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IN

TME CUSTODY Or TME BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY.

e SHELF N

DAMS

THE

STO
O F
the
B

R Y
of

ITALY,
Tranflated from

ITALIAN
y

FRANCESCO GUICCIARDINI,
AUSTIN PARKE GODDARD,Efq; The T H R D EDITION.
I

VOL.

VI.

LONDON,
Printed for

Zi Stuart,

at the

Lamh^

in PaUr'nofttr'RQW^

MDCCLXIII.

HISTORY
O F

Francefco

GuicciardinPs

The

Wars

in

Italy.
XI.

BOOK
and the Duke of Ferrara.
feated at Paterna.

emd^vjp-'^^

THE CONTENTS.
Reconciliation attempted between

Pope French dethe

heague

between the

Pope, Casfar, and the Venetians dijfohed.

Co?igrefs
ill

Mantoua.

I'ranfaSfions

the Florentines

and of the Medici.

the

of Pope

confederates with Caefar againfi

Ve-

netians.

Maximilian Sforza

created

Duke of Milan.

Wars of

the Englifh,

Spaniards and Swifs againfi the French,

who are defeated at Novara. Pope Julius II. diesy and is fucceeded by Leo X.
League between
the

Vol. VI.

French andVen^" A2 tians*

THE HISTORY OF
tians.

JVars betwee?i Caefar and the Ve-

netians,

who are

defeated in the

Vi-

centine-

^' ^'

-.'.

F^M"^ F T E R the Pope was thus detQ A Q livered out of a moil calamitous
and dangerous Situation by a furpriling Train of fuccefsful Events, and

k-MM Jj(

had obtained the Victory over

minions of the Church,
it

his

Ene-

mies, and recovered and enlarged the

Do-

appeared that he
covetous Pre-

had not
that

relinquifl-ied his old

tenfions to the City of Ferrara^ the Sparks

firll:

kindled fo mifchievous a

Com-

buftion.

defirous

And though he was ardently of turning his Arms againfl; the

either becAufe
his

Duke,

yet,

he thought

it

eafier to obtain

Ends by way of Accommodation than by War, or trufled

piore to fecret Artifices than to plain and

open Dealings, he chofe to hearken firft to the Marquis of Mantoua^ who fupplicated him to grant Leave to Alfo?ifo dEJie
to

come

in Perfon to

Rome^ humbly to afk

Pardon of his Holinefs, and beg that he would receive knm into Favour on any .

THE WARS
any honourable
At'agonian AmbaiTador,
for the

IN ITALY.
He
was
^I

5
^c
1

Conditions.

2.

afterwards pleafed to lend an Ear to tVipt,-^ -,,!_/

who
.

interceded Reconcimediated
.

Duke

as

a Relation by Confan- ^'^".?"

guinity to his King, Alfonfo being born of between

a Daughter

of the old Ferdiitando King^'^^^^P^

it

oi Naples^ and becaufe

the

was more

for Duke of

his Mailer's Interefl to lay an Obligation

on

^'''^"''^

Duke by

fo great

a Favour, than to
its

fuffer the

Church

to increafe

Grandeur

by a further Addition of his State. The Colonnas alfo were unwearied in their Endeavours for the fame Purpofe, as they

were become cordial Friends to Alfonfo, becaufe the King of France, after the Battle of Ravenna, having demanded of him Fabritio Cohnna his Prifoner, the Duke, firfl by denying, and afterwards interpofing various Excufes, fo long delayed to
grant the King's Requeft,
ing
till

the fucceedit

Revolution of Affairs put

in

his

Power
moft

to give Fabritio his Liberty, in the

acceptable

Manner, without

any

Compenfation.

The Duke

then took his Journey to

jRowf'jhaving obtained aPafs

3

from the Pope,

and.

6
A.
'

THE HISTORY OF
D. and, for his greater Security, the

King of
for his

jAragofi,

by

his Minifter,

with the Pope's

Confent, pafTed his royal

fafe
rival

Word

Going and Return.

After his

the Pope, having fufpended his

ArCen-

him into the Confiftory, where he humbly alked Pardon, and fupfures, admitted

plicated, in the

moil fubmifTive Manner,

to be reftored to the Favour of his Holinefs

and of the Apoflolic See, promifing for the future to perform all thofe Duties and Services that belonged to a moft faithful Feodatary and VafTal of the Church. The Pope heard him favourably enough, and
appointed
fix

Cardinals to treat

v^'ith

him
inti-

about Conditions of an Agreement, who,

after feveral

Days fpent

in Debates,

him that his Holinefs did not intend in any Manner to deprive the Church of the City of Ferrara^ which belonged to
mated
to

by lawful Reverfion j but that he would give him in recompenfe the City of AJli^ which, by the Departure of the French^ being reduced under the Power of the
it

League, the Pope, pretending that

this

all

on
the

Side of the
fent,

Fo

appertained to

Church, had

though without Effed,

the

THE WARS IN
of it,

I^T

ALY.
^'

7
^

the Bifhop oi Agrigento to take Pofleflion

But A/fonJo conftantly rejected thpi ^-[-^ Propofal, and from this Demand, fo con- Duke re-

Hopes that had been given jf^^'J^ him, and no lefs from what had lately offer,
trary to

the

happened

at Reggioy

began to be appre-

henfive that the Pontiff artfully amufed

he might have an Opportunity at the the fame time to execute fome Defign upon Ferrara,
Offers at Rome, that

him with

The Pope had invited the People of Reggioy who were under no fmall Apprehenlions from the prefent turbulent Juncture, to follow

the

Example of Parma
;

an4 Piacenzay by putting themfelves into

the

Hands of the Church

and, that his

Effed:,

Sollicitations

might have the more

had ordered the Duke of UrbinOy with fome Troops, into the Modenefe. Vitfrujl had made the fame Attempt in behalf of
Ccefavy for

to
in

which End he went in Perfon Reggio ; and the Cardinal d'EJie, who the Abfence of his Brother had the
his State,

Management of

knowing

that

he could not preferve that City, and judging that it would be lefs pernicious to the

Interell

THE HISTORY OF
^' Intereft of his
,

Family that

it

fhould

come

under the Power of Cajar^ who had no Pretenfions on Ferrara^ and in whofe Affairs a greater

Variety might be expeded*,

advifed the Inhabitants rather to

acknow-

ledge themfelves under the Jurifdid:ion of

the Empire.

But they anfwered that they

would follow the Example of their Duke, who was gone to wait upon the Pontiff, not upon Ccefar^ and introduced into poffeflfon"^^^
oiReggio.^'^

Town

the Troops of the Church,

who

by

their artful

Management
it.

got PofTeflion

alfo

of the Cittadel, though Vitfnifi had

put a Garrifon into

At

laft

the Car^

fagnana
XJrbinOy

alfo

furrendered to the
after

Duke of

who

that

returned to Boall

logna,

wh^re he difbanded

his Troops.

For the Confederates being highly diffatisfied with the Pope at his taking Poffeffion
oi Parma and Piacenza^ the Cardinal of
Bion had caufed
it

to be notified to

the

Duke

that the

common Enemies
it

being

vanquifhed and overthrown,

celTary to proceed

was not ne-

any

farther.

But
* And
cpnfcquently an Opportunity might ofter from
his NecefGcies,

which often conftrained

it

hm
;

to Alienations,

to redeem or purchafe

out of his Hands

but the Pro-

perty of the Church was not to bp alienated or cransferrec-

THE WARS
But
the

IN /r^Lr.
.

9
A.D.
-^-Lf

Duke

of Ferrara^ being under

no fmall Apprehenfions from the Pope's Obduracy, and his poffeffing himfelf of Reggioy demanded, by means of the SpaFabritio Cdlonna^ .nifi Ambaflador and which Noblemen had never left him lince he came to Kome^ his Leave to return to
Ferrara.

The Pope Ihewed

Demand, and

himfelf re-

luctant to this

declared that

the Pafs he had given the

Duke on

account

of his Diffeiences with the Church was no

Protection againfl
his private

Creditors,
Juftice to

many of whom had demanded

be done them.
lonna frankly anfwered, that
to perfuade himfelf that

The Amballador and

Co-

he ought not they would fuifer

him

to break his Faith with the

Duke and

them.
britio

And the next Morning, to prevent any new Obllacles from the Pope, Famounted on Horfeback, and rode
towards the Gate of San Giovaniii in iL^-Dakeof
teranOy the

Duke and Marc

Antonio

Cb-flig^'from

lonna following at a fmall Diftance.

hx.^ome.

the Gate he found a

much

ftronger

Guard
5

than ufual, which forbid his PafTage

but

he being too ftrong overpowered them, and

waited

THE HISTORY OF
waited for the

Duke

at the

Gate, and con

-,

duded him

Marino by which he fully recompenfed him, as is commonly believed, for the Kindnefs he had received of him in granting him his Liberty, fince none doubted but that the Pope, if he had not been prevented by the Colonnas^ would
fafe to

have imprifoned him

but

now his Paflage

being intercepted by Land, he returned

not long after by Sea to Ferrara*.

During
fore
to

thefe Tranfadion^ the Pontiff,

retaining the fame

Enmity

that

he had beFlorentines^

the

Liberty of the

procured, by means
Siony

of the Cardinal of
Soldiers

that the

auxiliary

which

they had granted to the King of France

Of thefe Troops thofe which ferved in the Army under Liica Savello^ to the Number of an
fhould be difarmed and ftripped.

Hundred
*
Gio'vio fays that

he was conduted

from Caftlc

to

Cadle by means of Profpero Colonna,

times of a Friar,

difguifed fometimcs

in the Drefs of a Carrier, fometimes of a Hunter, fometill

he arrived

at

a Place of Security.

Bembo
fafe,

tells us that, finding his Return by Land was unhe got into Puglia, from whence he paffed by Sea to

Sclo'vonia^^nd. thence to the

Mouth of

the Po, and fo to hit

own Home.

THE WARS
Hundred and Twenty
Sixty light Horfe, the
cefco

IN JT^Lr.
at

ii
'^'
I

Men
reft:

Arms, and
at

^'

C I z

under Fran- y^.J^^^

Garrifon

Torello

remaining in

Brefcia, had, before the French pafled the

P<?,

obtained a Pafs from

Sion^

and the

Word

of Honour of Gian Pagolo BaglmiCy

all

and of almofl

the other Venetian

Com-

manders
But

for their fafe

Return into Tufcany.

as they

were

in their Quarters near

Cremana, the Venetian Soldiers, according

to the Directions
fell

which they had

received,

upon them, and plundered them, with the Confent of Sion^ who, as fome affirm, Perfidious that the Fad: might be committed with the ofThe"^^ more Safety, had fent thither Two Thou- Cardinal
fand Foot,
conlidering
that

they were

quartered with the Regiments of Trivulzio

and the Grand Shield-bearer of France,

which, becaufe they were almofl wholly

compofed of
Pafs.

Italians^

As foon

as

had alfo obtained a the Plunder was comCapello,

mitted, the Cardinal of Sion fent to ChriJlophoro

veditors

Moro and Pagolo

of the Senate,

the Pro-

to

demand the
;

Booty
the

as

belonging to the Swijs

it,

but they

refufing

and going the next Day to

S%vifs to

Camp

of the

confer with

Sio?i,

were

12
A.
I

THE HISTORY OF
D.

were feized and carried

Jacopo
Staffier their

as Prifoners before

;iz.

General,

and by him

conducted to

the Cardinal, where they

were forced to enter into an Obligation to pay Six Thoufand Ducats in Compenfation for what they had feized, his Eminence
not chufing that any others but the Swijs
fhould reap the Fruits of his Perficiy
;

of

which he gave another Specimen by

balTador,
gio,

infix-

ing that Nicolo Capponi., the Florentine

Am-

who had

retired to Cafal

Cerva-

and had obtained a Pafs from him,

fhould be delivered up to him as a Prifoner

by the Ma;quis of Monferralo.

In

the

meantime
employ

the Venetian Senate,

defirous to

their

Strength for the

Recovery of Brefcia and Crema, earneftly the Return of their Forces, follicited which the Cardinal, on Pretence of leading them, in Conjundlion with the Swifs^
into Piedmont againll: the

and the

Duke of Savoy Marquis of SaluzzOy who had

taken the Part of the King of France,

would not permit. And that Reafon afterwards ceafing by the great Increafe of the

Number of the

Sivifs^

and the AfTurance

that

THE WARS
^hat the French

IN ITALT,
^-

13

Troops were pafled beyond

the Mountains, the Cardinal

ther give his Confent

would

nei-

^^Z

nor Refufal to the

;

Departure of thefe Troops

which was

fuppofed to proceed from the Inftances of

Cajar, with a Defign that the Senate fhould

not recover thofe

Swifs were

Towns.

But while the

Venetian

in Akxajidria, the

Troops on a fudden departed from Bofco^ and pafTed thePd? without any Hindrance r^^^z,tans
to Ca'va in

the

Cremonefe^ the

Cardinal, J^P^""^^^

who

doubtlefs
at

might have prevented them, 5^//}.

their

conniving

Departure, as

it

was

fuppofed, at th^

The

Requefl of the Pope. Venetiam having pafTed the P6>, di-

vided their Forces, Part of which marched

againft Brefcia^

and the reft againft Cremay which Towns were garrifoned by the
French.

The

Garrifon of Brefcia

making

a Sally, and attacking the Venetians at the

Village of Pater?ta, were repulfed within
their

Walls with the Lofs of above Three

Hundred Men*,

The
*
dred
the

The French had Two Hundred killed, and an Hunand Fifty taken Prifoners, who were all knocked on
the Peafants in

Head by

Revenge

for the Injuries they

fcai fuffered.

Maanigo.

14
A. D.

THE HISTORY OF
The
Swifs,

2^^Vj

now

left

alone

in

the

Dutchy of Milan and

try,

in Piedmont,
all

em:

ployed themfelves in taxing

the

Coun-

being entirely fecure of the French

For the King of France, though, out of his intenfe AfFedtion to the Dutchy of Milan, he could not difpofe himfelf, without

much

Regret, to leave the Affairs of Italy

wholly abandoned,

by Neceflity
thofe

to

was yet conftrained hearken to the Counfels of

who

advifed

Thoughts on that and to attend, for

iidering that the

him Head to
that

to

defer

his

another Time,
to the

Summer,

Defence of the Kingdom of France, con-

by Agreement with the Catholic King, had fent by Sea Six Thoufand Englip Foot to
Fontarabia, a

King of England,

Town

Spain, feated on the

fign,

Kingdom of Ocean, with a Deof the

the

in

Conjunction with
Befides this, he

Forces

of that King, to invade the Dutchy of

Guyenne.
infeft:

had begun to the Coafts of Nortnandy and Bretany

with a Fleet, to the great Terror of the

Inhabitants of the Maritime Parts.
there was

And
the

no Hopes of

regaining

Friendfhip

THE WARS IN ITALT,

Friendfhip of

15
^-

C^Jr

for

by the Report

^'

made by
that he

the Bifhop of Marfeilies j his

that

Am- uy^

balTador to

Prince,

he underilood

was utterly averfe to a Reconciliation, and wheedled him with Abundance of Hopes, and treated with him
about a Multitude of Affairs, with thcgingof deepefl Diffimulation, for no other End^'''^^

but to gain an Opportunity to opprels himof c<r/r. before he was aware, or, at leaf!:, to give

'

'

the

Dupe

were a mortal Blow, as he boafted he had done in recalling the Germa?i Troops from his Service.
as
it

him

Italy
they were

then being fecured, for this

Year, from the

ftill

Arms

of the Frenchy tho*

in Pofleflion

of Brefcia,

Crema, Lignago^ the Caftelletto and Lan-fionsbcternofG^wo^, the Caftles of Milan and*^J^"^ '^ Cremona^ with fome other Fortrefles in the

Dutchy of Milan^

there appeared

fome

Signs of a Difference and Difunion between

the Confederates, whofe Views and Interefls

were very

different.

The Venetians
and Crema, pj^jj
the Articles of Caufe;

were defirous

to recover Brefcia

which were

their

Due by

their Alliance,

and becaufe they had fo

great

i6

THE HISTORY OF
great a Share in the Dangers and
,

bles of the

War

the

Pope

alfo

Trou* was wilthe other

ling to gratify their Deiires.

On

hand Ccefar, by whofe Will the King of Aragon mufl at laft be diredled, defigned
to appropriate
thefe

Towns
him by

to hiinfelf,
all

and
that

befides to deprive

the Venetians of

was adjudged

to

the Treaty

of Cambray,

Ccefar

King

privately treated

and the Catholic between themfelves

about caufing the Dutchy of Milan to devolve on one of their

common Nephews.
Pope and the Swifs
Endeavours for the
of
after

On the

contrary the
all

openly ufed
Refloration

their

of MaJ/imilia?iOy the Son

Lodovico Sforza,
his Father

who

the Ruin of

had conftandy
Agreement.

refided in

Ger-

manyy to his paternal Dignity, according

to the
firfl

What

induced

the Pope was his Defire that Italy might

not

fall

entirely

under Slavery

to the

Ger-

mans and Spaniards j and the Swifs were moved, by the Confideration of their own
Advantage, to wifh that the State of Milan

might not be governed by too potent a Prince, but by one who could not fupport higifelf without their Affiflance. But this
Affair

THE WARS IN ITALr.

Affair

depending
in

almoft

entirely

upon
was,

them,

whofe Power

that

State

and the Terror of their

Arms
to

being in

high Reputation, the Pope,

confirm

them

in

their

Refolution,
all

and that he

might ufe them on

Bridle ready at

Occafions as a

Hand,

for reftraining the

Ambition of Cc^Jar and the Catholic King, employed all his Art and Induftry to gain
their

Friendfhip.

For
to

this

End,
Skies

bethe

fides publicly extolling

the

Valour of the Helvetia?! Nation, and magnifying the Exploits

which they had per-

formed
See, to

for the

Welfare of the Apoftolic

do them Honour he prefented them with the Banners of the Church, and beftowed upon them the very glorious
Title of Aiders and Defenders of the
clefiaftic

Ec-

Liberty.

Another
Viceroy

Caufeof DiiTenlion among second

:

the Allies was occalioned as follows

The Caufe.

having

recruited

the

Bpanijh

Troops which after the Defeat at Ravenna had all retired together with him into the Kingdom of Naples^ and put himfelf
in

Motion to Vol. VI.

pafs

with them into Lorn-

hardy.

T H EHISTORYOF
Pope and the Venetians refufed to renew the Payment of the Forty Thoufand Ducats a Month, which had been inbardy^ the

termitted after the Defeat, alledging that,

were pafled beyond the Mountains, they were not fubjedl to that Obligation, which, according to the Articles of the Confederacy, ceafed whenever
lince the F7-e?Jch

the French fliould be driven out of

Italy.

To

this

it

was anfwered,
that the
faid to

in behalf

of the

King of Aragon,
could not be

King of France

be driven out of Italy

while Brefcia^ Cretna^ and fo

trefles befides

many For-

were
this,

in his

Power.

Besides
Th"fd
Canfe.

the Catholic King

com-

plained together with Cafar that the Pontiff

appropriating to himfelf the

Rewards

of the

Common

Vidory, and ufurping

what manifeflly belonged to others, had, on Pretences either counterfeit, or grown obfolete by Length of Time, taken Poffcinon of Parma and Piacc?iza. Cities that
for a long Succeflion of Years

had been
as

held by thofe

who were

Lords of Milan

Fiefs of the Empire.

There

THE WARS
There
lies

IN ITALT.
j9.

19
D.
1512.

appeared alfo

among

the Al-

a Diverfity of Sentiments with refped Fourth

to the Affairs

of the

Duke

of Ferrara,

the^^"^*^-

Pontiff being inflamed with the

fame co-

vetous Defire of acquiring his State,

and
to

the

King of

A?-agofz

equally deflrous

preferve him, and befides provoked againfl

the Pope, as

it

was fuppofed, for attempt-

ing to detain the

to his

Duke

at

Romej contrary

Word

given to him.

For thefe

Reafons the Pope abflained for the prefent

from molefling Ferrara^ waiting perhaps till Affairs of greater Importance were firfl
fettled
J

in the

Determination of which

Ccefar being willing to intervene, fent into

Italy the

Bifhop of Goritz^

who had been

appointed for that Expedition io long ago

when, after the Batde of Rai^ennay a Peace was treated of between the Pontiff and the King of Frafjce^ bccaufe he was apprehenfive that an Agreement might be concluded between them without any
as

Regard had

to his Interefti and,

though a
fend the

Revolution fucceeded in the public Affairs,

he continued
Bifhop.

in his Refolution to

There

THE HISTORY OF
There
XT . Neutrality

came

alfo

under Confideratlon

the Affairs of the

"Florejitines^

who labour-

of

ing under Doubts and Sufpicions began to

feel the bad

*^^ ^}''
cenfured.

Effeds of that Neutrality which

they had imprudently chofen, and to be

convinced that
to rely

it

was no

fufficient Security

on the Juflice of the Caufe where Prudence was wanting. For in the prefcnt War they had not offended the Confederates,

nor lent the King of France any

the Defence of the State of

Succours but what they were obliged to

furnilh for

MiUin^ by the Confederacy they had

made

with him
King.

in

Conjund:ion with the Catholic

not fuffered the
Spa?nJJ:>

They had

Soldiers, in their Flight

from the

Battle

of Kwoenna^ to be molefted in their

Do-

minions, for which the King of Aragoriy

with his

own Mouth, had

returned

to the F/cr6'//w
is

Ambaffador.

Thanks And, whajfor after

more, they had entirely gratified his

Demands by correfpondent Fads;

both his Minifters
to be obliged
in Italy^

the Departure of the Council from P//^,

and the King

himfelfhad offered
to

to

their

Ambaffador
againfl

defend their Republic.

THE WARS
againft
all

IN ITALT.
promifed

AlTaults, prgvided they

not to defcnd5o/(9g-^,nor bearArms againft

theChurch nor favour theP/y^77^Conventicle; which was obferv'd. But they, being prevented by their civil Broils from chuling
the better Part, neither joined with

the

King of France nor with the Allies ; and obferving Day after Day a Kind of dubious
Neutrality,

the Refult of unsteady and

to

broken Counfels, but never coming

an

unanimous Refolution, nor making a public Declaration that they would obferve it, they highly offended the King of France^

who had at iirft promifed himfelf great Afiiftance

from them, not

in the leafl miti-

gated the Hatred of the Pope, and fuffered

the King of Aragon to enjoy, without any

Recompenfe, the Fruits of their Neutrality ,which he would gladly have purchafed by an Agreement.

The

Pontiff then, Simulated by his

Hatred of the Gonfalonierc, and by the

antient Defire, inherent In

the Popes, of

having Authority in that Republic, earneftly foUicited the Reftoration

of the Family

ef the

Media

to

its

priftine

Grandeur, the

King

22
A. D.

THE HIS TOR Y OF

King of Aragon
to the Florentine
alio,

though

his

Words
but not
Projed:,

AmbafTador did not agree

concurring,
in the

with

his

Actions,

with fo

much

Ardor,

fame

from an Apprehenfion that in cafe of any Movement the Republic would be biaffed,

by the Authority of the Gonfaloniere, in favour of the King of France nay it was fufpecfted that even if the Gonfaloniere were removed, and a free Government inftituted,
;

the new-created and antient Dependencies

on the Crown of France would fway the Commonwealth to the fame Side. But
the Refolutions to be taken on this

Head
the

were

refen^ed, together with other Points,

for the
Congrefs
at

Coming of GoritZy with whom

Viceroy and the Minifters of the other

Confederates had appointed a Congrefs at
Maiitoua,

Man-

toua

While

Goritz was on his Journey

the Pope fent to Florence Lorenzo Pucciy

his Datary, and afterwards a Demands ^ Florentine, of the Cardinal by the Title of Santi ^attro^
titta"'

who,

in

Concert with the Agent of the

i-i

Viceroy, follicited the Florentines to join

the League, and to contribute towards the

Expences

THE WARS
Expences of the

IN ITALT,
againft the French.

War

This was the Pretext alledged for his Coming, but his real Bufmefs was to explore the

Minds of the

Citizens.

Many

Days were fpent in debating on his Demands, without coming to a Conclufion

the Florentines offering to pay a certain Sum of Money to the Confederates, but
to the Demand of entering into the League,

and declaring
Reafon
evafive

againft the

King of France^

they returned a dubious Anfwer.

The

why

they anfwered in general and

Terms was

pardy an

Opinion

(which was true) that thefe Propofals were made with an artful Defign to enfnare them \ in which they were confirmed by the Anfwer made at lirent by the
Bifliop

of

Goritz to their AmbalTador

whom

they had fent to meet him.

For

when he was put in mind of the Agreement made with Cc^far at Vicenza, and figned with his own Hand,
that Prelate,

by which he was bound

Florentines^

to

defend the

feemed

to

make no Account

of

it,

but affured him that the Pontiff had

a Defign to molefl them, and that Ccefar,

on

their

paying him Forty Thoufand

Ducats

J.

24
^I

THE HISTORY OF
-P-

cats,
:

would

deliver

them from

that

Dan-

CI2.

ger.

added that the Confederacy between Cajar and the King of France ftill
fubfifted,

He

and therefore he advifed them

till

not to enter into the League

Cafar had

acceded

to

it.

