit onl(-
G#$dance note@
T/e ,eig/t and t/e 9O4 of a T<2 a!e i)*o!tant ,it/ !es*e#t to t/e floating sta"ilit( of t/e T<2. in *a!ti#la! d!ing
to,-ot- In t/e *e!)anent installed #ondition. t/e sta"ilit( is go+e!ned "( t/e tendons. not "( t/e 9O4- Ho,e+e!.
T<2s a!e in gene!al ,eig/t sensiti+e and t/e !es*onse in t/e tendons is sensiti+e to t/e lo#ation of t/e V94- It is
t/e!efo!e i)*o!tant to /a+e good #ont!ol of t/e ,eig/t and t/e lo#ation of t/e V94 fo! t/ese !easons also- T/is
"e#o)es *a!ti#la!l( i)*o!tant fo! T<2 #on#e*ts ,it/ !inging !es*onses-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
' Damaged Sta+$l$t)
'. General
'.. Fo! n)anned nits. da)aged sta"ilit( is not a !e3i!e)ent. "t an o*tion ,/i#/ )a( "e ad/e!ed to on
a +olnta!( "asis- Re3i!e)ents fo! da)aged sta"ilit( gi+en in t/is s"se#tion a**l( to t/e #ase t/at da)aged
sta"ilit( is o*ted fo! in design-
!ec.$% <loating !tability ) *age /'
'..% Additional #o)*a!t)entaliGation as #o))onl( sed fo! )anned st!#t!es. )ost often to *!o+ide fo!
da)aged sta"ilit(. is sall( not ne#essa!( fo! n)anned nits. nless )o!e st!ingent !e3i!e)ents in t/is
!es*e#t a!e s*e#ified "( go+e!n)ent at/o!ities o! o*e!ato!s- Rega!dless of ,/et/e! additional
#o)*a!t)entaliGation is ado*ted o! not. t/e design #an "e #o)"ined ,it/ !e)ote )onito!ing of t/e ,ate! le+el
inside inte!nal #o)*a!t)ents as a )eans to #ont!ol t/at floating sta"ilit( !e)ains inta#t-
G#$dance note@
T/e 'e( isse ,/en assessing t/e need fo! additional #o)*a!t)entaliGation is t/at flooding #an "e a *!o"le) and a
sffi#ientl( lo, *!o"a"ilit( of filling is ne#essa!( if da)aged sta"ilit( is desi!a"le-
T/e #/oi#e "et,een )lti*le #o)*a!t)ents and onl( one #o)*a!t)ent in t/e floate! /ll st!#t!e #an "e "ased on a
#ost-"enefit anal(sis- Onl( s)all se!+i#e +essels a!e ass)ed to a**!oa#/ t/e st!#t!e and fo!) t/e *otential #ase
fo! da)age- T/e asso#iated *!o"a"ilit( of lea'age and *!o"a"ilit( of s"se3ent filling a!e eD*e#ted to "e so lo, t/at
H a##o!ding to t/e #ost-"enefit anal(sis H onl( one #o)*a!t)ent ,ill "e ade3ate fo! )ost n)anned nits-
Ho,e+e!. fo! la!ge ,ind t!"ines in eD#ess of a**!oDi)atel( 10 7W. t/e #ost asso#iated ,it/ t/e loss of one nit de
to la#' of sta"ilit( )a( "e so la!ge t/at i)*le)entation of )eas!es. e-g- in te!)s of additional #o)*a!t)entaliGation.
to a+oid total loss )a( "e #onside!ed "enefi#ial-
9ollision !ings in t/e s*las/ Gone fo!) one eDa)*le of additional #o)*a!t)entaliGation t/at #an "e i)*le)ented to
*!o+ide an eDt!a "a!!ie! against t/e #onse3en#es of da)age- T/e need fo! a #ollision !ing in t/e s*las/ Gone )a( "e
e+alated ,it/ "asis in lo#al legislation and !e3i!e)ents ,it/ de #onside!ation of
- )anned o! n)anned st!#t!e
- t(*e of s"st!#t!e )ate!ial F#on#!ete. steel. #o)*osite. o! a #o)"ination5
- siGe of )aDi)) at/o!iGed se!+i#e +essel
- !esistan#e against se!+i#e +essel i)*a#ts-
9offe!da)s "e/ind fai!leads fo!) anot/e! eDa)*le of additional #o)*a!t)entaliGation t/at #an "e sed to *!o+ide an
eDt!a "a!!ie! against t/e #onse3en#es of da)age-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
'..' Fo! assess)ent of sta"ilit( in t/e da)aged #ondition. it s/all "e de)onst!ated t/at t/e floating st!#t!e
#o)*lies ,it/ t/e !e3i!e)ents of N3-%O to N3-@O "( #al#lations. ,/i#/ ta'e into #onside!ation t/e *!o*o!tions
and design #/a!a#te!isti#s of t/e st!#t!e and t/e a!!ange)ents and #onfig!ation of t/e da)aged
#o)*a!t)ents- In )a'ing t/ese #al#lations it s/all "e ass)ed t/at t/e nit o! installation is floating f!ee of
)oo!ing !est!aints- It #an "e ass)ed t/at t/e !oto! #an "e sto**ed and (a,ed ot of t/e ,ind and t/at t/e "lades
#an "e feat/e!ed F*it#/ed do,n5- Re3i!e)ents fo! ass)*tions !ega!ding t/e eDtent of da)age a!e gi+en in
N3-AO-
'.% S5$/8s5a/ed str#ct#res
'.%. Re3i!e)ents fo! da)aged sta"ilit( of s/i*-s/a*ed st!#t!es. ,/en a**li#a"le. a!e gi+en in N3-%-%O and
N3-%-3O-
'.%.% T/e floating st!#t!e s/all /a+e sffi#ient f!ee"oa!d. "o(an#( and sta"ilit( to ,it/stand in gene!al t/e
flooding of an( one #o)*a!t)ent in an( o*e!ating o! t!ansit #ondition #onsistent ,it/ t/e da)age ass)*tions
set ot in N3-AO-
'.%.' T/e floating st!#t!e s/old /a+e sffi#ient !ese!+e sta"ilit( in a da)aged #ondition to ,it/stand t/e
,ind /eeling )o)ent "ased on a ,ind s*eed of %@-E )Js F@0 'nots5 s*e!i)*osed f!o) an( di!e#tion- In t/is
#ondition t/e final ,ate!line. afte! flooding. s/old "e "elo, t/e lo,e! edge of an( do,nflooding o*ening-
'.' Col#mn8sta+$l$Ced str#ct#res
'.'. Re3i!e)ents fo! da)aged sta"ilit( of #ol)n-sta"iliGed st!#t!es. ,/en a**li#a"le. a!e gi+en in N3-3-%O
and N3-3-3O-
'.'.% T/e floating nit s/all *!o+ide sffi#ient "o(an#( and sta"ilit( in an( o*e!ating o! t!ansit #ondition to
,it/stand t/e flooding of an( ,ate!tig/t #o)*a!t)ent ,/oll( o! *a!tiall( "elo, t/e ,ate!line in 3estion.
,/i#/ is a *)* !oo). a !oo) #ontaining )a#/ine!( ,it/ a salt ,ate! #ooling s(ste) o! a #o)*a!t)ent
ad;a#ent to t/e sea- T/e assess)ent of t/e "o(an#( and sta"ilit( #an "e )ade ,it/ o! ,it/ot in#lsion of t/e
,ind /eeling )o)ent and s/all ta'e t/e follo,ing #onside!ations into a##ont0
F15 In o!de! to a+oid *!og!essi+e #olla*se. no *!og!essi+e filling o! in#lination s/all ta'e *la#e- An( *otential
do,nflooding *oint s/all t/e!efo!e "e 'e*t ot of t/e ,ate!- T/is in *a!ti#la! i)*lies t/at an( o*ening "elo,
t/e final ,ate!line s/all "e )ade ,ate!tig/t-
F%5 A !ange of *ositi+e sta"ilit( s/all "e *!o+ided. "e(ond t/e #al#lated angle of in#lination in t/ese
#onditions. of at least B\-
'.'.' W/en t/e "o(an#( and t/e sta"ilit( a!e assessed ,it/ in#lsion of t/e ,ind /eeling )o)ent. it is
!e#o))ended t/at t/e ,ind /eeling )o)ent "e "ased on a ,ind s*eed of %@-E )Js F@0 'nots5 s*e!i)*osed
f!o) an( di!e#tion-
!ec.$% <loating !tability ) *age /&
'.( Dee/ Dra#g5t Floaters ;DDFs<
'.(. Re3i!e)ents fo! da)aged sta"ilit( of DDFs. ,/en a**li#a"le. a!e gi+en in N3-?-%O and N3-?-3O-
'.(.% T/e floating st!#t!e s/all /a+e sffi#ient f!ee"oa!d and "e s"di+ided "( )eans of ,ate!tig/t de#'s
and "l'/eads to *!o+ide sffi#ient "o(an#( and sta"ilit( to ,it/stand a ,ind /eeling )o)ent ind#ed "( a
,ind s*eed of %@-E )Js F@0 'nots5 s*e!i)*osed f!o) an( di!e#tion in an( o*e!ating o! t!ansit #ondition. ta'ing
t/e follo,ing #onside!ations into a##ont0
F15 In o!de! to a+oid *!og!essi+e #olla*se. no *!og!essi+e filling o! in#lination s/all ta'e *la#e- An( *otential
do,nflooding *oint s/all t/e!efo!e "e 'e*t ot of t/e ,ate!- T/is in *a!ti#la! i)*lies t/at an( o*ening t/!og/
,/i#/ *!og!essi+e flooding )a( o##! "elo, t/e final ,ate!line s/all "e )ade ,ate!tig/t- In addition. o*enings
,it/in ? ) a"o+e t/e final ,ate!line s/all "e )ade ,eat/e!tig/t. i-e- ,ate! s/all not *enet!ate into t/e nit
t/!og/ t/ese o*enings in an( sea #onditions-
F%5 T/e !ig/ting )o)ent #!+e. afte! t/e da)age set ot a"o+e. s/all /a+e. f!o) t/e fi!st inte!#e*t to t/e lesse!
of t/e eDtent of ,eat/e!tig/t integ!it( !e3i!ed "( N3-?-%O F15 and t/e se#ond inte!#e*t. a !ange of at least B\-
'.(.' Wit/in t/is !ange. t/e !ig/ting )o)ent #!+e s/all !ea#/ a +ale of at least t,i#e t/e ,ind /eeling
)o)ent #!+e. ,/e!e "ot/ t/e !ig/ting )o)ent and t/e ,ind /eeling )o)ent s/all "e )eas!ed at t/e sa)e
angle- See Fig!e 10-3-
F$g#re "8'
R$g5t$ng moment and w$nd 5eel$ng moment c#r,es
'.. Tens$on 4eg 3lat&orms ;T43s<
'... Re3i!e)ents fo! da)aged sta"ilit( of T<2s. ,/en a**li#a"le. a!e gi+en in N3-@-%O t/!og/ N3-@-AO-
'...% T/e da)aged sta"ilit( of a T<2 in te)*o!a!( f!ee-floating #onditions d!ing #onst!#tion. to,-ot and
installation s/all. in gene!al. satisf( !e3i!e)ents a**li#a"le to #ol)n-sta"iliGed nits as defined in N3-3O-
'...' In-*la#e sta"ilit( of a T<2 nde! an a##idental e+ent s/all "e )eas!ed "( )ini)) and )aDi))
tension #!ite!ia sing t/e sa)e *!in#i*le as defined in N%-@O- T/e allo,a"le ,eig/t and t/e 9O4 s/ift en+elo*e
s/all "e esta"lis/ed fo! t/e da)aged #ondition sing t/e sa)e *!o#ed!e as defined in N%-@O- T/e #/a!a#te!isti#
+ales of en+i!on)ental loads and t/e load and !esistan#e fa#to! !e3i!e)ents a!e gi+en in Se#-? and Se#-@- T/e
ti)e lag "et,een t/e o##!!en#e of t/e da)age and t/e !esto!ation of t/e sta"ilit( s/old "e #onside!ed in t/e
design to ass!e t/e safet( of t/e T<2 st!#t!e d!ing t/is *e!iod-
'...( In assessing t/e st!#t!al st!engt/ and ade3a#( of t/e tendon tension. t/e follo,ing flooding s#ena!ios
s/all "e ass)ed0
F15 An( one tendon #o)*a!t)ent
F%5 All #o)*a!t)ents t/at #old "e flooded as a !eslt of da)ages t/at a!e as )ini)) 1-@ ) dee* and 3-0 )
!ec.$% <loating !tability ) *age /+
/ig/ o##!!ing at an( le+el "et,een @-0 ) a"o+e and 3-0 ) "elo, t/e still ,ate! line- De #onside!ation s/all
"e gi+en to t/e siGe of t/e se!+i#e +essels and ot/e! *otential #ollision s#ena!ios "efo!e de#iding t/e eDtent of
t/e da)age-
F35 No +e!ti#al "l'/ead s/all "e ass)ed da)aged. eD#e*t ,/e!e "l'/eads a!e s*a#ed #lose! t/an a distan#e
of one eig/t/ of t/e #ol)n *e!i)ete! at t/e still ,ate! line. )eas!ed at t/e *e!i*/e!(. in ,/i#/ #ase one o!
)o!e of t/e "l'/eads s/all "e dis!ega!ded-
'.... All *i*ing. +entilation s(ste)s. t!n's. et#-. ,it/in t/e eDtent of da)age s/all "e ass)ed da)aged-
2ositi+e )eans of #los!e s/all "e *!o+ided at ,ate!tig/t "onda!ies to *!e#lde t/e *!og!essi+e flooding of
ot/e! s*a#es t/at a!e intended to "e inta#t-
'...- $nintended flooding of /ll and de#' s/all "e t!eated as an a##idental e+ent- Tendon flooding s/all also
"e t!eated as an a##idental e+ent-
'.- EBtent o& damage
'.-. Ass)*tions fo! eDtent of da)age a!e ne#essa!( in o!de! to assess da)age sta"ilit(-
'.-.% In assessing t/e da)aged sta"ilit( of floating nits as s*e#ified in N3-%O t/!og/ N3-@O. t/e follo,ing
eDtent of da)age s/all "e ass)ed to o##! "et,een effe#ti+e ,ate!tig/t "l'/eads0
1 /o!iGontal *enet!ation0 1-@ )
1 +e!ti#al eDtent0 f!o) t/e "aseline *,a!ds ,it/ot li)it-
T/e distan#e "et,een effe#ti+e ,ate!tig/t "l'/eads o! t/ei! nea!est ste**ed *o!tions ,/i#/ a!e *ositioned
,it/in t/e ass)ed eDtent of /o!iGontal *enet!ation s/all "e not less t/an 3-0 )I /o,e+e!. ,/e!e+e! t/e!e is a
s)alle! distan#e. one o! )o!e of t/e ad;a#ent "l'/eads s/all "e dis!ega!ded- W/e!e+e! da)age of a s)alle!
eDtent t/an t/e one s*e#ified a"o+e !eslts in a )o!e se+e!e #ondition. s#/ s)alle! eDtent s/all "e ass)ed-
( Watert$g5t !ntegr$t)
(. General re?#$rements
(.. 7ate!ial !e3i!e)ents to s**o!t ,ate!tig/t integ!it( a!e gi+en in Se#-A-
(.% EBternal o/en$ngs
(.%. Wate!tig/tness of eDte!nal o*enings fo! e+alation of inta#t sta"ilit( s/all "e assessed a##o!ding to DNV-
OS-9301. Se#-%-
(.' !nternal o/en$ngs
(.'. Inte!nal o*enings need not "e #onside!ed ,it/ !es*e#t to ,ate!tig/tness. nless da)aged sta"ilit( is
o*ted fo!. see N1-1-?O-
(.'.% W/en da)aged sta"ilit( is o*ted fo! a##o!ding to N1-1-?O. t/e n)"e! of o*enings in inte!nal ,ate!tig/t
s"di+isions s/all "e 'e*t to a )ini)) #o)*ati"le ,it/ t/e design and *!o*e! o*e!ation of t/e floating
st!#t!e- W/e!e+e! *enet!ations of ,ate!tig/t de#'s and "l'/eads a!e ne#essa!( fo! a##ess. *i*ing.
+entilation. and ele#t!i#al #a"lesI a!!ange)ents s/all "e )ade to )aintain t/e ,ate!tig/t integ!it( of t/e
en#losed #o)*a!t)ents-
(.( Ca/ac$t) o& watert$g5t doors and 5atc5 co,ersD o/erat$on and control
(.(. Refe!en#e is )ade to DNV-OS-9301. Se#-%-
(.. 4oad l$nes
(... T/e /ll s/all "e )a!'ed ,it/ load lines to allo, fo! eas( ins*e#tion of t/e d!ag/t and identifi#ation of
an( ,ate! ing!ess-
!ec.$$ (ontrol !ystem ) *age /,
SECT!ON CONTRO4 S2STE6
!ntrod#ct$on
. General
.. T/is se#tion *!o+ides !e3i!e)ents fo! t/e floate! )otion #ont!ol s(ste)- Re3i!e)ents fo! ot/e! #ont!ol
s(ste)s s#/ as t/e #ont!ol and *!ote#tion s(ste) fo! t/e ,ind t!"ine a!e not #o+e!ed- Ho,e+e!. it is a
*!e!e3isite t/at t/e ,ind t!"ine o*e!ation and safet( a!e go+e!ned "( a #ont!ol and *!ote#tion s(ste) as
!e3i!ed "( IE9 A1?00-1 and IE9 A1?00-3-
..% Re3i!e)ents fo! inst!)entation and #ont!ol s(ste)s a!e add!essed in DNV-OS-D%0% and safet(
s/tdo,n s(ste)s in DNV-OS-A101- DNV-OS-D%0% and DNV-OS-A101 /a+e "ot/ "een ,!itten )ainl( ,it/
a +ie, to a**li#ation fo! )anned installations and s/old t/e!efo!e "e #onslted ,it/ t/is in )ind. in *a!ti#la!
,it/ !es*e#t to o*e!ato! inte!fa#e and )aintenan#e isses-
..' T/e #ont!ol and )onito!ing !e3i!e)ents fo! t/e ,ind t!"ine s/old "e s))a!iGed in a Fn#tional
S(ste) Design FFSD5 ,/i#/ des#!i"es t/e o";e#ti+es and att!i"tes of t/e #ont!ol s(ste) in te!)s of fn#tional
#a*a"ilit( at +a!ios lo#ations s#/ as on-"oa!d. ele#t!i#al s"station. and #ont!ol #ent!e- T/e FSD )a( "e
*!e*a!ed sing Se#-% and Se#-3 of DNV-OS-D%0% as a #/e#' list-
..( Fo! t/e gene!al installation of inst!)entation e3i*)ent and s(ste)s in a ,ind t!"ine. t/e !efe!en#e in
DNV-OS-D%0%. A**- F. #ontains as*e#ts t/at s/old "e #onside!ed- DNV-OS-D%0% a**lies to )o"ile offs/o!e
nits and *!o+ides gidan#e t/at )a( "e sed fo! floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es onl( as fa! as a**li#a"le-
Sele#ted ite)s f!o) t/e DNV-OS-D%0% #ontents list t/at )a( *!o+ide !ele+ant gidan#e is *!esented in A**-
F. F3 Inst!)entation and 9ont!ol S(ste)s- T/is gidan#e ,ill in )an( #ases /a+e to "e )odified o! ada*ted
to t/e *a!ti#la! ,ind t!"ine design nde! #onside!ation-
% Floater 6ot$on Control
%. 0ackgro#nd
%.. O*e!ation of t/e ,ind t!"ine at ,ind s*eeds a"o+e t/e !ated ,ind s*eed i)*lies t/at t/e ,ind t!"ine
#ont!ol s(ste) o*e!ates in t/e #onstant *o,e! !egi)e. fo! eDa)*le "( se of "lade *it#/ #ont!ol- In t/is ,ind
s*eed !egion t/e!e )a( "e a negati+e g!adient of t/!st ,it/ !es*e#t to ,ind s*eed ,/i#/ ,ill "e felt as a
negati+e da)*ing in t/e s!ge and t/e *it#/ )odes- T/is i)*lies a sitation ,/e!e ene!g( ,ill "e *)*ed into
t/e )otion of t/e floating st!#t!e- T/is )a( in t!n lead to a)*lifi#ation of )otion and !es*onse to )o!e t/an
,/at t/e st!#t!e )a( "e a"le to ,it/stand. nless an inte!+ention against s#/ a)*lifi#ation "( )eans of a
floate! )otion #ont!olle! is i)*le)ented- S#/ inte!+ention )a( "e a##o)*lis/ed "( )eans of t/e #ont!ol
s(ste) of t/e ,ind t!"ine and #onsists of ad;st)ent of t/e "lades to in#!ease o! de#!ease t/e !oto! t/!st as
a**!o*!iate and t/e!e"( *!e+ent eD#itation- T/e inte!+ention )a( in *!in#i*le also "e a##o)*lis/ed "( ot/e!
#ont!ol )eans s#/ as *)*ing "allast "a#' and fo!t/ o! ot/e! sita"le ad;st)ent of "allast-
%.% Floater mot$on controller
%.%. A s*e#ifi# floate! )otion #ont!olle! s/all "e i)*le)ented to )ini)iGe eD#itation in t/e *it#/ )ode of
)otion of t/e floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!e and t/e!e"( sta"iliGe t/e st!#t!e and )ini)iGe t/e st!#t!al
!es*onses- T/e s*e#ifi# floate! )otion #ont!olle! #an "e "ased on a gene!al #on+entional. #onstant-*o,e!
#ont!ol s(ste) fo! t/e ,ind t!"ine. s#/ as a #olle#ti+e "lade *it#/ #ont!ol s(ste)- T/e floate! )otions #an "e
)eas!ed and #an t/en "e sed as an eDt!a in*t signal to t/e #on+entional #ont!ol s(ste) fo! t/e ,ind t!"ine-
G#$dance note@
Fo! a T<2. fo! ,/i#/ t/e *it#/ )ode of )otion is !est!ained. t/e floate! )otion #ont!ol s(ste) is sed to )ini)iGe t/e
s!ge )ode of )otion-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
%.%.% 9onside!ing t/e )otions of a floating s**o!t st!#t!e as #o)*a!ed to a t!aditional. fiDed s**o!t
st!#t!e. so)e ad;st)ents of t/e #ont!ol s(ste) of t/e ,ind t!"ine )a( "e ne#essa!(- T/is )a( gi+e !ise to
s*e#ial load #ases- S#/ s*e#ial load #ases s/all "e identified and s/all "e a##onted fo! in st!#t!al design-
S*e#ial attention s/all "e gi+en to t/e fa#t t/at la!ge! in#linations )ig/t o##! fo! floating ,ind t!"ines t/an
fo! fiDed ,ind t!"ines- T/is /as an i)*a#t on s(ste)s s#/ as t/e sensing s(ste)s and t/e a#ti+ation s(ste)s-
%.%.' W/en t/e floate! )otion #ont!ol s(ste) and t/e ,ind t!"ine #ont!ol s(ste) a!e integ!ated. t/e
!e3i!e)ents fo! t/e ,ind t!"ine #ont!ol s(ste) s*e#ified in IE9 A1?00-1 and IE9 A1?00-3 also a**l( to t/e
integ!ated #ont!ol s(ste)-
%.%.( 2ossi"le fail!es of t/e floate! )otion #ont!ol s(ste) s/all "e #onside!ed. in *a!ti#la! in t/e #ase t/at
!ec.$$ (ontrol !ystem ) *age /-
t/is #ont!ol s(ste) is integ!ated ,it/ t/e ,ind t!"ine #ont!ol s(ste) and i)*lies t/at t/e ,ind t!"ine #ont!ol
s(ste) is )odified-
%.' E&&ect o& &loater mot$on control
%.'. T/e effe#t of t/e floate! )otion #ont!olle! on t/e )otion of t/e floating st!#t!e is eD*e#ted to "e )o!e
*!onon#ed in less se+e!e sea states ,/e!e t/e loads on t/e floating st!#t!e a!e ,ind do)inated- In )o!e
se+e!e sea states ,it/ /ig/e! ,a+e intensit(. fo! ,/i#/ t/e loads on t/e floating st!#t!e a!e )ainl( ,a+e
do)inated. t/e ad+antage of t/e #ont!olle! is eD*e#ted to "e less signifi#ant-
' S/ec$al !ss#es
'. !nteract$on w$t5 ot5er s)stems
'.. 9ation )st "e eDe!#ised to ens!e t/at sensiti+e s(ste)s. s#/ as i)*!essed #!!ent s(ste)s sed to
a+oid da)age f!o) lig/tning. a!e !elia"le also ,/en t/e floate! )otion #ont!olle! is o*e!ating and t/at t/ese
s(ste)s !e)ain in se!+i#e ,it/ot inte!!*tion nde! t/e #onditions t/at *!e+ail d!ing t/is o*e!ation-
!ec.$' 2lectrical and 6echanical !ystems ) *age /.
SECT!ON % E4ECTR!CA4 AND 6ECHAN!CA4 S2STE6S
!ntrod#ct$on
. General
.. T/is se#tion *!o+ides gene!al !e3i!e)ents fo! +a!ios )e#/ani#al s(ste)s ,/i#/ a!e ne#essa!( fo!