The
averfe

Florentines

would

not have been

from purchafing

their Tranquillity with a

Sum

of Money,

had they not doubted that the Authority of Cc^j'ar alone, tho' Goritz affirmed that the Spajiiards would conform themfelves to his Will, was not fufficient to fecure them from the ill Defigns of the others ;
they flood therefore in Sufpenfe, that they

might with the more mature Advice

pofe of their
his

difit

Balm

to
it

him who had

;

in

Power

to apply

to their Infirmit}'.

This was perhaps wifely confidered but then it happened that, either through
Imprudence, or their ufual Contentions, or too much Confidence in 'the Militia ot'
their

own Dominions,

they neglecled to

provide themfelves with a

Body of welldifciplined Troops, which would have been always in readinefs to defend them
againft a fudden Attack, or at leaft have

ferved to facilitate an Ao-rccment with the

Con-

THE WARS
Confederates,
eafily

IN ITALY.
be the more
they
^-

25
^'
it-._

who would difpofed to it when

difficult to force

knew

-^

Ij

would be
Terms.

them

into their

During thefe Tranfadions

at

the Yictroy Spaniards

the

Head of
in

the

Spanifi

Foot
being

ar-*^^''"/-

rived

the

Bohg?iefey

but

in

Want of Money,
tous a

his

Troops, difappointed
Tent, threatening to
to

of their promifed Pay, ran in fo tumul-

Manner

to his

murder him,
fave himfelf

that

he had hardly Time

by

flying privately towards

Modena.
reft

Part of thefe Forces

moved
;

to-

wards the Country of the

in a lawlefs

Florentines

the

continued in their Quarters, but lived

Manner, without Order or

till

Command,
their Spirits

after

three or four

Days

were compofed by receiving

Arrears,

Part of their

and the Viceroy

and

all

the Troops returned to the

to

Army,

which engaged
Situation
finifhed
till

remain

in

the fame

the

Viceroy fliould have

at

his

Negotiations

Mantoiia,

where Goritz was already

that Prelate pafled

arrived.

When

through the

Vero7iefe,

the French

who

lay in Garrifon at Lignago^

having

26
A.
^. -^,'_{ff.^.f7(

THEHISTORYOF
many
Offers

D. having refufed

from the
to

F^;;^-

furrendered

that

Town

him,

which they could no longer hold, by Order, as it was fuppofed, from Paliffey

who
to

gave the fame Dired:ions to the Gar-

rifons

of the other Towns, with a View

foment the Differences between Cafar and the Ve?ietia?i5. But the Garrifon of
Ligfiago^ tho' provided with a Pafs froi^

Goritz, had the Misfortune to be plun-

dered by the Venetian

Army which

lay

encamped before Brefciuy whither they had returned from Bofco^ after they had
without Difficulty recovered Bergamo; but
they forbore to befiege the
prohibited, as
it

Town,

being

was

faid,

by the Cardinal

of

Sion.

the Congrefs at Mantoua

it

was

rc-

folved that MaJJimiliano SJorza fliould be

Rcfolu.
tions

P^^^

"^ Poffeffion

of the Dutchy of Milan^

of
at"

agreeably to the ardentDefire of thePcople, the Conceffion of Qrjar and the

grcfs

King of

Mantoua. j^ragon,

and the conrtant Intentions of the Pope and the Swifs ; and that the Time fhould be fixed by the Pope with Goritz, who was to go to Ro?7ie, and treat with
his

THE WARS
his Holinefs

IN ITALT.

^7

of confirming the Friendfliip between him and Ca^fary and of making an Agreement between C^far and the

^- ^^

^^-^

by means of one common Union the Peace of Italy might be fecured from any future Difturbances by the
Venetiajjs,

that

French.

N the fame Aflembly came under Debate an Undertaking againfl the Flo- ^^1^^^^^,^ Medici rcntines, which was folllcited by Giuliimo de Medici in his own Name and that of the Cardinal. A Revokition, he fuppofed,
I

might be

eafily effeded, in that State thro'

the Divifions of the Citizens, many of whom defired their Return ; and by a
private IntelHgence

which, he

faid,

they

maintained with fome noble and powerful

Perfonages
-,

and becaufe the

Florentiiies^

having Part of their

Men

at

Arms

dif-

perfed in Lomhardy^ and the reft confined

had not a Force fufficient to defend themfelves againft any fudden AtHe laid before the Aflembly the tack.
in Brefcia,

Confequence which, befides the Money offered, would refult from their Reiloration,

which would

be, the

Taking the Power

feS
-A'

THE HISTORY OF
D.

Hands of J one who intirely depended on the King of France^ and committing it to the Management of Perfons who, being injured and abufed by that King, would acknowledge no other Dependence and Alliance but
Florence out of the

Power of

that of the Confederates.

conded

in the

Name

was feof the Pope by Ber~

this

He

nardo da Bibbiena^ afterwards a Cardinal,

who was

deputed by the Pope for

very Purpofe, and had been educated with

his Brothers

from

their

Childhood

in the

Family of the Medici.

AT

the

Congrefs

was

fent

to

the

Bifhop of GoritZj

Gio'-jaji

Vittorio Soderi?ii,

Ambaflador of

Florence^ a

Lawyer,
;

and

Brother to the Gonfaloniere

but nothing

was faid to him, or demanded of him, by the Viceroy, or in the Name of the
League.

The

Bifhop only reprefented to

him

the Danger, and advifed

him to agree

with Ccefar by complying with his firfl Demand, on which Condition he offered
that Ccefar

and the King of Aragon fhould

take the Florentines under their Protection.

But the Amballador, having no Authority

to

THE WARS IN ITALT.

to

29
^-

conclude an Agrefement, could only

his

^'

make
he,

Report to the Republic, and py-.

\^d

pedt their Anfwer, while in the

neither

mean time
others,

by himfelf nor by

made any

Applications to the Viceroy, nor

ufed any other

Means

to fruflrate the

ProDiffi-

poials of the Medici,

The

Enterprize

was however attended with many

culties in itfelf ; for the Viceroy's

Army
to

was not
try
its

fo

ftrong as to induce
j

him

Force without Neceffity

to

and Gofurther

ritz,

prevent the Venetians from re-

covering Brefciay or
Progrefs,
fiiould

making any

was delirous that the Spaniards

into
that... p
-

march with all poflible Speed It was believed therefore Lombardy.

if

the Florentines had laid afide their nig-mony of

^^^JJ^J

gardly chaffering about the Price, as the

imminent Danger required, and confented to give to Cafar the Money he had demanded, and made a Prefent of a handfome Sum to the Viceroy, who was in extreme Neceffity, they might eafily have diverted the Storm ; and that Goritz and the Viceroy would perhaps have been more forward to come to an Agreement
with the
Florentines,

who, they were fure, would

30
A, D.

THE HISTORY OF
would be
careful to difcharge their ObliJ^^ gationSj

yy-^

than with the Medici y

who had

nothing to give them before they were

by the Force of Arms to Florence, But, either through Careleflhefs, or the

teftored

Malignity of

Men,

the Caufe of that City

it

being in a manner wholly abandoned,

was

refolved that the Spanifi

Army,

at-

tended by the Cardinal and Giuliano de

Medici^ fhould turn their
Florence
-y

March towards

and that the Cardinal, whom the Pope in this Expedition had declared Legate of Tujcany, fliould call to his
Afiiftance the Soldiers

of the Church,

and thofe of the

neighbouring Towns.
fit

whom

he thought

for his Purpofe.

The
Viceroy
gainft

Bufinefs of the Congrefs being

difpatched, the Viceroy returned into the

Bolog?ieji\

and immediately put his Troops

againft

in

Motion

the Florenti?ieSy

who
little

thef/o-

baving not been before apprifed of what

was refolved

at

Mantoua^ had very

Time
tjheir

to

make
was

the necefTary Provifions for

Defence.

The
joined

Viceroy near the

Frontiers

who

by the Cardinal, hiad. brought with him from Bologna

two

THE WARS
two
the
Spaniards

IN ITALY,
Cannon, of which
quite

31
^- ^*
s.

battering Pieces of

were

unprovided,

The Cardinal came

Orjino,

attended by Franciotto

and the
;

Vitelliy

Commanders of
the

the Church

but without their Regiments,

which, with the other Troops of

Church, were flopped by the Duke of UrlfinOywho, tho' he had maintained Giuliano de Medici fome Years in his Court, and

had always profefTed to defire the Advancement of his Family, yet, whatever might now be the Reafon, had denied to accommodate the Army with Artillery, or Affiftance of any kind from his Soldiers
or Subjed:s, difregarding the Pope's Orders,
fignified

both to

him and

to his

Subjects

of

the

neighbouring

Towns

of

the

Church, by ample

Briefs, to affift

them.

The

Viceroy was no fooner entered

the Florentine Dominions

than he was

met by an Ambaffador of the Republic, who, after reprefenting to that General the great Refpedt which the Florentines had always paid to the King of AragoUy and their unblameable Behaviour in this lail War, and what Advantages the King might

32
j1.

THE HISTORY
D.
1_

OF

might

expe<5t

from receiving them into

him, that before

\ -^

his Friendfhip, intreated

he proceeded any further, he would pleafe to fignify what he required of them, fince
they were ready to
fatisfy all

reafonable

Demands

as

far

as lay

in

their

Power*

The
was

Viceroy anfwered, that his

in

Coming
all

Purfuance of a Refolution taken,

not only by the Catholic King, but by

the Confederates, for the
rity

common

Secuthe

of

Itafyi

conlidering that, while the

at

Gonfaloniere remained

the

Head of

Adminiftration in their City, they could not afTure themfelves that the Republic

would
Demards
of the Viceroy
f^j.^

not,

on fome Occafion or other,

declare for the

j^g

King of France. Wheredemanded, in the Name of all

'

the Confederates,

that the Gonfaloniere

FW*"^
tines.

fhould be deprived of his Office, and that

fuch a

Form
to

of Government fliould be

eftablifhed as

Umbraee

would not give Occafion of the allied Powers, which

could not be effed:ed without reftoring the Cardinal and GiiiUano de Medici to their

Country.

If

thefe

Demands,

he

faid,

were

fatisfied,

any other Matters

eafily

in Dif;

pute might be

accommodated

and
that

THE WARS
that

IN ITALT.
his Report,

he might return and make

or by

fome other

Way acquaint his Mafters

who
his

with the Intentions of the General,

in

the

mean time would not

in

flop

March

Expedation of an Anfwer.
Fioren-

ON
on
full

Advice that the Spaniards were

where it was ^j^^^.'^^^ believed that the Forces of the Pope were to fall upon it from another Quarter, the Government was in thegreateflConflerna-

march

for Florence,

tioU;,

being under terrible Apprehenlions

alfo

from theDivilions among the Citizens,

the
Inclinations

and
a

of Multitudes to
but few

Change.

They had

Men
as

at

Arms,

and no Foot, but fuch

or chofen

were

from the Mihtia, the greater Part of whom had no Experience in War no General of Note for Valour or Authority, on whom they could
levied in Ilafle,
;

depend

and

as for

the inferior Officers,

they were never worfe ferved in the

Me-

mory of Man,
Shortnefs

They were

careful

how-

ever to itiake the befl Provifions that the

of

Time

alfembling their

Men

would permit, by at Arms, who were

and
lifting

difperfed into various Places,

Vol. VI.

Foot,

THE HISTORY OF
Foot, fuch as could be had, and feledling
the mofi
Militia.

Companies of the They reduced their whole Force

ferviceable
at

to Flore?ict\ for the Security of the City,

and

to be

Hand

for the

Defence of

ihofe

Places

threaten to

which the Enemy might attack. They were not alfo

late,

wanting, tho'

to attempt an

Accom-

modation
treating

for,

befides

their

continual

by
^',

their

Ambaflador with the

at

Viceroy
Volterra^
ritory

they wrote to the Cardinal of Gradoli in the Ter-

who was

of Ro?ne^ to wait upon his Holinefs,

and endeavour, by Offers, by Prayers, and every winning Art, to mollify his
Refentment.

But the

Pontiff,

hardened

more than
prife

ever, anfwered in

Words conhis

tradictory to his Actions, that this Enter-

was none of
in

his,
it
;

and that
but, that

had no Share

Troops he might
and
to

not give Offence to the whole League, he

had been conflrained

to confent to

it,

to give Liberty to the Cardinal de

Medici

Promifing him and his Soldiers Prefents and great

Pay,-

and that
Gioi/io

their

City fliould have the fame Friends a^

the confederate Kings Ihould think

chufe.

proper for them to

THE WARS IN ITALY,

to

convey the Artillery from Bologna:

it

That he had
to

not in his
it

Power to

obviate

the Expedition before

begun, muchlefs

put a Stop to

it

afterv^ards.

The
rino, a

Viceroy in the

mean time was

defcended from the Mountains to Barbe-

Town
it

fifteen

Miles diftant from

fent

Florence,

whence he

a Meflage to

iignify that

was not the Intention of the

Leiigue to malce any Alteration in the

Go-

vernment or Liberty of the City, but only to remove the Gonfaloniei e from the Ma- Propofala
giilracy for the Security o^ Italy:

The

Con-yiggjov^

federates delired alfo that thcMeJlci fhould

enjoy their Country, not as Heads of the

Government, but

as private Perfons, living

under Subjection to the Laws and to the Magiftracy in all Things conformably to
the other Citizens.

thefe Propofals were publifhed^.^ Different ^. >A through the City various were tne Opinions Opinions
1 ,
,
.

When
Men,

'

of

accordino;

to the Difference of^^^^^^^"

,

rentinei,

their

Judgments,

Paffions,

and Fears.

Some blamed

the Meafures of thofe

who

were for expofing the whole Body of Ci-

tizens

THE HISTORY OF
tizens

and

all

the Dominions of Florence

to fo great a

Danger merely out of Regard

confidering
that

to a lingle Perfon,

by
the

depofing

him from

the Magiltracy

popular Councils and the Public Liberty

would not be
Medici,
if,

affedled,

but might alfo be

ealily preferved

from being violated by the while they were diverted of

Reputation and Means, they fliould offer

to exceed the
It

Bounds of
was

a private Station.
faid,

ought

to

be confidered, they
it

by

what Means
refift

polTible for the City to

the Forces and Authority of fo for;

midable a League
cient, all Italy

of

itfelf it

was
leaft

againfl

was infuffithem, and there

were not the

the French^
Italy

Hopes of Relief from

in

who

having bafcly abandoned

defending their
confcious

were

employed

own Kingdom, and own Weakncfb had

mands of
content they fhould

of their

anfwered

to the

De-

the Florentines, that they were

make an Agreement
to

with the League.

reafoned that
it

Others on the contrary

was ridiculous

imagine

that fo confiderable a

Movement had been

might have Liberty

made only

out of Hatred to the Gonfalo-

niere, or that the .Medici

THE WARS
No, very
in

IN IT ALT.

berty to live in Florence as private Citizens.

different

were the Intentions of

the Confederates,

who had no

other

End
at

View than

to eftablifh the

Medici in a

Tyranny, that they might have the City

their

Command, and
it

be able to extort of Money

:

from

a prodigious

Sum

That
lefs

they difguifed their Intentions under

rigorous

Demands, which however were of the fame Import. For what elfe could be the Meaning of removing, by Menaces and Terror of Arms, the Gonfaloniere at this Time from the Palace, but to leave the Flock to wander without a Shepherd ? Or what elfe can fignify the Entry of the
Medici amidft
fo

great a

Tumult

into

Florence^ than ered:ing

a Standard

under

which may
-the

refort all thofe

who

have no

other Defign than to deflroy the

Name^
which

Memory, and

the very Footfteps of

the Great Council, the Abolition of

will be the

Abolition of Liberty

And

how

is it

poffible to

prevent the Medici^

attended by a Spanifi

Army

without, and

followed by a Multitude of ambitious and

feditious

from feizing on our Liberties on the fame Day that

Citizens

within,

they

38
^'
re 12.

TH^ HISTORY OF
^- rfiey fliall enter Florence ?
-

It is

our Duty

to confider the

Confequences that might

poffibly arife

from the Beginnings of Things, and from our once giving way

Demands. Nor ought we to be under fuch terrible Apprehenfions of Danger as to be unmindful of

to unjuft and pernicious

the Prefer\'ation of the City,

bitter
it

and

how

will be for

one

who was

born and

bred in Liberty to fpend his Days in Slavery.

Let

it

be remembered with what a

of

generous Ardor for the Prefervation

their Liberty our Citizens

oppofed Charles

King of
with fo
confider
refifl fo

when he was in Florence powerful an Army, and let us

Frafice

how much eaiier it will be to fmall a Number in want of Money,

without Provilion of Viduals, with few Pieces of Artillery, and without any Means
for fupporting a
felves

War,
firft

if

we

defend our-

from

their

Affault.

They
as

will

be under a Neceflity to remove

in a fliort

Time

out of Tufcany^

and

they

put

themfclves in Motion on the Hopes given

them by
n^all

the Exiles of obtaining an eafy

fingle Attack,

Conqueft by one
once meet

when

they

v/ith a vigorous Refiftance,

they

THE WARS IN ITALY,

Agreement on very honourable Conditions on our Such were the Difcourfes and ArSide.
they will be glad to
to an
'

come

guments
Places
J

ufed in Circles

and

in public

but the Gonfaloniere chuiing that

to the

the

Anfwer given

Meffenger of the

Viceroy fhould be in Concert with the

People themfelves, convoked the Great

x^Hembly of the Citizens he made a Speech to this

Council, where before a
full

Effed:.

"

Had

I believed,

Citizens, that the

Demand

my worthy Fellow-^ vJDCCCn Or

,

of the Vice- the GonI iliouldCreat

roy was levelled only at myfelf, and had ^^'"'^re

concerned only myov/n

Intercft,

of

Motion have taken that Refolution which v/ould have been conformable to the Ends I have in Viev/. And as

my own

^""^

thefe have always kept

me

ready to expofe
it

my Life
been

for

your Welfare,
the eafier for

would have
to

much

me

abdicate

the Magiftracy

which you have conferred upon me, that you might be delivered from the Loifes and Danc^ers of War>

efpecially coniidering that during fo

many
high

Years

in

which

have held

this

Station,

40
A. D.
'^
^

THE H
Station,

OR Y OF
But
fince

Frame and Spirits have ^been exhaufted and worn out by the conbodily
tinual
this

my

Troubles and Fatigues.

poffibly

Demand may

import more

than what concerns

it

my

private Intereft,

has been thought proper by thefe

my

honourable

Colleagues

and by myfelf,

that concerning an Affair, in

Interefl:

which the
fo nearly

of every Individual

is

no Refolution Ihould be taken but by public Confent and that a Buiir nefs of fo weighty and univerfal Concern fhould not be debated by the ordinary
interefbcd,
;

Number
in

of Citizens

who

have ufually the

Cognizance of other Matters, but by you,

whom

is

vefted the Sovereign

to

this City,

and

whom
vafi:

Power of alone belong ConImportance.

fultations

of fuch
Part,
I

For
to

my own

will not perfuade

you

chufe one Side more than the other, be

yours the Counfel, yours the Judgment,

whatever you determine

fiiall

be accepted here lay

and approved by me,

yours, but

who now
and

before you not only the Maglilracy,

is

which

my

Perfon,
it

my own
Hapthe

Life,

and fhould efteem

a fmgular

pinefs if I could believe that this

would be

THE WARS IN IT ALT.

the

41
^-

Means of your
the

Prefervation.

Examine
give

^*

how much

Demand

I5I2.

of the Viceroy v

concerns your Liberty, and

may God

you Grace to illuminate your Underftanding, and caufe you to make Choice of
the better Part.
If the Medici
this

had an

Inclination to live in
Citizens, in

City as private
to

due Subjedlion

the Ordi-

nances of the Magiftrates and of your

would be a laudable Adiion, fince it would be the uniting the Members of one common Country But if they into one common Body.
Laws,
their Reftoration

harbour other Defigns, look well to yourfelves,

and beware of the Danger, and

it

think

not too

much

to

fuHain

any

Coils or Difficulties to preferve your Liberty,

the ineftimable Value

better,
it

of which

you lliall be deprived of it. Let not any Perfon perfuade himfelf that the Government of the Medici will be exercifed in the fame
!

you will know when, I fpeak

but to no Purpofe,

with Horror

Manner

as before their Expulfion, for the

Form and Foundations

of Things

are

now

changed.

At

that

Time

being bred

amongft us they were by Cuftom become

in

THE HISTORY OF
in a

manner

as familiar to us as

private

Citizens,

and

being

poirefled

of

vail

Eftates in proportion to their high Dignity,

and affronted by none, they

of
their

laid the
in

Foundation
cipal

Greatnefs

the

Affections of the Citizens, with the prin-

of

whom

they confulted in public

Affairs,

and endeavoured, under the Cloak

rather to difguife than to dif-

of

Civility,

play their Grandeur.

But now

lince they

have lived fo
quently of
Affairs,

many Years

out of Florence^

bred up in ftrange Cuftoms, and confefmall Infight

into our civil

mindful of their Exile, and of

towards them,
very

the Severities ufed

indigent, affronted

by

fo

many

Families,

and confcious that the greater Part of the People, and even in a manner the whole City, detefls and abhors a Tyranny, they will have no Confideration for any Citizen,
but, ccnftrained
will
all

by Poverty and Sufpicion,

affume and engrofs the Direction of

Affairs to themfelves, eflablifliing their

Adminiflration not on the Foundations of

Love and Benevolence, but on thofe of Fear and Force of Arms, in fuch a Manner that this City will in a very
fliort

time
be-

THE WARS
become
like

IN ITALT.
when under
and Perugia.
the ^
I

43
^-

BoloQ-na

Bentivogliy or like

5/V;z<:z

uv-^

was willing to fpeak

thofe

this in

particular to

who

extol the

Times and Admini-

ilration

of Lorenzo de Medici, under

whom

tho' Circumflances

were hard, and there

was

really

a Tyranny, but milder than

many

Days of his Government, in comparifon of what we may expe<fl from the Return of his Family, may be called a Golden Age. It is your Part now, my Fellow-Citizens, to take a
others, yet the

prudent Refolution
ftant

mine, with a conthis

and moft joyful Heart, to refign

with

envied Magiftracy, or, if you fliould refolve otherwife,

all

Alacrity to at-

tend to the Defence and Prefervation of

your Liberty."
doubted what would be the RefokRefolution of the Council, from the In-'i" f
the

None
the

Fh-

clination
tain

of almoft

all

the People to m^im-rentines.

It

popular Government.

was

therefore with wonderfid Unanimity refolved to confent to the Return of the

Medici
the

as

private Citizens, but to refufe

Removal of the Gonfaloniere from the Magi-

'44
A.
^
,

THE HISTORY OF
D. Magiflracy,
"

and that
perfifl:

if

the

Enemy

fiiould
laft,

obflinately

in

demanding the

they would freely expofe their Lives and

Fortunes in the Defence of their

Liberty and Country.
All

common

Hands were then fet to work on Preparations for War, and Provilion was made for Supplies of

Money
a

Town

which,
firfl

Troops were ordered to Frato, diftant ten Miles from Florence, fuppofed, would be the it was

the Viceroy would attack.

The
with
the

Viceroy

alTembled his Troops

at Barberino,

Artillery

from

whence he marched with

of

Difficulty over

the rugged Appemmie, becaufe for

Want

Money he was

but

ill

provided with

Pioneers and Inftruments for clearing the

March, as it was expecfted, to FratOy where arriving early in the Morning, he erected a Battery the fame Day, from whence he play'd for fome Hours with Falconets on the Gate
Roads.
dired:ed his

He

Mercataky but to no Effect,

becaufe

it

had

good Rampart within.

all

The

Flo-

rentmesh-id put into Prato

Two Thoufand
and

Foot, almofl

of them of the Militia,

THE WARS IN ITALY,

and the
of
reft raifed in

Hafte

among

all

Sorts

Artificers,

and People of the meaneft

Callings, fo that there

fo great a

were very few, in

War.

Number, of any Experience in There were befides One Hundred

Men

at

Arms under

Ltica Savello, an old

Officer, but neither

by

his

Age nor Exat

perience arrived to any Degree of military

Knowledge

and the

Men

Arms were

the fame as had a

little

before been dif-

armed and flripped in Lombardy. To thia it mufl be added, that, from the Shortnefs of Time, and the Unikilfulnefs of the Perfon who had the Charge of providing the Place, there was a good Quantity

of Artillery, but a Scarcity of

Ammu-

nition,

and of all Things neceflary for the Defence of the Town. The Viceroy had

Hundred Men at Arms, and Five Thoufand Spanijh Foot, and only Two Cannon An Army inconfiderable in re:

Two

fpedt of

Number and
Goodnefs
;

other Provifions of

War, but very

to their

confiderable with regard

for the

Foot were

all

of the fame Infantry that had, fo highly

to their

Battle

Honour, faved themfelves at the of Ravemia, and now, like military

Men,

46
A.

THEHISTORYOF
D.

Men,

repofing great Confidence in their

"^^^*

,own Valour,
as they

they utterly

defpifed

the

Unfkilfulnefs of their Adverfaries.

But

were come unprovided of Victuals, and found no Plenty of them in the Country, for, tho' Harveft was hardly over, the Corn had been conveyed into
fortified Places,

they foon began to feel

for Subfiflence.