)aintaining t/e no!)al o*e!ation of a floating ,ind t!"ine nit-
% 6ec5an$cal S)stems
%. General
%.. T/e *ossi"le i)*a#t of floate! )otions on t/e design of t/e ,ind t!"ine )e#/ani#al s(ste)s s/all "e
#onside!ed- S#/ i)*a#t #an "e !ele+ant fo! t/e gea!"oD. fo! so)e l"!i#ation s(ste)s and fo! so)e /(d!ali#
s(ste)s- Floate! )otions ,/en t/e t!"ine is *a!'ed #an "e of i)*o!tan#e fo! )e#/ani#al #o)*onents s#/ as
"ea!ings-
%.% 0$lge s)stem
%.%. It s/all "e do#)ented t/at "ilge s(ste)s fo! !e)o+ing and *)*ing "ilge ,ate! se!+e t/e *!*ose- 8ilge
s(ste)s #an "e designed a##o!ding to !e3i!e)ents gi+en in DNV-OS-D101-
%.' 0allast s)stem
%.'. 8allast s(ste)s #an "e *o,e!ed "( "ilge s(ste)s o! "( #o)*!essed ai! s(ste)s- 8allast s(ste)s s/all
*!o+ide #a*a"ilit( to "allast and de"allast all "allast tan's eD#e*t t/ose t/at a!e sed as *e!)anent "allast tan's
onl(- Fo! ot/e! +oids. s#/ as "allast tan's t/at a!e sed fo! *e!)anent "allast onl(. it s/all "e assessed ,/et/e!
t/ese +oids need to "e f!nis/ed ,it/ )eans to *)* ,ate!. fo! eDa)*le in t/e e+ent of da)aged +oids-
%.'.% 8allast s(ste)s #an "e designed a##o!ding to !e3i!e)ents gi+en in DNV-OS-D101-
%.( Com/artment ,ent$ng
%.(. 9o)*a!t)ents and tan's t/at a!e e3i**ed ,it/ fiDed )eans of d!ainage s/all also "e e3i**ed ,it/ a
+entilation a!!ange)ent-
%.. 6oor$ng e?#$/ment
%... 7oo!ing e3i*)ent. s#/ as ,in#/es and ,indlasses. #/ain sto**e!s. fai!leads and s(ste)s to tension
t/e )oo!ing lines. #an "e designed a##o!ding to st!#t!al design *!o#ed!es s*e#ified in DNV-OS-E301 9/-%
Se#-?- T/e design of t/ese #o)*onents is t/en "ased on a load e3al to t/e #/a!a#te!isti# "!ea'ing st!engt/ of
t/e )oo!ing lines- In t/is #onteDt. DNV-OS-E301 9/-% Se#-% *!o+ides info!)ation a"ot t/e )ini))
"!ea'ing load and ot/e! as*e#ts of i)*o!tan#e fo! t/e design-
%.- Cranes
%.-. 9!anes )a( "e !ele+ant fo! se+e!al *!*oses. in#lding *ll-in of ele#t!i#al #a"les. lifting s**lies f!o)
se!+i#e +essels. and lifting st!et#/e!s to se!+i#e +essels- In *a!ti#la!. a da+it /oist s(ste) a"o+e t/e "oat
landing )a( "e sefl- 9!anes #an "e designed a##o!ding to DNV Standa!d fo! 9e!tifi#ation %-%% <ifting
A**lian#es-
%.-.% 9!anes lo#ated in t/e na#elle and deli+e!ed toget/e! ,it/ t/e !oto!na#elle asse)"l( )ig/t "e designed
fo! se on "otto)-fiDed ,ind t!"ines onl(- T/e se of s#/ #!anes on floating ,ind t!"ine nits )ig/t *ose
so)e #/allenges and )ig/t !e3i!e so)e o*e!ational !est!i#tions to "e i)*osed de to t/e )otions of t/e
floating nits-
%.-.' S*e#ial attention s/old "e gi+en to d(na)i# a)*lifi#ation fa#to!s fo! lifting of ,ind t!"ine
#o)*onents-
%.7 !nstallat$on s)stems and /#ll8$n s)stems
%.7. Win#/es )a( "e !ele+ant fo! ot/e! *!*oses t/an )oo!ing. fo! eDa)*le ,in#/es fo! *ll-in of #a"les-
Win#/es fo! *ll-in of #a"les )a( "e *o!ta"le ,in#/es ,/i#/ )a( "e !e)o+ed afte! t/e #a"le installation /as
"een #o)*leted-
%.: T#rret s)stems
%.:. T!!et s(ste)s #onsist of a la!ge n)"e! of #o)*onents- T/ese #o)*onents #an "e "ot/ )e#/ani#al
!ec.$' 2lectrical and 6echanical !ystems ) *age //
#o)*onents and ele#t!i#al #o)*onents- De*ending on t/e a#tal t!!et s(ste) to "e designed. an a**li#a"le
standa!d s/all "e a**lied fo! t/e design-
%.1 3ower generat$on s)stems
%.1. 2o,e! gene!ation s(ste)s fo! *o,e! s**l( fo! ,in#/es and ot/e! e3i*)ent s/all "e installed-
%." F$re &$g5t$ng s)stems and e?#$/ment
%.". Fi!e fig/ting s(ste)s and e3i*)ent s/all "e designed nde! de #onside!ation of t/e siGe. t(*e and
intended se!+i#e of t/e floating ,ind t!"ine nit- DNV-OS-A101 *!o+ides a gene!al des#!i*tion of t/e safet(
*/iloso*/( fo! fi!e fig/ting s(ste)s and e3i*)ent-
%. Ot5er e?#$/ment
%.. 7e#/ani#al s(ste)s fo! tig/tening of tendons. fo! eDa)*le follo,ing long-te!) #!ee* and !elaDation.
s/all "e installed on floating nits s**o!ted "( tendons-
' Electr$cal S)stems
'. 4$g5tn$ng and eart5$ng s)stem
'.. A lig/tning and ea!t/ing s(ste) s/all "e in *la#e- T/e lig/tning and ea!t/ing s(ste) s/all "e designed
a##o!ding to t/e !e3i!e)ents of DNV-OS-D%01. Se#-%. ite)s IA00 and IB00. and to t/e !e3i!e)ents of IE9
A1EC%-A. #lases ? and 1A-
!ec.$& (orrosion *rotection ) *age /0
SECT!ON ' CORROS!ON 3ROTECT!ON
!ntrod#ct$on
. General
.. T/e !e3i!e)ents fo! #o!!osion #ont!ol gi+en in DNV-OS-J101 a**l( to floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es
,it/ t/e eD#e*tions. de+iations and additions s*e#ified in t/is se#tion-
.% S/las5 Cone
.%. T/e s*las/ Gone is t/e *a!t of a s**o!t st!#t!e ,/i#/ is inte!)ittentl( eD*osed to sea,ate! de to t/e
a#tion of tide o! ,a+es o! "ot/- As a #onse3en#e of t/is a#tion. t/e #o!!osi+e en+i!on)ent is se+e!e.
)aintenan#e of #o!!osion *!ote#tion is not *!a#ti#al and #at/odi# *!ote#tion is not effe#ti+e fo! *a!ts of t/is
Gone- T/e s*las/ Gone se*a!ates t/e at)os*/e!i# Gone a"o+e and t/e s")e!ged Gone "elo,-
.%.% Fo! a floate!. a diffe!ent s*las/ Gone definition t/an fo! a "otto)-fiDed s**o!t st!#t!e a**lies and
!e*la#es t/e one gi+en in DNV-OS-J101- T/e definition of t/e s*las/ Gone fo! eDte!nal s!fa#es of a floating
s**o!t st!#t!e is gi+en in N1-%-3O and N1-%-?O- T/e definition of t/e s*las/ Gone fo! inte!nal s!fa#es of a
floating s**o!t st!#t!e is gi+en in N1-%-@O-
.%.' T/e **e! li)it of t/e eDte!nal s*las/ Gone is t/e le+el on t/e floate! #o!!es*onding to t/e /ig/est still
,ate! le+el ,it/ a !e#!!en#e *e!iod of 1 (ea! in #o)"ination ,it/ t/e dee*est o*e!ational d!ag/t and
in#!eased "(
1 t/e #!est /eig/t of a ,a+e ,it/ /eig/t e3al to t/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t ,it/ a !et!n *e!iod of 1 (ea!
1 t/e fondation settle)ent. if a**li#a"le
1 t/e +e!ti#al do,n,a!ds )otion of t/e floating st!#t!e. if a**li#a"le-
T/e lo,e! li)it of t/e eDte!nal s*las/ Gone is t/e le+el on t/e floate! #o!!es*onding to t/e lo,est still ,ate!
le+el ,it/ a !e#!!en#e *e!iod of 1 (ea! in #o)"ination ,it/ t/e s/allo,est o*e!ational d!ag/t and !ed#ed "(
1 t/e t!og/ de*t/ of a ,a+e ,it/ /eig/t e3al to t/e signifi#ant ,a+e /eig/t ,it/ a !et!n *e!iod of 1 (ea!
1 t/e +e!ti#al *,a!ds )otion of t/e floating st!#t!e. if a**li#a"le-
G#$dance note@
Fo! /ea+e-!est!ained floate!s. s#/ as T<2s. t/e definition of t/e eDte!nal s*las/ Gone "e#o)es identi#al to t/e s*las/
Gone definition fo! "otto)-fiDed st!#t!es gi+en in DNV-OS-J101-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
.%.( W/en t/e d!ag/t #an "e ad;sted to *!o+ide fo! satisfa#to!( a##essi"ilit( fo! ins*e#tion and !e*ai!. t/e
lo,e! li)it of t/e eDte!nal s*las/ Gone )a( "e set e3al to t/e **e! li)it of t/e s*las/ Gone. i-e- t/e eDte!nal
s*las/ Gone +anis/es- It is a *!e!e3isite fo! #a*italiGing on t/is o*tion t/at an ins*e#tion and )aintenan#e *lan
fo! t/e floate! is in *la#e ,it/ gene!al +isal ins*e#tions at !egla! inte!+als in a##o!dan#e ,it/ s*e#ifi#ations
in DNV-OS-J101. Se#-13-
G#$dance note@
Ad;st)ent of t/e d!ag/t. e-g- "( "allasting and de"allasting. is *ossi"le fo! floate!s ,/i#/ a!e not /ea+e-!est!ained.
and #an "e sed as *a!t of t/e )aintenan#e st!ateg( to a+oid t/e !e3i!e)ents fo! #oating and #o!!osion allo,an#e in
t/e !egion t/at ,old ot/e!,ise "e defined as t/e eDte!nal s*las/ Gone-
Fo! /ea+e-!est!ained floate!s s#/ as T<2s. s#/ ad;st)ent of t/e d!ag/t is not *ossi"le and t/e eDte!nal s*las/ Gone
/as a defined eDtent and #annot "e igno!ed-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
.%.. T/e **e! li)it of t/e inte!nal s*las/ Gone is t/e /ig/est o*e!ational "allast ,ate! le+el in t/e
#o)*a!t)ent in 3estion. in#!eased "(
1 t/e la!gest *,a!ds )o+e)ent of "allast ,ate! o,ing to slos/ing. if a**li#a"le-
T/e lo,e! li)it of t/e inte!nal s*las/ Gone is t/e lo,est o*e!ational "allast ,ate! le+el in t/e #o)*a!t)ent in
3estion. !ed#ed "(
1 t/e la!gest do,n,a!ds )o+e)ent of "allast ,ate! o,ing to slos/ing. if a**li#a"le-
.' Ot5er $ss#es
.'. Re3i!e)ents fo! #o!!osion allo,an#e in inte!nal #o)*a!t)ents. ,/i#/ a!e not #o!!osion *!ote#ted "(
#oating. a!e s*e#ified in DNV-OS-J101- Fo! inte!nal #o)*a!t)ents ,/i#/ a!e filled ,it/ solid "allast. sea,ate!
andJo! ai! and ,/i#/ a!e *e!)anentl( sealed Fi-e- no *lan fo! *e!iodi#al ins*e#tions5. t/ese !e3i!e)ents fo!
!ec.$& (orrosion *rotection ) *age 0%
#o!!osion allo,an#e #an "e ,ai+ed in fa+o! of no #o!!osion allo,an#e- It is a *!e!e3isite t/at t/e solid "allast
does not #ontain sl*/ides- Also fo! inte!nal #o)*a!t)ents ,/i#/ a!e filled ,it/ ai! and ,/i#/ a!e a##essi"le
fo! ins*e#tion and !e*ai!. t/e !e3i!e)ents fo! #o!!osion allo,an#e #an "e ,ai+ed in fa+o! of no #o!!osion
allo,an#e. if t/e !elati+e /)idit( in t/e #o)*a!t)ent #an "e #ont!olled to "e E0P )aDi))-
G#$dance note@
9li)ate #ont!ol to 'ee* t/e !elati+e /)idit( "elo, a s*e#ified t/!es/old is not #o))on in n)anned offs/o!e
st!#t!es-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
.'.% 9o!!osion allo,an#e fo! #/ains sed as )oo!ing lines is defined as an in#!ease in t/e #/ain dia)ete!-
$nless site-s*e#ifi# #o!!osion data fo! #/ains indi#ate ot/e!,ise. t/e #o!!osion allo,an#e s/all "e ta'en as
e3al to o! /ig/e! t/an t/e !e#o))ended )ini)) +ales fo! s#/ #o!!osion allo,an#e gi+en in Ta"le 13-1-
Re3i!e)ents fo! #o!!osion allo,an#e s*e#ified "( national at/o!ities )a( in so)e #ases "e st!i#te! t/an t/ese
!e#o))ended )ini)) +ales-
.'.' T/e inflen#e f!o) ene!giGed *o,e! #a"les on #o!!osion and #o!!osion !ates on t/e st!#t!al inte!fa#e
of t/e floate! nit lo#all( at t/e atta#/)ent *oint s/all "e #onside!ed ,/en t/e #o!!osion *!ote#tion of t/is nit
is designed-
Ta+le '8 Recommended m$n$m#m corros$on allowance &or c5a$n
Part of mooring line
,orrosion allowance to be added to chain diameter 0mm/year1
Regular inspection type A
A1
Regular inspection type %
%1
S*las/ Gone 0-? 0-%
9atena!(
35
0-3 0-%
8otto)
?5
0-? 0-3
15 T/e !egla! ins*e#tion is #a!!ied ot "( ROV a##o!ding to DNV-OSS-10% 9/-3 Se#-A 8E00 o! a##o!ding to o*e!ato!Ms o,n
ins*e#tion *!og!a). a**!o+ed "( national at/o!ities if ne#essa!(- T/e )oo!ing line /as to "e !e*la#ed ,/en t/e dia)ete! of t/e
#/ain ,it/ t/e allo,a"le "!ea'ing st!engt/ sed in design of t/e )oo!ing s(ste). ta'ing into a##ont #o!!osion allo,an#e. is
!ed#ed "( %P-
%5 T/e !egla! ins*e#tion is #a!!ied ot a##o!ding to DNV-OSS-10% 9/-3 Se#-A 8B00 o! a##o!ding to o*e!ato!Ms o,n ins*e#tion
*!og!a). a**!o+ed "( national at/o!ities if ne#essa!(- T/e )oo!ing line /as to "e !e*la#ed ,/en t/e dia)ete! of t/e #/ain ,it/
t/e allo,a"le "!ea'ing st!engt/ sed in design of t/e )oo!ing s(ste). afte! t/e #o!!osion allo,an#e /as "een #ons)ed. is
!ed#ed "( %P-
35 Ss*ended lengt/ of )oo!ing line "elo, t/e s*las/ Gone and al,a(s a"o+e t/e to#/do,n *oint-
?5 Signifi#antl( la!ge! #o!!osion allo,an#e t/an t/e )ini)) +ales !e#o))ended in t/e ta"le s/old "e #onside!ed if "a#te!ial
#o!!osion #an "e eD*e#ted-
!ec.$+ Transport and 1nstallation ) *age 0$
SECT!ON ( TRANS3ORT AND !NSTA44AT!ON
6ar$ne O/erat$ons
. General
.. $nless ot/e!,ise s*e#ified. t/e !e3i!e)ents fo! *lanning and eDe#tion of )a!ine o*e!ations fo!
t!ans*o!t and installation gi+en in DNV-OS-J101 a**l(-
..% T/e installation of floating s**o!t st!#t!es and t/ei! station 'ee*ing s(ste)s in a la!ge ,ind fa!)
*oses so)e logisti# #/allenges and it is !e#o))ended to #a!!( ot a logisti#s std( fo! t/e installation and to
*lan t/e logisti#s of t/e installation #a!efll(- T/e need fo! ins/o!e sto!age *!e)ises fo! te)*o!a!( an#/o!ing
of t/e s**o!t st!#t!es s/all "e #onside!ed-
G#$dance note@
T/e +a!ios st!#t!es and st!#t!al #o)*onents in a ,ind fa!) #annot ne#essa!il( "e installed on site di!e#tl( f!o)
*!od#tion. fo! eDa)*le
- ,/en t/e( a!e )ass-*!od#ed nits !at/e! t/an nits tailo!-)ade fo! t/e s*e#ifi# site
- ,/en a ,eat/e! ,indo, fo! t/e installation /as to "e a,aited
- ,/en t/e installation is de*endent on *!einstalled #o)*onents s#/ as *!einstalled an#/o!s.
fo! ,/i#/ !eason ins/o!e sto!age *!e)ises fo! inte!)ediate an#/o!ing o! sto!age )a( "e needed-
T/e sea"ed to*og!a*/( and t/e ,ate! de*t/. nea! s/o!e as ,ell as along t/e t!ans*o!tation !ote "et,een t/e ins/o!e
sto!age site and t/e ,ind fa!) site. )a( "e essential fo! /o, t/e t!ans*o!tation #an a#tall( "e #a!!ied ot and ,ill
*ose site- and !ote-s*e#ifi# !e3i!e)ents fo! t/e )aDi)) allo,a"le d!ag/t and t/e!e"( fo! t/e floate! sta"ilit( in
t/e inte!)ediate t!ans*o!tation */ase-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
..' DNV-R2-H103 *!o+ides gidan#e fo! )odelling and anal(sis of )a!ine o*e!ations-
% R$sk 6anagement d#r$ng 6ar$ne O/erat$ons
%. R$sk management $n trans/ortat$on and $nstallat$on /5ases
%.. DNV-R2-H101 *!o+ides gidan#e on /o, to )anage and )itigate !is's !elated to )a!ine o*e!ations-
' 6ar$ne Warrant) S#r,e)s
'. General
'.. 7a!ine ,a!!ant( s!+e(s a!e o*tional in t/e #onteDt of *!o;e#t #e!tifi#ation of ,ind fa!)s. "t )a( "e
!e3i!ed "( t/e ins!an#e #o)*an( in o!de! to effe#t an ins!an#e fo! te)*o!a!( */ases s#/ as sea t!ans*o!t
and installation-
'..% DNV-OS-J101 *!o+ides gidan#e fo! )a!ine ,a!!ant( s!+e(s of )a!ine o*e!ations fo! t!ans*o!t and
installation of offs/o!e ,ind fa!)s- Fo! f!t/e! details. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV Rles fo! 2lanning and
EDe#tion of 7a!ine O*e!ations-
( 6ar$ne O/erat$ons General Re?#$rements
(. General
(.. Re3i!e)ents and !e#o))endations !ele+ant fo! )a!ine o*e!ations d!ing te)*o!a!( */ases fo! ,ind
t!"ine st!#t!es a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-J101 and a!e a**li#a"le to )a!ine o*e!ations d!ing te)*o!a!( */ases
fo! floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es-
(..% T/e !e3i!e)ents fo! +essel sta"ilit( gi+en in DNV-OS-J101 a!e a**li#a"le fo! +essels and "a!ges sed
fo! t!ans*o!t and installation of floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es. "t a!e not a**li#a"le fo! t/e floating ,ind
t!"ine st!#t!es t/e)sel+es-
(..' Re3i!e)ents fo! sta"ilit( of floating ,ind t!"ine st!#t!es d!ing t!ans*o!t and installation a!e gi+en
in Se#-10-
!ec.$+ Transport and 1nstallation ) *age 0'
. 6ar$ne O/erat$ons S/ec$&$c Re?#$rements
.. 4oad trans&er o/erat$ons
... T/e load t!ansfe! o*e!ations #o+e! load-ot. float-ot. lift-off and )ating o*e!ations- Fo! dee* d!ag/t
floate!s s#/ as s*a!s. ,/i#/ )a( "e floated to site in /o!iGontal *osition. t/e load t!ansfe! o*e!ations also #o+e!
*ending-
...% T!"inest!#t!e )ating #an ta'e *la#e eit/e! ins/o!e o! on t/e ,ind fa!) site. i-e- eit/e! "efo!e o! afte!
t/e sea t!ans*o!t */ase fo! t/e s**o!t st!#t!e- T!"inest!#t!e )ating on t/e ,ind fa!) site #an ta'e *la#e
eit/e! "efo!e o! afte! t/e /oo'-* of t/e s**o!t st!#t!e to t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste)-
...' Re3i!e)ents fo! load t!ansfe! o*e!ations a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-H%01-
..% Sea trans/orts
..%. S*e#ifi# !e3i!e)ents and gidelines fo! single-+essel and "a!ge-to,ing o*e!ations a!e gi+en in DNV
YRles fo! 2lanning and EDe#tion of 7a!ine O*e!ationsM. 2a!t %. 9/a*te! %-
..%.% Re3i!e)ents and !e#o))endations fo! t!ans*o!t on-"oa!d s/i*. to,ing of )lti-/ll +essels. self-
floating and self-*!o*elled #a!!ie! t!ans*o!ts a!e gi+en in DNV YRles fo! 2lanning and EDe#tion of 7a!ine
O*e!ationsM. 2a!t %. 9/a*te! 3-
..%.' S*e#ial #onside!ations )a( "e ne#essa!( in #ases ,/e!e t/e enti!e floating ,ind t!"ine nit. fll(
asse)"led. is to "e t!ans*o!ted f!o) ins/o!e *!e)ises to t/e ,ind fa!) site as o**osed to t/e #ase ,/e!e t/e
floating s**o!t st!#t!e and t/e ,ind t!"ine a!e t!ans*o!ted se*a!atel( fo! s"se3ent )ating on t/e ,ind
fa!) site-
..' O&&s5ore $nstallat$on
..'. S*e#ifi# !e3i!e)ents and !e#o))endations fo! offs/o!e installation o*e!ations a**li#a"le fo! ,ind
t!"ines and t/ei! s**o!t st!#t!es and st!#t!al #o)*onents a!e gi+en in DNV YRles fo! 2lanning and
EDe#tion of 7a!ine O*e!ationsM. 2a!t %. 9/a*te! ?-
..'.% En+i!on)ental loads and load #ases to "e #onside!ed a!e des#!i"ed as ,ell as on-"otto) sta"ilit(
!e3i!e)ents and !e3i!e)ents fo! st!#t!al st!engt/-
..'.' O*e!ational as*e#ts fo! "allasting and g!oting s/all "e #onside!ed-
..'.( O*e!ational as*e#ts fo! )oo!ing line installation. an#/o! installation and /oo'-* of )oo!ing lines to
s**o!t st!#t!e and an#/o!s s/all "e #onside!ed-
..( 4$&t$ng o/erat$ons
..(. 4idan#e and !e#o))endations fo! lifting o*e!ations. ons/o!e. ins/o!e and offs/o!e. of o";e#ts ,it/
,eig/t eD#eeding @0 tonnes a!e gi+en in DNV YRles fo! 2lanning and EDe#tion of 7a!ine O*e!ationsM. 2a!t
%. 9/a*te! @-
..(.% T/e #/a*te! des#!i"es in detail t/e "asi# loads. d(na)i# loads. s'e, loads and load #ases to "e
#onside!ed- Design of slings. g!o))ets and s/a#'les as ,ell as design of t/e lifted o";e#t itself a!e #o+e!ed- In
addition. o*e!ational as*e#ts s#/ as #lea!an#es. )onito!ing of lift and #tting of sea fastening a!e des#!i"ed-
..(.' T!"inest!#t!e )ating on a dee*-,ate! ,ind fa!) site )a( *ose so)e #/allenges in t/at #!ane
o*e!ations fo! lifting of t/e t!"ine )a( /a+e to "e done f!o) a floating #!ane +essel-
... S#+sea o/erat$ons
.... S"sea o*e!ations a!e !ele+ant fo! s"sea #o)*onents !elated to floating ,ind t!"ine installation. fo!
eDa)*le an#/o!s and )oo!ing lines- S"sea o*e!ations a!e also !ele+ant fo! tie-in of. fo! eDa)*le. ele#t!i#al
#a"les- 2lanning. design and o*e!ational as*e#ts fo! installation of s#/ #o)*onents a!e des#!i"ed in DNV
YRles fo! 2lanning and EDe#tion of 7a!ine O*e!ationsM. 2a!t %. 9/a*te! A-
!ec.$, 1n"service 1nspection, 6aintenance and 6onitoring ) *age 0&
SECT!ON . !N8SER9!CE !NS3ECT!ON* 6A!NTENANCE AND
6ON!TOR!NG
!ntrod#ct$on
. General
.. T/e *!o+isions set fo!t/ in DNV-OS-J101 fo! in-se!+i#e ins*e#tion. )aintenan#e and )onito!ing s/all
a**l(-
..% An ins*e#tion inte!+al of at )ost @ (ea!s a**lies ,/en design fatige fa#to!s FDFFs5 s*e#ified in Se#-B
fo! st!#t!al #o)*onents. ,/i#/ a!e a##essi"le fo! ins*e#tion. a!e sed in t/e design of s#/ #o)*onents-
<onge! ins*e#tion inte!+als #an "e a**lied in designI /o,e+e!. t/is ,ill !e3i!e ot/e! !e3i!e)ents fo! DFF to
"e esta"lis/ed t/an t/ose s*e#ified in Se#-B-
.% F$+re ro/es* tet5ers and tendons made &rom s)nt5et$c &$+re )arns
.%. T/e *!o+isions set fo!t/ in DNV-OS-E303 fo! in-se!+i#e ins*e#tion. )aintenan#e and )onito!ing s/all
a**l(-
.%.% T/e in-se!+i#e #ondition )anage)ent *!og!a) s/all "e "ased on tension )onito!ing and #ont!ol of
te)*e!at!e in o!de! to )anage t/e 3-T )a!gins t/!og/ot t/e design life-
!ec.$- *ower (able Design ) *age 0+
SECT!ON - 3OWER CA04E DES!GN
!ntrod#ct$on
. General
.. T/is se#tion gi+es #!ite!ia. !e3i!e)ents and gidan#e fo! st!#t!al design and anal(sis of *o,e! #a"le
s(ste)s eD*osed to d(na)i# loading fo! se in t/e floating ,ind indst!(-
..% T/is se#tion )a'es !efe!en#e to a n)"e! of a+aila"le design #odes of !ele+an#e fo! *o,e! #a"le design-
No!)ati+e !efe!en#es a!e gi+en in #ases ,/e!e !e3i!e)ents to "e flfilled a!e s*e#ified in t/e !efe!en#ed
#odes- W/e!e !e3i!e)ents s*e#ified in t/is se#tion #onfli#t ,it/ t/ose of !efe!en#ed standa!ds. t/e *!o+isions
of t/is se#tion s/all *!e+ail- Info!)ati+e !efe!en#es a!e gi+en in #ases ,/e!e sefl gidan#e #an "e fond in
t/e !efe!en#ed #odes-
..' W/e!e+e! no!)ati+e !efe!en#es to ot/e! #odes a!e )ade. t/e *!o+isions of t/ese ot/e! #odes s/all "e
ad/e!ed to in design-
% Re&erences
%. O,er,$ew o& rele,ant standards
%.. An o+e!+ie, of inte!national !e#ogniGed design #odes add!essing design isses of !ele+an#e fo!
s")a!ine *o,e! #a"les is gi+en in Ta"le 1A-1- T/e #odes listed in Ta"le 1A-1 a!e !ele+ant fo! d(na)i# *o,e!