Want of Necellaries The V^iceroy, extremely

the
Situation,

uneafy in this

was inclined to come to an Agreement, which was continually under

Negotiation, on condition that, the

rentines confenting

Fh^

to the

Return of the

Medici on an equal Footing with the other Citizens, no more fliould be faid about
but that they dcpoling the Gonfaloniere fliould pay the Viceroy, that he might
;

depart out of their Dominions, a certain

Sum

was fuppofed, would not exceed Thirty Thoufand DuWith this Defign the Viceroy had cats.
of Money, which,
it

confcntcd to

grant a Pais for the

Am-

bafladors appointed to conclude a Peace

with him, and would have defifted from carrying on the Attack of Prato till their
Arrival, provided

that in the

mean time
he

THE WARS

IN ITALY,

47
^*

he were fupplied with Provifions from the ^Nothing in Being has fwiftersPlace.

Wings than Opportunity, nothing is more dangerous than to judge from the Proand nothing is more feffions of others,
prejudicial than

an immoderate Sufpicion.

All the principal Citizens

were defirous of

an Accommodation,
after the

being accuftomed,
their Anceilors, to

Example of

defend their Liberties from Steel by Gold.

They were
out,

prefling therefore that the

Am-

balTadors appointed fhould immediately fet

and ihould be charged, among other

Affairs, to take care that the Spanijh

Army

might be fupplied with Viduals from Vrato^ that fo the Viceroy might patiently wait to fee whether the Agreement under
Confideration would take Effed:.

But the

Gonfaloniere,

either perfuading himfelf,

contrary to his natural Timidity, that the

Enemies

in Defpair

of Vid:ory would of

themfelves depart, or dreading the

turn of the Medici, in
to Florence, or impelled

Rewhatever Manner,
by Fate
to

be the

Caufe of his
mities

own Ruin and

of the Caladelayed

of his Country,

artfully

the Setting out of the Ambalfadors in io

effectual

48
^*

THE HISTORY OF
^- eiFedual a

,on the

Manner that they Day appointed by a

did not

go

Refolution.

The

Viceroy therefore labouring under a

Scarcity of Provifions, and uncertain

wheat all,

ther the AmbalTadors would

come

the next Night removed his

Camp from

the

Gate Merc at ale

to

the Gate called

which leads towards the Mountain. Here he planted his two Cannon, and began to batter the Wall near that
Seraglio^

Gate, chufing

that

Place becaufe there

was a high Tcrrafs adjoining to the Wall, from whence it would be eafy to mount any Breach made by battering the Wall above it. But the Facility on the Outfide became a Difficulty on the Infide, for the Breach which was made above the Terrafs was flill very high above the Ground on
the Iniide.

One of

the

Cannon
batter,

burft at

the

lirft

Shot, and the other, with

to

only they continued

which had its

little

Force lb diminiflied by often Firing, that

the Strokes

came but weak, and did

for after a Battery of

Execution

many

Hours they had made an Opening of no more than Twelve Braces. On this however feme Spaiiijh Foot got upon the Terrafs,

THE WARS
fafs,

IN ITJLT.
^-

49
>

from whence they mounted the Breach, and fo to the Top of the Wall,v

y',j
and

where they killed two Soldiers of the Guard, at whofe Slaughter the reft began taken
to retire.

But

i\it

Spaniards

now

afcend-

^J*^^^*^

^^

ed in

Numbers by Ladders, and

tho' there Amy.

was ported near the Wall on the Infide a

Battalion

of Foot, provided with Pikes

and Fire-arms,
vent the

who were ordered to preEnemy from lodging themfelves

to difpatch
as to leap

on the Wall, and

fhould be fo
rafli

any that

down, or in any other manner defcend on the Infide,

yet at the
iirfl:

Sight of the

Enemy

upon,

the Walls, they abandoned theit Defence,

and without

ftriking a

Blow betook themlittle

felves to Flight.

The

Spaniards^ aftonifhed

that fuch great

Cowardice and
foiitid

Ex-

perience fhould be

amongfl: military

Men,
ters

entered the Place at feveral Quar-

without Oppofition, and began to run

Streets,

through the
lence.

where was no more

and Slaughters,

Refiftance, but only Flight, Shrieks, Vio^

Rapine,

Blood,

the Florentitie Foot throwing

Arms, and furrendering to the Conquerors, from whofe Vol. VI. D

down their the Mercy of

Avarice,
Luft,

50
^-

THE HISTORY OF
D. Luft,

11^1^

and Cruelty nothing would have been Me, if the Cardinal ^e Medici had not placed a Guard at the great Church,

and lb prefervcd the Chaftity of the Women, who were almoft all of them fled There periflied, thither for Refuge *. not in fighting, for none had the Heart
to fight, but in flying, or in begging for

Quarter, above
all

Two Thouiand Men,

Floreiiiifie

and

the

reft,

with the

Com-

miflar)',

were made Prifoners.

Pijloieje,

After the

Lofs of Prato the

without withto agree

drawing

their

Obedience

to the Florcniinez

in other Affairs, took

upon them

with the Viceroy for fupplying his

that they Ihould not be molefted.

Army

with Provifions, on receiving his Promife

This

fad Diilifter,

which caufed the

going to the Vice-

AmbaiTadors

who were

roy to flop in the Midft of their Journey,

and return back, was no fooner known in Florence than it produced a vaft Alteration
*
"Buonacarf: fays that neither Virgins, Children,
;

nor

confecrated Places vvere fpared

and Giomio

writes that

the Cruelty of the Spaniardt exceeded that of the Ger-

mans and Trench

were
killed

in the Pillage

of Brefcia^ and that thei<

above Fite Thouiand unarmed Men.

THE WARS
tion in the

I'N

ITALT.
The
manner deand quite

Minds of the People.

Gonfaloniere repenting the Folly of his

Counfel, terrified, and in a
prived at once of
ty,
all

Efteem and Authori-

rather led than a Leader,

fuffered

irrefolute,

himfelf to be fubfer-

vient to the

Will of others, without making

the

leaft

Provifion for his

public Safety.

own

Preferva-

tion or the

Others

who

were defirous of a Change of Government grew audacious, and publicly con-

demned

the prefent Adminiftration.

But

the greater Part of the Citizens unufed to

Arms, and having before their Eyes the Example of Prafo, tho' they were fond
of a popular Government, flood expofed

by

their Fears as a

Prey to any

who had

This Situation of Affairs increafed the Audacioufnefs of Pagolo Vettori and Antonfrancejco de gli
to

Mind

invade them.

Albiziy

young Noblemen,

feditious,

and

defirous of Novelties,

who, having fome

Months before fecretly confpired with fome others in favour of the Medici^ and, in order to fettle with them the Method by which they might be reftored, held a private Conference at a Coun-

try

THE HISTORY OF
try Seat,

in the Florentine

Dominions, on
with
Giulio

the
de'

Borders of the

Senefe,

Medici y

refolved

to

make

an At-

tempt

to force

the Gonfaloniere out of

the public Palace.

And communicating
young and by his

their Defign to Bartoloineo Valoriy a

Man

of

the fame Quality,

Prodigality

overwhelmed with Debts, as was alfo Pagoloy on the Morning of the fecond Day after the Lofs of Prato, which was the laft of Augujly they entered with a few Attendants into the Palace, where they found no Provifion made for Refiftance, becaufe the Gonfaloniere had aban-

doned himfelf
or Fortune.

to the Difpofal of

Chance

They proceeded then diredlly to the Chamber of that Magiftrate, and threatened to kill him if he did not
leave the Palace ; but if

he would comply,

they gave

him

their

his Perfon fhould

Word of Honour that The Gonfalobe fafe.

and the City
there
fingle

niere

fubmitting,
at

taking

Alarm

the Tumult,

appeared

many
in his

againft

him, but not a

:

Perfon

Favour

On which the AlTociates in

immeto

the

Confpiracy gave Orders for

allembling

diately

the

Magiflrates,

whom

THE W ARS
whom
the

IN /r^L

r.
^-

53
^

Laws have given

a very ample

Authority over the Gonfalonieres, and de- ^.^-^^

manded
Office

that

he might be deprived of
his Life.

his to

by Law, threatening otherwife

deprive
this

him of

The

Fear of

induced the Magiftrates, againfl their Confaio-

which they "J^^^^^^^^" Safety to the in Houfe of conduced him Fagolo, from whence the next Night he
Will, to depofe
5

him

after

fet

out well attended for the Territory of

the Senefe, and from thence, pretending

to

go

to

Rome under

a Pafs obtained

from
to

the Pontiff, he privately took the

Road

Ancona^ and palTed by Sea to Ragufa.

For

he had been informed, by means of the

Cardinal his Brother, that the Pope, either

out of Malice, or a covetous Defire to

Money, of which it was reported that he had a large Sum, intended to break his Word,
deprive
his

him of

After

the Gonfaloniere had been

depofed from the Magiftracy the City of

Florence immediately fent Ambaffadors to

the Viceroy, with

whom, by Means of
came
tq

the Cardinal de Medici they eafily

an Accommodation.

For the Cardinal

3

was

54
-^-

THE H
was content

T O R Y OF
be men-

^'

that nothing Ihould

(..-^^--otioned concerning his private Interefts, but

Condi,
Peace

the Reflitution of his Family and of

all

^^ ^^^^^

Adherents

to their

own Country
Power
the
to

as

pofed on the F/orgntmei.

private Citizens, with a

redeem
they

within a certain

Time

confifcated

Eilates, indemnifying thofe to

whom

were transferred for the Money they had expended in the Purchafe or Improvements.
rentines

As

to the public Affairs the Flo-

entered into
to

the

League,
unto

and
Ccefar

obliged themfelves

pay
in

Forty Thoufand Ducats

confequence of
the

what the Medici^

in anfr^^er to

Depay

mand
as a

of Goritz

at Ma?jionay\i'2id

promifed
j

Reward

for their Reftoration

to

the Viceroy for the Ufe of the

Army

Eighty Thoufand Ducats, Half

at prefent,

and the Remainder within and

for himfelf

Two Months >

Twenty Thoufand Ducats: On the Receipt of the firfl Payment the Viceroy was immediately to march out of
the

Dominions of the
all

Florentines^

eva-

cuating

the Places of
Befides

which he had
they

taken Poffeffion.

made a
each
othey

League with the King of Aragon^ under

reciprocal

Obligations of

affifting

THE WARS
other with a certain

IN ITALY,
Number
of

Men

at

Arms
Pay

for the

Defence of

their States,

and
the

that the Florc?2tines fhould take into their

Two Hundred Men

at

Arms of

Subjeds of that King, the

for the

Command

of

which, tho' not exprelTed, was defigned

Marquis
that

della

Pahide^ to

whom
given

the Cardinal had promifed, or

at leaft

Hopes,

he

fliould

be

conftituted

Captain General of the Florentine Forces.

The

Gonfaloniere being expelled,

and^,^^^.^^
alter

the Dangers of

War removed by an Agree- ^'w

ment, the Citizens applied themfelves

in
vtiiich

tOygj^j^g^j"

reform the Government in thofe Points

the former

Model had been

;

judged

to

be of no Service
either

but with an

univerfal Intention, except of a very few,

young Men, or almofl all of them fcarce worthy of Notice, to preferve their Liberty and the popular Council. For this End they enaded, by new Laws, that the Gonfaloniere fhould no more be eleded for Perpetuity, but only for one Year That to the Council of Eighteen, which was changed every Six Months, and by whofe Authority the D 4 mofl
:

and thofe

THE HISTORY OF
moft weighty Affairs were determined, fhould be added for Perpetuity all thofe

who

had, to

that

Day,

difcharged the

great Offices of the State either at

Home

or Abroad, with an Intent that the Citi-

zens of the greateft Quality might always

affift

at their

Debates

at

Home

parti-

cularly fuch as

had

either

been Gonfalo-

niercs of Juftice,

or of the

Number
;

of

the

Ten of

the Balia^ a Magiftracy of

great Authority in that Republic

as

of fuch

had fcrved abroad, all thofe who being ele<5ted by the Council of Eighty had been fent Ambaffadors to Princes, or had been
general
in

Commiffaries

War.

In

all

other Points the Ordinances of the fame

Government remained
Alteration.

in

Force without

These

Affairs

being

fettled,

Gioiwi

and of great Reputation for Prudence, was eleded

Battijla Ridolfi^ a noble Citizen,

Gonfaloniere for the

ple,

firfl

Year, the Peo-

as

is

ufually the Cafe in troublefome

Times, not paying fo much Regard to thofe who were mofl acceptable to them
for their popular Arts, as to a Perf6n

who
by

THE WARS
by
his great

IN ITALT.

57
^- ^'

Authority in the City, efpe-

daily with the Nobility, and by his own\^

extraordinary Talents

was beft capable of

of the

eftablifhing the tottering State

monwealth. But Things were too far, and the Enemies of the public
Liberty were

Comnow gone

become too powerful j in the Bowels of the Country was a fufpedled Army, and within the City the moft audacious of the Youth were greatly defirous of oppreffing that Liberty.

them concurred

in Will,

tho'

in

With Words

he pretended the contrary, the Cardinal ^e Medici ; for even from the Beginning

he would not have thought the Reftoration of his Family merely as private Citizens a Reward worthy of fuch great Fatigues, and now he confidered further that their prefent Situation would not be durable, becaufe they would be univerfally detefted by the People, and himfelf in particular, on a Sufpicion that he would
be continually inciting the other Citizens
to confpire againft their Liberty, but

much

more from an Indignation conceived

againft

the Family for having condudled a Spajiijh

Army

againft their Country,

and being
the

THE HISTORY OF
the Caufe of the moft barbarous and cruel

Saccage of PratOy and that the City was

conftrained

fubmit to
ditions.

by the Terror of Arms to difhonourable and unjufl: ConCardinal was flimulated to

The

the fame Purpofe by thofe

who had before

confpired with him, and had no honourable Station in the well regulated

Comto

monwealth. But it was neceffary the Confent of the Viceroy, who

with his

have
lay
iirfl

Jftill

Army

in

Prato expeding the

Payment,
nefs,

which the Circumftances of

difficult to get in readi-

the City rendered

and had no Inclination,

Alteration in the City.

whatever

Caufe. might be pretended, to favour a

new

But on the Reprefentations of the Cardinal, who had

procured himfelf to be feconded by the

Marquis della Pahidt% and Andrea Caraffa^ Count di Santa Scverina, Generals in the

Army,

that

it

was
the

to

be feared

left

the

City, to

whom

Name

of the Spa-,

vtards could not but be henceforth perfedtly odious

it

on account of the Damages had received from them, and which

therefore

would
to the

on

all

Occafions adhere

Enemies of the Catholic King,

fliould^

THE WARS
fliould,
as fooii as the

IN IT ALT.
Army had
quitted
^-

59
^

their

Dominions,
it

recall the Gonfaloniere,v..^yJj

whom
nence,

had been forced

to expel,

he

complied with the Delires of his

great Difficulty the Citizens

Emi-

being the rather induced by the

made of pay-

ing
in

him

the

Money

they had promifed,

which, had they been more expedithey would

tious,

have

laid

a greater

Foundation for a free Government.

The

Cardinal therefore having previoufly fettled

Matters with the Viceroy, unexped:edly

entered
Florence,

and

repaired
1
/-

to

the

Houfes of the Medici. There entered ^^^'^'" return to -m alio, Part with hmi and Part feparately, F/5rf

a good

Number

of

Italia?!

Officers

and

Soldiers,

the Magiftrates

not daring to
r

forbid their Entrance

on

ccount of the

Neighbourhood of the

Spa?iiJJ:

Army;

The

next

Day

a great

Number of Citizens
Jundure,

being affembled in Council in the public

Palace
Giiiliam

on
de"

the

prefent

and

Medici

affifling,

the Soldiers

on a fudden forced the Gate, and rufliing up Stairs took PoiTeffion of the Palace, and feized on the Plate which was kept
there for the

Ufe of the Magiftracy.

The
Magi-

THE HISTORY
Magiilrates

OF

then with the Gonfalonlere

being forced to fubmit to the Will of a Man who could do more with Arms than

they could do by their unarmed Reverence

and Authority, immediately

tion

at

the

Moby

of Giuliam de

Medici^ called,

Sound of the great

Bell,

an AfTembly of
themfelves

the People in the Square of the Palace.

Here

thofe that met, finding

furrounded by armed Soldiers,

and the
that

Youth of the City

that

had taken Arms

for the Medici y gave their

Con fen t

about Fifty Citizens, nominated with the

Approbation of the Cardinal, ihould be

inverted with the fame Authority in public
Affairs as

which
call

fo

had refided in all the People, ample a Power the Florefitines

Balia *.

bly the
Refume
thorhy"'

By a Decree of this AfTemGovernment was reduced to that

Form

which it fubfifted before the ^^^^ H94> ^ Guard was ftationed at the
in

Palace,

and the Medici refumed their

but

former Grandeur,

governed

more
im-

Pope Leo X. fays that Fifteen Men were created with a Power to eleft Sixty others of the beft Efleem in the City, and mod attached to the Medici, who with their Eleftors were to conftitutc a perpetual or ftanding Council for the Government of the
Gio'vio, in

his Life of

State.

THE WARS IN ITALY,

imperioufly,

6i
\_J^,^

and with a more

abfolute ^- ^r

Authority than their Father had done.

After
reduced to

this

Manner was

the Liberty

of the Florentities opprefTed by Arms, being f'/<'r^this

Condition principally

hy'i^"^^'^^'

the Divifions among; the Citizens.

to fay

And, their Liberty. nothing of the NeutraUty which

they had imprudently obferved, and of the

RemifTnefs of the Gonfaloniere in fuffer-

ing the Enemies of the popular Govern-

ment

to take too

much Head,

it

is

be-

would not even after all have been effeded, if theCaufeof the Public had not been negligently maFor the King of Aragon at firfl naged. had not fo great a Defire to fubvert the
lieved that this Revolution

Liberty of Florence^ as to detach the City

from its Adherence to the King o^FrancCy and to fqueezc a Sum of Money from it to pay his Army. For as foon as the French had abandoned the Dutchy of Milan^ he
charged the Viceroy that

when

either the

Circumftances of Affairs called

him on

fome other

Enterprife,

or that for any

other Reafon he fhould perceive that the

Reftoration of the Medici

would be

diffi-

cult

THE HISTORY OF
he fhould then take his Meafures according to the Times, and agree or not with the City, as he faw mofl
cult to accompllfhj

convenient.

Such were

his

Orders

at

firfl:

but afterwards being

diflatisfied

with the
againft

Pope
at the

for

what he had attempted

at

Aljmfo dEJle
out in public
barians,

Rome^ and taking Umbrage

the

Threats which his Holinefs threw

againfl:

Name of the
his

Barto

he openly declared

Mind

the

fame Florenthie Ambaffador that had been fent to him at the Beginning of the
accordingly charged the Vice-

War, and

roy to attempt no Alteration in the

Gofafer

vernment, either becaufe he judged

to preferve the Gonfaloniere

it

who was

ob-

noxious to the Pope, or was apprehenfive

that the Cardinal de Medici after his Refto-

would have a greater Dependance on But this lafl Rethe Pope than himfelf. folution did net come to the Knowledge of the Viceroy, till the Day after the Republic was reduced under the Power of
ration

the Cardinal.

B Y what

has been faid

it

appears that if

the Threntines^ after the Expulfion of the

French^

THE WARS

IN ITALT,

63
D.

^' French, had been diligent in providing for

the Security of their Affairs by means of an Harmony among themfelves, or had

Ji^^

been guarded by a Body of well difciplined and experienced Troops, the Viceroy

would

either not

have put himfelf in

Mo-

tion againft
Difficulties

them, or have met with fuch in his Attempt to opprefs them,

that

he would have been glad to compound But it with them for a Sum of Money.

was decreed that they (hould take none of thefe falutary Meafures; fince, befides what might be comprehended by human Reafoning and Forefight, they had been warned from Heaven of the imminent For not long before a ThunDangers. derbolt fell on the Gate by which you go prognofiic from Florence to Prafo^ and ftruck offf'^s.^^from an antient Efcutcheon of Marble the
golden Flower-de-Luces, w^hich are the

Enlign of the King of France,

falling

Another

into

on the Top of the Palace penetrated the Chamber of the Gonfaloniere,

Silver

and touching only the large

Box

that contain s"^the Balls ufed in eleding the

chief Magiftrate, defcended to the Bottom,

where

it

ftruck a great Stone that was at

the

64
A, D.
,

THE HISTORY OF
the Foot of the
Stairs,

and fupported the

*^'^'

Frame of the
that,

Building, in fuch a
its

Manner

being forced out of

Place without

receiving any

Damage, it feemed to be removed by fome very dextrous and fkilful

Archited.
the fame time, or

AT

little

before,

which had been bettered by fome Cannon lent by the Pope, toofGenoa furrenwas furrendered to the Genoefe on the Payment of Ten Thoufand Ducats to the Gothe Caftelletto of Genoa,
vernor,

who

defpaired of Relief becaufe a

Fleet, fent

by the King from Provence to

attend to the Defence of that City before

he knew of its Rebellion, was returned back without daring to put to Shore. But
the Lantern
ftill

held out for the King,

having about the fame time received a Supply of Provifions and other NecelTaries by

fome French

Ships.

The Affairs

of Florence being fetded,

received,

and the promifed Money

Viceroy put his
Brefcia,

the
for

Army

in

Motion

which City the Venetian Army,

after mollifying the refra(5lory

Temper of
the

THE WARS
the
Swifsy lay

IN /r^Lr.
in

65
D.

They

was employed before the Gate of

belieging. ^l.

Sa?i Giovaj2?ii,

^ -^

and battered the Town, and at the fame time, with fome Pieces of Artillery planted

on an oppofite Hill, played on the Caftle. They were alfo in hopes of being let into the Place by the Gate of the Pile by means of a Plot, which was difcovered
without taking Effed:.

But

as

foon as they
at

were joined by the Spanifi

the

Army

the

Caftle of Gairo^ near to Brefcia, Aubignt^

Commander
together

of the French

who
into

werefurrenf
^^

in Garrifon in the
it,

Town,

chofe to furrender ^"^'f

with the Caflle,

the

Hands of the Viceroy, on Condition that all the Soldiers fhould march out in Safety
with their Effects, but with their Colours
folded, their Pikes and Lances lowered,

and leaving behind them their

It is

Artillery,

fufped:ed that Aubigni chofe to fur-

render to the Viceroy rather than to the

Venetians

by the Orders of
or to

his

King, by

which he was direfted

to the Spaniards^

to give

up the Place Ccefar^ not out of

fuggefi

Hatred
the

to

the Venetians^ but to

Matter of Contention between Cafar and

King oi Arragon. Vol. VL

The fame

Step was
taken,

THE HISTORY OF
taken,
.

before the

Spaniaj'ds

pafTed into

Lombardy^ by the French Garrlfon of hignago^

who

defpifing the repeated Offers of

the

Vc7ietiatis,

put that Fortrefs into the

Billiop of Goriiz,

Hands of the
at the

to

whom

sKoPtfchierawiis in Hke manner furrender'd

fame time that the Viceroy entered

into Brefcia^ the PofTeffion of

alfo

which City

was demanded by the Biihop, but the Viceroy was pleafed to keep it for the prefent for the Ufe of the League, in whofe Name he had received it. But the Enterprife againfl Crema took a different Turn, for Rcfjzo da Ceri with a Part of the
Venetian

Army

lying before the Place,

on

the Approach of Four Thoufand Swifs fent

by Ottaviano Sforza^ Bifhop of Lodi^ and Governor of Milan^ to make the Conqueff
of it
in

the

Name

of MaJJimiliano Sforza,

the future Duke, Benedetto Cribrarioj corfun-^n-

rupted with Gifts and a Promife of being

dered to
Tittials.

Nobleman of Ve?jice, furrendered ^^^c Town to the Veiietians^ with the Confent of Monf. di Diirafo^ who commanded
created a
in the Cafllc,
bis Safety

and would not depend for

on the Faith of the ^wifs.

The

THE WARS IN ITALT,

The
BiHiop o^ Goritz after this took
a^

Progrefs to Rome^

where the Pope being

extremely

follicitous to gain his Affedlions Reception

forced his Nature, and caufed

received

him tobej^""'* <.ome

through

his

whole Dominions

with
the

all

imaginable Plonours, defraying

Expences of him and all his Attendants during the whole Journey in a moft fumptuous Manner, and receiving him in all the Towns with exceflive and
even unufual Marks of Honour.
In

many

Places he was addreifed by

fies

new Embaf-

of Prelates and honourable Perfons fent

by the Pope,
ceffion

who would

have perfuaded

the College of Cardinals

to
at

walk

in

Proof
of
as a

and receive him

the Gate
it,

Ro7ne

but the College refufing

Indignity,

Step not only without Precedent but

full

the

highefl:

the Cardinals of

Agen and

went forth as far as the Meadows half a Mile from the Gate
Strigonia

to receive the Biihop in the

Name

of the

Pontiff,

and conducted him, marching in

the Middle between them, as Lieutenant

of Ccefar^ to the Church of Santa Maria

del Fopoloj

from whence,

after

the two
Cardinals

6S
A.
^^

THE HISTORY OF
D.

Cardinals had taken their Leave of hiiriy

* he was accompanied by an innumerable

Multitude to the Prefence of the Pontiff^

who

waited for

him in

a public Condftory,

veiled in his Robes, and feated in the

tifical

pon-

Chair.
a

With

the fame Formalities

few Days before very honourably received twelve AmbafTadors of the Swijsy who were deputed from all the Cantons to pay their Obedience in a public Manner,
he had and
tion
to offer the Service of the

for the

perpetual

whole NaDefence of the

their

State of the

Church, with
for

to his Holinefs

the fignal

had done them in prefenting tlie Sword, Cap, Helmet, and Standard, and beflowing on them the Title of Defenders cf the EccIe/icijUc Liberty,

Thanks Honour he them with

On
folid

the Arrival of Gon'tz a Council was

held for fettling the public Affairs on a

Foundation, which could only be

done by removing the Caufes of Feuds and Contentions between particular Parties, that the Peace of Italy might be fo firmly eftablilhed, that all its Powers might with
united Counfels and Refolutions
refift

the

King

THE WARS

IN ITALY.

69

King of France. The moft difficult Part ^; i>. of this Work was an Accommodation, fo^_J.^^^ often attempted, between Cafar and the^^gree_
Venetia?!

S,enate:

For Gm'itz confented "^e"^

treated

of

that the^^;z//<7^fliould

have the Poffeliion between

and^^^'|j^^

of Padotmy Trevigi, Brefcia, Bergamo

Crema^ but
of
infilled

on the Reftitution of Venetians.

to

Vicenza to the Emperor, and a Renunciation

all

Right and Tide

thofe

Towns which
prefent

Ccefar retained, befides the

Payment of

Two Hundred Thour

for ever.

fand Rhenijh Florins, and a yearly Tribute

of Thirty Thoufand more

Venetiam thought
themfelves
it

The
Towns
in

hard to acknowledge

Tributaries for thofe

fo

which they had held

fuch a

many Years
;

Poflefllon as their Property

harder to pay

Sum

of Money, though the Pope

j

them Part of it but intolerable to reftore Vicenza^ which being in the Hands of the Emperor would, as they alledged, by dividing the Body of their State, cut off the Communication of
offered to lend

the the

Head and
reft

other principal Parts with

of the Members, by which

Means

their Poffeffion

of Brefcia, Bergamo and

Crema would become very uncertain and

precarious.

70
^-

THEHISTORYOF
D. precarious.

Befides this, they reprefented,

^^,J^J^^2i?> a

that

more decent Exxufe for their Refufal, they had pafTed their folemii Word to
laft

the VicentiJies at their

Surrendry, that

they would never fuffer themfelves to be

feparated

from them.
other Articles

Some

came under De-

bate between the

Pope and the AmbafTa-

dors of the King of AragcUy which were

propofed by one Party more with a

to countervail the

View
For

Complaints of the other,

that the

than in Hopes to obtain Satisfadlion,

Pope's

the Pope

demanded

King

fliould,

^Alir*^'

according to the Stipulations of the Confederacy,

j.^^^^
aflift

King of
4'ogcn.

him

in the

Conqueft of Fer-

^^^ withdraw

his Protedlion

from

Fabritio and

Marc

Antonio Colonna^

againfl:

whom
with

his Holinefs

had begun

to

proceed

fpiritual

Arms,

for having forced the

Lateran Gate, and received Aljonfo d'EJle his Rebel into the Towns the Dominion of

which diredly belonged to the Church. He demanded alfo that the King fhould renounce the Prote(5tions which he had
granted in T'ufcany to the Florentines^
nefe^

Sein

Liicckeje,

and to Piombino,

as

done

Diminution

THE WARS

IN ITALT.

Diminution of the Rights of the Empire,

and giving Umbrage to Italy in general, and particularly to the Church, fince as it
could not be of any Service to the other
Potentates that he fliould have fo

many

Adherents

in Italy^ fo

it

would be very

dangerous for the Church to have a Province adjoining to

its

Dominions dependent

on

his Authority.

Anfw^er of the Spa?uards to thofe Anfwer Demands was, that the King their Mafler^.^he
did not refufe to
allift

The

his Holinefs againfl Ambafiathe*^^'^^-

Ferrara, provided that, according to

Obligations of the former Confederacy, he

paid the

Sums due

to the

Army

for the

Time
ments
britto

paft,
J

and provided

for future

Pay-

that his Proceedings againfl

Fa^

and Marc Antonio Colonna were by

no means laudable ; for by the Dependencies which they had contracted, and by
the Reputation they had gained
nerals, the Profecution
as

GeThat

of them would fur:

ni{h Matter for

his Catholic

new Combuflions

Majefly could not abandon

great Prejudice to his

them without Honour; and

own
by

that the Exploits performed

72
A. D.
^J^^^_^^tifF.

THE HISTORY OF
by both of them in the Service of the Ponas well
as

of himfelf, in the

War

againft the
better

King of France^ deferved a Recompenfe That the Complaint

:

of the Protedtions of Tujcany did not

arife

from any juft Umbrage or Jealoufy, but was made with an Intent that Siena, Lucca and Piombino might be left as a Prey to the covetous Ambition of the Pontiff: That the King, however, as to thefe Points would refer himfelf to the Arbitration of the Emperor,

It was

the unanimous Defire of the

that
MaJJimiliajio

Confederates

Sforza
to grant

Hiould be inflated in the Dutchy oi Milan

though Cajar would not confent

him

the Invefliture,

nor give

him the

Name of Duke or any Title uf Jurifdidlion.

But there was revived a Complaint of Goritz and the SpaJiiards concerning the
Parma
%rii?ici^uftiy

Scizure of

Favma and

Piacenza, in Pre-

judice of the

Rights of the Empire, to

the immoderate Increafe of

by Popes,

Power

in

the

feized

and too

much weakening
it

the

Dutchy of Milan, which

have been neceffary to

would rather render more poweriful,

THE WARS IN ITALY.

was always fure to receive the iirft Impreffions from the French. The Pontiff, it was faid, had not in the
fill,

becaufe

it

Articles of the League

Cities

mentioned any other

Ferrara
j

than BologJia and

but

now, under Pretence of Rights of which there appeared no authentic Traces in the Memory of Man, ufurped what had not
for a vafl Space of
fefiion

Time been

in the Pof-

of the Roma?i Church,

nor was

had ever been poffefled of it even in the mofl antient Times, for of Donations made by Emperors there was nothing to fhew but one limple Writing, which might have been forged by any one at Pleafure; and yet the Pope, as if the Cafe were manifeft.and notorious, taking Advantage of the Troubles of Lombardy^ had taken upon himfelf to judge in his own
there any certain
that ihe
Caufe.,

Knowledge

All

thefe Difputes

were

difficult to

be

terminated; but v/hat by far occafioned

^he greateft Trouble and Difturbance

was

the Difference between Ccejar and the VenctiajiSj

the Pope fatiguing himfelf to the

utmoft

THE HISTORY OF
utmofl of his Power, fometimes by Ex.hortations, fometimes by Intreaties, and
mcnt be tweenC^-^g'^f

fometimes by Menaces, bein? defirous, as ' n r V. he was at hrft, of the Prefervation of the
1
/-

{he^"ttiars fol'"

^^^^^^^^^^

foi*

^^

public

Good oi Italy
make

for

he hoped

by their Affillance,

without
himfelf

vain

cn^ploying the Spaniards, to

Mafter of jRfrr^r^.
the

The
alfo

AmbafTadors of
laboured for a

King of Aragon

Reconciliation,

being
to the

apprehenfive that

the Venetians,

common

Danger,

might be induced to turn their Thoughts once more on uniting with the King of
France.

But they were under a Neceflity

fear

of adling cautioufly for

of provoking

Ccefar to enter into an Alliance withFr<7;/f^,

from which
tholic

their

King had taken

fo

much

Pains to feparate him, and becaufe his Ca-

Majefty for fome other Reafons

forfeit his Friendship.

would by no means

The
their

Swifs

AmbafTadors

alfo

interpofed

good
;

Offices for adjufting thefe Dif-

ferences

had obliged themfelves to defend the Venetians on the yearly Penfion of Twenfy-five Thoufand Ducats,
for they

and they defjred not

the
NeceiTity
either

to

be reduced to
violating

of

their

Promifes,

THE WARS
Promifes,
or

IN ITALT.
if

75
^-

of oppofmg Cafar

he

D,

fhould attack the Ve?ietian Dominions,

^^-^ .J^

AT
mand

laft,

the Pontiff finding he could

not induce Goritz to recede from his

De- j^^^^^"^*^
Pope
'^^'^^

of the Reftitution
to

of Vicenza, nor the

give
it

difpofe the Venetiain

up, and^"

that they difagreed alfo about the

Sum

of

Money, and

defirous above

all

things that,

in order to extinguifli the

Name

and Au-

thority of the Fifan Conventicle, the

Em-

peror might approve of the JLatercm

cil,

Coun-

protefled to the Venetia7i Ambafladors

that he fhould be conflrained to profecute

their

Republic

w^ith fpiritual

and temporal

Arms.
preflion

But his Proteft making no Imon the Ambafladors, he entered

into a Confederacy with Ccefar alone, for

the Spanifi Ambaflador refufed to be a

Party concerned, either becaufe he had

no Commiffion from
Ccefar^

his Mafter, or beaffiil

caufe that King, though inclined to

was
for

yet

follicitous

to

find

fome

Means

keeping

alive the

Hopes of the

Venetians.^

Means
*

The

EngUflj
to

Ambaffador

alfo refufed

the League,

it

appearing

him, as Moanigo fays, a fcandalous and unIvandfome

76
ji.

THE HISTORY OF
D.

^^-^-^

N the Preamble to this Confederacy, which was afterwards folemnly publiflied in the Church of Sa?ita Maria del Popoloy it was e^prefTed that the Venetians having
I
obftinately refufed Peace,

Conditions on
*

and the

Pontiff,

obliged by the NecefTities of the Chriftian

vtxi!

Commonwealth, having protefted to abandon them, Ccejar had entered into and accepted of the League made in the Year 151 1 between the Pope, the King of
Aragony and the Venetians^ by
ferved for his AccefTion
that
A^irtue

of

the Liberty which had been hitherto rej

he pro-

mifed

to

adhere to the hateran Council,

difannulling the Mandate, and revoking

all

Powers and

Ads made

or granted in
^

favour of the Fijan Conventicle

and that

he was obliged not to affift any Subjed: or Enemy of the Church, particularly Althe fonjo d EJk and the Bentivogliy PoflelTors of Fcrrara and Bohgna j and he was alfo to recall the German Foot that were in the Service of Alfonfo and of
Federigo da Bozzolo his Feudatory.

On
handfome AUon
Pope.
to engage
againft the Ftnetians,
infinitely

who,

according to Bembot bad deferved

well of the

; y :

THE WARS IN
ON
the other Part the

I'TALY,

Pope engaged to affirt Ccefar with fpiritual and temporal q^ ^^^ Arms againfl the Venetians^ till he fhould Pope's have recovered all that was allotted him by the League of Cambray. The Venetians were declared to be wholly excluded from the League, and from the Truce made with Ccefar, becaufe they had feveral

Ways
to

adted in Contravention to both

and

be Enemies to the Pontiff, to Ccefar

and

to the Catholic

King, to

whom Room

Confederacy within a certain Time, and on The Pope was to certain Conditions make no Agreement with the Venetians
was referved
for entering into the
:

without the Confent of Cc&far, or before

Ccefar

had recovered
as

all

that belonged to

him,
Ccefar

above
at

Neither the Pope nor

Liberty to enter into an

were

Agreement with

any

Chriftian

Prince

without the Confent of the other Party

During the War againfl: the Ve7ietians the Pope was not to moleft Fabritio or Marc,
Antonio Colonna, referving Liberty to pro-

ceed againft the Bifhop, Pompeo, GiidiOi

and fome odier declared Rebels

Laflly,

that

78
A.

THE HISTORY OF
D, that tho'

Agreement the PofTeflioii of Parma^ ^^gg^'^ ^nd Piaamza by the ^' JJ-^'_, Pope was tolerated, no Prejudice was inby
this

tended to the Rights of the Empire.

The
^
Council,

Confederacy being
gave
the

pubHfhed,

GoritZy at the next Seflion of the Lateran

his

Approbation to that
of the Emperor,
Italy,

proves of AfTembly in

Name

ra^Coln-^^^^
ci].

as

his

Vicegerent General in

difannulling the Mandate,

with

all

the

Powers and Ad:s made and granted, and teftifying before the whole Council that Cajar had never affentcd to the Pifa7i
Conventicle, but abhorred every one that

had ufed

his

Name

to

authorife

their

Proceedings *.

This
fet

Bulinefs being difpatched, Goritz

out from Rone to be prefent

when
arrived

MaJjimUiano Sforza,

who was

with the Emperor's CommiiTion

at Vero?2a,

rook PoiTellion of the Dutchy of Milan,

But the Cardinal of

* The
Biil.op

Sion,

and the
Adherence

Amto

baffadors
of Goritz
fo

by

his

the

Lateran Council

much

irgraciated

himfclf with the

Pope, that he obtained of him a Monitory againft the

feiutianst and that Cirfar lliould have Brejcia,

Moc,

THE WARS
bafTadors of the

IN ITALY.
^I
.

79
^'
C
I

were in duced to wait the Arrival of the Bifhop, for they were defirous that in the Ceremonies and Solemnities to be performed

whole Swifs Nation, who Milan^ were with Difficulty in-

2.

on that Occafion it fhould appear, by fome Marks of Diftindion, that the Swifs were the Caufe of this happy Event, that they were the Men who had driven the French out of that State, the Men to whofe Labour and Valour Majjimiliano was indebted
for receiving
it.

The

Viceroy however

prevailed

on them, more by Cunning and Induftry than by Authority, to wait the

Goritz.

Coming of
in the

That

Prelate having

Name

of Ccefar

ratified at Florence

the Confederacy
ceived a certain

made

in Prato,

Sum

of

Money

and refrom the

Lucchefe^ for taking

tetftion,

them under his Proproceeded to Cre??iona, where he

MaJi?niJia?io Sforza

was expected by

and

the Viceroy, and from thence they

all fet

out together for Milan to

into

that

City,

on the

make Day

their

Entry

appointed,

with the Solemnities and Honours ufually

attending
there

new Princes.

In the Cavalcade

v^^as

a great Difpute

between the
Cardinal

8o

THE HISTORY OF
Cardinal of
Sio?z

and the Viceroy which

qualified to deliver the

of them was

bell:

Keys

at the

Entrance of the Gate to the

new

Prince, as a

Mark of

putting

him
in

in

Pofleffion of his State.

at laft

But the Viceroy

the

fubmitting,

the Cardinal
Sivifs

public
in the

Name

of the

put the Keys'

Hands of

the Prince, and that Day,

latter

which was about the

cembtTy performed
Majfmili-y^Qxe.
put
in Pof'',

End

of De-

all

the Ceremonies that

ncceilary to fliew that Majjimiliam

received Pofleifion

from the

Swij's.

The

feflion

of

^g^ Dukc was

received

with incredible

o/M/L^Demonflrations of Joy by all the People, from a mofl: ardent Defire to have a Prince of their own, and becaufe they hoped
that he

would

imitate his Grandfather or

his Father,

the former of
his

whom
Virtues,

had
and
their

greatly endeared

Memory

to the In-

habitants

by

his

excellent

their Wearinefs

and Vexations under fo-

reign

Governments

had chanc^ed

Hatred of the other in to Benevolence; and before they had ended their Rejoicings the
Caftle

of

Nov Lira

was

recovered,

the

Garrifon furrendering that Fortrefs.

Tur

THE WARS
The
not wholly broken oft

IN IT ALT.
v

81
A. D.

Confederacy made in Rome had

all

^J^

Hopes of Ac-

commodation between Cc^far and thcmodation Venetians^ for the Pope had immediately ^^'^^"
fent to Venice Jacopo Stafflko his

Nuncio,

the Fene"*

who was accompanied 1

,

by three AmbalTa-'''^"^ carries,

'

dors of the Sivifs^ in order to induce

to

them

come

to an

Agreement.

On

the other

Side the Senate, to preferve the Benevo-

lence of the Pope, and to avoid

Ccejar againfl

giving

any Caufe
profefs

to

employ

his

Arms
to the

them, had direded their Ambaflatheir

dors to

Adherence
as

Lateran Council, and

federacy was

foon as the

Con-

made

fent Orders for their

Troops
the

to retire into the

Padouan,

The

Viceroy therefore,

unwilling to difturb

Hopes of

Army

had drawn off his towards Milan. But the fame

a Peace,

concerning the Reftitution of Vicenza, and the Payment of the Money

Difficulties
ftill

fubfifling,

all

thofe Labours were to

no Purpofe. And this was the Reafon why the Pope did not attack Ferrara, becaufe had the Peace taken Effedl, he would have been in Plopes that his own F Forces, ^. Vol. VI.

82
^J^'

THEHISTORYOF
Forces, with the Alfiftance of the Vejie^

_! -^ tiam,
were

together with the Report that they

to be joined,
if

needful,

by the

Spaniards^ were fufficicnt to fecure

him
the

the Victory

but otherwife he

had retill

folved to defer the Undertaking

Spring,

becaufe

Ferrara

was

thought

difficult to

be taken in the Winter, being flrong by Situation with refpedt to the

River, and Alfonjo had ftrongly fortified
it,

and was continually adding fome new

Fortifications.

T may perhaps fecm

foreign to

my
No-

Purpofe, which was not to take any

tice

of Occurrences happening without

Italy^

the Bounds of

to give an

Account
this

of Tranfadlions during the Courfe of

Year

in

France

but the Dependence of

the State of Affairs in

our

upon
tains,

that

on the other Side

own Country of the Moun-

and the Connexion of Events, fo often obferved, in one with the Refolutions

and Events
P^^'^

in the other, oblige

me
Six

Evzii/h

^^^ ^^

them

quite over in Silence.

land at

So early
'j-j^^y^-j^j^^i

as

the Beginning of

May

^onura-

Englijh Foot had been tranfport-

ed

THE WARS
ed
in

IN ITALY,

Englip and Spanijh Ships to Fontarabia^ a Town on the utmoft Border of the Kingdom of Spain towards France^ and on the Ocean. Here they were to be joined by the Spanijh Forces, and,
feated

according to the Agreement

made between

the Father-in-law and Son-in-law, jointly

attack the

Dutchy of Guyenney which,

according to the antient

fions of Countries,
is

Names and

Divi-

a Part of the Pro-

vince oi Aqtiitaine,

Againft this Invalioiv

the King of France ^ not as yet fecure

on

the Side of Picardy\ had got in readinefs

Regiment of Eight Hundred Lances, which he had formed on a new Eilablifhment, and had lifted a great Number of Foot in the lower Parts of Germany y not fubjedl to Ccefar. And knowing how much more important it was for the Defence of the Dutchy of Guyenne to be
a

Kingdom of Navarre^ which being appropriated in Dowry to Catherine de Foix was enjoyed in comfecure

of

the

mon

by herfelf and John her Son by het Hulband Albert, he had invited Albert to
and was very
follicitous to

his Court,

gain

him

to his Intereft.

And he had
2

a very
fair

S4
J. D.
I

THE HISTORY OF
fair Colour ofFered

him

for taking PofTeiTion

,

ft 2.

^_^-\-ij^^ the Country by the

King of ^^'^^i
France
0^^

Death of Gajion de

which Occafion the King of France pretending that Navarre did not
^clong to
FeiTiales,

Navarre,

but to himfelf as the

next Heir male of the Family of Foix, had

begun

a Procefs at

Law

again ft y(?/j/7.

ON
fliould

the other Side the Catholic King,

fet his

who had
^Navarre
J

Eyes on the Kingdom of

demanded of the King that he ftand neuter between him and the

King of France ^(hould grant a free PafTage through Navarre to his Troops that were
to enter France^

and for the Security of

Fortrefles,

obferving fuch Engagements fhould put

into his

Hands fome

which he

promifed to rellore as foon as the

War
being

was ended.
fenfible

The King of Navarre

he knew
that

of the Tendency of thefe Defor

mands,

the Kings

c-f

Spain had of old a longing Defire to fcize

on Navarre, chofe rather

felf to

to expofe

him-

an uncertain Danger, than to

certain
fail

em-

brace

Ruine, in Hopes that he

of the Succours promifed
.

ihould not

by the King of France,

for

whofe

Affairs
it

THE WARS
it

IN

MALT.

would be very convenient to keep the War out of his own Dominions in Na-^
either to give
for

"carre.

At the fame time, more Leifure to the Troops

as appointed,

marching,
or to free

to his AlTiflance,

himfelf, if pofllble,

from thefe Demands,

he

treated with the

King of Aragon^ who,

proceeded in

according to his Cuftom,

this Aflair

But he was no more injured by the Diligence and Sollicitude of the Catholic King, than he was by the Negligence of the King of France^ who taking Encouragement becaufe the EftgliJJj who had been landed at
with profound Policy.
Fontarabia had lain
for
ilill

in their Quarters

many Days, and being

confident that
for

the

King of Navarre could

defend himfelf with his

fome

Time
cours.

proceeded but flowly in

own Forces, fending him Suc'

Aragon^

On this Occafion the King of who had craftily amufed A^^fallacious

varre with
the
Etigliffj,

Hopes, turned his

Forces that were prepared to join with

with the utmofl Expedition,

that King,

againft the

Dominions of

who J^^^^^
^'"^5

being unprepared, and defpairing of Re-

o"

ivaviii

filtance,

86
A.

THE HISTORY OF
D. fifbnce, fled over the Pirenean
finto

Mountains

L^i

Beam,
the

Thus

Kingdom of Navarre^
FortrefTes

ex-

cept fome

garrilbned

which
being

held out for the fugitive King,

abandoned, was without any Expence or

Difficulty,

and more from an Awe of the Neighbourhood of the EngUfl:> than by

his

own

Forces, reduced under the

Power

That Prince of the King of Aragon. |cn owing himfelf incapable of averting his Right to that Kingdom by any other Title, alledged that he had taken lawful
PofTeffion of
it

Apoftolic See.
fied

by Authority from the For the Pope, not fatisin Italy,

with his profperous Succefles

a
little

had
the

before publifhed a Bull againfl

King of France^ in which, calling pope ex- him no longer moji Chrijlian but fno/l fubjeded him and all his catTe"?'^^''^^^ he
King and

Adherents

to

all

the Punifliments of Here-

of fL^!^. tics

and Schifmatics, granting a Power to any one lawfully to feize on their Goods,
Eftates,

them.

and whatever With the fame

elfe

belonged to
being

bitter Spirit,

highly offended with th^ City of Lions

for

THE WARS
Prelates

IN ITALT.
and the other
Milaii^
'^-

87
^
^

for receiving the Cardinals

who had

fled

from

he hadv

commanded,

under

grievous

Cenfures,

that the Fair ufed to be kept four times a

Year, with a vaft Concourfe of Merchants,

at Lio7is,

fliould

be held for the future in

the City of Geneva^ from

XI. had, for the Benefit

whence Lewis of his Kingdom,

fubje(5led

removed it ; and at lafl he whole Kingdom of France

fiaftic Interdict.

the

to the Eccle-

Aragon having got PofTeflion of Navarre^ a Kingdom, though of fmall Extent and Revenues, yet very commodious by its Situation, and a great Security to Spaiji, had firmly refolved to proceed no further, not thinking it for his Purpofe to go to War with the King of France beyond the Mountains. Hence he had been but flow in preparing his Forces even from the firfl Landing of the EngliJJ:), and after his Acquifltion of
the

But

King

of

Navarre^ when the

EnglijJ:) foUicited

him
lay

to join his Forces with theirs, that they

might march

in

cenjundion,

and

Siege to Bayonne^ a City in the Neighbour-

F 4

hood

THE HISTORY

OF

hood of Fontarabia, and feated aim oil on ,the Ocean, he propofed other Enterpriles in Places diftant from the Sea, alledging that Bayonyie was fo well fortified and garrifoned, that there were no Hopes of taking But the Englijh oppofing his Schemes, it. and fetting no Value on any Conqueft in the Dutchy of Guyenne without Bayo?ine,
after

much Time
tired,

fpent in thefe Difputes,

grew
Englijh

and

thinking

themfelves

deluded,

home.

embarked without Orders or Leave from their Prince, and returned

to Englafid,

King of France remained fecure on that Side, and he was no longer under Apprehenfions from the
Englijh,
for

By their Departure the

who had

attacked

him by

Sea,

he was become at length fo powerful in his naval Armaments, that he commanded all theOcean between the Coalls of
Spain.

England and
prench
at-

He refolved therefore
Recovery of Navarre,
RngliJJ:,

now

to attempt the

tempt

in

^ which

he was encouraged not only by

but becaufe

Recovery the

Departure of the

%JrT

^y ^^ ^ Succefs of his Wars in Italy his Troops were all colleded within the King-

dom

THE WARS IN
dom
the

IT ALT.
of Aragon^
at
A-

89
^

of France.