#a"les in#lding t/e #a"lefloate! inte!fa#e-
%..% Alt/og/ )ost of t/e #odes listed in Ta"le 1A-1 !efe! s*e#ifi#all( to fleDi"le *i*es and )"ili#als. t/e
*!in#i*les and )et/odolog( a**lied in t/e #odes )a( fo! t/e )ost *a!t "e a**lied to s"sea *o,e! #a"les- T/e
)ain s/o!t#o)ing is t/e la#' of a##e*tan#e #!ite!ia. i-e- allo,a"le st!ain o! tiliGation of (ield. of t/e +a!ios
)ate!ials and #o)*onents of a *o,e! #a"le-
Ta+le -8 Rele,ant codes &or anal)s$s and des$gn o& d)nam$c /ower ca+les
,ode Title Design aspects
ISO 13A%E-@ S"sea )"ili#als 7ain !efe!en#e fo! )e#/ani#al design of d(na)i# *o,e! #a"les.
*!o+iding !e3i!e)ents fo! glo"al load effe#t anal(ses and
!e3i!e)ents fo! lo#al load effe#t anal(ses-
DNV Rles 2lanning and EDe#tion of
7a!ine O*e!ations
See gidan#e note "elo,-
DNV-OS-H101 7a!ine O*e!ations. 4ene!al 4ene!al !e3i!e)ents and !e#o))endations fo! *lanning.
*!e*a!ations and *e!fo!)an#e of )a!ine o*e!ations-
DNV-OS-H10% 7a!ine O*e!ations. Design
and Fa"!i#ation
4ene!al !e3i!e)ents and !e#o))endations fo! sele#tion of loads.
design F+e!ifi#ation5 and fa"!i#ation of st!#t!es in+ol+ed in
)a!ine o*e!ations-
DNV-OS-F%01 D(na)i# !ise!s Anal(sis gidan#e-
Otline of glo"al !es*onse )odel +e!ifi#ation-
4idan#e on statisti#al !es*onse *!o#essing-
DNV-R2-9%03 Fatige Design of Offs/o!e
Steel St!#t!es
Fatige design #a*a#it( #!+es of standa!d )ate!ials-
DNV-R2-9%0@ En+i!on)ental #onditions
and en+i!on)ental loads
S*e#ifi#ation of en+i!on)ental loading. #/oi#e of /(d!od(na)i#
#oeffi#ients et#-. and *!in#i*les fo! floate! )otion anal(sis-
DNV-R2-F%03 Rise! Inte!fe!en#e 2!in#i*les fo! assess)ent of !ise! inte!fe!en#e-
DNV-R2-F%0? Rise! Fatige 2!in#i*les fo! !ise! fatige assess)ent and si)*lified VIV anal(sis
gidan#e-
DNV-R2-F%0@ 4lo"al 2e!fo!)an#e
Anal(sis of Dee*,ate!
Floating St!#t!es
4idan#e on floate! )otion and station-'ee*ing anal(sis-
DNV-R2-F?01 Ele#t!i#al 2o,e! 9a"les in
S"sea A**li#ations
S**le)ent to ISO 13A%E-@. #o+e!ing s"sea *o,e! #a"les-
Design and a##e*tan#e #!ite!ia fo! *o,e! #a"les. #a"le
#o)*onents and #a"le te!)inations-
A2I S*e#- 1BJ S*e#ifi#ation fo! n"onded
fleDi"le *i*e
A##e*tan#e #!ite!ia fo! tensile a!)o!-
A##e*tan#e #!ite!ia fo! *ol()e! la(e!s in fleDi"le *i*es-
A2I S*e#- 1B<1 S*e#ifi#ation of fleDi"le
*i*e an#illa!( e3i*)ent
Design gidan#e fo! an#illa!( #o)*onents s#/ as "o(an#(
)odles. "end stiffene!s et#-
!ec.$- *ower (able Design ) *age 0,
G#$dance note@
DNV Rles fo! 2lanning and EDe#tion of 7a!ine O*e!ations is #!!entl( "eing !est!#t!ed. and ,ill "e !e*la#ed "(
t/e follo,ing Offs/o!e Standa!ds FOS50
- DNV-OS-H101. +arine #perations. @eneral
- DNV-OS-H10%. +arine #perations. Design B 3abrication
- DNV-OS-H%01. /oad Transfer #perations
- DNV-OS-H%0%. Sea Transports
- DNV-OS-H%03. Transit and Positioning of +obile #ffshore 6nits
- DNV-OS-H%0?. #ffshore 8nstallation #perations
- DNV-OS-H%0@. /ifting #perations
- DNV-OS-H%0A. Sub Sea #perations
Ea#/ OS ,ill ente! into fo!#e at t/e date of *"li#ation- $ntil t/e OS is *"lis/ed t/e !ele+ant !e3i!e)ents in
KDNV Rles fo! 2lanning and EDe#tion of 7a!ine O*e!ationsL s/all "e #onside!ed go+e!ning-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
' Des$gn 3r$nc$/les
'. General
'.. T/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste). in#lding its inte!fa#e ,it/ t/e floate!. s/all "e designed a##o!ding to t/e
follo,ing "asi# *!in#i*les0
1 t/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste) s/all satisf( fn#tional and o*e!ational !e3i!e)ents as gi+en in t/e design "asis
1 t/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste) s/all "e designed s#/ t/at an nintended e+ent does not es#alate into an a##ident
of signifi#antl( g!eate! eDtent t/an t/e o!iginal e+ent
1 t/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste) s/all *e!)it si)*le and !elia"le installation. !et!ie+al. and "e !o"st ,it/ !es*e#t to se
1 t/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste) s/all *!o+ide ade3ate a##ess fo! ins*e#tion. )aintenan#e. !e*la#e)ent and !e*ai!
1 design of st!#t!al details and se of )ate!ials s/all "e done ,it/ t/e o";e#ti+e to )ini)iGe t/e effe#t of
#o!!osion. e!osion and ,ea!
1 a##e*tan#e #!ite!ia. ens!ing t/e st!#t!al integ!it( of t/e *o,e! #a"le. s/all "e defined fo! all #a"le
#o)*onents-
'..% T/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste) s/all "e designed. )anfa#t!ed. installed and o*e!ated in s#/ a ,a( t/at0
1 ,it/ a##e*ta"le *!o"a"ilit(. it ,ill !e)ain fit fo! t/e se fo! ,/i#/ it is intended. ,it/ de !ega!d to its
se!+i#e life and #ost. and
1 ,it/ an a**!o*!iate deg!ee of !elia"ilit(. it ,ill sstain all fo!eseea"le load effe#ts and ot/e! inflen#es
li'el( to o##! d!ing installation and se!+i#e-
'..' T/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste) s/all "e designed a##o!ding to DNV-R2-F?01 and ISO 13A%E-@. as fa! as t/ese
t,o standa!ds a!e a**li#a"le-
'..( A design "asis. #ontaining o! !efe!!ing all !ele+ant !e3i!e)ents to t/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste). s/all "e
esta"lis/ed-
'... A design )et/odolog(. in#lding at a )ini)) a des#!i*tion of anal(sis )et/ods and ass)*tions
)ade. as ,ell as a##e*tan#e #!ite!ia. s/all "e esta"lis/ed and *!esented as *a!t of t/e design do#)entation fo!
t/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste)-
'..- T/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste) s/all "e designed to )eet t/e fn#tional !e3i!e)ents s*e#ified in t/e design
"asis-
'.% Des$gn /r$nc$/les
'.%. T/e *o,e! #a"le ,it/ end te!)inations s/all "e designed ,it/ !es*e#t to !ele+ant load #ases !elated to
"ot/ installation and o*e!ation Fi-e- in se!+i#e5-
G#$dance note@
Design and fa"!i#ation of a *o,e! #a"le s(ste) is often initiated. and so)eti)es e+en #o)*leted. "efo!e detailed
*lanning of t/e installation o*e!ation is *e!fo!)ed- In*t f!o) !ele+ant installation anal(ses is t/e!efo!e often
na+aila"le in t/e design */ase of a #a"le s(ste)- Ho,e+e!. as so)e of t/e load #ases !elated to installation )a( t!n
ot to "e go+e!ning ,it/ !es*e#t to design of t/e *o,e! #a"le andJo! its te!)inations. #onse!+ati+e esti)ates of
installation loads s/old "e a**lied at t/e design stage of t/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste) in o!de! to ens!e t/at it is installa"le-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
'.%.% T/e *a!tial safet( fa#to! )et/od is often a**lied in design of steel st!#t!es s#/ as #a"le te!)inations
and ot/e! #a"le an#illa!ies- T/e *a!tial safet( fa#to! )et/od is a design )et/od "( ,/i#/ t/e ta!get safet( le+el
!ec.$- *ower (able Design ) *age 0-
is o"tained as #losel( as *ossi"le "( a**l(ing load and )ate!ial fa#to!s to #/a!a#te!isti# !efe!en#e +ales of t/e
"asi# +a!ia"les Fsee Se#-% fo! f!t/e! eD*lanation5- T/e "asi# +a!ia"les a!e. in t/is #onteDt. defined as0
1 loads a#ting on t/e st!#t!e o! t/ei! load effe#ts in t/e st!#t!e. and
1 !esistan#e of t/e st!#t!e o! !esistan#e of )ate!ials in t/e st!#t!e-
'.%.' ISO 13A%E-@ and DNV-R2-F?01 a**l( t/e Wo!'ing Fallo,a"le5 St!ess Design FWSD5 )et/od fo!
design of )"ili#als and *o,e! #a"les. !es*e#ti+el(- T/is design fo!)at eD*!esses t/e st!#t!al safet( )a!gin
"( one single safet( fa#to! o! tiliGation fa#to! fo! ea#/ li)it state- T/e WSD )et/od ado*ted /e!ein a**lies
eD*li#it design #/e#'s si)ila! to t/ose of t/e *a!tial safet( fa#to! )et/od. "t a##onts fo! t/e inflen#e of
nat!al +a!ia"ilit( and ot/e! n#e!taint( in onl( one single tiliGation fa#to!- Refe!en#e is )ade to DNV-OS-
F%01 fo! f!t/e! eD*lanation-
G#$dance note@
T/e tiliGation fa#to!. . a##onts fo! t/e integ!ated n#e!taint( and *ossi"le "ias in load effe#ts and !esistan#e. and
)a( "e inte!*!eted as an in+e!ted ,eig/ted *!od#t of *a!tial safet( fa#to!s- In ot/e! #odes. t/e tiliGation fa#to! is
also 'no,n as an Allo,a"le St!ess Fa#to! o! Design Fa#to!-
T/e WSD )et/od ena"les t/e se of #a*a#it( #!+es t/at define a #a"leMs #a*a#ities ,it/ !es*e#t to #o)"ined tension
and #!+at!e fo! diffe!ent tiliGation fa#to!s- See ISO 13A%E-@ fo! f!t/e! info!)ation-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
'.%.( T/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste) s/all "e #/e#'ed fo! t/e follo,ing li)it states d!ing "ot/ installation and
o*e!ation0
1 $lti)ate <i)it State F$<S5
1 A##idental <i)it State FA<S5
1 Fatige <i)it State FF<S5-
Fo! details a"ot t/ese li)it states and /o, t/e( a!e defined. see Se#-1 and Se#-%-
( F#nct$onal Re?#$rements
(. 3ower ca+le
(.. T/e *o,e! #a"le s/all. at a )ini)). "e designed to0
1 )eet t/e *o,e! t!ans)ission !e3i!e)ents s*e#ified "( t/e #lient
1 ena"le installation "( a +essel ,it/ installation e3i*)ent #/a!a#te!isti#s as s*e#ified "( t/e #lient
1 o*e!ate at t/e s*e#ified effe#t. ,it/in t/e s*e#ified a)"ient te)*e!at!e !ange
1 ena"le one !e#o+e!( and !einstallation. at a )ini)). in o!de! to a##ont fo! nfo!eseen e+ents d!ing t/e
installation o*e!ation
1 ens!e #o!!osion *!ote#tion of t/e *o,e! #a"le #o)*onents t/!og/ot t/e s*e#ified se!+i#e life of t/e
*o,e! #a"le
1 fn#tion as intended fo! t/e d!ation of its intended se!+i#e life-
(..% T/e follo,ing s/all. at a )ini)). "e #onside!ed in design of t/e *o,e! #a"le0
1 ,ea!
1 f!etting
1 #o!!osion
1 di)ensional tole!an#es
1 )ate!ial #!ee*
1 ageing-
(.% 3#ll8$n arrangement
(.%. A *ll-in a!!ange)ent. s#/ as a *ll-in /ead. K9/inese finge!sL o! si)ila!. s/all "e sed to *ll t/e #a"le
end * on t/e floate! o! ons/o!e-
(.%.% T/e *ll-in a!!ange)ent s/all ens!e a safe t!ansfe! of #a"le tension to t/e *ll-in ,i!e ,/ile )aintaining
t/e fn#tionalit( of t/e *o,e! #a"le and an#illa!( e3i*)ent s#/ as /ang-off te!)ination. floate! #onne#to!.
"end stiffene! o! si)ila!-
(.' Hang8o&& term$nat$on
(.'. T/e *o,e! #a"le s/all "e te!)inated ,it/ a /ang-off te!)ination at t/e floate! end. designed to0
1 t!ansfe! loads f!o) t/e ss*ended *o,e! #a"le to t/e floate! st!#t!e
1 ens!e #o!!osion *!ote#tion of t/e *o,e! #a"le and an#illa!( e3i*)ent at t/e floate! inte!fa#e t/!og/ot
!ec.$- *ower (able Design ) *age 0.
t/e s*e#ified se!+i#e life of t/e *o,e! #a"le
1 ena"le a safe and effi#ient installation
1 fn#tion as intended fo! t/e d!ation of its s*e#ified se!+i#e life-
(.( 0end st$&&enerE+ell8mo#t5
(.(. A "end stiffene! o! "ell-)ot/ at t/e floate! inte!fa#e )a( "e a**lied in o!de! to !ed#e lo#al "ending
st!ess in t/e #a"le #o)*onents and dist!i"te fatige da)age o+e! t/e lengt/ of t/e "end stiffene!-
(.(.% A "end stiffene!J"ell-)ot/ s/all "e designed0
1 to li)it "ending st!esses in t/e *o,e! #a"le
1 to ens!e t/at t/e #a"le )eets t/e s*e#ified fatige design #!ite!ion
1 to ens!e t/at t/e fn#tionalit( of t/e *o,e! #a"le is )aintained t/!og/ot its s*e#ified se!+i#e life
1 fo! all !ele+ant #o)"inations of asso#iated #a"le tension and angle at t/e floate! inte!fa#e. !eslting f!o)
floate! )otions
1 #onside!ing )aDi)) #a"le and "end stiffene! Fif !ele+ant5 te)*e!at!e. a##onting fo! t/e in#!ease in
#a"le te)*e!at!e !eslting f!o) o*e!ation at fll effe#t. in#lding t/e inslating effe#t of t/e "end stiffene!
)ate!ial
1 #onside!ing )ini)) #a"le and "end stiffene! Fif !ele+ant5 te)*e!at!e. a##onting fo! t/e ,o!st #ase
#ondition ,/e!e a s/t-do,n of *o,e! t!ans)ission #oin#ides ,it/ t/e anti#i*ated )ini)) te)*e!at!e
o+e! t/e se!+i#e life of t/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste)-
(.. Floater str#ct#ral $nter&ace
(... A #onne#to! a!!ange)ent. #onsisting of one *a!t *!e-installed on t/e floate! and anot/e! *a!t asse)"led
to t/e floate! end of t/e #a"le. )a( "e a**lied in o!de! to si)*lif( #onne#tion of a #a"le o! its "end stiffene! at
t/e floate! inte!fa#e-
(...% T/e #onne#to! a!!ange)ent s/all "e #onside!ed as *a!t of t/e floate! st!#t!e and s/all "e designed
a##o!ding to Se#-B-
(...' T/e #onne#to! a!!ange)ent s/all "e designed ,it/ !es*e#t to anti#i*ated loads f!o) t/e ss*ended #a"le
and "end stiffene!. if a**li#a"le. !eslting f!o) floate! )otions t/!og/ot t/e s*e#ified se!+i#e life-
(...( T/e #onne#to! *a!t asse)"led to t/e *o,e! #a"le d!ing installation s/all "e designed fo! !ele+ant
installation loads a##o!ding to NAO-
. Anal)s$s 6et5odolog)
.. 3ower ca+le str#ct#ral ca/ac$t$es
... A##onting fo! design !esistan#e. add!essed in NE-1O to NE-?O. t/e follo,ing s/all "e esta"lis/ed Fat a
)ini))50
1 #a"le #a*a#it( in #o)"ined tension and "ending. !ef- #a*a#it( #!+e #on#e*t as defined in ISO 13A%E-@
1 #a"le #a*a#it( ,it/ !es*e#t to !adial #o)*!ession f!o) tensione! t!a#'s and #/te #onta#t at )aDi))
#a"le installation load-
...% T/e #a"le design do#)entation s/old #lea!l( state /o, )#/ of t/e #a"leMs fatige life t/at is
att!i"ted t/e installation and o*e!ation */ases. !es*e#ti+el(-
...' As a gene!al !le. negati+e effe#ti+e tension. i-e- #o)*!essi+e aDial load. in t/e *o,e! #a"le s/old "e
a+oided-
G#$dance note@
Negati+e effe#ti+e #a"le tension )a( "e a##e*ta"le. *!o+ided t/at an F7E9A /as "een #a!!ied ot and t/at anal(ses
andJo! tests /a+e "een *e!fo!)ed to de)onst!ate t/e #a"leMs !o"stness ,it/ !es*e#t to all !ele+ant fail!e )odes-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
..% !nstallat$on anal)ses
..%. All */ases of t/e #a"le installation o*e!ation s/all "e anal(sed a##o!ding to t/e *!in#i*les stated in DNV
Rles fo! 2lanning and EDe#tion of 7a!ine O*e!ations- See also gidan#e note to Ta"le 1A-1-
..%.% Fo! te)*o!a!( o*e!ational #onditions t/e load effe#t !et!n *e!iod fo! definition of #/a!a#te!isti#
en+i!on)ental loads de*ends on t/e seasonal ti)ing and d!ation of t/e te)*o!a!( *e!iod- T/e !et!n *e!iods
s/all "e defined s#/ t/at t/e *!o"a"ilit( of eD#eedan#e in t/e te)*o!a!( state is no g!eate! t/an t/at of t/e long-
te!) o*e!ational state- Fo! details a"ot definition of #/a!a#te!isti# +ales fo! en+i!on)ental loads and fo! loads
!ec.$- *ower (able Design ) *age 0/
of ot/e! #atego!ies. !efe!en#e is )ade to Ta"le ?-1 and Ta"le ?-%- Fo! details a"ot /o, to #al#late
#/a!a#te!isti# loads f!o) #/a!a#te!isti# #onditions. !efe!en#e is )ade to DNV-OS-H101-
..%.' T/e installation anal(ses s/all de)onst!ate t/at t/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste) )a( "e installed sing t/e
intended +essel and installation e3i*)ent ,it/ot !is' of da)age to *e!sonnel. *!od#t o! e3i*)ent-
G#$dance note@
2!in#i*les fo! o*e!ational *lanning a!e *!esented in DNV-OS-H101. toget/e! ,it/ definitions of n!est!i#ted and
,eat/e! !est!i#ted o*e!ations- Weat/e! !est!i#ted is defined to "e ,/en t/e d!ation of o*e!ation. in#lding
#ontingen#(. is less t/an B% /o!s- Note t/at e+en if t/e total o*e!ation lasts )o!e t/an B% /o!s. t/e o*e!ation )a(
"e defined and designed as ,eat/e! !est!i#ted. gi+en t/at t/e #a"le la( o*e!ation is *lanned and *e!fo!)ed "ased on
]!nning] ,eat/e! ,indo,s. ,/ile ens!ing t/at t/e o*e!ation #an "e ss*ended and t/e #a"le "e "!og/t into a safe
#ondition if t/e ,eat/e! s/old dete!io!ate "e(ond t/e la( #!ite!ia-
Fo! f!t/e! details. see DNV-OS-H101-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
..%.( T/e #a"le installation anal(ses s/all esta"lis/ !ele+ant installation *a!a)ete!s Fe-g- )aDi)) la(
tension. )ini)) la( angle. )ini)) la(-"a#' et#-5 !e3i!ed in o!de! to #a!!( ot t/e installation o*e!ation in
a safe )anne! and ,it/in t/e st!#t!al #a*a#ities of t/e #a"le. see N@-%O-
..%.. $nless )o!e detailed e+alations of #!!ent +elo#it( a!e )ade. t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #!!ent s/all "e ta'en
as t/e 10-(ea! !et!n +ale-
G#$dance note@
Fo! s/o!t o*e!ations. i-e- ,eat/e! !est!i#ted. it #old "e a**li#a"le to define a )aDi)) o*e!ation li)iting #!!ent
+elo#it(- In t/is #ase. #!!ent *!edi#tion and )onito!ing d!ing o*e!ations a!e ne#essa!( in o!de! to ens!e t/at t/e
li)iting #!!ent +elo#it( is not eD#eeded-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
..' Glo+al ;$n8ser,$ce< anal)ses
..'. Fo! *e!)anent o*e!ational #onditions. a @0-(ea! !et!n *e!iod F%[10
H%
annal eD#eedan#e *!o"a"ilit(5
a**lies fo! definition of #/a!a#te!isti# en+i!on)ental loads-
..'.% 4lo"al load effe#t anal(ses of t/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste) s/all "e *e!fo!)ed a##o!ding to DNV-OS-F%01-
..'.' Fatige anal(sis of t/e *o,e! #a"le s(ste) s/all #onside! all !ele+ant #(#li# load effe#ts. as des#!i"ed in
DNV-OS-F%01. in#lding0
1 fi!st o!de! ,a+e effe#ts Fdi!e#t ,a+e loads and asso#iated floate! )otions5
1 se#ond o!de! floate! )otions
1 t/e!)al st!ess #(#les. e-g- de to ele#t!i#al *o,e! loading
1 +o!teD ind#ed +i"!ations FVIV5
..'.( T/e effe#t of VIV on t/e ss*ended *o,e! #a"le s/all "e #onside!ed. !ef- ISO 13A%E-@-
..'.. A##!ate )odelling of t/e follo,ing s/all "e ens!ed in all d(na)i# anal(ses0
1 #a"le )ass and s")e!ged ,eig/t #onside!ing filling of inte!sti#es as a**!o*!iate
1 )a!ine g!o,t/
1 t/e #a"leMs stiffness *!o*e!ties
1 d!ag and ine!tia effe#ts
1 st!#t!al da)*ing-
..'.- T/e esti)ation of /(d!od(na)i# load on *o,e! #a"les s";e#ted to a##)lated )a!ine g!o,t/ s/all
a##ont fo! t/e in#!ease in effe#ti+e dia)ete! and s!fa#e !og/ness- DNV-R2-9%0@ )a( "e sed fo! gidan#e-
..'.7 Sensiti+it( stdies s/all "e *e!fo!)ed in o!de! to ens!e t/at t/e s(ste) #onfig!ation is !o"st-
Sensiti+it( ,it/ !es*e#t to t/e follo,ing s/all "e assessed Fat a )ini))50
1 )a!ine g!o,t/
1 d!ag and ine!tia effe#ts
1 st!#t!al da)*ing
1 #!!ent
1 soil data
1 floate! d!aft and #o!!es*onding )otions Fi-e- t!ansfe! fn#tions5
1 #a"le installation tole!an#es Fe-g- lo#ation of #a"le to#/do,n *oint et#-5-
!ec.$- *ower (able Design ) *age 00
- 4oads and 4oad E&&ects
-. 4oads
-.. Fn#tional. en+i!on)ental and a##idental loads a!e defined in Se#-?-
-..% 9/a!a#te!isti# loads a!e defined in Se#-?- T/ese definitions a**l( "ot/ to t/e *o,e! #a"le and to t/e #a"le
an#illa!ies-
-..' Fo! *o,e! #a"les. #/a!a#te!isti# loads a**li#a"le to t/e installation */ase s/all "e dete!)ined a##o!ding
to Se#-?-
-..( Fo! #a"le an#illa!ies. #/a!a#te!isti# loads a**li#a"le to t/e installation */ase s/all "e dete!)ined
a##o!ding to DNV-OS-H10%-
-... 9/a!a#te!isti# loads a**li#a"le to t/e o*e!ational */ase s/all "e dete!)ined a##o!ding to Se#-?- T/is
a**lies "ot/ to t/e *o,e! #a"le and to t/e #a"le an#illa!ies-
-.% Des$gn load e&&ects &or /ower ca+les
-.%. T/e design load effe#t S
d
fo! a *o,e! #a"le is e3al to t/e s) of nfa#to!ed #/a!a#te!isti# load effe#t
#ont!i"tions f!o) fn#tional loads. en+i!on)ental loads andJo! a##idental loads. as a**li#a"le- Note t/at
diffe!ent design load effe#ts a**l( to t/e installation */ase and to t/e o*e!ational */ase-
-.' Des$gn load e&&ects &or ca+le anc$llar$es o& steel
-.'. 2ll-in /eads s/all "e !ega!ded as lifting e3i*)ent d!ing installation and s/all "e designed fo! !ele+ant
installation loads a##o!dingl(- Si)ila!l(. #a"le te!)inations and ot/e! an#illa!ies s**o!ting t/e ,eig/t of a
ss*ended #a"le d!ing installation s/all "e !ega!ded as lifting e3i*)ent and designed fo! !ele+ant installation
loads a##o!dingl(-
G#$dance note@
A##o!ding to ISO 13A%E-@. a *ll-in /ead is !ega!ded as lifting e3i*)ent d!ing installation-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
-.'.% 9a"le an#illa!ies !ega!ded as lifting e3i*)ent s/all "e designed a##o!ding to DNV Rles fo! 2lanning
and EDe#tion of 7a!ine O*e!ations. 2t- %. 9/- @. /ifting Fto "e !e*la#ed "( D!"#S"$%&'5- T/ese !les
!e3i!e t/e a**li#ation of a #onse3en#e fa#to!.