The King

Time when he gave Hopes to the Englijh that he would make War, had, in order to fecure the whole Kingdom of
Navarre^ fent fome Troops to
Piedde Port, a
St. yea?i

Town
and

on the

utnioft Bor-

ders of Navarre,

feated at the

Foot of
;

the Pirenean Mountains towards France

and when afterwards the French Forces began to increafe in the neighbouring Places, had fent thither Federigo Duke of
Alva, his Captain General, with his whole

Army.
rior

But
the

at

length being

much

infe-

to

French,

who were

joined

by the Dauphine, Charles Duke of Bourbon, and hongueville. Lords of the firft
Quality, the

Duke of Alva entrenched

himfelf in a ftrong Poft between the Plain

and the Mountain, and judged that he fliould do enough if he could prevent the French from entering Navarre. The

Enemy, being hurt him in

Strength of
its

fenfible that they

could not

that Place becaufe

Situation,

of the

refolved that the

King of Navarre with Seven Thoufand Foot of his own Country, accompanied by M. la PaliJJe with Three Hundred Lances,
Ihould

THE HISTORY OF
from Salvaterre near St. "Jean Pied de Port^ where the whole Army was encamped, and pafs the Pirenean Mountains by the Way of ValdironcaleSy and approaching Pampelona^ the Capital of
fhould march

which the People, taking Encouragement from the near Approach

Navarre,
in

of the French, began already to be very

tumultuous,

from

Defire after

their

King, fliould

feize the Pafs

of Ro?icifvaUe,

by which alone Provifions were conveyed to the Spanijh Camp, which in its prefent Situation, by means of the Barrennefs of the Country, did not abound with Vid:uals. The Event was, that, after the King of Navarre and Palijfe had feized a Pafs on
the

Summit of

the Pirenean Mountains,

they took
feated at

by Storm Borghetto, a Town the Foot of thofe Mountains, and

in the

defended by Baldes, a Captain

ble

King

of Aragons Guards, with a confidera-

Number

of Foot.

And

if

they had
to
feize

haftened with

due Expedition

the Pafs of Roncifvalle,

Hunger alone

would have been fufficient to fubdue the Spanifh Army, which would have been furrounded with Enemies on all Sides, in

THE WARS
difficult.

IN ITALT,

a Country beyond Meafure rugged and

But they were prevented by the Expeditioufnefs of the Duke of Alva,

leaving a Garrifon
in
*S/.

who
Foot

of a Thoufand

Jean Pied de Forty with all the Artillery, paiTed to Pampeloua through
the Pafs of Roiicifualle before the
arrived.
Palijfcy

Enemy

But the King of Navarre and who had received a Reinforce*

ment of Four Hundred Lances and Seven Thoufand German Foot from the Dauphine, being difappointed of their Hopes,

made

their

Appearance before Pampelona

with four Pieces of Artillery, which they

had conveyed with great Difficulty over the rough and craggy Mountains. They attempted to take the Place by Storm, but were repulfed, and conft rained by the
Seafon of the Year,
it

being in December^

and the

Want

of Provifions in that barren

the Siege, and repafs the

Country, to
Pireneesy

raife

on which by the Difficulties of the Pafles, and the Obflrudtions they met with from the Peafants, they were forced

At tlie fame time Lautrechy who had made an Inroad into Bifcdy with Three Hundred Lances and Three
to leave their Artillery.

92
^'
I

THE HISTORY OF
^'

Three Thoufand Foot, and plundered and

all

....^-^ burnt

that

came

in

his

Way,

after

an
^t.

unfuccefsful Attempt on the

Sebajiiarij

Town

of

repafled the Mountains,

and

returned to the

Army, which, having noin free

thing farther to fear or hope, broke up,

and

left

the

King of Aragon

and

peaceable PoflefTion of the

Kingdom of

Navarre.

AT
that

this

Time

it

came

to

be difcovered

Son of Federtgo, late King of Naples, and declared Duke of Calabria^ had made a private Agreement with the King of France, and was conFerdinandoy
triving to

make

his

Efcape to the French

Army, which
oi Logrogna.
of Aragon,
grogna,

lay not far

from the

Town

On this Difcovery the King who was at that Time in jLoyoung Prince to the in which the Kings of
or extraCopola,

fent the

Caflle of Sciativay

AragoJi ufe to imprifon fuch Perfons as are

diftinguifhed by their Nobility

ordinary Merit;
Neapolitan,

and

Filippo

who had gone

j

fecretly to the

King oi France
was quartered

to treat about

the Affair,

Fortune

fo varying

the

Lot

THE WARS
Grandfather by
be beheaded.
Confpiracy,

IN ITALT.
had

Lot of Mortals, that he received his Punifhmcnt in the Service of a Prince whofc
the Father's

Side
di

caufed his Father the

Count

Sarni to

And

the Difcovery of this

which had its Original from a Fryar who was privately fent to Ferdinando from the Duke of Ferrara, had fome Influence on the Affairs of Italy : For the Catholic King, who was before inclined to fatisfy the Pope, was now much more incited to it by this Affront, fo that he fent Orders to the Viceroy and his AmbafTador at Rome to lead his Army againfl Ferrara whenever the Pope pleafed, without demanding any Money of him more than was neceffary for the Subliflence of the Soldiers.

These
and Spain.
was
as full
:

were the Tranfadiions during Year

in
Italy ^

the Courfe of this

France
1513:

The
It

following Year 1513

as the

of memorable Events

preceding

began with a CefTation of

;

Arms on

all

Sides

for the Venetians nei-

ther gave nor

received

any Moleflation*
fand

Only the Viceroy went with Three Thou-

tHE HISTORY OF
fand Foot to befiege the Caflle of TrezzOj
,

which furrendered on Condition that the Garrifon might march out in Safety with But the Minds of the Peotheir EiFeds.
ple in general were difquieted with the

Thoughts of
King of

future Events

for

it

was

King of France^ having meditates delivered his Kingdom from Foreign Arms, the Re^^^ refumcd new Spirits from his numerous Levies of German Infantry, and the mtan. confiderable Addition he had made to his Eftablifhment of Lances, had nothing fo
that the

known

much

in

View

as

the

Recovery of the

Dutchy of Milan. But though he fet his Heart upon thisEnterprife,and was extremely delirous to haften
it

while the Caflles of

flill

Milan and Cremona were

that

in his PolTef-

lion, yet conlidcring the great Difficulties

would occur from the Oppofition of fo

being not without

many Enemies, and

next

Ap-

prchenfions that the King ofE;;-^/^/?^ might

Summer

attack his

Dominions with

a very potent

Army, he refolved to mak no Movement unlefs he could either feparate

fome of the Confederates from

Afibciation,

their

common

or procure an Al-

liance with the Venetians,

That one or
other

THE WARS
had various Reafons

IN /r^Lr.
^-

95
D.

other of thefe Events might happen he

to

from the^li^lLj Tranfadions of the laft Year: For the Grounds Bifhop of GoritZi w^hen he was on his ^f his Journey from Ro?ne to Milan, had given a sacccfs. favourable Audience to a Domeftic of
Cardinal San
SeverinOy

hope

fent to

him

in

the

Name

of the Queen of France, and

privately fent to

had afterwards

France a

Confidant of his
againft the

own with
-,

Overtures, proaffill

pofing that the King fhould

Venetians
that

Ccefar

Marriage

ihould be contracted between the fecond

Grandfon Charles, with the Dutchy of Milan for her Dowry ; that the King fhould make over to his Daughter and future SonCcefar s

Daughter of the King and

in-law his Pretenfions to the

Naples
;

Kingdom of

and that the Emperor might not

truft to bare

be obliged to

Words and Pro3

mifes, the Spoufe

fhould immediately be

delivered into his

Hands

and that when

the King fhould have recovered the

Dutchy

of Milan, Cremona and the Ghiaradadda.

fhould be put in the FofTeflion of Ccefar,

The King was

iftto

alfo in

Hopes of entering

an Alliance with the Venetians^

who
were

THE HISTORY
were highly provoked
at

OF
Viceroy's

the

taking PoflelHon of Brefcia,

and

much
at

more
Rottie

at

the fubfequent

Convention

between the Pope and Ccefar; for

which Reafon the King, taking Advantage of that Jundture, had very privately

ordered to Court Andrea Gritti,

who was

taken

at

Brefcia,

Prifoner in

and ftill remained a France^ and contrived that

Cianjacopo da 'Trivid-ziy in

whom

the Ve-

netians put great Confidence, Ihould,

un-

der Pretence of other Bufinefs, fend his

fome Profpecll of an Agreement with the King o^ Aragony who, according to his ufual
Secretary to Venice,

He

had

alfo

Way of entrufting his Concerns

into France

with Per-

fons in religious Orders, had privately fent

of Zeal for

two Fryars, who, under a Show the public Good, fhould begin
univerfal, or

with addrefling the Queen with Propofals

relating to a Peace, either
particular

between the two Kings.

But

they had but fmall PI opes of Succefs, for

the
lie

Kins of France knew

Majelly intended
that
it

that his Catho-

to retain

NavarrCy
of great
Indignity

and

weuld be an

Ad

Cruelty,

and of the

higheft

imaginable.

THE WARS IN ITALT,

jmaeinable, to abandon a

gy
^'

Kin? who,

for ^-

procuring his Friendfhip, and in

Confi-v.^^,41j

dence of his Affiftance, was fallen into fo

great a Calamity*

But
Swijsy
fallibly

the chief Concern of the a

King of
the

France was

P^econciliation with

on which he knew that Vidtory independed, by the vaft Authority

tliat

which
by

Nation had

at prefent obtained,

g^^-f

^".

not only by the Terror of their Arms,

their

butputation.

Condu^, which no longer ap-

peared like that of mercenary Soldiers or

Grafiers, but of

Men

educated in the

Adflrid;

miniftration

of

States,

keeping a

Eye,

as

is

ufual in a well

managed Com-

monwealth, over every Step taken in public Affairs, and futfering no Movement to
be made but
Swijjerland
baffadors
at their

Difcretion.

Hence

became the Refidence of Amfrom all the Chriftian Princes,

all

and the Pope, and almoft

received
into their
lift

the Italian

Powers, paid them yearly Penfions, to be

Confederacy, and for
Permiffion to
Soldiers of that Nation,

when

Occalion required, for their

own
at this

Defence.

The

Sijoifs,

grown proud

Vol. VI.

98
^-

THE HISTORY OF
^' this Authority,

and remembering that by

Charles

^_^^ j^ their

King of France had fub verted the happy State of Italy^ and Lewis his SuccelTor had acquired the Dutchy of Milan^ recovered Genoa^ and
firft

Arms

overthrown the Venetians^ they behaved

towards every one
infolent
after

an imperious and
of France,
givfin

Manner.

The King

however, befides the Encouragement

by"the

^^"^ ^^
Swifsj

many

private Perfons

among

the

King of
ranee.

and

his perfuading himfelf that

he

^q^\^ work upou them by Offers of a very large Sum of Money, entertained Hopes of Succefs becaufe the Cantons had never ratified the Agreement concluded between the Government of M/7^ in the

Name
fliould

of Ma[jimiriano Sforza and their

AmbafTadors,

by which,
Fortreffes,

as

foon as he

be put in PoflelTion of the Dutchy

its

of Milan and

he was

to

pay

them an Hundred and Fifty Thoufand Ducats, and Forty Thoufand more every Year for Five and Twenty Years to come, on which Conlideration they were to receive him under their Protedion, and allow him to lift their Foot into his Service.

Wherefore

in

the Beginning of
this

THE WARS
this

IN ITALT,

99

in

Year the King, tho' he had before ^- D. vain attempted to obtain an Audience vji^
AmbafTadors

for the

whom
them

he defigned to
free PofTefllon

fend in order to treat about a Reconciliation,

confented to give

of the FortrelTes of the Val di Lugana, and

Ltigarna^ as a Price at

which he

defired to

purchafe only a bare Hearing.

With

fo

much

Indignity did great Princes court

the Friendihip of that Nation

MoNS.
where
ful

de la T'remouille then,

by

Com-

miffion from the King, arrived at

a Diet

Lucem,

was

called to give

him an

Audience.

But

Reception,

he met with a chearhe foon found that his

tho'

Labours
Ian

in regard to the
fruidefs.

would be
the

Dutchy of Mi* For a few Days

before Six of the Cantons had ratified and

Agreement made with Majjimiliano Sforza, three had refolved to ratify it, and the other three
Articles

figned

of the

feemed

as yet to ftand in Sufpenfe.

There

was no more Talk therefore about the

Affair of Milan^ but lirenioutlle propofed

to

them

their Afiiflance

of the King at

lead in the Rec>overy of Genoa and AJti^

which

THE HISTORY OF
which were not included
tion
in the

Conven-

made with Majjimiliano. To give Weight to this Demand 'Trividzioj under

-,

Demands
of
the

rretence

or

treating

about

his
to

private

King of Concerns, requefted

jefted

Leave

come

to

by the

Dict,

and obtained a
the

Pafs,

but on

****^^'^'/''

Condition that he fhould

relating to

treat

of nothing

King of

France-,

foon as he was arrived

ceived Orders not fo

at Luce?'n^

and as he re-

much

as to

converfe

with Tremouille either

in public or private.

At
the

laft

the Articles of the Treaty with

ratified

Duke of Milan were

of
the
all

by the

common Confent every Demand of

rejefted,

the Cantons, and

King of France was

granted

and

it

was further refolved that

no Leave

fliould be

him

to

lift

Soldiers of their

Nation for his Service

either in Italy or elfe where.

The
by the
cile

King of France thus excluded

found
at
it

Sivifs,

neceflary to recon-

himfelf either with Cajar or with the

Venetians^

who

the fame time

were

treating alfo with defar.

For the Conwith the King

federates entertaining a Sufpicion of their

embracing

a Reconciliation

of

THE WARS IN ITALY.

of France^
{liould

Gcritz confented that they

Vicenza.

retain

But the Senate

the

taking

Encouragement from
as excited the

fame

Caufe

Fears of the

Enemy,
offered

refufed to

make Peace without

the Refti-

tution of Verona^ for

to

which they
their

recompenfe Coefar with the larger

of Money.

But finding

Sum Demand

attended with Difficulties, they were the

more

inclined to

embrace the Friendfhip

Confederacy
firfl

of the French y and agreed, by Trivulzios

Secretary,
to

enter into a

with the King on the Foot of the

Alliance,
Poffeffion

by which they were to have the of Cremona and the Ghiara-

dadda.

But the Secretary having exprefly mentioned in the Inftrument that nothing (hould be of any Validity unlefs it were
approved by the King within a certain

Time, various were the Debates in Council whether it v/as more expedient to chufe a Reconciliation with the Emperor, or a
Confederacy with the Venetians.
Trividzicy and almofl
Robertef,

a Secretary of State, and of great

rity,
all

Autho- the Fr^f/6

latter, fine n s

the chief ^^'^"^'^

Men

of the Council advifed the

reprefenting that prefent Experience had^'^'^

de-

102

THE HISTORY OF
the
great

^- ^' demonftrated

Prejudice

they

v_^^-,_f^^d

received from

the

Inconftancy

of

Ccefar,
for'^pJe-

the Hatred

^g^^nft the King,

he and

had
his
as

conceived

Defire to re^

ferringthevenge
^f///.|g^^^^

had with deep Concern from Authors

himfelf,
efpecially

they

of no mean Credit,

that

he had been

often heard to fay, and very lately, that

he had

fixed in his

Mind

the

Memory

of

feventeen Injuries that he

had received

from the French^ and that he would not lofe the Opportunity which now offered of revenging himfelf for every one of them J that he would enter into a Treaty
with no other Defign than, by means of
a fraudulent Reconciliation, to have the
greater Conveniency to
at
leaft

do Mifchief, or
to be

interrupt

what he knew

under Negotiation with the Venetujus^ or

to

retard the Preparations of

War

that

the

Man

dcferved no Pity nor

Excufe

who
fo

being once deceived by another, was

as ever to trufl

unwary

him

again.

ON

the Contrary the Cardinal of San

Seve)-inOj

induced rather by his Zeal for a

Ad-'

Party in Oppofition to Trivulzio, as his

THE WARS
Adverfaries faid,
fon, becaufe

IN ITALY,
in Mtla?i

103
^-

than for any other Rea-

^-

when he was

hev^-^j
re-^no
^''^"r'''

himfelf with his Brothers had always fol- Cardinal

lowed the Fadion of the

plied, that

Ghibellines^

adviles

nothing would be more for an

the King's Intereft than to alTociate him-!,""

felf

aih^'"^

with Cajar in order to break the

his

Union between

Enemies,
to be
it

efpecially

when
render

a Conjunction could be effed:ed

as,
it
;

by

fuch Means,
it

was

hoped, would

durable

that

was the Pro-

perty of Princes in their Refolutions al-

ways

to prefer Interefl before Benevolence,

;

Hatred, or any other Paflion

and what

could be of greater Benefit to d^Jar than

a prefent Affiftance againft the Venetians,

and putting him in Hopes that his Grandfon would fucceed to the Dutchy of Milan ? If Ccejar were once feparated

from the

others, the Catholic

King would

make no
and

Oppofition to his Authority, out

to the Intereft

of Regard

of his Grandfon,
\

for other Confiderations

and nothing

could ftrike a greater Terror into the Pope.

On

the contrary, a Confederacy with the

Venetians

would be highly dillionourable on account of the Ceflion which muft be

made

THE HISTORY OF
them of Cremona and the Ghia-^ radadda, which are fo eflential Parts of the Dutchy of Milan, that the King had
to
fet all

made

Europe

in a

Combuftion

to recover

them

and yet a Conjuncftion with the

was not fufficient to obtain the Vidlory, if the Union between the others
Venetians

were not

difTolved.

This Opinion
the
Alliance

at laft prevailed

through

Authority of the Queen,

.

who was
Time of

defirous

with Cdf

of the Aggrandizement of her ^

till

Jar
vain.

folli-

Daughter, provided that

IVlarriage

the

cited in

fhe might be permitted to re-

main under the Tuition of her Mother, who would engage her Word to keep her
in the

Name of Ccejar as a Spoufe

and
as foon as fhe fhould

defigned

for his Grandfon,

to refign her to her

Hufband,

be of an

Age

fit

for

Matrimony.

But the King

being afterwards afTured that Ccefar would

not confent to this Reftricftionj and, what
is

more, that he had

artfully

made

his

Propofals rather to give

him Occafion
this

to

proceed more flowly in his other Projed:s,

cail:

off

all

Thoughts of

Negotiation,

and

recalled ^fparot^ Brother of Lantrec,

who

THE WARS
who had fet out from

IN ITALT.
Court with his

105
^\

Com-

milTion to treat with Go7'itz

on

this Affair.

^^

ON
of
a

the other Side, the Apprehenfions

Union between the King of France

'"^

and the Venetians increafing daily, theCr^-AradKing of Aragon advifed C^efar to reftore J'jJ^^ Verona and propofed to him, with the with the ^'^"'''^'"* Help of the Money which he would re;

ceive of the Venetians^ and with the Spanifi

Army,

to

remove the
that

War

into Burgundy.

Of
in

the fame

Opinion was Goritx^ who,

Hopes
his

by

he could work upon Ccefar Prefence, returned to Germany, atnot only by

tended

Don

Pedro Durrea,
alfo

who came
Battijla

with him, but

by Giovan

Count of Carriati, the SpaniJJ:) Ambaffador at Venice, having firfl induced the Senate, that no new Difficulties might interrupt the depending Negotiation, to make a Truce for the whole Month of March, and pafTed his Word
Spi?ieUo

to the faid

Ambaffadors that Qefar fhould reftore Verona, on a Promife of the Pay-

ment of

Two Hundred
yearly.

and Fifty Thou-

fand Ducats at certain Times, and Fifty

Thoufand Ducats

In

THE HISTORY OF
I

this turbulent

Jundlure and troublefell

Pope
fick.

falls

foi^e Times, the

Pope

Sick at a

Time

when
vaft

his Imagination

was teeming with

grander Ideas and Conceptions than, perHis

Projeas.

haps, ^ f

had ever been before, for his Schemes were not contracted, but always enlarged by the Accomplifliment of his Defires. Hence he had rcfolved to unit

0111

dertake in the Beginning of the Spring

the Enterprife fo long meditated againft

Ferrara.

That City being

left deflitute

of

and expeclting to be attacked by the Ecclefiaflic Troops in conall

AfTiftance,

jun<Stion with the

Spanijh

Army,

it

was

would make but fmall ReliftHe had fecredy purchafed oiCcefar ance. for Thirty Thoufand Ducats the City of
believed,

Siena for the

Duke

of UrbinOy

to

whom

he would never grant any Lands belonging to the Ecclefiaflic State except Pefaro,
that

he might preferve unblemiflied the

Glory of fincerely feeking the AggrandifeHe had agreed to ment of the Church.
lend Ccefar Forty Thoufand Ducats, for

which he was

to receive

Modena

in Pledge.

He

threatened the Lucchefe for having in

the

THE WARS
the

IN ITALT.
Duke
and
to

Troubles of the

of Ferrara
infifted that

feized on the Carfagnana,

they fhould give

it

up

him.

His In-

dignation was kindled againft the Cardinal

//<?'

Medici, becaufe he fancied that he

to

was

King than to himfelf, and becaufe he was vexed that he had it not in his Power, as he had before imagined, to difpofe of Flothe Catholic
rence,

more devoted

having formed

new

Defigns, and

new

Negotiations, to change the State of

that City.

He

was angry

v/ith the

Car-

dinal ofv Sion for appropriating to himfelf

Revenue of above Thirty Thoufand Ducats yearly out of the Eflates and PoiTeffions of feveral Perfons in the Dutchy of Milan, and had deprived him of the Title of Legate, and cited him to Ro7ne,
a

The
in

better to eftablifh the

Duke

of Urbi7J0

the

Government of Siena by a good

taken into his Pay
Gzr/<?

Underflanding with his Neighbours, he

had

lately

Ba-

glione

with a Delign to expel from Perugia

Gian Pagolo,

who

Vv^as

very clofely allied

by

Affinity to the Sons of Pandolfo

Pe-

trucci,

Succeflbrs to their Father's

Gran^
Fre"

deur.

He

deligned to conflitute Ottaviano

THE HISTORY OF
Fregofo

Doge of

Genoa^

and

to

remove

Janus from that Dignity, with the Confent of the other Fregofi^ becaufe it appeared from the

Rank which
in that

the Anceftors

of Ottaviam had held

continually in his

City that the

Office belonged rather to him.

He

had

it

of

Ital)\

Thoughts to remove out or opprefs by Help of the Swifs^

he magnified and
that
carefled,
feize

whom
the

alone

the Spanijh

Army,

he might
ufe
his

on

Kingdom

of Naples^ by which
(to

Means
fre-

Italy

would remain

own

quent ExprefTion) free from Barbarians*.

With this View he had

;

prevented the Swijs

from entering into a Confederacy with the and yet, as if it had been Catholic King
in his

Power

to fmite

all

the

World

at

once, he continued eagerly

bent againft

the King of France^ though he had given

Audience

to a

Meflenger from the Queen,

and
*
'Julius

was

fo fond

of the Title of
one
to give
it

Dcli'verer of Italy,

that he permitted every

him.

But Cardinal

Crimani
and

freely telling

him one Day

Italy,

that there yet

remained

under the Yoke the Kirgdom of

richeft

J^aples,

one of the largeft

his Staff

Members of

the

Pope fhaking

that in

on which he leaned, and fretting with Anger, replied, a fliort Time, unlefs Heaven had otherwife difpofed, the Neapolitans as well as the
reft

fhould have the

Life ofJJfonJo.

Yoke

taken off their Necks.

G/ew, in his

THE WARS
and excited
aojainft

IN ITALY,
the

109
^I C I

him
to

Arms

of the

^
^

King of

Efigland^

whom

he had ap-u-^-lj

pointed that the Title

of Mofi Chriftian

King fhould be
there
alfo

transferred

the Lateran Council, for

by a Decree of which Purpofe

Bull,

was already drawn up a

which

contained a Deprivation

of Lewis of

the Dignity and Title of

with Leave for

King of France^ any one to feize upon that

Kingdom.

Deligns, and perhaps of greater unknown ^^ (for of fo fierce and refolute a Mind no Pope
I

N the Midft of fuch and

fo great

Conception
Sicknefs

is

incredible,

however

vail^"^'"

and boundlefs) Death intervened

of

after a

many Days.
a

When

he was

fenfible that

he was drawing near

his

End,

he ordered

Confiftory to be called, at

which

his

Weaknefs would not permit

he caufed be confirmed which he had be-

him

to be prefent in Perfon, but

the Bull to

fore publifhed againfl

tain the

him who fhould ob-

Pontificate

by Simony, and de-

clared the Election of a SucceiTor to be-

long to the College of Cardinals, and not

to a Council,

and that the Schifmatic Cardinals

THE HISTORY OF
dinals fhould

have no Power to intervene

j

in the Election
faid,
all

but he forgave them, he

committed againft himlelf, and prayed God to pardon them

their Offences

the Injuries they had done to his Church.