#
. to t/e #/a!a#te!isti# lifting load. in addition to t/e load
fa#to!.
f
. gi+en in DNV-OS-H10%- Hen#e. t/e design lifting load 3
d
s/all "e #al#lated as
in ,/i#/ 3
#
is t/e #/a!a#te!isti# lifting load. defined as a #/a!a#te!isti# *e!)anent load o! a #/a!a#te!isti#
+a!ia"le fn#tional load. as a**li#a"le-
-.'.' T/e load fa#to!s and #onse3en#e fa#to!s s*e#ified in Ta"le 1A-% s/all "e a**lied in design of #a"le
an#illa!ies of steel in t/e installation */ase-
-.'.( 9a"le an#illa!ies. ,/i#/ a!e not !ega!ded as lifting e3i*)ent d!ing installation. s/all "e designed fo!
!ele+ant loads d!ing installation- <i'e,ise. #a"le an#illa!ies s/all "e designed fo! !ele+ant loads d!ing
o*e!ational #onditions- In "ot/ #ases. t/e design load effe#ts a!e o"tained "( )lti*l(ing t/e #/a!a#te!isti# load
effe#t of ea#/ load #atego!( "( its #o!!es*onding load fa#to! and s*e!i)*osing t/e #ont!i"tions. fo! eDa)*le
S
d
S
F
ZS
eF
^
E
ZS
eE
^
A
ZS
eA
Ta+le -8% 4oad &actors and conse?#ence &actors* l$&t$ng
(lement category
f

#
<ift *oints in#lding atta#/)ents to o";e#t Fsingle #!iti#al ele)ents
s**o!ting t/e lift *oints a!e defined ,it/in t/is #atego!(5
1-3 1-3
<ifting e3i*)ent Fe-g- s*!eade! f!a)es o! "ea)s. *late s/a#'les5 1-3 1-3
7ain ele)ents s**o!ting t/e lift *oint 1-3 1-1@
Ot/e! ele)ents of lifted o";e#t 1-3 1-0
NOTES
15
f
S load fa#to!
%5
#
S #onse3en#e fa#to!
35
#
is )eant to a##ont fo! se+e!e #onse3en#es of single ele)ent fail!e- 9atego!iGation of ele)ents a##o!ding
to t/e a"o+e s/old /en#e dl( #onside! !edndan#( of ele)ents-
c c f d
3 3 =
!ec.$- *ower (able Design ) *age $%%
in t/e #ase t/at t/e load effe#t of inte!est is t/e st!ess in a *a!ti#la! #o)*onent. ,/e!e
S
eF
S #/a!a#te!isti# st!ess f!o) fn#tional loads
S
eE
S #/a!a#te!isti# st!ess f!o) en+i!on)ental loads
S
eA
S #/a!a#te!isti# st!ess f!o) a##idental loads
and
F
.
E
and
A
a!e asso#iated load fa#to!s-
G#$dance note@
As t/e load effe#t. e-g- st!ess !eslting f!o) an a**lied load. is not ne#essa!il( linea! ,it/ t/e a**lied load. t/e
s*e#ified load fa#to!s a!e a**lied to t/e #/a!a#te!isti# load effe#ts and not di!e#tl( to t/e a**lied #/a!a#te!isti# loads-
Fo! details !ega!ding ,/en load fa#to!s a!e a**lied to load effe#ts and ,/en t/e( a!e a**lied to loads. !efe!en#e is
)ade to Se#-%-
Diffe!ent #/a!a#te!isti# en+i!on)ental load effe#ts a**l( d!ing installation t/an d!ing o*e!ational #onditionsI see
Ta"le ?-1 and Ta"le ?-%- 9/a!a#te!isti# en+i!on)ental load effe#ts d!ing installation de*end on #onditions s#/ as
t/e d!ation of t/e installationI see DNV-OS-H101-
<oad #o)"inations to "e #/e#'ed a!e s*e#ified in Se#-@-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
-.'.. T/e design of #a"le an#illa!ies of steel against t/e $<S and t/e A<S in t/e o*e!ational #ondition s/all
"e #a!!ied ot a##o!ding to !e3i!e)ents gi+en in Se#-B. "ased on load #o)"inations and safet( fa#to!
!e3i!e)ents gi+en in Se#-@ fo! design to no!)al safet( #lass-
-.( Des$gn load 5$stor) &or &at$g#e assessment
-.(. T/e design load /isto!( fo! fatige assess)ent and fatige design of *o,e! #a"les and #a"le an#illa!ies
s/all "e ta'en as t/e eD*e#ted load o! st!ess /isto!( o+e! t/e design life of t/e #a"le #o)*onent in 3estion-
7 6ater$al Strengt5
7. General
7.. Re3i!e)ents fo! t(*i#al #a"le #o)*onents a!e gi+en in DNV-R2-F?01-
7..% 7ate!ial st!engt/ fo! #a"le #o)*onents of steel is !e*!esented "( S7QS and S7TS-
7..' T/e *ossi"le inflen#e of te)*e!at!e on )ate!ial st!engt/ s/all "e a##onted fo!. #onside!ing "ot/
en+i!on)ental and o*e!ational Fele#t!i#al5 effe#ts-
G#$dance note@
Details of st!ess de!ating of steel de to te)*e!at!e effe#ts a!e gi+en in DNV-OS-F%01-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
: Des$gn Res$stance and Des$gn Cr$ter$a
:. C5aracter$st$c res$stance
:.. T/e #/a!a#te!isti# st!engt/ of steel s/all "e ta'en as t/e s)alle! of
1 S7QS ad;sted fo! te)*e!at!e de!ating
1 C0P of S7TS ad;sted fo! te)*e!at!e de!ating-
:..% T/e #/a!a#te!isti# !esistan#e R
'
is #al#lated f!o) t/e #/a!a#te!isti# st!engt/ and t/e no)inal *!o*e!ties
of t/e st!#t!al #o)*onent in 3estion- T/is a**lies to t/e *o,e! #a"le as ,ell as to t/e #a"le an#illa!ies-
:.% Res$stance &actors
:.%. Fo! design of t/e *o,e! #a"le t/e tiliGation fa#to!s fo! load-#a!!(ing #a"le ele)ents s/all not "e ta'en
g!eate! t/an t/e +ales s*e#ified in Ta"le 1A-3-
:.%.% Fo! design of #a"le an#illa!ies ,it/ !es*e#t to lifting loads d!ing installation. t/e )ate!ial fa#to! s/all
not "e ta'en less t/an
)
S 1-1@ in t/e $<S and t/e A<S-
Ta+le -8' Ut$l$Cat$on &actors &or steel armo#r
6tili:ation factor.
No!)al o*e!ation F$<S5 0-A%
Installation 0-BE
A"no!)al o*e!ation FA<S5 1-00
!ec.$- *ower (able Design ) *age $%$
:.%.' Fo! design of #a"le an#illa!ies in t/e o*e!ational #ondition. t/e )ate!ial fa#to! s/all not "e ta'en less
t/an
)
S 1-10 in t/e $<S and t/e A<S-
:.' Des$gn cr$ter$a general
:.'. 2!in#i*les fo! esta"lis/ing a##e*tan#e #!ite!ia fo! t/e *o,e! #a"le. t/e #a"le #o)*onents and #a"le
te!)inations a!e gi+en in DNV-R2-F?01-
:.( Ult$mate and acc$dental l$m$t states
:.(. Fo! t/e *o,e! #a"le. t/e gene!al design #!ite!ion fo! load "ea!ing steel #o)*onents is
in ,/i#/ S
d
is t/e design load effe#t. is t/e tiliGation fa#to! as gi+en in NE-%O. and R
'
is t/e #/a!a#te!isti#
!esistan#e as #al#lated f!o) t/e #/a!a#te!isti# st!engt/ and t/e no)inal *!o*e!ties of t/e st!#t!al #o)*onent-
:.(.% Fo! #a"le an#illa!ies !ega!ded as lifting e3i*)ent d!ing installation. t/e design #!ite!ion is
in ,/i#/ F
d
is t/e design lifting load as #al#lated in NA-3-%O-
:.(.' Fo! #a"le te!)inations and ot/e! an#illa!ies of steel. t/e design #!ite!ion in t/e o*e!ational */ase is
in ,/i#/ S
d
is t/e design load effe#t #al#lated as detailed in NA-3O and in Se#-% and R
'
is t/e #/a!a#te!isti#
!esistan#e as #al#lated f!o) t/e #/a!a#te!isti# st!engt/ and t/e no)inal *!o*e!ties of t/e #a"le-
)
is t/e
)ate!ial !esistan#e fa#to! gi+en in NE-%O-
:.. Fat$g#e l$m$t state
:... T/e *o,e! #a"le s/all "e 3alified ,it/ !es*e#t to fatige as s*e#ified in DNV-R2-F?01-
:...% A!)o! te!)inations s";e#ted to signifi#ant fatige loading s/all "e 3alified ,it/ !es*e#t to fatige
st!engt/ "( testing as s*e#ified in DNV-R2-F?01-
:...' 9al#lation of fatige st!esses s/all #onside! sti#'Jsli* "e/a+io! of t/e #a"le #o)*onents. as ,ell as
di)ensional effe#ts of ,ea! and #o!!osion-
:...( T/e design #)lati+e fatige da)age is
D
D
S D33[D
9
in ,/i#/ D
9
denotes t/e #/a!a#te!isti# #)lati+e fatige da)age. e-g- #al#lated as otlined in Se#-B. and
D33 is t/e design fatige fa#to!-
:.... Fo! steel #o)*onents. D33 s/all not "e ta'en less t/an 10 nless ot/e!,ise ag!eed- Refe!en#e is )ade
to DNV-R2-F?01-
:...- T/e design #!ite!ion in fatige is
D
D
1-0-
1 Ot5er !ss#es
1. !nteract$on w$t5 &$s5$ng e?#$/ment
1.. 2ossi"le inte!a#tion ,it/ fis/ing e3i*)ent. s#/ as t!a,ls. s/all "e #onside!ed in design-
1.% On8+ottom sta+$l$t)
1.%. On-"otto) sta"ilit( of *o,e! #a"les !esting on t/e sea"ed s/all "e add!essed in t/e #a"le design- DNV-
R2-F10C #an "e sed fo! on-"otto) sta"ilit( design of *o,e! #a"les !esting on t/e sea"ed-
1.' Corros$on
1.'. T/e )ate!ial in t/e ,ate! "a!!ie! s/eat/ of t/e *o,e! #a"le s/all "e #/osen s#/ t/at it /as sffi#ient
!esistan#e to #o!!osion #onside!ing t/e se!+i#e en+i!on)ent0 eD*os!e to sea ,ate!. te)*e!at!e- T/e!e s/all "e
5 d
R S
m
5
d
R
3
m
5
- ( 3 5- 5( 53 d
R
S S S S
5 . . . . . F
!ec.$- *ower (able Design ) *age $%'
no *enet!ation of t/e s/eat/ de to #o!!osion Fin te!)s of /oles. *its. #!a#'s et#-5 d!ing t/e se!+i#e life of t/e
#a"le-
1.'.% Ele#t!i#al #ontinit( o! ele#t!i#al isolation. as !e3i!ed. "et,een t/e #a"le #o)*onents. /ang-off
te!)ination and floate! st!#t!e s/all "e ens!ed #onside!ing t/e o+e!all s(ste) design-
1.( Eart5$ng o& l$g5tn$ng cond#ctors
1.(. Ea!t/ing of lig/tning #ond#to!s "et,een t!"ine to,e! and floate! and "et,een floate! and sea"ed s/all
)eet t/e !e3i!e)ents fo! lig/tning and ea!t/ing s(ste) s*e#ified in Se#-1%-
1.. 3rotect$on aga$nst mec5an$cal damage
1... It is !e#o))ended to #a!!( ot a !is' anal(sis to assess t/e need fo! *!ote#tion of *o,e! #a"les against
)e#/ani#al da)age. e-g- f!o) d!o**ed o";e#ts- Refe!en#e is )ade to DNV-R2-F10B. ,/i#/ *!o+ides gidan#e
on ,/i#/ t(*es of *!ote#tion a!e sita"le fo! diffe!ent *!*oses-
1.- Red#ndanc)
1.-. It is !e#o))ended to #onside! #a"le !edndan#( in design of *o,e! #a"les and #a"le s(ste) la(ots-
G#$dance note@
Ke(,o!ds fo! !edndan#( in #ase of #a"le fail!e a!e alte!nati+e !otes fo! !nning *o,e! and )o!e t/an one eD*o!t
#a"le- In t/is #onteDt. o*ti)iGation s/old "e 'e*t in )ind "( "alan#ing #ost and !egla!it(-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $%&
A33END!F A ANA42S!S GU!DANCE
A. !ntrod#ct$on and O+Aect$,e
A.. General
-.A.A.A T/e o";e#ti+e of t/is a**endiD is to *!o+ide sefl gidan#e fo! eDe#tion of #o*led anal(sis of a ,ind
t!"ine and its floating s**o!t st!#t!e in#lding t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste)-
-.A.A.% T/e te!) K#o*led anal(sisL sed t/!og/ot t/is a**endiD )eans t/at t/e st!#t!al d(na)i#
!es*onses f!o) t/e ae!od(na)i#s and /(d!od(na)i#s loads a!e #o*led- No #o*ling effe#ts "et,een t/e
)odels of t/e eDte!nal #onditions a!e #onside!ed-
-.A.A.) O+e! t/e *ast 10 (ea!s. se+e!al n)e!i#al stdies. )odel tests and *!otot(*e tests /a+e de)onst!ated
t/e te#/ni#al feasi"ilit( of floating ,ind t!"ines- Ho,e+e! t/e( also /a+e !e+ealed t/e need fo! integ!ated
anal(sis. #o)*!ising t/e eD*e!ien#e a##)lated "( "ot/ t/e ,ind ene!g( indst!( and t/e O:4 indst!(-
-.A.A.* Se+e!al stdies /a+e s/o,n t/at ,/ile t/e *o,e! *e!fo!)an#e of a floating ,ind t!"ine a!e do)inated
"( t/e ae!od(na)i#s of t/e ,ind t!"ine !oto!. t/e loads on a floating ,ind t!"ine a!e d!i+en "( t/e floate!
dis*la#e)ents. see FJon')an and 7at/a. %0105 and FHende!son and 2atel. %0035- In anot/e! std(. F<a!sen and
Hanson. %00B5 s/o, t/e !ele+an#e of t/e inte!a#tion "et,een t/e ,ind t!"ine #ont!ol s(ste) and t/e floate!
nat!al )odes fo! t/e d(na)i# sta"ilit( of t/e s(ste)- T/ese stdies a!e ;st t,o eDa)*les of t/e st!ong
#o*ling of t/e /(d!od(na)i#s and ae!od(na)i#s in t/e floating ,ind t!"ine design and anal(sis-
G#$dance note@
7odelling of ,ind t!"ine #ont!ol s(ste) falts )a( "e !at/e! i)*o!tant ,it/ a +ie, to t/e i)*a#t t/at s#/ falts
#an /a+e fo! floating ,ind t!"ine nits. e-g- !ega!ding t/e sta"ilit( of s#/ nits in falt #onditions-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
-.A.A.' 7o!eo+e! t/e eD*e!ien#e a##)lated in t/e *ast in t/e ,ind ene!g( and O:4 indst!ies /a+e
follo,ed diffe!ent )et/odologies- Fo! eDa)*le. t/e O:4 n)e!i#al stdies of an offs/o!e *latfo!) /a+e
#o))onl( "een #a!!ied ot in t/e f!e3en#( do)ain. ,/ile it /as "een #o))on to anal(se t/e ,ind t!"ine in
t/e ti)e do)ain- In !e#ent (ea!s. /o,e+e!. t/is /as #/anged as ti)e do)ain anal(sis /as "e#o)e )o!e #o))on
also in t/e O:4 indst!(- Ot/e! t(*i#al diffe!en#es in#lde0 diffe!ent t(*i#al *e!iods of t/e st!#t!e F)#/
la!ge! in #ase of offs/o!e O:4 *latfo!)s t/an in #ase of ,ind t!"ines5. diffe!ent ti)e s#ale of si)lations and
sa)*ling. diffe!ent te!)inolog(. diffe!ent t(*i#al siGe of t/e st!#t!es to anal(se-
-.A.A.C T/is a**endiD agg!egates eD*e!ien#e a##)lated "( t/e ,ind indst!( and t/e O:4 indst!(. in
o!de! to o"tain a set of !e#o))endations fo! t/e anal(sis of an integ!ated floating ,ind t!"ine s(ste)- T/e
eD*e!ien#e f!o) stdies "( ni+e!sities. la"o!ato!ies and national instittes is also in#lded in t/e a**endiD-
-.A.A.D T/e !e#o))endations a!e "ased on t/e #!!ent state of t/e a!t of t/e te#/nolog(- Sin#e t/e #on#e*t of
floating ,ind t!"ines #an "e seen as a 3ite no+el te#/nolog(. ne, de+elo*)ents ,ill ta'e *la#e and ne,
eD*e!ien#e ,ill "e gained o+e! t/e neDt fe, (ea!s and #onse3entl( !e#o))endations t/at #an "e gi+en )a(
"e eD*e#ted to #/ange in *!o#ess of ti)e-
A..% Ass#m/t$ons
-.A.%.A T/e follo,ing ass)*tions and definitions a!e )ade0
1 T/e )odels des#!i"ed and !e#o))ended in t/is a**endiD a!e "ased on t/e state of t/e a!t 'no,ledge- No
ne, )et/od o! )odel is int!od#ed-
1 T/e!e is not (et one ni3e design of a floating ,ind t!"ine- T/e a**endiD is "ased on t/e state of t/e a!t
%013- So)e !e#o))endations a!e gi+en fo! so)e s*e#ifi# #on#e*ts- Ho,e+e! t/e details and set * of a
#o*led FWT anal(sis /a+e to "e e+alated on t/e s*e#ifi# #ase-
1 T/e design and +e!ifi#ation of a Floating Wind T!"ine FFWT5 is la!gel( de*endent on t/e s*e#ifi# site-
So)e !e#o))endations a!e gi+en fo! so)e 'no,n site-!elated isses- Ho,e+e! s*e#ifi# isses !elated to a
s*e#ifi# site assess)ent s/all "e e+alated se*a!atel(-
A..' 6et5odolog)
-.A.).A T/e anal(sis of a FWT #an "e fa#ilitated "( di+iding t/e s(ste) in diffe!ent s"-#o)*onents-
-.A.).% T/!ee s"#o)*onents a!e identified0
1 Wind T!"ine FWT5
1 Floating s**o!t st!#t!e. /e!e !efe!!ed to as Kfloate!L FF<5. in#lding to,e!
1 Station Kee*ing S(ste) FSKS5. in#lding t/e an#/o!s-
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $%+
G#$dance note@
T/e to,e! is /e!e g!o*ed ,it/ t/e floating s**o!t st!#t!e !at/e! t/an ,it/ t/e ,ind t!"ine- Ho,e+e!. it is an
o*tion to g!o* t/e to,e! ,it/ t/e t!"ine instead of ,it/ t/e floate!. sin#e it #an "e a!ged t/at t/e to,e! /as so)e
inte!a#tion ,it/ t/e ae!od(na)i# )odel and t/e to,e! stiffness )a( inflen#e t/e ae!od(na)i# loads on t/e ,ind
t!"ine- If t/e #o*led )odel is asse)"led *!o*e!l(. it does not )atte! ,/e!e t/e inte!fa#e "et,een t/e ,ind t!"ine
and t/e floating s**o!t st!#t!e is lo#ated H at t/e to,e! to* o! t/e to,e! "ase- 7ost ae!o-elasti# tools t/at /a+e "een
ada*ted fo! floating ,ind t!"ine a**li#ations /a+e t/e inte!fa#e *la#ed at t/e to,e! "ase-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
-.A.).) It is e)*/asiGed t/at *a!ti#la! #a!e s/old "e *t in )odelling t/e inte!fa#es "et,een t/e
s"#o)*onents Fsee NA-@-CO5-
-.A.).* Diffe!ent le+els of a##!a#( a!e *ossi"le in )odelling ea#/ of t/e s"#o)*onents and t/e inte!fa#es to
#o*le t/e)- T/!ee a##!a#( le+els a!e defined fo! t/e )odels of t/e s"#o)*onents Fsee S"se#tion NA-@O5-
-.A.).' T/e en+i!on)ental #onditions F,ind. ,a+es and #!!ents5 a!e defined in Ta"le A-% and t/e )odels fo!
!e*!od#e t/e) a!e des#!i"ed in S"se#tion NA-3O-
-.A.).C 8ased on t/e a##!a#( le+els. an a##!a#( )at!iD is #!eated. as !e*o!ted in Ta"le A-1- It is
!e#o))ended t/at fo! t/e anal(sis of ea#/ s"#o)*onent. t/e en+i!on)ental #onditions and t/e ot/e!
s"#o)*onents a!e )odelled a##o!ding to t/is ta"le-
-.A.).D De*ending on t/e s*e#ifi# anal(sis. a s*e#ifi# a##!a#( le+el ,ill "e !e3i!ed. t/s s*e#ifi# soft,a!e
,ill "e needed-
-.A.).E It is e)*/asiGed t/at t/e !e#o))endations in Ta"le A-1 a!e gene!al !e#o))endations0 s*e#ifi# isses
!elated to t/e #on#e*t to anal(se and t/e s*e#ifi# site assess)ent /a+e al,a(s to "e #!iti#all( #onside!ed- In
o!de! to fa#ilitate t/is *!o#ess. so)e sggestions f!o) *ast eD*e!ien#e a!e /ig/lig/ted Fsee S"se#tion NA-AO5
fo! so)e of t/e )ost !ele+ant #on#e*ts-
A.% De&$n$t$ons o& En,$ronmental Cond$t$ons and S#+com/onents
A.%. General
-.%.A.A Fo! te!)inolog( and definitions. !efe!en#e is )ade to Se#-1 and to DNV-OS-J101-
-.%.A.% In *a!ti#la!. a floating ,ind t!"ine FFWT5 is /e!e defined as Kt/e enti!e s(ste) #onsisting of ,ind
t!"ine. floating s**o!t st!#t!e and station 'ee*ing s(ste)L. also denoted as Kfloating ,ind t!"ine nitL-
A.%.% Degrees o& &reedom
-.%.%.A In o!de! to anal(se t/e fll s(ste). a !efe!en#e s(ste) is #onside!ed as in NA-%-3O. ,it/ o!igin in t/e
still ,ate! le+el and one aDis di!e#ted in t/e di!e#tion of t/e )ean ,ind s*eed- SiD deg!ees of f!eedo) FDOF5.
#o!!es*ondig to t/e siD !igid-"od( )odes of )otions. a!e defined as in NA-%-3O-
Ta+le A8 6odel acc#rac) matr$B
,omponent to
analyse
7ind 7aves ,urrents 7T 3/ SFS
FWT
T!"lent
FTa"le A-%5
<inea!
FTa"le A-%5
Stationa!(
<e+el II
Fsee NA-@-1O5
<e+el II
Fsee NA-@-%O5
<e+el IIJ
<e+elIII
15

Fsee NA-@-3O5
WT
T!"lent
FTa"le A-%5
<inea!
FTa"le A-%5
9an "e
o)itted
1
<e+el I
Fsee NA-@-1O5
<e+el III
Fsee NA-@-%O5
<e+el III
Fsee NA-@-3O5
F<
Dete!)inisti#J
T!"lent
%5
FTa"le A-%5
<inea!
35

FTa"le A-%5
Stationa!( J
$nstead(
?
<e+el III
Fsee NA-@-1O5
<e+el I
Fsee NA-@-%O5
<e+el I
Fsee NA-@-3O5
SKS
Dete!)inisti#J
T!"lent
FTa"le A-%5
<inea!
35

FTa"le A-%5
$nstead(
<e+el III
Fsee NA-@-1O5
<e+el II
Fsee NA-@-%O5
<e+el I
Fsee NA-@-3O5
15 Si)*lifi#ations a!e *ossi"le de*ending on t/e FWT #on#e*t and t/e site assess)ent-
%5 Fo! a fi!st stage anal(sis dete!)inisti# ,ind #old "e sed- T!"lent ,ind s/all "e sed ,/en )o!e detailed anal(sis
is !e3i!ed. fo! eDa)*le in t/e #ase of la!ge as())et!i# floate!s FFWT5-
35 It is !e#o))ended t/at t/e ,a+e t/eo!( a**lied is ad;sted to t/e *a!ti#la! stage in t/e design *!o#ess- Fo! an initial
assess)ent o! s#!eening it )a( "e sffi#ient to a**l( Ai!( Flinea!5 ,a+e t/eo!( fo! )ost #ases. ,/e!eas fo! detailed
design t/e ,a+e t/eo!( s/old "e #/osen to "e a**li#a"le ,it/ t/e go+e!ning design #onditions-
?5 T/e a##!a#( le+el /as to "e e+alated a##o!ding to t/e site and to t/e floate! #on#e*t Fsee NA-3-3O5-
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $%,
F$g#re A8
DOFs o& a &loat$ng w$nd t#r+$ne
A.%.' En,$ronmental cond$t$ons general
-.%.).A T/e en+i!on)ental #onditions a!e defined as gi+en in Ta"le A-%-
S!ge T!anslation along t/e longitdinal aDis F)ain ,ind
di!e#tion5
S,a( T!anslation along t/e late!al aDis Ft!ans+e!sal to t/e )ain
,ind di!e#tion5
Hea+e T!anslation along t/e +e!ti#al aDis
Roll Rotation a"ot t/e longitdinal aDis
2it#/ Rotation a"ot t/e late!al aDis
Qa, Rotation a"ot t/e +e!ti#al aDis
Ta+le A8% Re&erences &or de&$n$t$ons o& en,$ronmental cond$t$ons
Type otes Reference
Wind
T!"lent
Fsto#/asti#5 )odel
1 Se+e!al *o,e! s*e#t!al densit( )odels a!e
a+aila"le. see IE9 A1?00-1. DNV-OS-J101
and DNV-R2-9%0@
1 T/e K7ann )odelL *!o+ides a )et/od to
gene!ate t!"len#e s*e#t!a s#/ as t/e
Kai)al s*e#t!)
1 Ideal ti)e s#ale is 10 )in ,it/ a +ie, to
+alidit( of stationa!it( ass)*tion fo! ,ind
1 <onge! ti)e s#ales t/an 10 )in )a( "e
ne#essa!( fo! anal(sis of floating s**o!t nits
DNV-OS-J101
Dete!)inisti# ,ind DNV-OS-J101
Wa+es
<inea! FSto#/asti#
and dete!)inisti#5
1 Ai!( t/eo!(. St!ea) t/eo!( Fdete!)inisti# non-
linea! ,a+e )odel5 o! a #o)*a!a"l( a##!ate
t/eo!(
1 9o!!e#tions a!e !e#o))ended fo! s/allo,
,ate!s FW/eele! st!et#/ing #o!!e#tion5
1 T(*i#al ti)e s#ales fo! si)lation of ,a+es
a!e in t/e !ange 3 to A /o!s ,it/ a +ie, to
+alidit( of stationa!it( ass)*tion
DNV-R2-9%0@
T/eo!ies in#lding
se#ond o!de! effe#ts
o! s*e!io!
1 T/e t/eo!( s/old "e sele#ted e+alating t/e
site en+i!on)ental #onditions and t/e #on#e*t
DNV-R2-9%0@
9!!ents
Stationa!(
1 Va!iation ,it/ t/e de*t/ s/all "e in#lded
a##o!ding to t/e site
DNV-R2-9%0@
$nstead( DNV-R2-9%0@
Wate!
le+el
Tide DNV-R2-9%0@
Sto!) s!ge DNV-R2-9%0@
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $%-
A.%.( W$nd
-.%.*.A Fo! a ,ind t!"ine t/e ,ind !egi)e #an "e #atego!iGed into0
1 No!)al ,ind #onditions- T/ese t(*i#all( a!e go+e!ning fo! t/e fatige loads on t/e ,ind t!"ine- Se+e!e
sea-state #onditions #o)"ined ,it/ no!)al ,ind #onditions #an d!i+e ,ind t!"ine loads in so)e s*e#ifi#
en+i!on)ents s#/ as s/allo, ,ate!-
1 EDt!e)e ,ind #onditions- T/ese t(*i#all( a!e go+e!ning fo! eDt!e)e loads on t/e ,ind t!"ine- T/e
eDt!e)e ,ind loads )a( also #ont!i"te ,it/ non-negligi"le fatige loads-
-.%.*.% T/e sele#tion of t/e *!o*e! ,ind s*eed and di!e#tion s/all "e #a!!ied ot a##o!ding to t/e standa!ds
DNV-OS-J101 and IE9 A1?00-1 and a##o!ding to t/e load #ase to "e si)lated-
A.%.. Wa,es
-.%.'.A Wa+es a!e i!!egla! and !ando) in s/a*e. /eig/t and s*eed of *!o*agation- S#/ an i!!egla! sea state
is t(*i#all( des#!i"ed "( a f!e3en#( s*e#t!) Fsee !efe!en#es in Ta"le A-%5 defined in te!)s of t/e signifi#ant
,a+e /eig/t. t/e *ea' ,a+e *e!iod. t/e )ain ,a+e di!e#tion and so)e s*!eading fn#tion- T(*i#all( a !eal sea
state #an #onsist of se+e!al s#/ i!!egla! sea states- Sea states #an "e #lassified into0
1 Wind seas- T/ese a!e gene!ated "( t/e lo#al ,ind #onditions. and a!e t(*i#all( i!!egla! and s/o!t-#!ested-
1 S,ell seas- T/ese /a+e no !elation to t/e lo#al ,ind #onditions. and a!e t(*i#all( long Fin te!)s of
,a+elengt/5 and )o!e !egla! and long-#!ested t/an ,ind sea ,a+es-
A.%.- C#rrents
-.%.C.A T/e i)*o!tan#e of t/e #!!ents fo! anal(sis of floating ,ind t!"ines de*ends on t/e #on#e*t to "e
)odelled- F!o) O:4 eD*e!ien#e. #!!ents a!e es*e#iall( !ele+ant fo! s*a! s(ste)s-
-.%.C.% 9!!ents )a( "e #atego!iGed into0
1 ,ind ind#ed #!!ents
1 tidal #!!ents
1 sto!) s!ge #!!ents
1 o#ean #!!ents Fgeost!o*/i#al #!!ents5
1 loo* and edd( #!!ents
1 #oastal #!!ents Flongs/o!e #!!ents5-
-.%.C.) Wind gene!ated and tidal #!!ents a!e sall( do)inant and s/all al,a(s "e e+alated. ,/ile t/e ot/e!
#!!ents "e#o)e i)*o!tant at *a!ti#la! sites andJo! fo! s*e#ifi# #on#e*ts-
A.%.7 W$nd t#r+$ne
-.%.D.A 7ost of t/e ,ind t!"ines a+aila"le on t/e )a!'et a!e 3 "laded. *it#/ #ont!olled. /o!iGontal aDis ,ind
t!"ines FHAWT5- F!t/e! in t/e a**endiD. t/is 'ind of ,ind t!"ine ,ill "e si)*l( !efe!!ed to as K,ind
t!"ineL- No distin#tion is )ade in t/e a**endiD "et,een di!e#t d!i+e and gea!"oD te#/nolog(-
-.%.D.% Ot/e! *ossi"le te#/nologi#al #/oi#es ,ill in#lde0 % "laded !oto!s. +e!ti#al aDis ,ind t!"ines
FVAWT5. stall !eglated )a#/ines and do,n,ind !oto!s- So)e s*e#ifi# ad+i#es ,ill "e gi+en in t/e a**endiD.
!ega!ding so)e of t/ese te#/nologies-
-.%.D.) Fo! a detailed des#!i*tion of ,ind t!"ine design. see FDNV and Ris_ National <a"o!ato!(. %00%5-
A.%.: Floaters general
-.%.E.A Floate!s #an "e #lassified in t/!ee "asi# t(*es. "ased on t/e ,a( t/e( !ea#/ t/e sta"ilit( in *it#/J!oll.
see Fig!e A-%0
1 "a!ge. ,ate! *lane sta"iliGed
1 s*a!. "allast sta"iliGed
1 T<2. tendon sta"iliGed-
-.%.E.% A fo!t/ t(*e is !e*!esented "( t/e se)is")e!si"le floate!. ,/i#/ o"tains *it#/ !esto!ing f!o) a
#o)"ination of "o(an#( and "allasting- Details a"ot t/e diffe!ent floating st!#t!es a!e a+aila"le f!o) t/e
lite!at!e. see FFaltinsen. 1CC05 and DNV-R2-F%0@-
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $%.
F$g#re A8%
Class$&$cat$on o& t5e &loater* +ased on t5e sta+$l$C$ng /r$nc$/le $n /$tc5
A.%.1 S/ars
-.%.G.A A FWT #on#e*t. sing a s*a! *latfo!). /as "een de+elo*ed and a *!otot(*e KH(,indL /as "een
installed in No!,egian ,ate!s FS'aa!e et al-. %00B5- 9!!ent fo!#es /a+e a la!ge !elati+e i)*o!tan#e. and )a(
in )an( #ases "e t/e do)inant en+i!on)ental fo!#e #ont!i"tion- T/is )a'es t/e s*a! +lne!a"le to lo,-
f!e3en#( Vo!teD Ind#ed 7otions FVI75- S*a!s sall( /a+e s)all /ea+e )otions de to a la!ge nat!al /ea+e
*e!iod and in gene!al s)all ,a+e-f!e3en#( )otions also in t/e ot/e! deg!ees of f!eedo)-
-.%.G.% A fe, floating ,ind t!"ines sing a s*a! *latfo!) /a+e "een in+estigated in n)e!i#al stdies.
FJon')an and 7sial. %0105 and FJon')an and 7at/a. %0105- In *a!ti#la! in FJon')an and 7at/a. %0105. t/e
loads of a floating ,ind t!"ine )onted on a s*a! a!e #o)*a!ed against t/e loads eD*e!ien#ed "( t/e sa)e
,ind t!"ine on land- W/ile )ost of t/e loads ,e!e al)ost n#/anged. t/e "ending )o)ent at "otto) of t/e
,ind t!"ine to,e! ,e!e #onside!a"l( /ig/e! in t/e floating #ase. i-e- a!ond A0P la!ge! fo! t/e eDt!e)e loads
and o+e! 100P la!ge! fo! t/e e3i+alent fatige loads-
A.%." Sem$s#+mers$+les and +arges
-.%.A&.A Se)is")e!si"les in t/e oil and gas indst!( a!e sall( #ol)n-sta"iliGed nits ,it/ !elati+el( s)all
,ate! *lane a!eas- T/e )a;o! *a!t of t/e "o(an#( is t(*i#all( *!o+ided "( s")e!ged *ontoons t/at eDtend
"e(ond t/e de#'-lengt/ of t/e *latfo!)- Se)is")e!si"les )a( eD*e!ien#e )otions of signifi#ant )agnitde.
"ot/ ,a+e f!e3ent and lo, f!e3ent-
-.%.A&.% Anot/e! "o(an#(-sta"iliGed nit is t/e "a!ge-t(*e floate!- T/is t(*e of floate! sall( /as a la!ge
,ate! *lane a!ea and #o!!es*ondingl( a /ig/ !esto!ing stiffness. es*e#iall( in /ea+e and *it#/ "t also in !oll-
T/is )eans t/at t/e nat!al *e!iods in t/ese )odes of )otions a!e !elati+el( lo,- In t/e std( "( FJon')an and
7at/a. %0105. t/e loads eD*e!ien#ed "( a ,ind t!"ine )onted on a "a!ge a!e )#/ la!ge! t/an t/e loads on
t/e sa)e ,ind t!"ine )onted on a s*a! o! on a T<2- T/ese loads see) to "e ind#ed "( t/e la!ge
dis*la#e)ents of t/e "a!ge *latfo!)-
Ho,e+e!. t/e se of se)is")e!si"le *latfo!)s s/old alle+iate t/ese isses. and a ,ind t!"ine #on#e*t
KWindFloatL /as s##essfll( "een installed off t/e #oast of 2o!tgal. see FRoddie!. 9e!)elli. A"alt and
Weinstein. %0105-
A.%. Tens$on leg /lat&orms tendon8sta+$l$Ced #n$ts
-.%.AA.A Fo! a Tension <eg 2latfo!) FT<25 t/e +e!ti#al )otion is go+e!ned "( t/e tendon stiffness and not t/e
,ate! *lane a!ea- T/e tendon stiffness also *!o+ides t/e )a;o! *a!t of t/e !esto!ing in /ea+e. !oll and *it#/. and
t/e sta"ilit( of a T<2 ,ill t(*i#all( "e se+e!el( affe#ted if one o! )o!e of t/e tendons lose tension o! "!ea'-
-.%.AA.% A T<2 t(*i#all( /as /ig/ nat!al *e!iods in s!ge. s,a( and (a, ,/e!eas t/e nat!al *e!iods in /ea+e.
!oll and *it#/ a!e lo, de to t/e s*!ing stiffness *!o+ided "( t/e tendons- T/e eDa#t !esonan#e *e!iods a!e gi+en
"( t/e lengt/ and *!etension of t/e tendons- T/e !esonan#e *e!iods a!e also de*endent on t/e fleDi"ilit( of t/e
,ind t!"ine and t/e to,e!-
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $%/
-.%.AA.) De to t/e /ig/ !esto!ing in /ea+e. !oll and *it#/ a T<2 ,ill t(*i#all( eD*e!ien#e +e!( s)all ,a+e-
f!e3en#( os#illations in t/ese )odes of )otion- Hig/e! o!de! eD#itation f!o) s)-f!e3en#( ,a+e fo!#es )a(
/o,e+e! int!od#e /ig/-f!e3en#( !esonant os#illations s#/ as s*!inging and !inging- S#/ !esonant
os#illations )a( gi+e signifi#ant #ont!i"tions to t/e fo!#es in t/e tendons. "ot/ ,it/ !es*e#t to fatige and
st!#t!al st!engt/- If s#/ !esonant "e/a+io! o##!s t/e s(ste) is sensiti+e to,a!ds s)all +a!iations in
da)*ing- T/e da)*ing )st /en#e "e *!o*e!l( assessed in o!de! to esti)ate a !ealisti# !es*onse at !esonan#e-
-.%.AA.* W/en t/e offset in t/e /o!iGontal *lane "e#o)es la!ge a T<2 ,ill eD*e!ien#e signifi#ant set-do,n and
*ossi"l( o+e!t!ning effe#ts de to t/e /ig/ /ea+e. !oll and *it#/ !esto!ing-
A.%.% Stat$on kee/$ng s)stem
-.%.A%.A T/e !ele+ant station 'ee*ing s(ste)s #an "e di+ided into t/!ee )ain g!o*s. na)el( #atena!(
s(ste)s. tat s(ste)s and tendon s(ste)s-
-.%.A%.% T/e diffe!en#e "et,een a #atena!( s(ste) and a tat s(ste) is illst!ated in Fig!e A-3-
F$g#re A8'
D$&&erence +etween catenar) and ta#t moor$ng s)stems ;&rom 9r)5o&* %"%<
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $%0
-.%.A%.) A tendon s(ste) fo! station 'ee*ing is illst!ated in Fig!e A-?-
F$g#re A8(
EBam/le o& tendon s)stem &or stat$on kee/$ng ;&rom Gonkman and 6at5a* %""<.
-.%.A%.* In a #atena!( )oo!ing s(ste). a *a!t of t/e )oo!ing line to,a!ds t/e an#/o! lies on t/e sea"ed- 7ost
of t/e !esto!ing fo!#e *!o+ided "( a #atena!( s(ste) is de to t/e ,eig/t of t/e /anging )oo!ing line. i-e-
g!a+it( a#ting +e!ti#all( on t/e line- 9atena!( s(ste)s a!e #o))onl( #o)*osed of steel !o*e and #/ain
seg)ents. and so)eti)es #l)* ,eig/ts and "o(s a!e sed in o!de! to a#/ie+e t/e desi!ed line #onfig!ation-
-.%.A%.' In a tat )oo!ing s(ste) t/e )oo!ing line a!!i+es at t/e an#/o! ,it/ an angle. i-e- no *a!t of t/e line
is !esting on t/e sea"ed- T/e )oo!ing line is nea!l( st!aig/t "et,een t/e fai!lead. *ossi"le #l)* ,eig/t and
t/e an#/o!- T/e!efo!e t/e foot*!int of a tat s(ste) in gene!al is s)alle! t/an fo! a #atena!( s(ste)- 7ost of
t/e !esto!ing fo!#e *!o+ided "( a tat s(ste) is de to t/e elasti#it( of t/e )oo!ing lines-
Tat s(ste)s often #onsist of la!ge seg)ents of s(nt/eti# !o*es-
-.%.A%.C Tendons sed in T<2s a!e sall( )ade of steel t"es !at/e! t/an elasti# !o*es- So)eti)es s(nt/eti#
fi"!e !o*es a!e sed- Ot/e! t/an t/at a tendon s(ste) is in )an( ,a(s si)ila! to a tat s(ste)- T/e steel t"es
/a+e little aDial fleDi"ilit(. ,/i#/ is essential in o!de! fo! t/e floate! to eD*e!ien#e onl( s)all +e!ti#al )otions-
-.%.A%.D An#/o!s t!ansfe! fo!#es f!o) t/e )oo!ing lines o! tendons. as a**li#a"le. to t/e sea"ed soils o! !o#'-
Diffe!ent t(*es of an#/o!s a!e listed in Se#-C- So)e t(*es of an#/o!s lend t/e)sel+es as feasi"le fo! se as
s/a!ed an#/o! *oints fo! )oo!ing lines f!o) )o!e t/an one floating nit-
A.' Recommendat$ons &or 6odels o& En,$ronmental Cond$t$ons
A.'. W$nd
-.).A.A T!"lent ,ind s/all "e )odelled a##o!ding to Ta"le A-%. sing one of t/e s*e#t!a *!esented in DNV-
R2-9%0@- T/e 7ann )odel fo! t!"lent ,ind is la!gel( sed ,it/in t/e ,ind ene!g( indst!(. and it is
!e#o))ended ,/en t/e std( of t/e !oto! is !ele+ant- Refe!en#e is )ade to IE9 A1?00-1- Refe!en#e is )ade
to 7ann F1CCE5-
-.).A.% T/e ,ind )odel s/all "e #a*a"le of in#lding0
1 t!"len#e F+a!(ing le+el. !esoltion and g!id +a!ia"les5
1 ,ind s/ea!
1 gst Fsto#/asti# and dete!)inisti#5-
-.).A.) Ideall(. t/e ti)e s#ale s/old "e 10 )intes ,/en ae!od(na)i# loads a!e in#lded in t/e si)lationsI
/o,e+e!. fo! anal(sis of floating ,ind t!"ine nits signifi#antl( longe! si)lations a!e sall( ne#essa!(-
-.).A.* A dete!)inisti# !e*!esentation of t/e ,ind #an "e sed fo! so)e s*e#ifi# load anal(sis-
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $$%
-.).A.' In #e!tain #ases it )a( "e !e3i!ed to a**l( diffe!ent )et/ods ,/en anal(sing loads de to eDt!e)e
,ind #onditions instead of no!)al ,ind #onditions- As an eDa)*le it )a( "e !ele+ant to a**l( )eas!ed ti)e
se!ies of ,ind s*eeds !at/e! t/an ,ind s*eeds gene!ated f!o) gene!i# ,ind s*e#t!a- So)e gidan#e on /o, to
anal(se t/e e+ent of a s3all ,/en anal(sing fo! se in a )oo!ing s(ste) anal(sis is gi+en in DNV-OS-E301-
-.).A.C 9ation )st "e eDe!#ised in #ase of a**li#ations to la!ge !oto!s and long ti)e se!ies si)lations. fo!
,/i#/ it )a( *!o+e diffi#lt to a#/ie+e a sffi#ientl( /ig/ !esoltion of t/e ,ind field fo! t/e *!*ose-
A.'.% Wa,es
-.).%.A T/e ti)e s#ale fo! si)lation of ,a+es is sall( in t/e !ange 3 to A /o!s-
-.).%.% In #o*led anal(sis of a floating s(ste). a +a!iet( of ,a+e t/eo!ies #an "e sed. so)e of ,/i#/ a!e
)entioned in DNV-R2-9%0@-
-.).%.) T/e )ost #o))onl( sed ,a+e )odels fo! #o*led anal(sis a!e i!!egla! Ai!( ,a+es- Ho,e+e!. t/e
+alidit( of t/e Ai!( ,a+e t/eo!( )a( "e 3estioned fo! s/allo, ,ate! andJo! ,/en t/e ,a+es "e#o)e stee*- In
#ase of +e!( s/allo, ,ate! t/e ,a+es )a( signifi#antl( #/ange "e/a+io! and "e#o)e )o!e nonlinea! fo! /ig/
#!ests- Fo! t/ese /ig/ #!ests a nonlinea! St!ea) fn#tion o! @
t/
o!de! Sto'es ,a+e )a( "e e)"edded in t/e
i!!egla! Ai!( ,a+e )odel to gi+e )o!e a##!ate ,a+e 'ine)ati#s a!ond t/e /ig/ #!est- To a+oid
dis#ontinities a s)oot/ t!ansition "et,een t/e t,o ,a+e )odels )st "e ens!ed- Fo! )ode!ate ,ate! de*t/
and in dee* ,ate! %
nd
o!de! i!!egla! ,a+es #an "e sed to )odel /ig/ sea states- Nonlinea! ,a+e t/eo!ies s/all
"e sed to si)late st!ongl( nonlinea! effe#ts li'e i)*a#t f!o) "!ea'ing ,a+es-
-.).%.* In t/e *!o#ess of t/e floate! design anal(sis. it is !e#o))ended t/at t/e ,a+e t/eo!( a**lied is ad;sted
to t/e a#tal stage in t/e design *!o#ess- Fo! an initial assess)ent o! s#!eening it )a( "e sffi#ient to a**l(
Ai!( ,a+e t/eo!( fo! )ost #ases. ,/e!eas fo! detailed design t/e ,a+e t/eo!( s/old "e #/osen to "e a**li#a"le
,it/ t/e go+e!ning design #onditions- 7o!e details on t/e diffe!ent ,a+e t/eo!ies a!e offe!ed in DNV-R2-
9%0@- Fo! !e#o))endations !ega!ding t/e sele#tion of t/e #o!!e#t t/eo!( to a s*e#ifi# *!o;e#t. !efe!en#e is )ade
to DNV-OS-J101- N)e!i#al tools t/at #an )odel nonlinea! ,a+e t/eo!ies gene!all( do not a**l( to #al#lation
of ,a+e loads on la!ge-+ol)e st!#t!es *e!tinent to floating ,ind t!"ines-
A.'.' C#rrents
-.).).A T/e #!!ents listed in Ta"le A-% and NA-%-A-%O /a+e to "e )odelled a##o!ding to t/e s*e#ifi#ation of
t/e sites- Often t/e ,ind and tidal #!!ent #o)*onents a!e do)inant- T/e diffe!ent #!!ent +elo#it( #o)*onents
#an "e s*e!i)*osed "( ta'ing t/e +e#to! s) of ea#/ #o)*onent- It is i)*o!tant to ta'e into a##ont t/e de*t/-
de*enden#e of t/e #!!ent +elo#it(- If detailed )eas!e)ents do not eDist. t/is #an "e done "( assigning
standa!d #!!ent *!ofiles- T(*i#all( t/e tidal #o)*onent #an "e ass)ed to +a!( a##o!ding to a *o,e! la,.