After this he befeeched the College of

Cardinals to gratify

him fo

far as

to

grant

the City of Pefaro in Vicarage to the

Duke
it

of U?binOy putting them in mind that

was

chiefly

by means of that Duke that

it

at

had been recovered to the Church. This was the only Inftance in which he fhewed any private Affeiftion or Concern for his own Family ; on the contrary, when the Lady Felice\\\s Daughter inllantly befoughthim, as did many others by her Interceffion, to
create Guido da Montefalco a Cardinal,

the Death of Giovanni Sforza

be-

caufe they were Brother and Sifter by the

Mother's Side, he pofitively anfwered that

he was not
nity.

a Perfon
in
all

worthy of that DigRefpects retaining his

Severity,

Thus

ufual Conftancy and

with the

fame Judgment and Vigour of Mind which he enjoyed before his Sicknefs, after de-

voudy receiving the Sacraments of the Church, on the Night of February 21,

when

THE WARS
when
it

IN ITALY.
he
v

in

was near Day,

iinifhed the ^-

Courfe of his painful Life.*

^'

H E was a Prince of ineftimable Courage ^'^ ^haand Conftancy, but impetuous, and boundlefs in his

Conceptions, which would have

to his

carried

him headlong

own

Ruine,

had he not been

fuftained

more by the

Reverence of the Church, the Difcord of

Princes, and the Condition of the Times,

than by his

own Moderation

or Prudence*

He

have been worthy of the higheft Honour had he been a fecular

certainly

would

Prince, or

employed the fame Ardor and Vigilance with which he profecuted the

Advancement of the Church in temporal Greatnefs by the Force of Arms, in promoting her Progrefs towards Purity and
fpiritual Perfediion

by the milder Arts of Peace. His Memory, however, is moft dear and honoured above that of all his PredecefTors, efpecially

by thofe

who having

loft

the true

Names

of Things, and confoundarifes

ed theDiftindlion that

from weighing
it

them

in a jufl Balance, think

more the Duty

that he died under an Oppreffion of Grief, being apprehenfive that he fhould be depofcd by the Council from (he Popedom.

Gradinico and Giujiiniano write

THE HISTORY OF
Duty of Pontiffs
to increafe the

Empire o^
the Blood

the Apoftolic See by

Arms and
ftrive

of Chriftians, than to

and labour,

by the Example of a good

Life,

and by

correding and healing a Degeneracy and

Corruption of Manners, to promote the
Salvation of thofe Souls for

whofe Benefit

they boaft that Chrift has conftituted them

his Vicars

upon Earth.

On
Confebis

Advice of the Pope's Death the

of Naples marched with the Spa-

quenccsof^'^iceroy

Death, jjijh Soldiers

towards Piacenza^ and conas

it

ftrained that City to return,

formerly

ufed to be, under the

Dominion of the

and the Farniefans^ induced by the fame Terror, followed the

;

Dukes of Milan

Example of the
Side the
his

Fiacentincs.

On

the other

Duke of Fcrrara foon recovered Towns in Komagna^ and then came bein

fore Reggio; but his

no Commotion
nijh

Approach occafioning the Place, he would

not venture to flay there, becaufe the Spa^

Army had

extended their Quarters be-

tween Fiacenza and Rcggio. There was no other Movement in the Ecclefiaftic
State,

nor did Rome or the College of Cardinals

THE WARS
culties

IN ITALY.
at the

113
f-

dinalsfind themfelves under thofe DifR- ^that

had embarralTed them

v^y-^

Death of the two lall: Pontiffs. Wherefore, after the Performance of the funeral Rites according to Cuftom, Five and

Twenty
quis of

Cardinals

peaceably entered the

firfl

Conclave, having

declared the

Mantouds Son,
at

Marwhom ^Julius had

kept as a Hoftage, free from his

Word

of

Honour, and
Father.

Liberty to return to his

The

firft

Care of the Conclave

flrid: Articles,

was

to moderate,

by very

the

Authority of the future Pontiff, which the

Deceafed, they
the
faid,

had exercifed beyond

Bounds of Moderation j but as among Men fome have not the Courage to oppofe the Will of the Prince, and others are fbllicitous to gain his Favour, fo thefe fame
Perfons not long after voluntarily repealed

almoft every one of thefe Articles.

On

the Seventh

Day

of the Conclave Poper^^j^

the Cardinals unanimoully ele(5ted Pontiff

Gio'-oanni Cardinal de

Medici y

who affumed

o^ Leo X. aged 37 ; which was very furprifing on account of his Youth

the

Name

with Regard to the Cuftom of pafl Times,

Vol. VI.

but

J14
^'

THE HISTORY OF
owing
to the Diligence of
,

^' but principally

the

young

Cardinals,

who had

long before
firft

tacitly

agreed together to create the

Pontiff out of their

own Number.

This
all

Election gave vafl Satisfaction to almofl

Chriftcndom
felf that

every one perfuading him-

heo would prove a moft accom-

from the dear Memory of his Father's Merits, and from the Fame which fpread every where of his own Liplifhed Pontiff,
berality

and good Nature, having the Re-

putation of a chafte Perfon, and of un-

blameable Manners 3 and

that

it

was hoped too

he would imitate the Example of his Father in being a Lover of learned Men,
and of all thofe of an
illuftrious

Genius;

and thofe Expedlations were increafed by confidering that he was chofen fairly without Simony, or Sufpicion of any corrupt
Practice.
felf
It
its

feemed

alfo as if

Heaven

it-

gave

Approbation

in the very
in

Be-

ginning of this Pontificate, for

the fourth

Day

after the Election the deprived

CarPope.

dinals

of ^anta Croce and San Severim

into the

came
Thefe
of

Power of

the

new
Sea,

Prelates having

Advice of the Death

yiilins fet

out for

Rome by

accompanied

THE WARS
in at Leghorn^

IN ITALT,
i

panied by the French AmbafTador, and put

where being informed of the

Ele(5tion of the Cardinal de Medici, truft-

ing to his Good-nature, and the Cardinal

of San Severino

in particular

depending on

his intimate Friendfhip

tiff

with the

new Ponof the

and

his Brother, obtained a Pafs

Governor of Le'^^or/^, which did not extend beyond the Bounds of his Jurifdid:ion> and went afliore. From Leghorn, without
requiring any farther Security, they boldly

ventured to Pifa, in which City they were relpedtfully received, and thence condud:ed
to Florence,

where they were put under schifmahonourable Cuftody, without any Power ^'^.S^'*^*' to depart. They were confined at thecuftody.
Defire of the Pontiff,

who

by the Bifhop

of Orvieto, fent for that Purpofe, exhorted

them, with very

for the

civil

and gracious Ex-

preflions, that for their

own

Security,

and

Good of

the Church, they

Florence
till

would
fhould
it

be content to

fl:ay at

it

be determined in what Manner

proper for them to go to Rome
lince they
their
;

was
that,

and

had been legally deprived of Dignity, and their Deprivation was

confirmed in the Lateran Council, they

would

Ii6
A.

THE HISTORY OF
would no longer appear
Cardinals,
for
their
in the

D.

Habit of

t,,,.,.^^.,..^

fliewing

outward

Marks of Humiliation would

Situation.

facilitate his

Defign of refloring their Affairs to a happy

The
was

firfl:

Tranfadion of the new Pope

his Coronation,

according to
Cormm'^* fS^/z Gio'-cmmi

which was performed, Cuftom, in the Church of Laterano^ with fo pompous

his

tionofthcan

Appearance of
all

Family and Court,

of

the Prelates, and

many Nobles from

fo great a
it

divers Parts,

and with

Concourfe
univerfally

of the Roman People, that

believed that

was

Rome had never

feen a

more

fuperb and magnificent

dations

Day fince the InunIn this So-

of the Barbarians.

lemnity the Standard of the Church was

carried

by Alfonfo dEflCy

who had

ob-

tained a Sufpenfion

of his Cenfures, and

was come to Rome in great Hopes, from the gende Difpofition of the Pope,
to fettle his Affairs.

The

Standard of the

K nights^ of Rhodes was carried by Ghdio de'

*
Orig. Religione
;

for

the

Knights of

Medici, Rhodes, now

Knights of Malta, were a religious Order, wore a Habit

and Crofs, and were fwom,

like

the

Knights Tenip]ar,

to defend the Chriilian Faith againil the inftdels.

THE WARS
Medici,
all

IN ITALT.

117
^' ^ ^513-

Armour, and mounted on a large Courfer j he was by Nature inclined to the Profeflion of Arms, but his Deftiny drew him againfl his Will to a lacerdotal Life, in which he was to be a furprifing Example of the Variety of Fortune, and what rendered that Day the more memorable and remarkable, was to
in

confider that the

with
signs

fo

Man who now carried much Pomp and Splendor the En-

of fo great a Dignity, had but the Year before on the fame Day been made a

This magnificent Parade confirmed the Vulgar in their Exmiferable Captive.

pectations
flattering
Pontifij"

from

this Pontificate,

every one

himfelf with Happinefs under a

that

abounded

in

Liberality,
it is

and

delighted in Splendor, for

certain that
to an

the Expences of that

Day amounted

Hundred Thoufand Ducats. But Men of better Judgment would have been more
pleafed if the Affair

with greater

had been conducted Gravity ^nd Moderation,

being of Opinion that fo

much Pomp
it

did

not become a Pontiff, and that

was by

no means fuitable to the Condition of the prefent Times to fquander away the Trea-

furc

ii8
^- ^'

THE HISTORY OF
fure accumulated

by

his

PredecelTor

in

v.,,.yl^ ufelefs

Expences.
neither the

But

Change of the
Italy

Pontiff
to

nor any other Events were

eflabhili the

fufficient

Quiet of

on the con-

trary, the Difpofition

of Affairs began
to

ma-

nifeftly to tend

more

War than to Peace.

C^far
reftore

re-

Por

Ccefar being quite averfe to the Refli-

tution of Verona^
j-i;ja|-

by which he imagined
an eafy
liad

Verona.

\^q

fliould deprive himfelf of

Entrance into Itah\ though the Truce

been prolonged
Articles of the

for all ylpril^

rejected the

Milan J
tunities
lie

Agreement negotiated at and being difgufted at the Importhat,

of the Ambaifadors of the CathoInclination

VejietianSy

King, told the Count di Carriati

from the

which he fhewed
he ought rather
to

towards the

be called a Venetian than a Spanijh

baffador.

Am-

This Tendency

of Affairs towards a

Rupture was yet much more increafed by Truce be- theTruce made between the moft Chriftian
Kings of
France

and Catholic Kings, for a Year only, for

(jjg]j.

and AraiOM.

Dominions beyond the Mountains.

'

By

THE WARS
By
this

IN IT ALT.

Truce the King of France^ being freed from all Apprehenlions on the Side of Spain, found it very eafy to renew the War

Dutchy of Milan. The Catholic King was at all Times averfe to a War with
in the

the French on the other Side of the

tains
;

Moun-

for

not abounding with

Money,

and therefore obliged

to affift himfelf with

the Forces of the Nobility and People of

Spain, either thefe Succours

were not
in
at

in

due Readinefs, or he was

neceffitated in
it

Time
jedlion

of

War

to fland as

to

their

were Pleafurel" But

Subthis

Juncture he was mightily confirmed in his

old Counfels

by

his Defire to eftabiilli his

newly acquired Kingdom of Navarre irf Peace, and much more becaufc, fince the Death of Ifabella, being no longer King but Governor of Caftile, he had not fo well founded his Authority in troublefome
found by Expe^ rience in the Defence of Navarre, which
as

Times,

he had

lately

though

was however rendered very hazardous by the Slownefs of the Succours. The King therefore,
it

ended happily,

unwilling to be

reduced to fuch

Straits,'

agreed on the Truce before he

knew of
the

120
^' ^'

THEHISTORYOF
the Death of the Pontiff, though
it

had

u ^^^not been
_, Motives of the
.

pubUflied

till

he was informed of

the Eledion of another.

Juflification

of

this

Healledged, in ^ unexpedied Refolution,

vioi

King of dragon.

^^^^ ^YiQ

and the Venetians had Pope ^

,
-

lated the League,

Imce

after the Battle

of

"Ravenna they would never pay the Forty

Thoufand Ducats, which they were bound

to do as long as the French had any Poffeflions

in Italy.

As

for himfelf
in

it

was
for

manifefl:

he had only

View

the com-,

men

Welfare of the Confederates,

he had not appropriated to himfelf the Rewards of the common Vidlory, norpoffcfled in
Italy fo

much

as

a fmall

Tower

more than what he was in PofTeflion of before the War. But the Pope had his private Ends in Profpecft, and had made a Property of what fhould have remained in-

common, by

feizing

on

Pafrfia^

Piacenza
all

and Reggioy and had

pf Ferrara

employed

his
alfa

Thoughts on making himfelf Mafter

j

by this covetous Defire he had diflurbed the Meafures for the Recoveiy of
the Fortrefles of the Dutchy of Milan, and
the Lantern of Genoa: That he himfelf

bad interpofed

all

his Diligence

and Authority

THE WARS
thority for

IN ITALT,

procuring an Agreement be-

tween Ccefar and the Ve/ielianSy but that the Pope had for his own Interefl precipitatelyexcluded the Fe?ietia?is from the League j in

which
a<Sted

Aftair his

own Ambaffadors had

be inferted in
that fuch

imprudently, for they had not con-

fented that his

Name fliould

the Article in which the Confederacy was

introduced, becaufe they

knew

was

his Intention,

and yet had fufered

the Article by yvhich

him

to be

named in

the Venetians were

Venetians

excluded

That the
to

had not

in that Tranfad:ion be-

haved in a Manner anfwerable

the

Opinion People had entertained of their Prudence, having fet fo high a Value on
Vicenza as to refolvc not to part with
'

iti

though
for

it

were

to free themfelves
:

from a

burdenfonne

him

to

was impoffible maintain the Army which he

it

War

That

had

in Italy wiithout the

Payment of

the

Subfidies

which had been promifed him,

lefs

and he .was

able to fuftain the whole.

War

on the Frontiers of his own Kingdoms, which he well knew all the reft defirec}, and were labouring to procure That the Pondif did not diifemble his
late

122
^' D.
'^'^"
,

THE HISTORY OF
late

unjuft Defire to deprive

him of

the

Kingdom of Naples: That he was not however moved by thefe Injuries to think
of abandoning the Church or the other
States

of

Italy,

while he found a fuitablc

in

Correfpondence, and that he was

that the

Hopes

Powers concerned, being induced by the Truce which he had made with the King, would be the more ready to enter into an Agreement with him for their mutual Defence. Ferdinaitdo had
inferted
in the

Inftrument of the Truce

the

Names

of

E?igland,

tho'

King of he had communicated noCcefa?-

and

the

thing of the Negotiation to either of thefe

Princes
at

was ridiculous to obferve, the Time when the Truce was folemnly
j

and

it

proclaimed throughout
rival

all

Spain, the

Ar-

of a Herald from the King of England

to notify the vaft Preparations

his Mafter for

France, and to

made by attacking the Kingdom of follicit the King oi Aragon

fame time,
it

to be ready at the

promifed,
Spain,

to

invade

he had on the Side of

as

The

THE WARS
The
ftruck
Italians

IN ITALT,
in this

123
A. D.

Truce

made

Manner v_J^^
all

the greateft

Terror into

the
^^'

who had

been uneafy under the alarmed

French Government, as they were firmly^

perfuaded that the King of France would

fend with

all

Speed an

Army on

this Side

the Mountains, that, through

flinate

C^r's

ob-

Refufal of a Peace, the Fenetiam

would join with the Fre?2chy and that it would be very difficult to relift their united
Forces, becaufe

the

had Time after Money from the

Army, that Time drawn Sums of State of Milan^ which

SpaniJJo

was impoveriflied and exhaufled with infinite Expences, had no longer any Means
of Subfiftence.

As

to the

new

Pontiff,

they could not as yet dive into his Intentions, for tho'
wifli that the

he was thought

fecretly to

Power of the King ci France might be bounded by the Mountains, yet

being but newly placed in the pontifical
Chair, and as
at the

much

perplexed as the reft

Truce made by the Catholic King at a Time when he was believed to be employing all his Thoughts on War, he flood
in great Sulpenfe of

Mind, being

difgufled
alfo

THE HISTORY
alfo that

OF

when he had follicited with great Earneflnefs the Reftitution of Parma and
Piacenza to the Church,
Readinefs to
nefs in the Execution,

he found a give him Hopes, but Slowall

the other Allies

being defirous to preferve thofe Cities to

the Dutchy of Milan^ and perhaps expecting that the Pope's Defire to recover

them would induce him

that State.

to the

Defence of

The
it

Affiftance of the Swifi

was more
ful
J

certain as well as

more powerthat nei-

but

when

was confidered

ther MaJJlmiliano

Sforza nor the

other

Confederates were in

a Condition to ad-

vance the

Money

neceflary,

according to
it

Agreements, to put them in Motion,

was feared they would refufe to defcend into the State of Milan when they were moft wanted.

ON
an

the other Side the

King of France^
to

depending on the Truce, refolved

fend

Army

into Ital)\ being put in

Hopes

of Succefs
above, to

by the Reafons mentioned which might be added that he

the People of the

knew
State

very well that

of Milan, being plagued with the

repeated

THE WARS IN ITALT.

repeated Exa(5tions
Swifs,

125
^.

and Rapines of the

D ^

513.

and the Quarters and Payments

his

provided for the Spaniards j heartily wifhed

to

return under

Dominion,

having

found by Experience the Government of the Fre?2cb eafy and defirable in comparifon of the fevere and oppreffive Adminiftration

of others.

Belides,

many

private

Noblemen, by particular MefTages, direded fome to the King, others to TrU vulzio, vi^hom the King had fent to LionSy that he might be nearer at hand to treat with the Milancfe, encouraged his Ma-^'ng
jefty not to delay the

of
to

March of
it

his

Army, vited

had paffed the^*;^" Mountains, to take up Arms, and openly declare for him. To thefe Motives were added the conflant and preffing Sollicitations of Trivulzio and of the other Exiles, who, as is ufual with thofe who are forced
promiling, as foon as
to leave their native Countr}'-, reprefented

the Undertaking as very eafy,

as the Venetiafis

efpecially
it.

were

to affifl in

The

King was
Enterprife
lliould

alfo

confbrained lu haften his

flattering

by

himfelf that he

be able to attain his Ends before

he was attacked by the King of England^

who

126

THE HISTORY OF
who
fome
could not be in Readinefs
till

after

Months.

For the Kingdom of

Englandy having been for

many Years

in

a State of Peace,

Armour, Artillery, Thing elfe necefTary for a War; there were no War-Horfes, becaufe the Englijh
fight
all

was unprovided of and almoft of every

their Battles

on Foot, and

their

Infantry too being unexperienced,

necefTary for the King,
pafs into France with

it

was

who
a

deligned to

very powerful

Force, to hire a great

Number

of German

which Provifions could not be made under fome Length of Time. What further urged the King to make the utmoffc Expedition was his Fear of lofing the Caftles for Want of Provifions, and
;

Foot

all

particularly the

Lantern of Gcnoa^
a

into

which he had
cefsfully

few Days before unfuc-

attempted to put a Supply of

of the Port of

Provifions by a Ship fent for that Purpofe.

This Veflel
bengay

failed out

AU

whither fhe had been convoyed

a

by three Ships and

fperous

Galeon, with a proflie

Gale,

by favour of which

paiTed through the Midll; of the Ge?iocJ}

Fleet,

and

call

Anchor under the

Caftle,

to

THE WARS IN
to

ITALT.
by a Cable,

which

flie

faftened herfelf

and began to unload her Provilions. But Andrea Doria, who was afterwards fo

famous and fuccefsful a Commandef at Sea, very dangeroufly thruft in with a

large Veflel,

of which he was Mafter,

between the Lantern and the French Ship,

and cutting the Cable that faftened her to Brave the Caftle, with the Cables of her An- jjrea
chors, attacked her with great Refolution, >

and
a

tho' in the

Engagement he received
he yet took her.

Wound

in the Face,

The King therefore refolving to begin the War without Delay, for which Purpofe, that
lions,

he might be ready on

all

Occa-

he had before fent a great Number of Lances into Burgundy and Dauphine^
applied himfelf with
fed; the
all

Diligence to per-

Treaty with the Venetians^ which

had been many Months under Debate, but had met with Delays and ObftruAionJ
as well

from one Party

as

For the King was held in times by his Hopes of a Peace with Ccejar^ fometimes by the obftinate Demand that
the Fenetians

from the other. Sufpenfe fome-

made of Cremona and the

Ghia-

THE HISTORY OF
Ghiaradadda.

And

in the Ve72ctian^tn2Xt
;

were

different Opinions

for

many of

great Authority in the Republic propofed

an Agreement with
it

Ccefar, reprefenting that

was more

for their Intereil toeafe

felves at prefent

from

{o vaft

theman Expence,

and
to

to free themfeh^es

from Danger, that

as fliould

they might be enabled the more readily

embrace fuch Opportunities

offer themfelves, than, at a

Juncture

when

the Republic was exhaufled, and the Sub-

much impaired, to involve themfelves in new Wars in conjun(5tion with the King of France, who had fo lately fliown them how much
ftance of private Perfons

Faith and Security they were to repofe

in his Friendfliip.

The

major Part howfair

ever being of Opinion that fo

portunity

an

Op-

would very

rarely offer for re-

covering their antient State, and that an

Agreement with Ccrjhr while he retained VeroJia would not free them from Troubles

and Dangers,
infifling
;

it

was refolved

to enter

into a Confederacy with the

King ofiv-/?;/^^,
Tund the

without

on Cre/mna

Ghiin

aradadda

and the lame was concluded

the King's Court by Andrea Grittly

who
had

THE WARS
had
lately

IN IT ALT.
By
this

129
^-^

appeared more like an Ambafa

fador than

Prifoner.

Treaty '^-^i^

Bartolomeo Ahta?io and Andt^ea Gritti ob- League

tained
their Liberty, '
/

the Venetians were^,^'*!5^"

_

tne

King

King of France with of Fr^wr^ Eight Hundred Men at Arms, Fifteen ^^^/^^^^^^ Hundred light Horfe, and Ten Thoufand Foot againftall who fhould oppofe his Recovery of AJiiy Genoa, and the Dutchy of Milan and the King was obliged to afbound
to
affift

the

-,

lifl:

the Venetians
all

till

they had intirely re-

covered

that they polTeflbd in Lojnba?-dy

and

in the

Marqulfate of T?rvigi before the

League of Camh'ay.

As foon

as the

Con-

federacy was flipulated Gianjacopo da Trivulzi and Bartolomeo Alviano fet out for

Sufa

Ahiano that he might proceed from

fafer

thence by a
"vulzi to

Way

to Venice,

and

'Tri-

aflemble there the

Army

defigned

War, which confifted of Fifteen Hundred Lances, Eight Hundred light Horfe, and Fifteen Thoufand Foot, Eight Thoufand of whom were GenrianSy and
for the

the reft French^

all

under the

Command
the King,

of

M.

de la T^remoiiille,

whom

to give the

more Reputation
I

to the

Pro-

ceedings, appointed his Lieutenant.

Vol.

VL

Lewis

THE HISTORY OF
Lewis
at this

Jundture very earneflly

intreated the

Pope not to obftrud: the Recovery of his Dutchy, offering him not
only to flop any farther Proceedings after that Conquefl, but always to make Peace
at the

Dilcretion of his Holinefs.

lent

The
Af-

Pope
to his

gracious Ear to thefe

furanccs. and, to gain the greater Credit

Words,

treated

with the King by

the Miniftry and Mediation of his Brother

The King, however, fufpedted Pope fuf. Giuliano. peacd byj^jjYj on many Accounts; as, the Memory
of Things, preceding his Pontificate ; his difpatching to him, immediately upon his
AlTumption, Cintio his familiar Friend with
a Letter exprefTing

much

Civility,

but in

fuch

oreneral

Terms

as manifefted that

he

was not well affeded in his Heart towards him befides, he had given Confent that Vrojpero Colomia (liould be conflituted by
;

the Dulce of

Milm

his Captain General,

which
gave

Juliusy out of

Hatred to the Co-

k?masy had always oppofed.

But what

much more Umbrage

to his Majefty

was the Pope's intimating to the King of England that he was willing to adhere to
the

THE WARS
the Confederacy
Letter to the

IN ITALT.

contracted with Csfat\

the Catholic King, and himfelf ; and his

Community of the Swifsy in which he feemed to exhort them to the

Defence of
that
Ital)\

and and did not diffemble

he

v/as willing to continue the

Con-

federacy

made with them by

yiiHus,

which they undertook, for the yearly Penlion of Twenty Thoufand Ducats, the Protedlion of the Eccleiiaflic State.