,/e!eas t/e ,ind #o)*onent )a( "e ass)ed to +a!( linea!l( do,n to so)e distan#e "et,een t/e still ,ate!
le+el and t/e sea"ed-
-.).).% 9!!ents a!e in gene!al nstead(. i-e- t/e +elo#it(. t/e le+el of t!"len#e and t/e di!e#tion +a!( ,it/
ti)e- It is a #o))on ass)*tion in station 'ee*ing anal(sis to ass)e t/at t/e #!!ent is stationa!( Fi-e- not
+a!(ing ,it/ ti)e5. "t +a!ies ,it/ de*t/- Fo! )ost a**li#ations in+ol+ing glo"al *e!fo!)an#e of a floate! t/is
is a +alid ass)*tion-
-.).).) Ho,e+e!. fo! en+i!on)ents ,/e!e #!!ent fl#tations of la!ge )agnitde a!e eD*e#ted on a ti)e s#ale
t/at is !ele+ant ,it/ !es*e#t to t/e st!#t!eMs !es*onse. t/is ass)*tion s/old "e !e+isited ,/en *e!fo!)ing
anal(sis fo! detailed design- S#/ #onside!ations sall( !e3i!e #!!ent )eas!e)ents on t/e a#tal
installation site to "e a+aila"le- In )ost #ases it is still eD*e#ted t/at ass)ing stationa!( #!!ent is a**li#a"le
also in detailed design. sin#e t/e glo"al *e!fo!)an#e of t/e floate! t(*i#all( is !elati+el( insensiti+e to lo#al
#!!ent fl#tations-
-.).).* An a##!ate )odelling of t/e #!!ent #onditions is i)*o!tant fo! dete!)ining fo!#es on )oo!ing lines-
Fo! st!#t!es ,it/ la!ge d!afts t/e #!!ent fo!#es a#ting on t/e /ll st!#t!e itself )a( also "e signifi#ant and
in so)e #ases do)inant o+e! ot/e! en+i!on)ental loads-
A.'.( Wa,e8c#rrent $nteract$ons
-.).*.A Fo! st!ong #!!ents and !elati+el( stee* ,a+es t/e ,a+e-#!!ent inte!a#tions s/old "e ta'en into
a##ont ,/en #onside!ing ai! ga* and ,a+e i)*a#t Fsla))ing5 *!o"le)s. see DNV-R2-9%0@- If. fo! eDa)*le.
t/e #!!ent di!e#tion is o**osite of t/e ,a+e di!e#tion t/is )a( tend to stee*en t/e ,a+es-
-.).*.% T/e *!esen#e of a #!!ent )a( signifi#antl( #/ange t/e ,a+e d!ift fo!#es on a floate!- T/is is de to
"ot/ in+is#id and +is#os effe#ts. ,/e!e t/e fo!)e! is 'no,n as wave drift damping- 8ot/ of t/ese effe#ts a!e
*ossi"le to a##ont fo! in a #o)*te! si)lation. !efe!en#e is )ade to FA!an/a. 1CC?5 and DNV-R2-9%0@ fo!
/o, to #o)*te t/e ,a+e d!ift da)*ing-
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $$$
A.( Recommendat$ons &or D)nam$c 6odels
A.(. Str#ct#ral d)nam$c model
-.*.A.A W/en #/oosing /o, to )odel st!#t!al !es*onses. it is i)*o!tant to #onside! t/e fleDi"ilit( and t/e
i)*o!tant eigenf!e3en#ies of t/e st!#t!e- In gene!al. !elati+el( si)*le )odels #an "e a##e*ted fo! st!#t!es
t/at /a+e s)all fleDi"ilit( and all i)*o!tant st!#t!al eigenf!e3en#ies ,ell a,a( f!o) ,a+e and ,ind
eD#itation f!e3en#ies- An eDa)*le of s#/ a )odel is a !igid-"od( )odel ,/e!e t/e st!#t!e is !est!i#ted f!o)
defo!)ation ot/e! t/an !igid "od( )otions. gene!all( in siD deg!ees of f!eedo)-
G#$dance note@
Fo! )odelling of T<2s it is *a!ti#la!l( i)*o!tant to )odel t/e fleDi"ilit( of t/e to,e! in a !e*!esentati+e )anne!. as
T<2s see signifi#ant #/anges in t/e nat!al *e!iods in *it#/ and !oll ,/en t/e to,e! is )odelled as fleDi"le as
#o)*a!ed to !igid- T/is also a**lies to #o)*liant to,e! #on#e*ts-
---e-n-d---of---4--i-d-a-n-#-e---n-o-t-e---
-.*.A.% 7o!e so*/isti#ated )odels )a( !e*!esent fleDi"le *a!ts of t/e st!#t!e. e-g- t/e t!"ine "lades and t/e
t!"ine to,e!. ,it/ a finite n)"e! of nodes- Ea#/ of t/ese nodes is f!ee to )o+e in siD deg!ees of f!eedo) Fo!
t/!ee if !otations a!e negle#ted5. and t/e !es*onse of ea#/ node is dete!)ined f!o) )ltidi)ensional stiffness
and da)*ing )at!i#es- In o!de! to )odel t/e st!#t!al !es*onse in a !ealisti# ,a( it is t/s i)*o!tant t/at t/ese
)at!i#es a!e *!o*e!l( esta"lis/ed so t/at st!#t!al fleDi"ilit( and da)*ing a!e dl( a##onted fo!-
-.*.A.) 7odal )odels. finite ele)ent )odels and )lti"od( )odels )a( "e sed fo! d(na)i# )odelling of
t/e floating ,ind t!"ine nit- T/ese t/!ee )odels. and #o)"inations of t/e). /a+e "een ,idel( sed in
#o))e!#iall( a+aila"le ae!oelasti# #odes. *!o+iding !elia"le !eslts- 7ost ,ind t!"ine )odels #onsist of a
#o)"ination of t/ese )odels. fo! eDa)*le )odal and )lti"od( )odel o! FE7 and )lti"od( )odel-
-.*.A.* It is !e#o))ended t/at t/e d(na)i# st!#t!al )odel "e tested and +alidated. "efo!e it is "eing sed
fo! a #o*led s(ste) anal(sis to si)late a floating ,ind t!"ine- 2a!ti#la! #a!e s/all "e *t also in #/oosing
t/e #o!!e#t )odel. #onside!ing t/e #on#e*t to "e )odelled- It s/all "e #/e#'ed t/at t/e )odel #an #o!!e#tl(
/andle t/e le+el of defle#tions. !otations and dis*la#e)ents-
A.(.% 6odal models
-.*.%.A 7odal st!#t!al )odels a!e #o)*tationall( effi#ient. "t a!e not sited to /andle effe#ts s#/ as
nonlinea!ities o##!!ing at la!ge defle#tions-
A.(.' F$n$te element modell$ng
-.*.).A A f!t/e! en/an#e)ent is to se a Finite Ele)ent FFE5 fo!)lation to )odel t/e st!#t!e- FE )et/ods
!e3i!e /ig/e! #o)*tational ti)e t/an )odal !e*!esentations. "t )a(. de*ending on t/e a**lied fo!)lation.
ta'e into a##ont effe#ts li'e la!ge defo!)ations and st!#t!al nonlinea!ities FA/lst!`). %00@5-
-.*.).% W/en t/e ,ind t!"ine !oto! is in#lded in t/e si)lations. t/e st!#t!al )odel s/all in#lde0
1 g!a+it( loads on t/e !oto! "lades ,/i#/ +a!( ,it/ !otation F)ost !ele+ant fo! st!#t!al anal(sis5
1 #ent!ifgal and 9o!iolis fo!#es de to !otation
1 g(!os#o*i# fo!#es de to (a,ing-
-.*.).) St!#t!al da)*ing #an "e added to t/e )odel in diffe!ent ,a(s- Ho,e+e! t/e #o!!e#t +ale of t/e
st!#t!al da)*ing s/all "e !e*!od#ed and *a!ti#la! a##!a#( s/all "e sed ,it/ t/e #o)*onents s";e#ted to
+i"!ations and *otential insta"ilities. s#/ as "lades and to,e!-
A.(.( 6#lt$+od) models
-.*.*.A A )lti"od( fo!)lation di+ide t/e )odel in diffe!ent "odies. #o*led sing alge"!ai# e3ations as
#onst!aints- Ea#/ of t/e "odies is )odelled ,it/ a finite ele)ent )odel- <a!ge !otations and t!anslations a!e
a##onted at t/e #o*ling inte!fa#es. ,/ile s)all defle#tions a!e s**osed ,it/in t/e o";e#ts-
A.(.. Aerod)nam$c model ;Aerod)nam$c loads<
-.*.'.A 7ost of t/e a+aila"le #o))e!#ial ,ind t!"ines ae!o-elasti# #odes se t/e 8lade Ele)ent 7o)ent)
)et/od F8E75 to #al#late t/e loads on t/e !oto!- T/e 8E7 #o)"ines t/e 8lade Ele)ent and t/e 7o)ent)
t/eo!ies and it ass)es t/at t/e !oto! #an "e )odelled as an a#tato! dis#. ,/ile t/e flo, is aDis())et!i#-
-.*.'.% T/e 8E7 is *a!ti#la!l( sita"le fo! ae!o-elasti# i)*le)entations- T/is is de to t/e li)ited a)ont
of t/e #o)*tational ti)e- T/s. e+en t/og/ )o!e #o)*leD ae!od(na)i# )odels a!e #o))e!#iall( a+aila"le.
t/e 8E7 is still ,idel( sed in t/e ,ind t!"ine indst!( fo! load #al#lation- T/is is t/e #ase also fo! floating
,ind t!"ines- Ho,e+e!. so)e #o!!e#tions and i)*!o+e)ents )st "e i)*le)ented in t/e 8E7 #odes ,/en
t/ese #odes a!e to "e a**lied to floating ,ind t!"ines0
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $$'
1 e)*i!i#al #o!!e#tion of ti* and /" losses
1 d(na)i# inflo, ,ind
1 a d(na)i# stall )odel
1 to,e! s/ado, effe#t-
-.*.'.) T/e ae!od(na)i# da)*ing s/all "e also #o!!e#tl( esti)ated "( t/e #ode. in#lding t/e da)*ing f!o)
t/e non-!otating #o)*onents s#/ as to,e!. na#elle and floate!-
-.*.'.* Fo! a des#!i*tion of t/e state of t/e a!t of 8E7 #odes fo! floating ,ind t!"ines. see F$*Wind. no date5-
-.*.'.' 4ene!aliGed D(na)i# Wa'e F4DW5 is an ae!od(na)i# )odel. ,/i#/ i)*lies a diffe!ent soltion
)et/od t/an 8E7- T/e #o)*tational effi#ien#( of 4DW is si)ila! to t/at of 8E7. onl( 4DW )a( eD/i"it
#on+e!gen#e *!o"le)s at la!ge ti* s*eed !atios-
-.*.'.C Ot/e! *ossi"le n)e!i#al )et/ods t/at #an "e sed to #al#late t/e ae!od(na)i# loads a!e0
1 a +o!teD-"ased )et/od. fo! eDa)*le see FVan 4a!!el. %0035-
1 a Na+ie!-Sto'es sol+e! F9o)*tational Flid D(na)i#s5. FNOWITE9H. %0105-
8ot/ )et/ods /a+e t/e disad+antage of !elati+el( long #o)*tational ti)es. "t #an "e sefl fo! anal(sing
so)e ae!od(na)i# as*e#ts in )o!e detail- A #o)*a!ison of t/e t,o )et/ods is a+aila"le in FSe"astian and
<a#'ne!. %0105- T/ese n)e!i#al sol+e!s a!e !e#o))ended onl( fo! a detailed std( of t/e !oto!-
A.(.- H)drod)nam$c model ;H)drod)nam$c loads<
-.*.C.A In floating ,ind t!"ine anal(sis. t/e floate! )a( "e )odelled as a slende! st!#t!e F7o!ison )odel5.
a t/!ee-di)ensional diff!a#ting "od( o! a #o)"ination of t/e t,o-
-.*.C.% W/en t/e floate! is )odelled as a slende! st!#t!e. ,a+e !adiation da)*ing )a( "e negle#ted. and t/e
,a+e loads on t/e "od( #an "e #al#lated "( )eans of t/e se)i-e)*i!i#al 7o!isonMs e3ation ,/i#/ in#ldes
a d!ag te!) and an ine!tia te!)- T/e se of 7o!isonMs e3ation /as se+e!al li)itations. as s))a!iGed in
FJon')an. %00B5. FNe,)an. 1CCB5 and FFaltinsen. 1CC050
1 ,a+e !adiation da)*ing is not #onside!ed. ,/i#/ is a##e*ta"le onl( fo! +e!( !igid st!#t!es ,it/ s)all
)otion
1 so)e of t/e te!)s of t/e added )ass )at!iD a!e dis!ega!ded. ,/i#/ is +alid fo! aDial s())et!i# "odies
1 t/e diff!a#tion *!o"le) is si)*lified a##o!ding to t/e 4-I- Ta(lo!sM long ,a+elengt/ a**!oDi)ation. ,/i#/
)a'es t/e t/eo!( +alid onl( fo! slende! "odies. see Fig!e A-@-
-.*.C.) An alte!nati+e to t/e 7o!isonMs fo!)lation is to )odel t/e floate! as a t/!ee-di)ensional diff!a#ting
"od(- T/en t/e ,a+e loads on t/e "od( a!e #al#lated "( )eans of *otential t/eo!(. t(*i#all( t/!og/ a *anel
)et/od-
-.*.C.* Rega!dless of ,/et/e! 7o!isonMs fo!)lation o! *otential t/eo!( is sed to #al#late t/e ,a+e loads.
t/e d!ag load ,ill not "e fll( #o!!e#t- $sing 7o!isonMs fo!)lation t/e ,a+e !adiation effe#t is dis!ega!ded.
and sing *otential t/eo!( t/e +is#os d!ag is )issing- 8( eit/e! )et/od. t/e ,a+e loads )a( "e sol+ed eit/e!
linea!l( o! nonlinea!l(. "t none of t/e) a##onts *!o*e!l( fo! +is#os effe#ts- T/e!efo!e a #o)"ination of t/e
)et/ods is so)eti)es sed0 2otential t/eo!( *ls +is#os effe#ts f!o) 7o!isonMs fo!)lation- Often a slende!
)odel is sed toget/e! ,it/ a *anel )et/od in o!de! to int!od#e t/e effe#t of +is#osit( t/!og/ d!ag fo!#es on
t/e 7o!ison ele)ents FJon')an. %00B5-
-.*.C.' T/e #o)*tations #an "e *e!fo!)ed di!e#tl( in t/e ti)e do)ain. o! t/e( #an *!o+ide f!e3en#(-do)ain
t!ansfe! fn#tions to "e sed in anot/e! ti)e do)ain si)lation #ode-
-.*.C.C A gideline fo! ,/en t/e +a!ios t/eo!ies a!e +alid is offe!ed in Fig!e A-@- T/is fig!e st!i#tl( /olds
fo! a fiDed #i!#la! #(linde! ,it/ dia)ete! d in ,a+es /a+ing ,a+e lengt/ / and /eig/t $. "t is also a**li#a"le
as gidan#e fo! a floating st!#t!e ,it/ #i!#la!-li'e #!oss se#tion-
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $$&
F$g#re A8.
Reg$ons o& ,al$d$t) &or d$&&erent 5)drod)nam$c t5eor$es &or a &$Bed c$rc#lar c)l$nder w$t5 d$ameter d $n
wa,es w$t5 wa,elengt5 4 and 5e$g5t H ;+ased on >,$ttem* 0ac5)nsk$ and 6oan* %"%<.
-.*.C.D In late! (ea!s it /as "e#o)e )o!e and )o!e #o))on to a**l( 9o)*tational Flid D(na)i#s F9FD5
,/en sol+ing st!ongl( nonlinea! flid-st!#t!e inte!a#tion *!o"le)s- EDa)*les of s#/ *!o"le)s a!e ,a+e
i)*a#t Fsla))ing5 and !inging loads in stee* ,a+es- 9FD )et/ods sol+e t/e Na+ie!-Sto'es e3ations in t/e
ti)e do)ain t/!og/ +a!ios n)e!i#al s#/e)es. offe!ing a )o!e #o!!e#t ,a( to #o)*te st!ongl( nonlinea!
,a+e loads as ,ell as dealing )o!e *!o*e!l( ,it/ +is#osit( t/an ot/e! )et/ods- 9FD is also t/e )ost
a**!o*!iate tool if one is to std( VI7 n)e!i#all(-
-.*.C.E Initial stdies )a( "enefit f!o) sing si)*le anal(sis )odels s#/ as slende! )odels- 4i+en t/at t/e
st!#t!e is #o)*ati"le s#/ )odels )a( gi+e !easona"le esti)ates d!ing ea!l( #on#e*tal */ases- Fo! detailed
design */ases. ,/e!e fo! eDa)*le loads on t/e to,e! st!#t!e d!ing ,a+e i)*a#t in stee* ,a+es a!e needed.
it is !e#o))ended to se so*/isti#ated )et/ods s#/ as 9FD- Ho,e+e!. ot/e! )eans to deal ,it/ t/is t(*e of
*!o"le)s eDist. a**l(ing anal(ti# )odels fo! std(ing effe#ts of ,a+e i)*a#t and !inging loads- In eit/e! ,a(
t/e !eslts f!o) n)e!i#al #o)*tations s/old "e dl( +e!ified. es*e#iall( in se+e!e sea states and stee*
,a+es- T/is is #o))onl( done t/!og/ )odel testing o! #o)*a!ison ,it/ fll-s#ale )eas!e)ents Fif s#/ a!e
a+aila"le5- H(d!od(na)i# )odel testing /as "een *e!fo!)ed fo! de#ades and is 'no,n to gi+e !elia"le !eslts
fo! )ost a**li#ations ,/en *e!fo!)ed *!o*e!l(-
A.. 6odels o& S#+com/onents and De&$n$t$on o& Acc#rac) 4e,els
A... W$nd t#r+$ne
-.'.A.A <e+el I0 All t/e s" #o)*onents s/all "e )odelled. !ese)"ling t/e #o!!e#t )ass dist!i"tion. stiffness
and ine!tia- One of t/e )entioned st!#t!al d(na)i# )odels #an "e sed- W/en t/e )odal )odel is sed. it
s/all "e de)onst!ated t/at t/e s(ste) #an "e #onside!ed sffi#ientl( !igid- Ho,e+e! t/e )odel is #onside!ed
a##e*ta"le fo! t/e standa!d ,ind t!"ines. as des#!i"ed in NA-%-BO- T/e nat!al f!e3en#ies s/all "e #o!!e#tl(
esti)ated- T/e ae!od(na)i# )odel s/all "e i)*le)ented a##o!ding to t/e gidelines des#!i"ed inNA-?-@O- If a
8E7 #ode is sed. t/e !e#o))ended #o!!e#tions s/all "e i)*le)ented- T/e ae!od(na)i# da)*ing s/all "e
!e*!esented as a fn#tion of ti)e F,ind5. ,it/ #ont!i"tions "ot/ f!o) t/e !oto! and f!o) t/e d!ag ele)ents
Fna#elle and to,e!5- T/e #ont!ol s(ste) s/all "e i)*le)ented- T/e !e#o))endations in Ta"le A-3 s/all "e
#onside!ed. if !ele+ant-
-.'.A.% <e+el II0 As le+el I. "t so)e detailed !e*!esentation of t/e ,ind t!"ine s"#o)*onents #an "e
o)itted0 t/e na#elle asse)"l( #an "e si)*lified. sing #on#ent!ated )asses and ine!tial *!o*e!ties- Ho,e+e!.
t/e )ass dist!i"tion and t/e ine!tia of t/e #o)*lete s(ste) s/all !ese)"le t/e !eal ,ind t!"ine- T/e #ont!ol
s(ste) s/all "e )odelled- 2a!ti#la! #a!e s/all "e *t in se of #on#ent!ated )asses on !otating ele)ents.
de*ending on /o, t/e a**lied #ode a##onts fo! t/e g(!os#o*i# loads-
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $$+
-.'.A.) <e+el III0 T/e to,e! #an "e )odelled as a s*!ing. !e*!od#ing t/e #o!!e#t stiffness of t/e s(ste)-
9on#ent!ated )asses #an "e sed. in o!de! to !e*!od#e t/e #o!!e#t glo"al )ass dist!i"tion F#ent!e of g!a+it(
and ine!tial )o)ents5 of t/e t!"ine- 4(!os#o*i# effe#ts s/all "e in#lded if t/e( a!e !ele+ant- A 8E7 )odel
s/old "e sed fo! t/e ae!od(na)i# )odel "t a ti)e se!ies F#o*led5 #old "e also sed- T/e loads Ft/e t/!st
and t/e )o)ents5 #an "e a**lied at t/e /" #ent!e- Ae!od(na)i# da)*ing s/all "e e+alated se*a!atel(.
#onside!ing t/e de*enden#( on t/e ,ind #onditions- As an o*tion. t/e t/!st fo!#e )a( "e ta'en f!o) loo'-*
ta"les ,/i#/ ,ill also *!o+ide +ales fo! t/e ae!od(na)i# da)*ing- Note t/at #onside!ing t/e t/!st fo!#e onl(
Fa**lied at t/e /" #ent!e5. i)*lies t/at t/e (a, )o)ent de to t/e non-e+en /o!iGontal dist!i"tion of ,ind
s*eed o+e! t/e !oto! s,e*t a!ea is negle#ted-
-.'.A.* So)e additional as*e#ts /a+e to "e #onside!ed fo! *a!ti#la! !oto!s t/at de+iate f!o) t/e !efe!en#e
)odel ,/i#/ #onsists of a 3-"laded. *it#/-#ont!olled HAWT. see NA-%-BO- T/e )ost !ele+ant as*e#ts in t/is
#onteDt a!e /ig/lig/ted in Ta"le A-3-
A...% Floater
-.'.%.A <e+el I0 T/e /(d!od(na)i# )odel s/all "e a##o!ding to t/e gidelines gi+en a"o+e. in#lding
diff!a#tion and !adiation #ont!i"tions- 9FD s/all "e sed fo! sol+ing nonlinea! *!o"le)s. ,/i#/ a!e !ele+ant
fo! t/e #on#e*t. see NA-A-3O- T/e #o!!e#t )ass dist!i"tion and stiffness *!o*e!ties s/all "e !e*!od#ed- Fo!
si)lations in t/e ti)e do)ain. t/e da)*ing and added )ass of t/e floate! s/all "e dete!)ined fo! t/e !ange of
f!e3en#ies of t/e si)lation- 9ont!ol of t/e floate! s/all "e in#lded. if t/e!e is an(- T/e !e#o))endations in
Ta"le A-? s/all "e #onside!ed if !ele+ant fo! t/e #on#e*t-
-.'.%.% <e+el II0 As le+el I. "t 7o!isonMs e3ation #an "e sed ,/en sita"le fo! t/e #on#e*t- 9o!!e#tions
s/all "e i)*le)ented as des#!i"ed in NA-?-@O- So)e si)*lifi#ations #an "e int!od#ed de*ending on t/e
#on#e*t- T/e ine!tia and d!ag #oeffi#ients #an "e #onside!ed #onstant o+e! ti)e. *!o+ided t/at t/e +a!iation is
li)ited in t/e f!e3en#( !ange of t/e si)lation-
-.'.%.) <e+el III0 T/e )odel of t/e floate! #an "e si)*lified as a s*!ing F!e*!od#ing t/e #o!!e#t )ass
*!o*e!ties. stiffness and *e!iods5- T/e da)*ing s/all "e e+alated and added to t/e s(ste)- <oads #an "e added
,it/ a ti)e se!ies o! ,it/ a loo'-* ta"le Fgi+en t/e dis*la#e)ents of t/e s(ste)5-
-.'.%.* In addition to t/e !e#o))endations in NA-@-%-1O to NA-@-%-3O. so)e additional as*e#ts need to "e
#onside!ed. de*ending on t/e *a!ti#la! floate! to "e anal(sed. see Ta"le A-?-
Ta+le A8' Add$t$onal as/ects &or e,al#at$on o& t5e aerod)nam$cs loads
Deviation from the reference
model
eed for investigation Recommended analysis References and notes
VAWT
T/e ind#tion )odel needs
to "e #/anged
$se of do"le dis# )odels o!
)o!e #o)*leD F9(linde!
a#tato! )odel5
FSt/e!land. 8e!g and
As/,ill. %01%5. F7adsen.
2alsen and Vita. %01%5
Wa'e effe#ts a!e )o!e
i)*o!tant
Vo!teD )odel Fo! #i!#lation
)odels5 fo! !oto! e+alation
FFe!!ei!a. %00C5
Do,n,ind !oto!s
T/e !oto! is in t/e s/ado, of
t/e to,e! and t/e na#elle
A##!ate )odel of t/e
s/ado, effe#t of t/e to,e!
and na#elle
7lti*le !oto!s FHAWT5
Wa'e effe#ts s/old "e
in#lded
Wa'e )odels to std( t/e
,a'es inte!a#tion
7lti*le !oto!s FVAWT5 Wa'e a!e as())et!i#
Wa'e )odels to std( t/e
,a'es inte!a#tion
Ta+le A8( Add$t$onal as/ects to cons$der $n t5e anal)s$s o& t5e &loater
3loater type -spect to be included in the analysis -ccuracy level re4uiring
the analysis
References and notes
S*a!
VI7 and #!oss-flo, os#illations- See NA-A-@O
In#!eased added )ass and d!ag de to
st!a'es Fif s#/ a!e fitted5-
Ringing loads on #ol)nFs5 in stee*
,a+es-
9o*led )otions in /ea+e and !ollJ
*it#/. 7at/ie-t(*e insta"ilit(-
Vis#os /ll da)*ing. )ainl( de to
+o!teD s/edding-
Roll-(a, #o*ling
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $$,
A...' Stat$on kee/$ng s)stem
-.'.).A In te!)s of )odelling )oo!ing lines in a n)e!i#al anal(sis t,o alte!nati+es eDist. #o))onl( denoted
4uasi"static o! dynamic )odelling- In "!ief one )a( sa( t/at t/e )oo!ing s(ste) in a 3asi-stati# anal(sis is
)odelled as nonlinea! s*!ings and /en#e does not in#lde )ass and d!ag fo!#es a#ting along t/e lengt/ of t/e
)oo!ing lines- In a d(na)i# anal(sis t/e )oo!ing lines a!e )odelled as slende! ele)ents so t/at )ass and d!ag
fo!#es a#ting along t/e lengt/ of t/e line a!e in#lded-
-.'.).% T/e need to se a d(na)i# )oo!ing line )odel in t/e anal(sis t!aditionall( in#!eases ,it/ t/e ,ate!
de*t/. sin#e t/e )oo!ing line d(na)i#s "e#o)e )o!e i)*o!tant t/e longe! t/e s*an of t/e line- Also. t/e
)oo!ing line da)*ing is la!ge! in dee* ,ate!- T/e te!) Kdeep waterL )st /e!e "e seen "ot/ !elati+e to t/e
di)ension of t/e floating st!#t!e and its )oo!ing foot*!int and !elati+e to t/e !ele+ant ,a+e #ondition- T/e
dee*-,ate! li)it fo! a floating ,ind t!"ine ,ill t(*i#all( "e s/allo,e! t/an fo! an oil and gas installation s#/
as an F2SO o! a se)is")e!si"le-
-.'.).) In a )oo!ing anal(sis it ,ill )ost often "e sffi#ient to #onside! t/e an#/o! *oints as "eing *!es#!i"ed
and fiDed- In t/is #ase no f!t/e! geote#/ni#al in+estigations t/an t/ose #a!!ied ot fo! t/e *!es#!i"ed an#/o!
*oints a!e !e3i!ed- Fo! an#/o!s sed as s/a!ed an#/o! *oints fo! )oo!ing lines f!o) t,o o! )o!e floating nits.
it is i)*o!tant to #onside! t/e loading f!o) all atta#/ed )oo!ing lines-
-.'.).* De*ending on t/e t(*e of )oo!ing lines to )odel. so)e s*e#ifi# as*e#ts /a+e to "e #onside!ed-
A...( Ta#t moor$ng l$nes
-.'.*.A Fo! a tat )oo!ing s(ste) o! a T<2 t/e soil )a( #ont!i"te ,it/ signifi#ant da)*ing- Fo! t/ese t(*es
of station 'ee*ing s(ste)s t/e soil da)*ing s/old "e assessed ,it/ an a**!o*!iate le+el of detail- If not a
#onse!+ati+e esti)ate s/old "e a**lied-
-.'.*.% Sin#e t/e )oo!ing lines in a tat s(ste) sall( dis*la( s)alle! t!ans+e!se )otions t/!og/ t/e flid
#o)*a!ed to in a #atena!( s(ste). t/e d!ag fo!#es on t/e )oo!ing lines a!e s)alle! and t/e d(na)i# effe#ts on
t/e floate! )ode!ate-
-.'.*.) Tat s(ste)s often #onsist of la!ge seg)ents of s(nt/eti# !o*es- It s/old "e noted t/at s#/ !o*es
eD/i"it )o!e #o)*leD fo!#e-elongation #/a!a#te!isti#s t/an steel !o*es Fe-g- /(ste!esis5- T/is s/old "e ta'en
into #onside!ation in an anal(sis
A.... Catenar) moor$ng l$nes
-.'.'.A 9atena!( s(ste)s #an sall( "e !e*!esented "( standa!d #atena!( fo!)lations t/at !elate s")e!ged
,eig/t of ss*ended line. /o!iGontal )oo!ing load. line tension and line slo*e at t/e fai!lead-
-.'.'.% Sin#e t/e t!ans+e!se )otion of t/e )oo!ing lines in a #atena!( s(ste) )a( "e signifi#ant. d!ag fo!#es
on t/e )oo!ing lines )a( also "e signifi#ant- T/is is #o))onl( !efe!!ed to as an#/o!-line da)*ing-
-.'.'.) <e+el I0 D(na)i# )odel- T/e )odel s/all !e*!od#e t/e !eal d(na)i#s of t/e )oo!ing lines- FE7
)odels #an "e sed- T/e "o(an#( and t/e d!ag of t/e lines s/all "e in#lded-
-.'.'.* <e+el II0 6asi stati# )odel-
-.'.'.' <e+el III0 T/e loads #an "e #al#lated se*a!atel( "( )eans of dedi#ated soft,a!e and a loo' * ta"le
#an "e sed-
Se)is")e!si"le
Ai! ga* and asso#iated sla))ing
loads Fif negati+e5-
Vis#os d!ag on #ol)ns. *ontoons
and "!a#ing-
Added-)ass fo!#es on "!a#ing-
9o*led )otions in /ea+e and !ollJ
*it#/-
T<2
S)-f!e3en#( effe#ts
Ringing loads on #ol)nFs5 in stee*
,a+es-
Da)*ing in /ea+e. !oll and *it#/-
Ta+le A8( Add$t$onal as/ects to cons$der $n t5e anal)s$s o& t5e &loater ;Cont$n#ed<
3loater type -spect to be included in the analysis -ccuracy level re4uiring
the analysis
References and notes
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $$-
A...- Tendons
-.'.C.A T/e station 'ee*ing fo!#es f!o) a tendon s(ste) a!e essentiall( go+e!ned "( t/e lengt/ and *!etension
of t/e tendons-
A...7 Control s)stem models
-.'.D.A T/e ,ind t!"ines need a #ont!ol st!ateg( in o!de! to !eglate t/e *o,e! ot*t. li)it t/e loads and
a+oid o+e!s*eeding at /ig/ ,ind s*eeds- T/e!e a!e t/!ee )ain *!in#i*les to #ont!ol t/e *o,e! of a ,ind t!"ine0
1 2it#/ #ont!ol0 at lo, ,ind s*eeds. t/e *it#/ angle of t/e "lades is !eglated in o!de! to )aDi)iGe t/e *o,e!
*!od#tion- A"o+e t/e !ated ,ind s*eed. t/e "lades a!e *it#/ed to,a!ds feat/e! to de#!ease t/e lift and 'ee*
#onstant *o,e!- A *it#/ #ont!olled ,ind t!"ine )aintains #onstant !ated *o,e! at /ig/ s*eed. as in Fig!e
A-A-
1 A#ti+e stall0 T/e t!"ine is #ont!olled as ,it/ t/e *it#/ #ont!ol * to t/e !ated ,ind s*eed- A"o+e t/e !ated
,ind s*eed. t/e "lades a!e *it#/ed in o!de! to #ase ae!od(na)i# stall of t/e "lades- T/e *o,e! ot*t ,ill
de#!ease "e(ond t/e !ated ,ind s*eed-
1 2assi+e stall0 T/e *it#/ angle of t/e "lades is fiDed and #annot "e #/anged- T/e t!"ine !ea#/es
ae!od(na)i# stall at /ig/ ,ind s*eeds. "e#ase of t/e ae!od(na)i# design of t/e "lades FA/lst!`). %00@5-
T/e stall !ed#es t/e *o,e! at /ig/ ,ind s*eeds-
A )o!e detailed des#!i*tion of diffe!ent ,ind t!"ines #ont!ol s(ste)s is a+aila"le in FDNV and Ris_ National
<a"o!ato!(. %00%5-
-.'.D.% T/e +ast )a;o!it( of t/e ,ind t!"ines on t/e )a!'et at t/e ti)e of t/is standa!d a!e *it#/ #ont!olled-
Ho,e+e! a#ti+e stall #old "e !ele+ant fo! floating ,ind t!"ine in t/e ft!e F<a!sen and Hanson. %00B5. ,/ile
*assi+e stall is #o))onl( sed to #ont!ol VAWT-
F$g#re A8-
!ll#strat$on o& a t)/$cal /ower8generat$on c#r,e &or a /$tc58controlled w$nd t#r+$ne
-.'.D.) Rega!dless of t/e t(*e of ,ind t!"ine. a #o!!e#t i)*le)entation of t/e #ont!ol s(ste) is fnda)ental
fo!0
1 a #o!!e#t esti)ation of t/e *e!fo!)an#e
1 a #o!!e#t e+alation of t/e loads
1 t/e +e!ifi#ation of t/e d(na)i# !es*onse of t/e fll #o*led s(ste)-
In o!de! to a#/ie+e t/is. it is i)*o!tant t/at t/e )odel of t/e #ont!ol s(ste) ,ill !e*!od#e t/e follo,ing
3antities in a !ealisti# ,a(0
1 t/e )ain *a!a)ete!s of t/e #ont!ol Fti)e of t/e a#ti+ation. a#ti+ation dela(. s*eed of t/e *it#/. )aDi))
angle of *it#/5
1 t/e f!e3en#( of t/e #ont!ol s(ste). i-e- t/e f!e3en#( ,it/ ,/i#/ t/e Ko*e!ation loo*L of t/e #ont!ol
s(ste) is eDe#ted. ,/e!e one loo* in t/e #ase of a *it#/ #ont!olle! #onsists of #olle#ting t/e gene!ato! !*)
as in*t and !et!ning t/e #o!!e#t *it#/ angle of t/e "lades as ot*t
1 t/e #o!!e#t ae!od(na)i#s #/a!a#te!isti#s of t/e ai!foils Fo"tained "( eD*e!i)ental test5
1 t/e effe#ts of t/e #ont!ol s(ste) on t/e !est of t/e ,ind t!"ine s(ste). s#/ as t/e gene!ato! #ont!ol and
t/e safet( s(ste)-
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $$.
-.'.D.* A**li#ation of a t(*i#al #ont!ol s(ste). )eant fo! ons/o!e ,ind t!"ines. to a floating ,ind t!"ine
#an #!eate n,anted d(na)i# effe#ts. as s/o,n "( F<a!sen and Hanson. %00B5 and FS'aa!e et al-. %00B5 fo! a
,ind t!"ine on a s*a!- T/e!efo!e floating ,ind t!"ines s**o!ted "( s*a!s need a #ont!ol s(ste) ,it/ a
f!e3en#( ,/i#/ is lo,e! t/an t/e *it#/J!oll f!e3en#( of t/e floating nit. s#/ t/at t/e n,anted effe#ts of
t/e #ont!ol s(ste) on t/e ae!od(na)i# da)*ing #an "e a+oided and t/e floate! )otions #an "e 'e*t at a li)ited
le+el- Note t/at t/e lo,e! f!e3en#( of t/e #ont!olle! leads to a less effe#ti+e !eglation of *o,e!-
-.'.D.' In line ,it/ NA-@-B-?O. a #ont!ol s(ste) fo! a "a!ge-s**o!ted floating ,ind t!"ine. *!esented "(
F<a#'ne!. %00C5. ses an indi+idal "lade *it#/ #ont!olle! FI295 in o!de! to !ed#e t/e floate! )otions and t/e
fatige loads on t/e ,ind t!"ine "lades-
-.'.D.C T/e #ont!ol s(ste) #an t/s st!ongl( affe#t t/e d(na)i# sta"ilit( of a floating ,ind t!"ine- T/e
#ont!olle! #an a#ti+el( "e sed to )aintain t/e sta"ilit( of t/e floating s(ste). fo! instan#e "( #ont!olling t/e
o+e!all )agnitde of t/!st on t/e ,ind t!"ine !oto!- T/is i)*lies t/at t/e #ont!ol s(ste) is a fnda)ental
#o)*onent in a #o*led ae!od(na)i#-/(d!od(na)i#-se!+o-elasti# s(ste) and )st "e *!o*e!l( )odelled
,/en t/is s(ste) is )odelled-
-.'.D.D T/e #ont!ol s(ste) of a t!"ine is not onl( #/a!a#te!iGed "( its f!e3en#(. "t also "( s*e#ifi#
*!o#ed!es to a##o)*lis/ t/e ,ind t!"ine safet( st!ateg(- T/e )odel of t/e #ont!ol s(ste) s/all t/e!efo!e "e
a"le to !e*!od#e t/e a#ti+ation of t/e safet( s(ste) and t/e a#tation of t/e safet( *!o#ed!e fo! sto**ing t/e
,ind t!"ine- T/is i)*lies t/at t/e )odel of t/e #ont!ol s(ste) s/all #o+e!
1 t/e #onditions at ,/i#/ t/e safet( *!o#ed!e is a#ti+ated Ffo! eDa)*le )aDi)) !*) of t/e !oto!. )aDi))
*it#/J!oll of t/e floate!. fail!e of t/e )oo!ing line5
1 t/e ,a( in ,/i#/ t/e safet( *!o#ed!e is a#ti+ated Ffo! eDa)*le s*eed of "lade *it#/ing. a**li#ation of
)e#/ani#al to!3e5-
-.'.D.E If t/e ,ind t!"ine o! an( s"#o)*onent /as an( additional #ont!ol s(ste) ,/i#/ ,ill inflen#e t/e
d(na)i# !es*onse of t/e floate!. also t/is s(ste) )st "e *!o*e!l( )odelled-
A...: Ot5er eBternal &orc$ng
-.'.E.A In so)e a!eas of t/e ,o!ld it )a( "e !ele+ant to in#lde loads f!o) ot/e! so!#es s#/ as d!ifting i#e-
T/e a**!oa#/ ado*ted to ta'e into a##ont s#/ loads and #o!!es*onding !es*onses )st "e #/osen ,it/ "asis
in t/e */(si#al *!o"le) stdied and t/e le+el of detail t/at is !e3i!ed- A si)*le eDa)*le of s#/ *!o#ed!e
)a( "e to a**l( t/e ti)e /isto!( F)agnitde and di!e#tion5 of an eDte!nal fo!#e Fo! )o)ent5 in a fiDed *oint of
atta#'-
A...1 Recommendat$ons &or t5e co#/l$ng $nter&aces
-.'.G.A It is al!ead( esta"lis/ed t/at t/e #o*ling "et,een t/e fo!#e on t/e ,ind t!"ine and t/e )otion of t/e
floate! is #!#ial to a##ont fo!. and t/is a**lies fo! all t(*es of #on#e*ts- 7#/ of t/e dis#ssion is "ased on
DNV-R2-F%0@ along ,it/ DNV-OS-J101 and DNV-R2-9%0@-
-.'.G.% T/e inte!fa#ing s#/e)e a**lied "( FJon')an. %00B5 to o"tain a #o*led ae!o-/(d!o-se!+o-elasti#
anal(sis )odel is illst!ated in Fig!e A-B- T/e te!) aero"hydro"servo"elastic #o*ling i)*lies a #o*ling
"et,een t/e ae!od(na)i# loads and !es*onses. t/e /(d!od(na)i# loads and !es*onses. t/e #ont!ol s(ste) and
t/e defo!)ation !es*onse of t/e st!#t!e de to elasti#it(- No #o*ling is sall( )odelled "et,een t/e
en+i!on)ental #onditions. i-e- t/e sea state is not !elated to t/e inflo, ,ind-
-.'.G.) A des#!i*tion of diffe!ent #o*ling st!ategies is gi+en in FRoddie!. 9e!)elli. A"alt and Weinstein.
%0105-
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $$/
F$g#re A87
EBam/le o& $nter&ac$ng mod#les a//l$ed to ac5$e,e aero85)dro8ser,o8elast$c co#/led anal)s$s ;&rom
Gonkman* %"'<
-.'.G.* It is noted t/at in a #o*led anal(sis. all fo!#ing and !es*onse e3ations a!e sol+ed si)ltaneosl( Fi-e-
at ea#/ ti)e ste*5- Va!ios ti)e ste**ing )et/ods eDist to e+ol+e t/e soltion in t/e ti)e do)ain- T/ese diffe!
,it/ !es*e#t to effi#ien#(. a##!a#( and sta"ilit(- 9o))on )et/ods in#lde ti)e integ!ation s#/e)es li'e
Ele!. Rnge-Ktta and Ne,ton-Ra*/son- Diffe!ent ti)e ste**ing )et/ods )a( "e !ele+ant fo! t/e +a!ios
s"-*!o"le)s in t/e anal(sis- Diffe!ential-Alge"!ai#-E3ation FDAE5 sol+e!s a!e often needed in #o*led
*!o"le)s-
-.'.G.' Fo! a floating ,ind t!"ine t/e!e is a st!ong #o*ling "et,een t/e floate! )otions and t/e t!"ine
fo!#es- T/is #o*ling #an "!iefl( "e otlined as follo,s0
1 T/e )otion of t/e floate! ,ill inflen#e t/e ae!od(na)i# inflo, #onditions to t/e t!"ine-
1 T/e fo!#es a#ting on t/e t!"ine ,ill inflen#e t/e )otion of t/e floate! )ainl( t/!og/ eD#itation and
da)*ing fo!#es- T/e nat!al *e!iods of t/e floate! )otion )a( "e alte!ed "( t/e ,ind t!"ine-
-.'.G.C T/e ae!od(na)i#s of t/e ,ind t!"ine #an #ont!i"te to t/e floate! sta"ilit( ,it/ a *ositi+e o! negati+e
da)*ing. de*ending on t/e eDte!nal #onditions and t/e #ont!ol s(ste)- A des#!i*tion of t/e effe#ts of t/e
ae!od(na)i# loads on t/e *latfo!) )otion is gi+en in FNielsen. Hanson and S'aa!e. %00A5 and FNielsen. F- 4-.
no date5 fo! a s*a! and F<a#'ne!. %00C5 fo! a "a!ge- Fo! so)e t(*es of installations t/e!e )a( also eDist an
i)*o!tant #o*ling "et,een t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) and t/e )otions of t/e floate!- T/is #o*ling #an "!iefl(
"e otlined as follo,s0
1 T/e ,a+e f!e3en#( )otion of t/e floate! ,ill inflen#e t/e fo!#es in t/e )oo!ing s(ste)
1 T/e )otion of t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) ,ill eDe!t fo!#es on t/e floate!. gene!all( "ot/ in te!)s of
!esto!ing fo!#es. da)*ing fo!#es and *ossi"le eD#itation fo!#es-
A.- Anal)s$s EB/er$ence &rom t5e O&&s5ore !nd#str)
A.-. General
-.C.A.A So)e ad+i#es a!e gi+en fo! t/e a**li#ation of t/e )odels des#!i"ed in NA-@-1O to NA-@-CO-
-.C.A.% Alt/og/ t/e #on#e*t of floating ,ind t!"ines )a( see) !at/e! diffe!ent f!o) floating oil and gas
installations. t/e!e a!e )an( si)ila!ities- Fo! instan#e t/e floate! and )oo!ing #on#e*ts a**lied fo! floating
,ind t!"ines and oil installations a!e si)ila!. alt/og/ t/e */(si#al s#ale o"+iosl( is diffe!ent- 8ased on t/is
nde!standing. one )a( tiliGe eD*e!ien#e gained f!o) t/e oil and gas indst!( in t/e anal(sis of floating ,ind
t!"ines ,it/ !es*e#t to se+e!al to*i#s in#lding0
1 #o*ling "et,een floate! )otions and )oo!ing s(ste)
1 /o, to anal(se nonlinea! ,a+e and !es*onse */eno)ena

FAST or
MSC.ADAMS
HydroDyn
AeroDyn
External
Conditions
Applied
Loads
Wind Turbine
TurbSim
3ydro"
dynamics
4ero"
dynamics
7aves ?
(urrents
7ind"1nflow
*ower
>eneration
@otor
Dynamics
*latform Dynamics
6ooring Dynamics
Drivetrain
Dynamics
(ontrol !ystem
Nacelle Dynamics
Tower Dynamics
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $$0
1 /o, to anal(se eDt!e)e ,a+e loads Fe-g- sla))ing. !inging5
1 /o, to anal(se eDt!e)e ,ind loads
1 /o, to anal(se #!!ent-ind#ed !es*onses FVI75
1 s/allo,-,ate! effe#ts
1 slos/ing
1 ,a+e-#!!ent inte!a#tions-
A.-.% Co#/l$ng +etween &loater mot$ons and stat$on kee/$ng s)stem
-.C.%.A It is ,ell esta"lis/ed in t/e oil and gas indst!( t/at t/e ne#essit( of *e!fo!)ing a #o*led anal(sis. in
,/i#/ floate! )otions. )oo!ing lines and t/ei! inte!a#tion a!e ta'en into a##ont si)ltaneosl(. in#!eases ,it/
in#!easing ,ate! de*t/- T/is is "ot/ de to d(na)i# a)*lifi#ation of t/e )oo!ing line fo!#es and de to
in#!eased )oo!ing line da)*ing-
-.C.%.% Fo! t(*i#al floating offs/o!e oil and gas installations it is often said t/at it "e#o)es ne#essa!( to
*e!fo!) a #o*led )oo!ing anal(sis fo! ,ate! de*t/s g!eate! t/an 1@0 )- T/is li)it is "ased on eD*e!ien#e f!o)
t/e oil and gas indst!( and i)*li#itl( ta'es t/e di)ensions of oil and gas floate!s and t/ei! )oo!ing s(ste)s
into #onside!ation- Fo! a floating ,ind t!"ine. ,it/ #onside!a"l( s)alle! di)ensions. it is ne#essa!( to *e!fo!)
#o*led anal(sis also in s/allo,e! ,ate!s-
-.C.%.) W/en esta"lis/ing t/e ne#essit( to *e!fo!) #o*led anal(sis t/e nat!al *e!iods of t/e floate! and t/e
)oo!ing s(ste) /a+e to "e ta'en into a##ont- If. fo! eDa)*le. t/e !esonant ,a+e-f!e3en#( *it#/ *e!iod is nea!
t/e F)odal5 nat!al *e!iod of t/e )oo!ing lines. it is to eD*e#t t/at #o*led anal(sis ,ill !e+eal signifi#ant
d(na)i# a)*lifi#ation in t/e )oo!ing line fo!#es- T/e #o*ling "et,een t/e ,ind t!"ine a#tion and t/e floate!
)otions f!t/e! #o)*li#ates t/ese #onside!ations-
A.-.' Nonl$near wa,e loads and res/onses
-.C.).A W/en nonlinea! effe#ts a!e i)*o!tant. ti)e do)ain anal(sis is *!efe!!ed- If t/e *!o"le) is anal(sed in
t/e f!e3en#( do)ain t/e nonlinea! effe#ts )a( "e linea!iGed. "t t/is is not al,a(s a sita"le a**!oa#/- In t/is
#onteDt. nonlinea! effe#ts a!e effe#ts t/at a!e 3ad!ati# o! ot/e!,ise /ig/e!-o!de! in eit/e! t/e ,a+e a)*litde
o! t/e floate! )otion a)*litde-
-.C.).% Nonlinea! ,a+e load effe#ts on a floate! in#lde0
1 nonlinea! !esto!ing fo!#es de to +a!(ing ,ate! *lane a!ea
1 nonlinea! da)*ing de to +is#os effe#ts
1 nonlinea! in+is#id ,a+e load #ont!i"tions f!o) st!#t!al *a!ts a"o+e still ,ate! le+el and effe#ts de to
la!ge fla!e
1 s) and diffe!en#e f!e3en#( loads-
-.C.).) Nonlinea! !es*onses in#lde0
1 nonlinea! !oll )otion
1 nonlinea! #o*ling "et,een diffe!ent )odes of )otion
1 F*a!a)et!i#5 7at/ie insta"ilit(
1 slo,-d!ift )otion
1 s*!inging and !inging-
-.C.).* So)e nonlinea!ities #an "e a##onted fo! in a ti)e do)ain si)lation ,it/ linea! ,a+e fo!#e t!ansfe!
fn#tions "( in#lding 7o!ison ele)ents. ,/e!eas in ot/e! #ases t/e /(d!od(na)i#s needs to "e sol+ed di!e#tl(
in t/e ti)e do)ain-
A.-.( EBtreme wa,e loads
-.C.*.A EDt!e)e ,a+e loads de to fo! eDa)*le sla))ing and !inging )st "e anal(sed in t/e ti)e do)ain-
W/en +e!( !efined anal(sis )et/ods a!e !e3i!ed. s#/ as 9FD. t/e asso#iated anal(sis #ost )a( "e la!ge- In
s#/ #ases it is standa!d *!a#ti#e to onl( anal(se #!iti#al e+ents. e-g- anal(se a s*e#ified ,a+e #(#le t/at is fond
to gene!ate #!iti#al sla))ing loads- T/e #!iti#al e+ents #an t(*i#all( "e indi#ated "( si)*le! )odels ,/e!e fll
s/o!t-te!) sea states #an "e anal(sed at a !easona"le #o)*tational #ost-
-.C.*.% Se+e!al a**!oa#/es eDist fo! esti)ating ,a+e loads de to sla))ingJ,a+e i)*a#t. see DNV-R2-9%0@-
Wa+e i)*a#t loads )a( also "e esti)ated "( )eans of #lassi#al )et/ods de to Von Ka!)an o! Wagne!