Leo

alfo

fufficiently betrayed his Inclination

by net

receiving the

Duke oiFerrara into Favour,

till

and delaying, under various Pretences, the

Restitution of Reggio

the Return of his

Rofjie^

Brother the Cardinal

Inftances of the

to

avoid the Perfecutions of "Julius^

who, to and the

King of France for his repairing to the Ftjan Council, was retired to his BiHiopric of Agria in Hungary. But what gave the King moft Reafon to fufpedl the Pontiff was that he had, though as fecretly as
it Vv'as

poffible, advifed the Vene-

tian Senate

to

agree with Ccefar

-,

which
taken

was an Attempt
it
ill

in dired: Oppofition to the

Defigns of the King,

who had
his

alfo

that the Pope, pretending

no other
pontifical

Motive than the Duty of

I

Office,

132
^1

THE HISTORY OF
Office,

^
1

had written

to

him

a Brief ex-

^.....^^^..^horting

him

to ceafe

his

warlike Prepa-

rations,

and to fhew himfelf difpofed ra-

ther to put an

End

to the
:

War

by fome
Pre-

honourable Compofition
tence,

pious

King would not have blamed, if his Holinefs, moved by the fame Deiire of Peace, had exhorted the King of England to forbear molefting
in itfelf the

which

France.
Caufesof the Pope s
Diffaf-

indeed had good Reafon to be jealous of the Pope, for Leo

THEKin^

of

iv'<'7;/f^

^J^J?"'

defired nothing
fliould
Italy^

have

more than that the French no longer any Footing in

he thought
it

cither becaufe

moffc

conducive to the

common

Security,

and to

the Grandeur of the Church, or becaufe

he retained the Memory of the Injuries received from the Crown of France. For

though his Father and his other Anceftors had been firmly attached to the French Interefl,

and had on

feveral Occafions reaped

their

both Honour and Profit from

Adhis

herence, yet he was moft affed:ed with what

had more
Brothers

lately

happened when he and

were driven out of Florence by

the

THE WARS
the

IN ITALY.
j

133
-O*

Coming of King Charles prefent King was known to

popular Government,

and

this ^-

favour the>

^'^'

and had

always

defpifed the Medici, or if at any

Time he
it

feemed inclined

to efpoufe their Caufe,

to

was only with a Defign Tools for drawing the

Sufpicion into

employ them

as

Florentines

by that

Conventions for his

caft

own

Advantage, and then

of Remembrance.

them

quite out

His Refentment might

perhaps too be aggravated by reflecting

that after the Batde of Ra^oe?7?ia he himfelf

had been carried Prifoner to Milan, and had been ordered by the King to be con?
dudted to France.

though the Pope, either for the abovementioned or for fome other Reafons,

But

was thus difaffected towards i\\Q French, yet, iince he faw no ftrong Foundations, as he
could have wiflied, for Refiftance, he was
obliged to proceed v/ith Caution, and to
dilTemble, as
tentions,

much

as

he could,

his In-

yet

always gladly

hearkening
to

to

any Suits or Inflances made

him

againft the King.

The
I

Swifs,

who were
defending

very ready to put themfelves in Motion for

3

134
^'

THE HIS TOR Y OF

Dutch y of Milan,
offered

^' defendins: the

k-V-'fo take the Field with a much greater Number of Men, if they were fuppHed ^^^^^^J^^^J with but a moderate Sum of Money, which, Milau.
through the
Inability

of the other Allies,

could be expedted only from the Pope,

But the Defigns of the Viceroy were uncertain, and his Speeches various and myfterious For fometimes he offered the Pontiff to oppofe the French, and openly to intereft himfelf in the Caufe by fending his Troops to join with his own, and maintaining a good Number of Foot for three Months and to make himfelf the more eafily believed he had recalled his Soldiers from the Territories of Parma and Reggio, and was encamped with his Army on the
:

River Trebbia

but fome of his Troops,

in Garrifon at Tortona

and Alcjfandria, he had never moved from their Quarters Sometimes he affirmed
:

which remained

that
at

he had received Orders from his King, the fame time that he fignified to him

that he

had made
into the

a Truce, to lead

back

the

Army

Kingdom of A^^/>/(?j.
the Aragonian

But

Gieronimo Vichy
to the

Ambaffador

Pope, talked in a different

THE WARS
ferent Strain,
in

IN ITALY.
aflured

135
^-

which he

him

^-

that the

King his Mailer promifed, if his^__^,^ Holinefs would undertake the Defence of Milan, to have no Regard to the Truce

he had made, but begin a War in Fi-ance^ which he might lawfully do without
Breach of Faith.

By

this

Condud many

were perfuaded that the King of Aragon, Politic being apprehenfive that there would he^^"^^^'^^

none to oppofe the Progrefs of the French y^xv.z^ of on account of the Truce, had ordered the ^'-^Z"''' Viceroy that if he fliould find no hearty Concurrence of the Allies in the Defence of theDutchy ofiV/"/Az;z,hefhouldnot labour to provoke the King of France by new Injuries,

but march off with the

Army

for

Naples.

And

for thefe

Reafons Ferdinando

was inclined

to a

Peace with Frajice, and

it

offered to bring into

Ccefar

and the King

.

of Ejigland \ and to render Lewis the more

eafy and trad:able, in cafe he fhould recover

Milan, he did in a manner affure

his

him

that

Army

fliould not

oppofe his Enter-

prife.

The
part

Viceroy therefore intending to dethe

Soldiers
I

recalled

who were

in

Garrifon

THE HISTORY OF
Garrifon at
'Toi'iona

and Akffaj^dria under

it

the Marquis of Pefcara, fignifying, as

was reported,

at the

fame Time

his

Refo-

lution to Tf'ividzio, with an Intention that

the King oi France Ihould regard his

parture as if
it

count.

He

were made upon his did not however immediately

DeAc-

put his Defign in Execution, bccaufe the

SwiJSy being moil ardently intent

Defence of the Dutchy of Milan., a public Decree fent thither Five Thoufand Foot, and given Hopes of fending a

on the had by

much

greater

Number
contrary,

but,

rather

pre-

tending the

fent Projpero Co-

lonna to treat with

the S'unjs about apjoining their Forces

pointing a Place for

againft the

French.
in

proceeded

this

was thought he Manner, either beIt

caufe he had been informed that Cajar was

greatly difpleafed with the Truce, or that

he had received new Orders from his King to obey the Commands of the Pontiff, who, between the Struggles of his fmall

Hopes on one
tions

Side,

and

his

own

Inclina-

on the other, remained

Perplexity.

The

Swijs^

fame however, were arin the

rived in the Tortonefcy where, as Profpero

gave

THE WARS IN ITALY.

gave them Notice, the Viceroy defigned
to join

them

-,

but

now

that General ex-

cufed himfelf on various Pretences, and

requefted that they w^ould

come and
this

join

him on

the T'rebbia.

By

Demand

they plainly perceived the Difference betw^een his Speeches and Intentions, and
fiercely
this

anfwered, that he did not make^'^'^^^^~

Snuifs

Requeft in order to go boldly and the

face the his

Enemy, but

that

he might turnyj^j^

Back with the greater Security ; that it was of no Importance to the Sivifsy if he was afraid to iight the French that it was all one to them whether he went,
;

ftaid,

or ran away, for they were fufficient

of themfelves to defend the Dutchy of

Milan

againfl

all

Invaders.

But
a

now
5

the whole Country was in

Tumult

the

of Gianjacopo,

Count of Mujocco^ Son had taken Pofieffion of

;
;

AJii and Alejj'andna without Oppolition

the French were in full

March from

Siifa

and the Duke of Milan coming too late to fecure Alejjandria had joined the Swifi
near 'Tortona^
tice

who

receiving exprefs
that

Noto

from the Viceroy

he had refolved

THE HISTORY OF
marched from thence to Novara. The Milanefe, on the Report that the Viceroy was departed, fent Ambafladors to Novardy to excufe themfelves to the Duke for that, having none to deto depart, they
;i,;,7^ far-

fend them, they had, to avoid utter De-

renders

toftrudtion, agreed

with the French.

accept
their

The

Duke feemed
them

to

Excufes

very favourably,

and even commended

Country.
Vifconti^

for affectionately confulting the Safe-

ty of their

common

Occaiion Sacromoro

On this who com-

manded
ed
to

at

the Siege of the Caftle, revoltFrench,

the

and fupplied that

Fortrefs with Provifions,

The

Viceroy then decampted from

all

the 'Trebbia with

Army, in which were Fourteen Hundred Men at Arms, and Eight Thoufand Foot, to return into the Kingdom of Naples, as if he defpairhis

cd of the Affairs of Lombardy, and was

therefore only follicitous to fave his

Army.

But on the fame Day, while he was on his March between Piacenza and Firenfrom Rome, he immediately turned about and marched back
zuolay

receiving Letters

THE WARS
back
tion
to his

IN ITALr,
So fudden an Altera-

Camp.

happened becaufe the Pope, who about this Time had Parma and Piacenza
reftored to

him, having refolved to try whether the Dutchy of Milan could be preferved by Means of the Swifs^ had
very privately delivered to Girolamo M?-Pope rone^ the Duke's Ambaffador at Rome,^^'^^^^^'

Forty-two Thoufand Ducats

the
Sivifs
}

to

be fent to s^vi/s,
it

but with this Pretence, if

to the

Knowledge* of the others, that Twenty Thoufand Ducats were on the Account of Penfions, and the other Twenty-two Thoufand in Satis(liould

come

fad:ion for

tended to

what the three Cantons prebe due from his Predeceffor,

refufed to pay them.

who had always

BY

the Return of the Viceroy on the

TrMiay and the Report of the March of more Sia/fsj the Milanejey repenting their
hafty Refolution, put Majjimiliano
in
Sfoi'za.

Hopes that they would return under his Dominion whenever the Swifs and
the
Field.

the Spa?iifi

Army (hould join together in The Viceroy, who was atthefe

tended by Profpero Colonna, to encourage

I40
^- ^-

THE HISTORY OF
thefe Hopes, laid a Bridge over the Poy

c^^,o promifing
Motions
of
the

continually to pafs without put-

^^"S ^^ ^" Execution, becaufe, as he principally confulted the Safety of his Army,

he refolved

to proceed
it

according to the

Succefs of Affairs,

appearing to

him

very dangerous to have in his Front the

French, and at his Rear the Venetia7is,

who

having already
City of
Cref7io?7ay

taken FoiTefTion

of the

over the

Po

at

and thrown a Bridge Cava, were in his Neigh-

bourhood.

Bartolomeo

d'

Alviano was gone

from Sufa by a long Way about to Venice^ where having in their Councils without
Contradi(flion

thrown

all

the

Blame of the

Overthrow of the Ghiaradadda* on the Count of Piiigllano, and talked in a

magnific Strain of the prefent
Ahiano
General of the
Venetians.

War, he

was conftituted

by the Senate Captain

General with the fame Powers that were

conferred on Count Fitigliano

when he

^^^ promoted
it

to that

high Poft, and, as

happened, (through the frequent Sports

that four Years before

of Fortune with the Ignorance of Mgrtals!)

on the fame Day

he

THE WARS IN ITALT.

he
fell

into the

Hands of
fet

his

Enemies.

He
the

immediately

out for the

Army,

which was afTembled

Veronefe^ being

at Saji Bonifacio in

accompanied by TfOas

doro da Trivulzi,

Lieutenant of the

King of

Frafice,

and with the greatefl

Speed imaginable, on the fame

the French

Day
Siija,

that

Army moved from

ap-

proached the Gates of Verona, into which

City fome had confpired to receive him.

But the next Day there entered into that Town by the River Adice Five Hundred German Foot, and the Plot alfo being difcovered, Ahiano loling all Hopes of
getting PofTeflion of the Place, refolved,

contrary to the Authority of the Veiietian

Proveditor, to

march towards the Fo, to prevent the Spaniards from paffing it, or,
if

Occafion fhould require, to join

with
this

the French *.

He

did not fignify

till

Refolution to the Senate got one Day's

caufe, tho'

after

he was
Event
cefs

March from

Verofiay befinal

he alledged that the

intirely

of the

War

depended on the Suchis

* Al-viana was willing to take

tiate

own Way

to ingra-

himfelf with the French, contrary to the Authority

of thofe who had more Care of the Republic than of the French Concerns, Macemgi^

THE HISTORY OP
cefs
Ian,

of the Efforts in the Dutchy of

Mi^

and that
in

if

the French were un-

profperous

that

Country,

whatever

Attempts or Acquiiitions were made in

any other Parts would be fruitlefs and not durable, and that the Vidtory of the

was therefore by all poflible Means to be promoted, he was yet apprehenfive, and not without Reafon, that the Senate would contradid: this
French
in that State

Meafure, not fo
that

much

out of a Delire

he (hould iirfl attend to the Recovery of Verona and Brefcia, as becaufe fome of their other Commanders had con-

demned

the Paffage of the River Mi?jci0y

before they had received a particular

Ac-

count of the Progrefs of the French, and

muft be, if any Difafter fliould happen, to retire with Safety through the Verojiefe and the Manreprefented
difficult
it

how

toiian.

Countries either fubjed or devoted

to Cisjar.

He
^'"-

takes

Alviano by

his

Menaces

fo intimi-

P^^ffJ^*^^

dated the Garrifons of Valeggio and of the

Town
ed
i

of Pejchiera, that they furrenderthe Caftle

whence the Governor of

of

THE WARS
fmall

IN ITALY.

of Pefchiera defpairing of Defence gave up that Fortrefs on the Payment of a very

Sum

of

Money

to himfelf,

and

for

fome German Foot that were in Garrifon. About the fame Time fome of the principal Inhabitants

of the Mountain, with

a Multitude of Peafants, entered Brefcia

in favour of the Venetians
vianOy
tho'
j

and yet

AU

earneftly

entreated

by the

Brefcian
at

AmbafTadors,

who

found him

Gamberay and prefled by the Venetian

would not confent to turn his March to Brejcia^ tho' it were only to tarry there for a Day, in order to recover the Caflle, which was garrifoned in the Name of the Viceroy ; fo great was his Ardor to profecute without IntermifHon
Proveditor,
his
firft

Refolution!

With

the

utmoft

Expedition he came before the Gates of Cremona^ and finding that Galeazzo Palla'vicinOy at

the Invitation of fome Cremonefe^

was

at

the fame time entering the Place

in favour of :he

King of France, he
in the
fell

re-

folved to have

no Sharers

Glory
his

of recovering that City, but

entering the

upon

Troops and plundered them,

and then

Town

routed

and

made
Booty

THE HISTORY OF
lay in Garrifon

Booty of Three Hundred Horfe and Five

Hundred Foot of the Duke of Milan^

who

under the

Command

of Cejare Fieramiifca.
fion to lofe

He

had no Occaheld out for

little

Time

in the

Recovery of the
be-

Caftle, for that

had

alv^^ays

the King of France^ and had a

fore

been fupplied with

da Ceri^

Provifions
his

by

Rc?izo

who

in

Return to

Crcfndy of

met
this

at

which he was Governor, had Screzana and routed Two Hundred

Alvimio after

Horfe of Alejj'andro Sforza.

ported himfelf at

Cava on the POy

where he had
pafs,

a Bridge laid in readinefs to

and did not prohibit his Soldiers

from fometimes marauding on the Pope's Territories. From thence he proceeded

to PizzichitonCj the Revolution of

Cremona
Lodiy
to

having given Occafion to

out French Colours.

Sonci?iOy

and other circumjacent Towns But

firft,

hang

as foon as

he had recovered Cremona^ he had ordered

Renzo da Ccri

to Brcfcia

with Part of the

Troops, to provide for the Eftablifliment

of that City, and for the Recovery of the

Caftle,

but

much more

to

check

the

profperous Succefs of the Germans.

For
as

THE WARS
as

I1<S

ITALT.

145

-^' foon as Ahiafto was decamped from ^before Verona, Roccandolfy who com^^ ^^' ,^Jj

German Foot, accompanied g^^^^j.^ ^^ by Federigo Gonzaga da Bozzoloy marched the g-out o^ Verofia^ with Six Hundred Horfe^^^^"' and Two Thoufand Foot, for San Boni-f^erona, where Ahiano had left Three facioy Hundred light Horfe and Six Hundred

manded

the

Foot under the

Command

of Sigifmondo

Caballo and Giovanni Forte,

Thefe Troops

being under no military Difcipline, but

difperfed about

the Country, as foon as

they perceived the

fled to Cologna,

Coming of

the

Enemy

whither they were follow-

ed by thcGennanSi
into the

who forced

an Entrance
all

Town, and made them

Pri-

foners, after

which they plundered and

burnt the Place. Soave in

They

afterwards treated

Manner, broke the Bridge which the Fefietians had laid over the Adice^ and would in the fame Career
the fame

of Succefs have feized on Vicenza^ if a

vaft

Number

of Peafants had not fpeedily

entered the Place.

This Progfefs of the

it

Enemy

gave the more Concern, as

that a

reported

Vol. VI.

was Reinforcement of Foot K was

i46
yi.

THE HISTORY OF
was marching from the Country of Tirol
to Verona,
_.
'

D.
-

^ 1^

recover

N the mean time the French Fleets confifting of Nine light Galleys and other
I

Genoa,

VeflelSj

approached Genoa by Sea

Adortji^

-,

while

Antoniotto and Gieronimo^ Brothers of the

Family of the

by the Favour of

thofe of the Rivieras

who were
it

of their

Fadtion, and with other Soldiers hired by

the King, marched againft

by Land.

They had
them by

a very fair Opportunity given

which had happened a little before between the Fiejchi and the Doge of Genoa, with whom they were before united againft the Adonii. For GieronimOj Son of Gianluigi dal Fiejco, coming out ofthe public Palace, either on fomc accidental Quarrel arifing, or fome preconceived Jealouly, was murdered by Lodovico and FregofinOy Brothers of the Doge.
the Breach

On this barbarous
to their Caftles,

Faft Ottobuo?jo and Sini^

baldoy Brothers of the AfTaflinated, retiring

foon

after

entered into

an Agreement with the King of France,

and

into a

Confpiracy with the Adorniy

and approached Genoa on another Quarter with

THE WARS
Partifans

IN IT ALT.

f0
-O.

The Doge ^with Four Thoufand Men. was not fufficient of himfelf to refift thev
of the
conjunction,
his

and Adorni in and the Expeditioufnefs of

Fiefchi

Adverfaries

prevented the

Succours

which he had requeued of the Viceroy from coming in Seafon, and, to render his Affairs quite defperate. One Thoufand of his Foot pofted on the neighbouring Mountains were over-powered by the

Enemy and
fore,

defeated.

The Doge
Fregofmo,
fave his
his

there-

together

with
to

having
Life,

hardly had
fled

Time

own

by

Sea,

leaving

other Brother

Lodovico to guard the Caftelletto, and the

Conquerors entered

Genoay

where the

Brothers of the Fiefchi^ tranfported with

the Fury of Pvevenge, maflacred Z<^f^^m^,

another Brother of the Doge,

taken Prifoner in the Fight
tains,

who was on the Moun

and was an Acceffary to the Murof their Brother,

der

and barbaroully
to the

tying the dead

Body

Tail of a

Horfe dragged
dience of the

it

through the whole City*

to the

Thus was Genoa reduced

King of

Obeap-

Frafice,

who

pointed Antoniotio Adofiio to govern the

Place

148
.1.

THEHISTORYOF
,

D. Place

1513-

under his Authority, and the French Fleet, after putting a Supply of Men and Provilions into the Lantern, and then
plundering Specie ^ came to an Anchor in
Porio Vencre.

The

French had
loft

now

intirely

recovered

what they had

only in

the Year before, ex-

cept Noi)ara and CoinOy

which two Cities the whole Dutchy of Milan ftill

in the Poireilion

remained
Sforza.

of Mqffimiliano
this

But the Glory of

War,

to

the great

Shame of all

the Reft, was defti-

nated, not to the French y not to the Ger-

man

Foot, not

to the SpajiiJJj

Arms, not
Sivifs,

to the Venetians,

but wholly to the

againft

whom

the French

Army,

leaving

in Alejjhndria a Garrifon fufticient to fe-

cure

the Country on that Side

the Po^

now

advanced, and approached

them
fierce

at

Novara.

They were become

from fuch

and

in high Spirits
cefs,

a Train of Suc-

from the ConfelTion of the Enemies, who had lliut themfelves up within Walls, and from the manifeft Fears of the Spaniards. Befides this, the prefent Face of
Affairs feeined in a

manner

to reprefent

to

THE WARS
to the

IN ITALT.
the
pall:.

Memory
Novara

of

Men

Relemblance of Times
the fame
in

Image and For this was

which Lodovico Sforzay the Father of the prefent Duke, had been
fame Generals, h TremomIIe2indGia?ijacopo daT'rivulzi, were

made

Prifoner

the

in

the French

Camp

and fome of the

fame Colours, and of the fame Officers of thofe Cantons which had at that Time fold the Father, were now in the Service of the Son. Hence 'Tremoiiilie had proudly
written to the

King

that

he would make g^^^Jj ^^

for his Prifoner,
T'remou.
"'^*

him

a Prefent of the

Son

from the fame Place whence he prefented

him with

the Father.

The
it

French battered the Walls of Noin a Place

vara with great Fury, but

whence
Swifs

would be very

difficult
j

and dangerous to
aud
the

dcfcend into the City

feemed

fo little afraid

of them, that they

City to-

never futfered the Gate of the

ward

their

Camp

to

be fhut*.

fuffi-

The
to be call

cient 3 Szu//} .Commander would never fafFer any Bank up, or any Trench or Ditch to be dug, rehis

pofing

all

Defence
;

in his

Arms, and Roboftners and

to acquaint the
left

Vigour of Body
^dvife

and fent a Trumpet

French that the Gates of No-vara were

open, and to

them not

to walle their

Powder.

Gio'vio.

THE HISTORY OF
dent Breach being made
Befiegers gave a veiy
in the

Walls the
but

fierce Aflault,

were repulfed with incredible Valour, and obliged to retire to their Quarters where
;

being informed that a Reinforcement of

Swifs had the fame

Day

entered Novara,

and

that Altofafo^ a General of great

Re-

putation,

was expeded
retired the

with

much

greater
cefs,

Number, they

defpaired of Suc-

and

next

Day two Miles

from Novarciy in Hopes of obtaining their Ends more by temporifing, and taking Advantage of the Diforders and Diftrefs of
the

Enemy

for

Want
But

of Money, than by
their

Force of Arms.
fmftrated

Hopes were

all

by the Fiercenefs and highfpirited Courage of Mottino^ one of the Swifs General Officers, who called an Affembly of the Multitude
in

the Square of

Novara^ and encouraged them with the

warmefl Expreffions not to wait the Affiflance of Altoja([o^ whofe Arrival was expected the next Day, but to march out and attack the Enemy in their Quarters, and not fuffer the Glory and the Vidlory,

which they might

be
fliared in

fecure to themfelves, to

common,

or rather to

become
wholly

THE WARS
wholly transferred to

IN IT ALT.
others.

151
as ^- ^-

For

Things confequent attrad: to themfelves ^.^J^iij Things preceding, and the Increafe covers

and

eclipfes the Part increafed,

fo all the

Praife

and Honour would be afcribed not to

but to the

them

new Comers.
difficult

"The
appear, fo

more

and dangerous Speech of

the Attempt, fays

Mottino,

may

poffibly ^^^y^Gefafe iteral

to

much

the

more

eafy
3

and

will prove in the

flrike

Execution

for Accidents trymen.

in pro-

Men

with the greater Terror

French
at prefent

portion as they are unforefeen and unex-

peded.
the
leaft

The

have not
us
j

Thought of being attacked by

have removed the

as they

Camp

but this

Day, they mufl have taken up their Quarters in a diforderly Manner, and without any Fortification. French Armies arc not
ufually very eager to fight, uniefs fupported

by our
yet

Foot.

And

if

they have for fome

Years pafl ventured to fight without us,

they have never fought againft us.
feize

What Amazement, what Terror will

them, when they fhall fee themfelves fuddenly and furioufly attacked by thofe whofe
Valour and Ferocity ufed
to

be their Confidencc

THE HISTORY OF
iidence and Security
!

Let not
give

their

Ca?

valry, or their Artillery

you much

Concern, for

we have on another Occafion experienced how much they rely on ^hefe Preparations when they have to deal
with
us.

Did not Gafion

de Foix^ fo bold

a General, with fuch a

Number of Lances,
of Artillery,

and

fo formidable a Train
retire before us

always

on the Plains, when

without Cavalry, or any other

Pikes,

Arms than
in
is

we

defcended two Years ago to the

very Gates of Milan ?

their

They have now

j

Army German Foot what moves my Refentment, me eager to embrace the

which
this

and

this

and

makes

Opportunity
took a

very Jundure offers us to con-

vince the

Man

that

he

never

worfe Refolution, either for himfelf or for

his

Kingdom, than when he was prompted

by bafe and unreafunable Avarice and Ingratitude to defpife and fet fo low a Price on our Labours and our Blood and alfo
j

to demonftrate to thofe

who imagined their

Service of fufficient Merit to deprive us of

our Bread, that the Lanfkcnets are no

Match for
have
tlie

the Swifs

-,

and that though they

Difcipline,

fame Language, and the fame

THE WAR S
Difcipline,

IN JT^Zr.
The
by
its

153
'^-

yet

they have not the fame

^'

Valour and Fiercenefs.

will be alleviated

only Diffi;

culty will be to feize the Artillery

this

but

not being

planted within a fortified Place, by attack-

ing

it

unexpectedly, by the Darknefs of

the Night, by the Fury of the AiTault, and

by the very fmall Space of Time which it will have to annoy us, and that too interrupted by the Tumult, Diforder, and
fudden Confufion.
of the Field
greateft Eafe
v/ill
3

The

other Bufinefs

be difpatched with the

themfclves upon

the Horfe will not venture

to

come and run

our

Pikes,

much lefs

will the defpicable

Rab-

ble of French and Gafcoji Foot dare to

to clofe

come
this
lefs

Engagement with

us.