FFaltinsen. 1CC05 o! "( a**l(ing *otential t/eo!( t/!og/ a 8onda!( Ele)ent 7et/od- Ho,e+e!. de to
in#!eased #o)*tational #a*a#it( it "e#o)es )o!e and )o!e #o))on to anal(se ,a+e i)*a#t *!o"le)s ,it/
9FD )et/ods- De*ending on t/e )et/od t/is offe!s t/e )ost detailed )odelling of t/e */(si#al effe#ts
in+ol+ed. and it also in gene!al allo,s fo! )odelling of t/e stee* ,a+es t/at )a( "e !ele+ant- Ho,e+e!. as fo!
an( ad+an#ed )et/od. t/e !eslts )st "e *!o*e!l( +e!ified- T/is #an "e done e-g- "( #o)*a!ison ,it/ )odel
tests-
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $'%
-.C.*.) T/e so-#alled !inging loads. ,/i#/ a!e /ig/e!-o!de! ,a+e loads !ele+ant fo! s!+i+al #onditions. )a(
also "e anal(sed "( )eans of 9FD- Ho,e+e!. alte!nati+e )et/ods t/at a!e less #o)*tationall( de)anding
eDist- One of t/ese is t/e so-#alled FNV FFaltinsen. Ne,)an and Vin;e5 )et/od. see FFaltinsen. Ne,)an and
Vin;e. 1CC@5-
-.C.*.* Fo! ,ate! ent!( loads it )a( "e ne#essa!( to #onside! /(d!oelasti# effe#ts- T/is )a( fo! eDa)*le "e
!ele+ant fo! stiffened *lates- H(d!oelasti#it( i)*lies t/at t/e st!#t!al defo!)ation follo,ing an i)*a#t
inflen#es t/e /(d!od(na)i# *!ess!e- Ho,e+e!. it is gene!all( #onse!+ati+e to negle#t /(d!oelasti# effe#ts. see
DNV-R2-9%0@. ite) E-B-3-
-.C.*.' ED*e!ien#e s/o,s t/at anal(sing loads de to eDt!e)e ,a+es is diffi#lt e+en ,/en t/e )ost
so*/isti#ated )et/ods a!e a**lied- T/is is )ainl( de to t/e eDt!e)el( nonlinea! nat!e of s#/ loads- 2!o*e!
+e!ifi#ation is t/s needed ,/en anal(sing s#/ loads anal(ti#all( o! n)e!i#all(. and often it ,ill "e !e3i!ed
to #a!!( ot )odel tests-
-.C.*.C In #e!tain a!eas of t/e ,o!ld one )a( eD*e!ien#e a signifi#ant a)ont of #!ossed seas. e-g- la!ge s,ell
,a+es #o)ing f!o) one di!e#tion and la!ge ,ind-gene!ated ,a+es f!o) anot/e! di!e#tion- T/is s/old "e ta'en
dl( into a##ont in a n)e!i#al anal(sis. as it )a( signifi#antl( #/ange t/e !es*onse of t/e floate!-
A.-.. C#rrent8$nd#ced res/onses
-.C.'.A $nde! #e!tain #ondition VI7 !es*onse )a( "e ind#ed "( t/e #!!ent- T/is /as "een o"se!+ed to "e a
*!o"le) fo! DDFs s#/ as s*a! "o(s and )a( lead to a signifi#ant in#!ease in t/e )oo!ing line fo!#es-
-.C.'.% Also fo! )oo!ing lines t/e *ossi"ilit( of VI7 s/old "e assessed- In t/is #onne#tion VI7 is es*e#iall(
!ele+ant in te!)s of fatige #a*a#it( and not so )#/ fo! lti)ate st!engt/-
-.C.'.) Stdies /a+e s/o,n t/at *!edi#ting VI7 !es*onse is an eDt!e)el( diffi#lt tas' ,it/ t/e state-of-t/e-
a!t tools *!esentl( a+aila"le. and #a!efl )odel testing is li'el( to "e !e3i!ed-
A.-.- S5allow8water e&&ects
-.C.C.A T/e ,ate! de*t/ #o)*a!ed to t/e !ele+ant on-site ,a+e lengt/s defines t/e +alidit( of diffe!ent ,a+e
t/eo!ies- Fo! +e!( s/allo, ,ate!s. t/e Ai!( and Sto'es ,a+e t/eo!ies a!e insffi#ient. and one )a( /a+e to se
ot/e! ,a+e t/eo!ies s#/ as t/e St!ea) fn#tion ,a+e t/eo!(- As t/e ,ate! de*t/ de#!eases t/e *!o"a"ilit( of
"!ea'ing ,a+es. d!ing ,/i#/ t/e ,a+e 'ine)ati#s a!e d!a)ati#all( #/anged. also in#!eases-
-.C.C.% T/e ,a+e loads and !es*onse #/a!a#te!isti#s Fe-g- added )ass5 )a( #/ange signifi#antl( in s/allo,
,ate!s- In t/is #ase t/e s/allo,ness of t/e ,a+es s/old "e dete!)ined "ot/ #o)*a!ed to t/e ,a+e lengt/ and
t/e d!aft of t/e anal(sed floate!- One eDa)*le is t/at t/e off-diagonal te!)s in t/e 6ad!ati# T!ansfe! Fn#tion
F6TF5 ,a+e load )at!i#es "e#o)e in#!easingl( i)*o!tant- In#lding t/e off-diagonal te!)s in t/e 6TF
signifi#antl( in#!eases t/e #o)*tation #ost of t/e anal(sis-
A.-.7 Slos5$ng
-.C.D.A Violent flid )otion in inte!nal tan's is denoted slos/ing- Slos/ing )a( !e*!esent a /aGa!d to t/e
fatige life of inte!nal st!#t!al )e)"e!s. and )a( also alte! t/e )otion #/a!a#te!isti#s of t/e floate!- Fo!
floating ,ind t!"ines t/at se "allast tan's ,it/ inte!nal f!ee s!fa#es to *!o+ide sta"ilit(. t/e *!o"a"ilit( of
slos/ing and slos/ing-!elated *!o"le)s s/old t/s "e assessed- A #o)*!e/ensi+e o+e!+ie, of slos/ing as*e#ts
is offe!ed "( FFaltinsen and Ti)o'/a. %00C5 ,/e!e slos/ing is dis#ssed on a /ig/e! le+el and ,/e!e details on
/o, slos/ing #an "e anal(sed n)e!i#all( a!e *!o+ided- Anal(ti#al fo!)las *!esented in t/is !efe!en#e #an "e
sed to assess t/e nat!al slos/ing f!e3en#ies in a tan'. and t/is info!)ation #an "e sed to dete!)ine if a )o!e
detailed slos/ing std( is ne#essa!(-
-.C.D.% It is also to "e noted t/at so)e /(d!od(na)i# #odes a!e #a*a"le of #o)*ting t/e #o*led floate!
)otion and inte!nal flid )otion in a linea! fas/ion- Reslts f!o) s#/ #al#lations )a( "e sed to std( t/e
inflen#e of slos/ing in a la!ge! *e!s*e#ti+e. "t fails to *!edi#t t/e slos/ing !es*onse a##!atel( at t/e nat!al
slos/ing *e!iods- T/is is de to t/e fa#t t/at slos/ing in !ealit( is a st!ongl( nonlinea! */eno)enon- It is noted
t/at slos/ing in tan's eD#ited "( +e!ti#al )otions is a nonlinea! */eno)enon t/at ,ill not "e *!o*e!l( !efle#ted
"( linea! anal(sis-
A.7 Use o& 6odel Tests
A.7. General
-.D.A.A 8ot/ ,ind t!"ines and floate!s /a+e "een ,idel( tested in dedi#ated eD*e!i)ental tests in ,ind
tnnels and o#ean "asins. !es*e#ti+el(- T/e #/allenge of )odel tests of floating ,ind t!"ines #onsists in
#o*ling t/e )odel of t/e ,ind t!"ine and t/e )odel of t/e floate!. #a*t!ing all t/e ne#essa!( d(na)i#s-
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $'$
-.D.A.% W/en *e!fo!)ing )odel tests. es*e#iall( fo! no+el #on#e*ts. t/e st!ateg( s/old al,a(s "e to sta!t ot
,it/ a si)*le #ase and t/en add #o)*leDit( in a ste*-"(-ste* *!o#ed!e- It is #o))on fo! a floating offs/o!e
st!#t!e to fi!st do tests in #!!ent alone and t/en in ,a+es alone "efo!e doing tests ,it/ "ot/ #!!ent and ,a+es
*!esent at t/e sa)e ti)e- W/en sing )odel test !eslts to #ali"!ate andJo! +e!if( a n)e!i#al )odel s#/ an
a**!oa#/ is #!#ial. "e#ase it ena"les t/e anal(st to #ont!ol t/e diffe!ent en+i!on)ental load #ont!i"tions- It
is also a fa#t t/at t/e!e is an inte!a#tion "et,een ,a+es and #!!ent F,a+e-#!!ent inte!a#tion5- If a s##essfl
#o)*a!ison is *e!fo!)ed "et,een t/e )odel test and n)e!i#al )odel in #!!ent alone and ,a+es alone "t not
,/en #!!ent and ,a+es a!e *!esent at t/e sa)e ti)e. t/is #old fo! eDa)*le indi#ate t/at t/e ,a+e-#!!ent
inte!a#tion in t/e n)e!i#al )odel s/old "e s";e#t to in+estigation-
It is also *ossi"le to #a!!( ot dedi#ated eD*e!i)ents on t/e se*a!ate s"#o)*onents. "efo!e testing t/e fll
#o*led )odel-
-.D.A.) Wa+e testing of floating st!#t!es /as "een going on fo! de#ades and tiliGes ,ell-esta"lis/ed
)et/ods- T/e li)itations in t/is !es*e#t a!e )o!e !elated to t/e #a*a"ilities of diffe!ent ,a+e "asins t/an to t/e
a**lied *!o#ed!es- T/e so*/isti#ation of t/e ,a+e )a'e! s(ste) in diffe!ent )odel "asins +a!ies. and t/e!e
a!e la!ge diffe!en#es in #!!ent-gene!ation s(ste)s ,it/ !es*e#t to gene!ating #ont!olled #!!ent #onditions-
T/ese isses !elated to )odelling of t/e */(si#al en+i!on)ent need to "e add!essed ,/en sele#ting t/e )odel
test fa#ilit( to "e sed-
-.D.A.* Fo! offs/o!e floate!s t/e ,ind fo!#es a!e sall( a**lied t/!og/ #onstant d!ag #oeffi#ients fond f!o)
,ind tnnel testing o! f!o) #o)*te! si)lations- Wind t!"ines. on t/e ot/e! /and. int!od#e loads t/at in
!ealit( a!e ti)e-+a!(ing- It is /o,e+e! #/allenging to #ont!ol t/e ,ind #onditions in a )odel "asin on a detailed
le+el F,ind *!ofile. le+el of t!"len#e5. and si)ila!l( as fo! #!!ent gene!ation s(ste)s t/e 3alit( of t/e ,ind
)a'e! s(ste) also +a!ies signifi#antl( f!o) one "asin to anot/e!- T/is )eans t/at it )a( "e a )o!e !o"st
*!o#ed!e in a )odel test to )odel t/e ,ind t!"ine as an e3i+alent *late o! si)ila! Fas ,as done in FRoddie!.
9e!)elli. A"alt and Weinstein. %01055- S#/ tests a!e *ossi"le to !e*!od#e in a #o*led #o)*te! si)lation
,it/ot too )an( o"sta#les. and /en#e *!o+ide a good )eans to #ali"!ate t/e soft,a!e and to +e!if( t/at t/e
#o*ling is ,ell-/andled on an o+e!all le+el- W/en doing #ali"!ation andJo! +e!ifi#ation of n)e!i#al anal(sis
tools it is #!#ial t/at one /as good #ont!ol of "ot/ fo!#ing loads and !es*onse #/a!a#te!isti#s. and t/is is easie!
to a#/ie+e if t/e tests a!e 'e*t ,it/in #!!ent state-of-t/e-a!t #a*a"ilities-
-.D.A.' F!t/e! en/an#e)ents in )odelling t/e ,ind t!"ine. i-e- in#lding t/e !otating "lades and *ossi"l(
also t/e st!#t!al fleDi"ilit(. see) +e!( #/allenging in a "asin )odel test- T/is is asso#iated ,it/ t/e ,ind
)odelling as ,ell as ,it/ t/e gene!al #o)*leDit( of t/e t!"ine )odel- It t/s see)s as if one ,ill not "e a"le
to se s#/ detailed tests to a si)ila! eDtent ,/en doing #ali"!ation and +e!ifi#ation of n)e!i#al soft,a!e de
to t/e in#!eased le+el of n#e!taint( "ot/ ,it/ !es*e#t to fo!#ing and !es*onse- T/e tests #an /o,e+e! gi+e
+ala"le insig/t in t/e a#tal */(si#al "e/a+io! of t/e s(ste)- In s#/ tests it )a( also "e #onside!ed to )odel
t/e #ont!ol s(ste) of t/e ,ind t!"ine-
-.D.A.C W/en doing ,a+e )odel testing of floating st!#t!es t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) /as to "e )odelled
in t/e "asin- In ad+an#ed tests one )a( )odel t/e eDa#t )oo!ing s(ste) !elati+el( #o!!e#tl( in )odel s#ale. "t
often one !elies on a )o!e si)*lified s(ste) #alled a soft mooring system- In s#/ s(ste) t/e floate! is atta#/ed
to se+e!al s*!ings t/at a!e )onted to !e*!esent t/e a#tal )oo!ing s(ste)- W/en designing t/e soft )oo!ing
s(ste) #a!e )st "e ta'en ,/en dete!)ining t/e atta#/)ent *oints on t/e floate! as ,ell as t/e stiffness of t/e
)oo!ing lines- T/e soft )oo!ing s(ste) s/old "e atta#/ed so t/at t/e atta#' *oint of t/e )oo!ing fo!#es is as
#lose as *ossi"le to t/at of t/e !eal )oo!ing s(ste). and t/e s*!ing stiffness s/old "e #/osen so t/at t/e nat!al
*e!iods of t/e floate! a!e !ealisti#-
-.D.A.D W/en )odelling t/e station 'ee*ing s(ste) fo! a T<2. s*e#ial #a!e )st "e ta'en ,/en t/e effe#t of
tet/e! sla#' is e+alated- It is also eD*e!ien#ed t/at t/e +e!ti#al /ig/-f!e3en#( F!ingingJs*!inging5 !es*onse of
a T<2 is +e!( sensiti+e to,a!ds da)*ing. so t/at it s/old "e ai)ed to a#/ie+e a !ealisti# s(ste) da)*ing ,/en
)odel testing a T<2 s**o!ted ,ind t!"ine #on#e*t-
A.: Assessment o& Res#lts
A.:. General
-.E.A.A 2e!iods. da)*ing. stiffness and )ass dist!i"tion s/old "e e+alated in a fi!st stage-
-.E.A.% <oads s/old "e e+alated ,it/ a si)lation of t/e fll s(ste)- So)e s*e#ifi# loads #an "e #al#lated
in dedi#ated #al#lations Ffo! eDa)*le se#ond o!de! loads on floate!5. ,/en it is *!o+ided t/at t/e( #an "e de-
#o*led f!o) t/e )odel Fo! a**lied as an eDte!nal load5-
-.E.A.) W/en a #o))e!#ial ,ind t!"ine is sed. a #o)*a!ison against a land "ased +e!sion is !e#o))ended.
as in FJon')an and 7at/a. %0105 and FJon')an and 7sial. %0105
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $''
A.1 Re&erences
DNV-OS-E301. 2osition 7oo!ing-
DNV-R2-9%0@. En+i!on)ental 9onditions and En+i!on)ental <oads-
DNV-R2-F%0@. 4lo"al 2e!fo!)an#e Anal(sis of Dee*,ate! Floating St!#t!es-
DNV-OS-J101. Design of Offs/o!e Wind T!"ine St!#t!es-
A/lst!`). A- F%00@5- Ae!oelasti# Si)lation of Wind T!"ine D(na)i#s. Kngliga Te'nis'a H`gs'olan.
Sto#'/ol). S,eden-
A!an/a. J-A- F1CC?5- A fo!)la fo! ,a+e da)*ing in t/e d!ift of floating "odies- J- Flid 7e#/-. %B@. 1?B-1@@-
9o!dle. A-. and Jon')an. J- F%0115- State of t/e A!t in Floating Wind T!"ine Design Tools- 2!o#eedings of
t/e %1st Inte!national Offs/o!e and 2ola! Enginee!ing 9onfe!en#e. 7ai. Ha,aii-
DNV and Ris_ National <a"o!ato!(- F%00%5- 4idelines fo! design of ,ind t!"ines-
Faltinsen. O- 7- F1CC05- Sea <oads on S/i*s and Offs/o!e St!#t!es- 9a)"!idge $ni+e!sit( 2!ess. 9a)"!idge. $-K-
Faltinsen. O-. and Ti)o'/a. A- F%00C5- Slos/ing- 9a)"!idge $ni+e!sit( 2!ess. 9a)"!idge. $-K-
Faltinsen. O-. Ne,)an. N-. and Vin;e. T- F1CC@5- Nonlinea! ,a+e loads on a slende! +e!ti#al #(linde!- Jo!nal
of Flid 7e#/ani#s. %EC. 1BC-1CE-
Fe!!ei!a. 9- F%00C5- T/e nea! ,a'e of t/e VAWT H %d and 3d +ie,s of t/e VAWT ae!od(na)i#s- T$ Delft.
2/D T/esis-
Hende!son. A-R-. and 2atel. 7-H- F%0035- On t/e )odelling of a floating offs/o!e ,ind t!"ine- Wind Ene!g(. @3-EA-
IE9 Inte!national Standa!ds- F%00@5- IE9 A1?00-1 Ed-3 - Wind T!"ines - 2a!t 10 Design !e3i!e)ents-
Jon')an. J- F%00B5- D(na)i# 7odeling and <oads Anal(sis of an Offs/o!e Floating Wind T!"ine- National
Rene,a"le Ene!g( <a"o!ato!( FNRE<5-
Jon')an. J- F%0135- T/e Ne, 7odla!iGation F!a)e,o!' fo! t/e FAST Wind T!"ine 9AE Tool. #onfe!en#e
*a*e! NRE<J92-@000-@B%%E. NRE<. 4olden. 9olo!ado-
Jon')an. J-. and 7at/a. D- F%0105- D(na)i#s of offs/o!e floating ,ind t!"ines - Anal(sis of t/!ee #on#e*ts-
Wind Ene!g(-
Jon')an. J-. and 7sial. W- F%0105- Offs/o!e 9ode 9o)*a!ison 9olla"o!ation FO935 fo! IEA Tas' %3
Offs/o!e Wind Te#/nolog( and De+elo*)ent- NRE<JT2-@000-?E1C1. NRE<. 8olde!. 9olo!ado-
K+itte). 7-. 8a#/(ns'i. E-. and 7oan. T- F%01%5- Effe#ts of /(d!od(na)i# )odelling in fll( #o*led
si)lations of a se)i-s")e!si"le ,ind t!"ine- Ene!g( 2!o#edia. %?. 3@1-3A%-
<a#'ne!. 7-A- F%00C5- 9ont!olling *latfo!) )otions and !ed#ing "lade loads fo! floating ,ind t!"ines- Wind
Enginee!ing. A. @?1-@@3-
<a!sen. T-J-. and Hanson. T-D- F%00B5- A )et/od to a+oid negati+e da)*ed lo, f!e3ent to,e! +i"!ations fo!
a floating *it#/ #ont!olled ,ind t!"ine- Jo!nal of */(si#s0 9onfe!en#e se!ies. T/e se#ond #onfe!en#e on T/e
S#ien#e of 7a'ing To!3e F!o) t/e Wind. 9o*en/agen. Den)a!'. %E-31 Agst %00B. B@-
7adsen. H-A-. 2alsen. $-S-. and Vita. <- F%01%5- Anal(sis of VAWT ae!od(na)i#s and design sing t/e
a#tato! dis# #(linde! flo, )odel- 2!o#eedings of To!3e %01%. T/e s#ien#e of )a'ing to!3e f!o) ,ind-
Olden"!g. 4e!)an(0 EWEA-
7ann. J- F1CCE5- Wind field si)lation. 2!o"a"ilisti# Enginee!ing 7e#/ani#s. Else+ie! S#ien#e <td-. Vol- 13.
No- ?. **- %AC-%E%-
Ne,)an. J- N- F1CCB5- 7a!ine H(d!od(na)i#s- 9a)"!idge. 7A. $SA0 T/e 7IT 2!ess-
Nielsen. F- 4- Fno date5- So)e H(d!od(na)i# isses !elated to offs/o!e ,ind t!"ines-
Nielsen. F- 4-. Hanson. T- D-. and S'aa!e. 8- F%00A5- Integ!ated d(na)i# anal(sis of floating offs/o!e ,ind
t!"ines- O7AE%00A. %@t/ Inte!national #onfe!en#e on Offs/o!e 7e#/ani#s and A!#ti# Enginee!ing. ?-C Jne
%00A- AS7E-
NOWITE9H- F%0105- State-of-t/e-a!t fo! 9FD anal(sis of ,ind t!"ine !oto!s-
Roddie!. D-. 9e!)elli. 9-. A"alt. A-. and Weinstein. A- F%0105- WindFloat0 A floating fondation fo! offs/o!e
,ind t!"ines- Jo!nal of Rene,a"le and Sstaina"le Ene!g(-
Se"astian. T-. and <a#'ne!. 7- F%0105- A 9o)*a!ison of Fi!st-O!de! Ae!od(na)i# Anal(sis 7et/ods fo!
Floating Wind T!"ines-
S'aa!e. 8-. Hanson. T-D-. Nielsen. F-4-. Qtte!+i'. R-. Hansen. A-7-. T/o)sen. K-. and <a!sen. T-J- F%00B5-
Integ!ated D(na)i# Anal(sis of Floating Offs/o!e Wind T!"ines- 2!o#eedings. E!o*ean Wind Ene!g(
9onfe!en#e and ED/i"ition FEWE95-
St/e!land. H-J-. 8e!g. D-E-. and As/,ill. T-D- F%01%5- A !et!os*e#ti+e of VAWT te#/nolog(. SAND%01%-
030?- Sandia. Al"3e!3e. Ne, 7eDi#o-
4pp.4 4nalysis >uidance ) *age $'&
$*Wind Fno date5- State-of-t/e-a!t in design tools fo! floating offs/o!e ,ind t!"ines. $*Wind 2!o;e#t.
Integ!ated Wind T!"ine Design. Deli+e!a"le D?-3-@ FW2?0 Offs/o!e Fondations and S**o!t St!#t!es5-
Van 4a!!el. A- F%0035- De+elo*)ent of a ,ind t!"ine ae!od(na)i#s si)lation )odle- Te#/ni#al !e*o!t
E9N-9-03-0BC- E9N. Ene!g( Resea!#/ 9ent!e of Net/e!lands-
V!(/of. fig!e !et!ie+ed O#to"e! 1E. %01% f!o) /tt*0JJ,,,-+!(/of-#o)J*dfa%010J7'@-7oo!ingS(ste)-*df-
4pp.A @egional 2nvironmental Data ) *age $'+
A33END!F 0 REG!ONA4 EN9!RON6ENTA4 DATA
Ta+le 08 Wa,e data &or ,ar$o#s reg$ons and ,ar$o#s ret#rn /er$ods
Significant wave height $
S
0m1 in )"hr stationary sea state
Ret!n *e!iod F(!s5 1 @0 100 1000
Notation H
S1
H
S@0
H
S100
H
S1000
R
e
g
i
o
n
Sot/e!n No!t/ Sea FEg)ond aan Ree5 A-3 E-1 E-? C-@
Danis/ No!t/ Sea E-1 10-E 11-3 1%-E
No!t/e!n No!t/ Sea 11-0 1?-% 1?-C 1A-@
No!,egian Sea 11-A 1@-? 1A-0 1E-0
8a!ents Sea 10-0 13-A 1?-@ 1A-3
Sea of Ja*an 10-@ 1?-A 1@-3 1B-B
No!t/ 2a#ifi# Fsot/east of Ja*an5 10-B 13-C 1?-@ 1A-3
East 9/ina Sea 10-% 1%-C 13-? 1?-C
Qello, Sea C-? 1%-@ 13-1 1?-C
8a( of 8is#a( 1%-@ 1A-0 1A-B 1E-E
Sot/e!n 8a( of 8is#a( FEsta#a de 8a!es5 C-E 1%-? 1%-C 1?-@
Weste!n 7edite!!anean Sea FTa!!agona5 @-? A-@ A-C B-A
No!t/east 2a#ifi# F,est of O!egon5 C-0 1A-1 1B-? %1-@
Ta+le 08% Hero8#/cross$ng /er$od cond$t$oned on s$gn$&$cant wa,e 5e$g5t
Region
,oefficients in e?pressions for mean and standard deviation
a
A
a
%
b
A
b
%
No!t/e!n No!t/ Sea 0-C3@ 0-%%% 0-13EA 0-0%0E
No!,egian Sea 1-1%@ 0-1@0 0-0CBE 0-00B?
8a!ents Sea 0-CB? 0-%0@ 0-1%A3 0-0%01
Sea of Ja*an 1-310 0-1%1 0-?00A 0-%1%3
No!t/ 2a#ifi# Fsot/east of Ja*an5 0-CBA 0-1CB 0-1%EE 0-01E?
East 9/ina Sea 1-0?? 0-1A1 0-11AA 0-01@E
Qello, Sea 0-E?1 0-%?1 0-1CBB 0-0?CE
8a( of 8is#a( 1-1CB 0-13@ 0-0C@? 0-00E3
Ta+le 08' W$nd data &or ,ar$o#s reg$ons and ,ar$o#s ret#rn /er$ods
A&"minute mean wind speed 6
A&
0m/s1 . A& m above S7/
Ret!n *e!iod F(!s5 1 @0 100 1000
Notation $
10.1
$
10.@0
$
10.100
$
10.1000
R
e
g
i
o
n
No!t/e!n No!t/ Sea 3A ?3 ?@ ?E
No!,egian Sea 3% 3C ?0 ??
Sea of Ja*an %C 3? 3@ 3B
No!t/ 2a#ifi# Fsot/east of Ja*an5 3A ?3 ?? ?E
East 9/ina Sea 3A 3C ?1 ?@
No!t/east 2a#ifi# F,est of O!egon5 %0 31 33 3C

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