In

Refolution our Prudence will be no

confpicuous than our Valour.

tion
is

arrived to fuch a Pitch

Our Naof Renown,

that the

Glory of our

Name
and
fince

can no longer

be fupported but by attempting fomething

beyond

Expedation

the

ordinary
are

Reach of Men.
us that
that

And

we

now

about Novara^ the Place

icfelf

admoniflies

we have no other Means to wipe off antient Reproach which we incurred

in

THE HISTORY OF
in the Service

of Lodovico Sforza

at this

fame Novara.
the Punilher
nicated,

Let us go on then boldly

with ihe Help of

God Almighty, who is of Schifmatics, Excommuto his

and Enemies

Name

let

us

go

to a Vidtory, if
j

we behave
it fliall

like

Men,

fecure and eafy

greater the

a Vidlory, in which the

Danger

appear to carry

with
will

it,

the greater and

more

glorious

be the

more we Number, the more

fclves

of the Swifs^ and the are exceeded by the Enemy in

(hall

Name

we

enrich our-

by

their Spoils."

A T this Speech oiMotiino all the Troops

gave a
fierce Shcut,

and every one ftretched

forth his

Arm

in

token of Approbation of

what he had faid*. The General, after promifmg them a certain Vi(5lory, ordered them to go to their Repofe, and take care of themfelves, that they might be in
Readinefs
at

Beat of

Drum

to

repair to

their Colours.

The

Nation of the Swijs

never

* The Learned obferve, lifting up the Hands, and

that

in

military AfTemblies

ftretching

out the

Arm

arc
in

Signsof Approbation and Confent.

f what was propofed to them, to

So we often read
if they

Xenopbon that the Soldiers were ordered,

lift

approved

up

their

Hands.

THE WARS
Few
. .

IN ITALY.
Army
T ,

155
^-

never took a prouder or bolder Refolution,

againft
-^ ,

^.

Many, without Cavalry or_iJij

very ftrons:
TVT

Artillery aeainft an

both, and not induced by any JNeceirity,theS<-^/>.

for

.J

in??''^. folutionof

^^'

Novara was freed from Danger, and they expeded the next Day a conliderable
Reinforcement.
try a

They

voluntarily chofe to
lefs

Meafure attended with

Security

but greater Hopes of Glory, before another

which would be more fecure but

rious in the Event.

lefs

glo-

On the

Sixth Dayofy/^;z^, then, after

Midnight, the Swifs in a very boiflerous

Manner marched out of Novara,

ber about

in

Num- Battle of
^^""'"''''

Ten Thoufand, and

difpofed in

fuch Order that Seven Thoufand were to

attack the Artillery, about
Qiiarters of the
reft to poft

which were the

and the

German

Infantry,

themfelves with their Pikes up-

right,

oppolite to the

Men

at

Arms.

French had not

fortified

their

The Camp on

account of the Shortnefs of Time, and

becaufe they had no Apprehenfions of fd

quick and fudden a

Vifit.

At the

firft

Alarm therefore given by the Centinels of the Approach of the Enemy, the Suddennefs

THE HISTORY OF
dennefs of the Accldeat, with the Darknefs

of the Night, concurred to increafe

the Confufion and Terror.

The Men

at

Arms, however, foon afTembled and formed

themfelves into Squadrons, and the Ger7)jati

Foot, followed by the

reft

of the

Infantry, quickly got into

fented

themfelves

in

Rank, and preOrder of Battle.

was now difcharged with a horrible Noife againft the Swijs that went
Artillery

The

making a terrible Slaughter among them, which might be perceived by the Cries and Roarings of the Men more than by the Benefit of Sight, the Ufe of which was as yet prevented by the Night. The Sivifs however with
to attack
it,

incredible Refolution, not regarding prefent Death,

nor
fell

terrified at

the Fate of

thofe

who
all

by

their Side,

marched

with

pofTiblc

Speed againft the Artillery,

where being arrived, they entered into a moft furious Engagement with the Ger-

man

Infantry,

both

Parties

combating
ftill

with the greateft Rage, which was

inflamed
Glory.

with Hatred and a Defire of

You might

have feen,

as

now
Side

the Sun began to appear,

now one

giving

THE WARS
givino-

IN ITALT.

W57
^'

Way, now
to

the other, oftentimes

that Party to get the

firft

Advantage which at^^ii^

-,

feemed
and
at

Side,

on the fame the fame Time, fome giving

be worfted

Way,

others advancing forwards,

fome

reiifting

with Difficulty, others violently

preffing

upon and

infulting the
full

Enemy,
Dead,
Officers

while

every

Place was

of

Wounded,
Office of

and

Blood.

The

fometimes mofl:

valiantly difcharged
Soldiers, ftriking

the the

common

Enemy,
their
ly

and defending themfelves and Men 3 fometimes they moft prudentfuccouring, dif-

performed the Duties of their Station,

encouraging, providing,
poling,

and commanding.

On

another

Part the
their

Men

at

Arms

flood quietly in

Armour without
all

ftriking a Stroke,

for

their

Fears operated fo ftrongly upon

the Authority, EncourageIntreaties,

them, that
ments,
tions

Exclamaand Threatenings of Tremouille and

could not infpire

Commands,

I'riviilzi

Boldnefs fufficicnt to

them with charge the Enemy,

;

whom
SwiJ's

they had in their Front

and the

thought they did enough in keeping

confined,

them

and

preventing

them
from

THE HISTORY
from fuccouring
^o^r
their

OF
At
lafl

Infantry.

in fo fierce a Confli(5t, and fo great

French
defeated,

Vade-

fhown on both

Sides, Victory

clared for the Swifsy

who
it

with

irrefiftible

Force made themfelves Mafters of the

Artillery,

and turned
that

againfl: their

Ene-

mies,

Means and by their Valour were put to Flight. With the

fled alfo the

who by

Foot

Men

at

Arms,
;

in

whom
any

appeared

no

military

Virtue,

nor

thing that deferved Praife

della

only Ruherto

Marcidy prompted by paternal Afentered with a Squadron

fedion,

among

the Swifs, to fave his two Sons Floranges

and Deiiefw, Captains of German Foot, who lay on the Ground covered with

Wounds, and fought with fuch Ardor and Fiercenefs, that, to the great Amazement of the Sivifs thenifclves, he brought them both alive out of fo great a Danger. The Battle laited two Hours with very
connderable Lofs on both Sides
S'u.'ifs
;

of the

were

killed about Fifteen

among
was
Pil;e

whom

was MoitinOy
a

Hundred, the Author

while he

of fo glorious a Refolution,
fighting received
in the Throat.

who

Thruft with a
Lofs of their

The

Enemies

THE WARS

IN /Ty^Lr.

159

Enemies was much greater, fome make ^- ^ ^ it Ten Thoufand, but the greater Part ofv the Germans were killed in fighting, whereas moft of the French and Gafcon Foot periihed in their Flight. The Cavalry efcaped almofl intire,

and were

in.

no Danger of Purfuit from the Swifsy who if they had been provided with Horfes might have eafily difperfed them, fo great was the Terror in which they
fled

out of the Field.

The
all

vid:orious

Army
riages

remained Mafters of
all

the Car-

with Twenty-two Pieces of heavy

the Horfes that belonged

Cannon, and

to the Train of Artillery.

The
fuch
that

Swifs re-

turned in a triumphant

Manner

the fame
univerfal

Day to Novara^ with Honour and Renown,

lution,'

many who

confidered the Magnanimity of the Refothe

mofl manifeft Contempt of

did not fcru-

Death, the Fiercenefs of the Fight, and

the Felicity of the Succefs,
ple to prefer this

Adion

to almoft all the

memorable FacSts that are recorded of the antient Romans and Greeks. The French fled into Piedmotif, from whence, ^riviilzio in vain exclaiming
againft
it,

they

im-

i6o
^'
^

THE HISTORY OF
pafTed

^' immediately
'

beyond the

Moun*

tains.

After
other

the Vidtory Milan and the

that

Towns

had adhered

to

the

French fent to demand Pardon,

which

was granted on condition of paying a certain Sum of Money, the Milanefe in particular Twenty Thoufand Ducats, and
the
reft:

according
paid

to

their Abilities

all

which was
ought
as the

away

to the Swifs^

who
their

in Juftice to reap the Profit as well

Glory of a Victory obtained by

Valour, and with their Blood.

to colledt as

In order

much Money
after
this

as

could be
the

had,

the

Swifs

entered

Marquifate of Mo?iferratOy

and Piedmont^

which were accufed of entertaining the French Army, and partly by Plunder,
partly

by Contributions,
all

tho' abftaining

from
ble

Ad:s of Violence to Life and

raifed
vaft:

Honour,

Sums on

the mifera-

People.

Nor were

the

Spaniards

wholly excluded from the Rewards of the

VicStory
;

for

after the Battle Jafius

and

Ottaviano Fregoji,

the former of

whom
each

had been

lately

driven out of Genoa^ and

THE WARS
each afpired
for
to

IN ITALT.

be Doge, having applied

to the Viceroy,

he preferred Otfaviano^

whom alfo the Pontiff highly interefted

and received from him
.a

himfelf on account of their old Friendfliip,

Promife

to

pay him Fifty Thoufand Ducats as The Vicefoon as he had entered Geiioa.
roy then, after furnifhing Ottavianov^'i'Cci

Three Thoufand Foot under the Marquis

of Pefcardy

moved with

the reft of the

Army
But
as

to Chiejieggio^

fhewing himfelf ready

to proceed further if Occafion required*

foon as the Marquis with Ottaviano

approached Genoa^ the Brothers Adorni^

confcious of their Inability to
refift,

left

the Place, into

which Ottaviano made his Entrance, and was created Doge of that City, which in the fame Year faw itfelf under the Government of the French^ 'Janus Fregofo, the Adorniy and Ottaviano.

But
French

Bartolomeo Ahiano^ as foon as he

had received Advice of the Defeat of the

Army,

being apprehenfive that

the Spaniards would immediately

in Purfuit

march
Fonte

of him, retired in

all

Hafte to

Vol. VI.

THE HISTORY OF
Ponte Vico^ leaving for the more Speed

fome Pieces of Cannon that were flow of From Fonte Vico, Carriage on the Road. leaving Renzo da Cert in Cre7na^ and abandoning Brejcia, becaufe it was of no Service to diminifli the Army, in which remained but Six Hundred Men at Arms, One Thoufand hght Horfe, and Five Thoufand Foot, he continued his March with the fame Expedition, and under fuch

Dread and DifafFe(flion of the Country, that, had he been purfued by any fmall Party, his Troops would have been broken and routed by themfelves, till he arrived at TomSa near the Adice^ not
having given himfelf
ftrained

Time

to reft in

any

Place, but merely fo long as he

was con-

by Necellity

for the Refre{l:iment

of the
lialted,

Men
not

and Horfes.
purfued,

At Tomba he

and laying

afide all Fear, becaufe

he

was

got together as

great a Quantity of Provifions as

he could

draw from the

have
it

Vej'onefe,

and took care to

fent
at

conveyed

to

Fadoua and Trevigi.

Gian Pagolo

At the fame time he

BagUone with Sixty

Men

Arms and
where he

Twelve Hundred Foot

to Lignago^

THE WARS

IN ITALT,

i6i

he was immediately received by the Men ^' ^^ of the Town, which had no Garrifon,v.-y^ and ftormed the Caftle, in which were One Hundred and Fifty Spanijh and Ger7nan Foot, after he had
firfl

battered

it

on

the Side that looks towards the Square.

In the Succefs of the AfTault

to fay

it is

difficult

whether Fortune or Valour had the

;

greater Share

for during the

Attack a

Fire got hold of the Stores, occafioned by

fome Inflruments of artificial Fires thrown ^k^'^g^^ by the Befiegers, and burnt Part of the the ^ffCaftle, in which Confufion the Enemy ''^^^5 partly through the Breach and partly by
Scaling-Ladders entered the Place, took
the Spa?iijh Governor, and killed or took
Prifoners
all

the

refl.

LiGNAGO
laid a

being thus taken Alviano

Bridge over the Adice, and being r^^^^

put in Hopes by fome Veronefe of an In-?"'^ptd

furredlion againft the

Germans went

'

^ndi jihiam.

encamped at San Giovanni four Miles from Verona^ from whence the next Morning he approached the Gate of San Martino^
and planting
his

Cannon
L, 2

play'd with great

Fury on the Turret of the Gate, and the

con-

i64
^'

THEHISTORYOF
contiguous Wall, expedling in the

^-

mean

'^

Time feme Tumult to arife in the City. The Breach in the Wall being Forty
Braces
wide,

and
fell in

the

Turret

thrown

down, which

fuch a Manner as to

make

a very ilrong

Fence before the Gate,

the AlTault was given with great Fury.

But in Verona were Three Hundred Horfe, and Three Thoufand German Foot under
Koccandoiph,
a

General Officer of great

a valiant Defence.

Reputation,

who made
in the

Wall being of a good Height from the Ground on the Infide, and the Vcronefe making no Movement in Favour of the Ve7ietians, as it was hoped, Alviano feeing it would be diffiBreach
cult
to

The

take the

Place,

called

off

his

Troops from the Wall, and had begun but changing to draw off his Cannon his Mind in a Moment, on receiving, as it was fuppofcd, fome Meffage from the
;

Inhabitants, he
to

made

his Soldiers return

frefli

the Wall,

and gave a

Affault

more vigorous than the

with the fame Difficulties
the

firft,

but met

fame Remifnefs
him.

in

and thofe who had

as before,
all

recalled

Carting off therefore

Hopes

THE WARS

IN ITALY.

Hopes of Succefs, with the Lofs of above Two Hundred of his Men, among whom was Tommajo Fabbro of Rave?2naj Captain of Foot, he drew off his Artillery from
the Walls with wonderful Speed, and re-

turned the fame

Day

to his

Camp from

which he had

fet

out in the Morning,

having acquired no Reputation from the

Counfel or Event of that Day, but he was highly celebrated through all Italy for
his Quicknefs, in doing as

much

in

one

Day
he
try

as

other Generals ufed to do with

Difficulty in three or four.

laid

After this

wafle the Territory of Verona^ to

whether the Fear of feeing their Country defolate would conftrain the Veronefe to come to fome Agreement.

But
vancing

now

the
i

Spa77iJJj

Army was

ad-

forwards

for the Viceroy

on

Advice of the Lofs of Li^nago being apprehenfive that Vero?ia, through the Difaffediion of the Citizens,

Gates to the Venetians^

would open its as he was no

re-

longer retarded by the Affairs of Ge?7oa^

which had taken

happy Turn, now

folved to fuccour without Delay the de-

dining

i66
-^-

THE HISTORY OF
For
this

^' clinin? Interefts of Cafar,

.
I

End
and

1513.

having pafTed the Po

at

Stradella^

taken PofTeffion without Difficulty of the

Cities

of Bergamo and Brejcia and the

of Pefchiera by their Sunendry,
Siege to the Caftle of this
laft

Town
he
laid

Place, in

which was

a Garrifon

cf

Two
the

Hundred and

Fifty Foot, and tho'

Place was generally expelled to hold out

fome Days, he took it at once with Sword in Hand, making the Venetian
Proveditor, with thofe

of the

Garrifon

that remained alive Prifoners.

Ahiano

at

the Approach of the Spaniards retired to

Alhcre on the other Side of the Adicc^ and
to increafe his

Army

as

much

as poffihle,

not only recalled fome Foot that were in

the Polefine of Rovigo, but
thofe

whom
at

he had

left

in

Lignago.

And

foon after

the German Foot joining the Viceroy

Ban Marti?io, and marching after they had recovered Lignago to Montag?ia7ia, the Ve?ietians, who had nothing left in thefe
Parts but Padoiia and
Trevigi, attended
Cities,

only to the Prefer vation of thefe

and appointed the

between them.

Army

to be diflributed

In Trevigi they placed

THE WARS
a Garrilbn of

IN ITALY.
at

Two Hundred Men

Arms,

Three Hundred light Horfe, and Two Thoufand Foot under Gian Pagolo BagIt one aflilled by Malatejia da Sogliafjo^ and
^

the Chevalier della Volpe.

Ahiano with

the
ill

reft

of the

Army
the

took up his Quarters Aimiano

repairing

Padoua^ where he employed himfelf^"]''^'

lortiiymg
rlace,

in

the

Baftions that
fecting
finifhed

had been

erected, and per-

many Works
;

were left unand that the Enemy might not

that

be able to approach the Place without ex-

treme Danger and Difficulty, and without a vaft Number of Pioneers, he demolifh-

ed

all

the Houfes, and felled

all

the Trees

within three Miles of Padoua.

While
ceeded
in this

the military Operations pi'o-p^

^^^^

Manner, the Pope ufed his^eeks to utmoft Care and Diligence for extirpating fheSchiOn the Diviiion made in the Church by the Pijan Council and that Affair depending wholly on the Will of the King of France he employed abundance of Arts for
j

foftening the

Mind of that
was

Prince, affuring

}iim that the Report of his fending

to the Suoifs

Money
that

utterly falfe, protefting

L 4

THE HISTORY OF
that

he defired nothing but Peace, and

to

be the

common

Father of

all

Chrlftian

Princes, and that

he was extremely grieved by

his Diffention

that his Majefty,

from

the

Church,

had deprived him of the

to

Power of demonftrating

him how
neceflitated

much he was by Nature

his Friend,

inclined to be

and that he was

proper Perfon,

for the

Honour of

the Apoftolic See, and

to

of

his

own

proceed

feparately with

him

till

he was returned

to the

Obedience of the Roman Church,

when it would be lawful for him to receive him as a moft Chriftian King, and to embrace

him

as

the

eldefl:

Son of the

Church.

Fr^ce
and Pre-

King was defirous, for his own Sake, of a Union of his Kingdom with the Church, which was earneftly demanded by all the People, and by the whole Court, and to which he was mightily Simulated by the Queen 3 he

The

he could never hope to conciliaagree with the Pope in temporal Concerns, * tion with \ i\itRoman\i the fpiritual Differences were not iirft
citaRealfo

knew
.

that

'

Church,

compofed,

Trufling therefore,

or pre-

tending

THE WARS
tending to
truft,

IN ITALT.
Words, he

169
^^^

to the Pope's

deputed the Bifhop of MarfeiUes his Am-,

bafTador to treat with his Holinefs about

thefe Affairs.

On

his

Arrival at Rome,

the Pontiff caufed,

Council,

by a Decree of the
other
to

the French Bifhops, and

the

Prelates, to be reftored

Power of purging themfelves from Contumacy during the whole

Month of November

next.

Pope had proceeded very rigorouf y againfl: thefe Reverend Dignitaries as Schifmatics by way of Monitory. And the fame Morning in which the Decree was ordered, a Paper was read in the Council, fubfcribed by Bernardino Carnjagiale and Federigo da San Severino, m
late

The

which, not ftyling themfelves Cardinals, they approved of all that was done in the
hateran Council, promiiing
to

adhere to

that Council, and to obey the Pope,

and

by confequence confeffed
privation
'Julius^
cil

that their

De-

of the Cardinahliip
Deceafe,

and confirmed by the

his

made by faid Coun-

before

was lawful and

right.

The

Reftitution of thefe Prelates

had been under Debate before, but delayed by the Oppofition of the Ambaffadors

THE HISTORY OF
dors of the Emperor, and

King oi Ara^
an A(5t unwor-

gony and of the Cardinals of Sion and lork^

who

exclaimed againft

it

as

thy of the Majefty of the Apoftolic See,

and of very bad Example,

to the

to grant fo

Pardon

Authors of a Crime

pernicious,

and

full

of abominable Impiety, putting

the Confiflory in

Mind

of the Conflancy
juft

of yidius,

who

retained his

Refent-

ment

againft

them, from no other Motive

lafl

than the public Good, to his

Moments. more
toex-

But the
tinguifli the

Pontiff, inclining to the

it

merciful Side, judged

eafier utterly

Name

of the Pifan Council

by Clemency than by Rigour, and was not

willing to exafperate the

King of France,
Delin-

who

earneftly interceded for the

3

he wa& not hindered in his good Intentions by any private Malice,

quents
befides,

was not committed againft him, nay, he himfelf and his Brothers had
for the Offence

been- intimate Acquaintance

before his Pontificate.

of Federigo

following his

own

For thefe Rcafons, Judgment, he had

caufed to be read before the Fathers of the

Council a Paper of the deprived Cardinals

containing

THE WARS
containine their

IN ITALY,

171
^-

Humiliation, and after-

^'

wards appointed a Day for their Refli- uJ^-iLi tution, which was tranfadted in the following Order.
entered
Bernardifio and Federigo
privately

Rome

by Night without j,y^Q'J'*Jg_

andftor.ingthe

the Habit and Enfigns of Cardinals,

next Morning being appointed to prefent cardinals,

themfelves before the Pope
fiilory,

fitting in

Con-

accompanied by
they

all

the Cardinals
refufed to be

except Sion and Tork^

prefent,
firft

who

pafTed

along,

clothed

like limple Priefts

with black Bonnets on

all

their

Heads, through

the public Places

in

of the Palace of the Vatican

which they
vafl:

had lodged the Night

before, a

Mul-

titude of People flocking to fee

them, and

every one faying that fo public a Difgrace

mufl: needs be a flinging
ceffive Pride

Rebuke to the exlefs

of ^r;;jr ^/;,/o,and to the no

immoderate Arrogance of Federigo.

Be-

ing admitted into the Confiftory, falling

on

Knees with Marks of the greateft Humility, they afked Pardon of the Pope and Cardinals, teftifying their Approbation of what had been tranfadled by Julius, and particularly their own Deprivation, and the Eledtion of a new Pontiif, as done
their

canonically,

172
ji.

THEHISTORYOF
and condemning the Pifan .Conventicle as fchifmatic and deteftable.
canonically,

D.

J!i'^"

When

an authentic Copy of

this their

Names, had been entered upon Record, they rofe on their Feet, did Reverence, and embraced all the Cardinals, who ftirred not from their Seats after which they were veflcd
Confeflion, figned with their
;

in the
fit

Habit of Cardinals, and admitted to

in the

fame Order

fat

before their

which they had By this Adt Deprivation.

in

they

recovered only

the Dignity of the the Churches and

Cardinallliip, but not

other Revenues which they ufed to enjoy,

for thefe

had been long before difpofed of

to others as Vacancies.

this Tranfacftion the

Pope

fatisfied,

if not

wholly yet

in a great

Meafure, the

King of

France^ but he did not fatisfy

for

him

in other Actions,

he was

follicitous to

procure an Agreement between the

Em-

peror and the Venetians^ which from the

prefent Circumflances of Affairs feemed

not

difficult to

be accomplifhed

it

being

believed that Carfar, invited by

tunities

Opporbeyond the Mountains, was infair

clined

THE WARS
cllncd
that
to eafe

IN ITALT.
this

himfelf of

Burden,

he might the more readily attend to the Recovery of Burgimdy for his Grandfon. And there were much more Grounds

was the Defire of the Venetians, who were terrified at the Defeat of the French, and knew that the King of Fra?tce, on account of the MultipUcity of Dangers that threatened his own Kingdom, had laid afide all Thoughts
to

hope

that Peace

of Italy for the prefent Year.

ceived
that

They perapthe
to join
-,

the Spanifh
it

Army was
Verona

proaching, and that

was
in

Troops

which

were

they

found themfelves exhaufted of Money,

weak
the

in Soldiers,

efpecially in

Foot, and

obliged to fland the Brunt alone, without

Glimmerings of approaching ^onftancvr Light to difpel their gloomy Apprehen-of the fions 5 and yet the Senate very conftantly senate!"
leafl

anfwered to

all

Propofals, that they

would

come

no Accommodation without the Reflitution of Vicenza and Vei-ona.

to

The
Pope

Emperor now

requefted of the

to fupply
at

him with Two Hundred

and

Men

Arms

to adt againfl the Venetiatis^

THE HISTORY OF
and tho' the
to the

Demand was very difagreeable Pontiff, who doubted that by grant-

ing

it

hefhould difguft the King oi France,

and did not comprehend

felf to give

how

it

could

anfwer any Purpofe of Ccefar or of him-

Umbrage

to

the Venetians in

a Matter of fo fmall Importance, yet the

Emperor
portunity,
lired

obftinately perfifting in his

Im-

he

fent

him

under

the

Number deCommand of Troilo

the

Pope
^Jr

Savelloy Ach'tlk To7-ello^

and Mutio Coknnay

aga^^^o^

chufmg by

a Refufal to fliew any Sign

the

/>-that he did not intend to continue in the

Confederacy contracfted by the

late Pontiff,

and not thinking himfelf reftrained by any Obligation to the Venetians^ who, b6fides fuffering their

Troops,

no very ner, to go marauding over the Far?nejan and Piacentiney had never appointed any
lay at Cremona^ in

when Alviano friendly Man-

Ambaffidors to pay him Obedience, according to anticnt Cuftom,

till

the French

had been

defeated, and

had repaffed the

Mountains.

This
Venetians^

Step of the Pontiff alarmed the

not fo

much

for the

Importance

THE WARS
Apprehenfion that
to

IN IT ALT,
as

if;
^-

tance of fuch a Succour

this

out of an

^'

was but a Prelude vJ-^^i^

it

much

further Proceedings, taking

his

as

moil evident Sign that

Enemies.
in

Hoiinefs

never intended to feparate himfelf from

their

They made no Alteration

firfl

hovi'^ever

their

Refolutions, but,

being rather difpofed to brave Fortune as

well as they could, fent Orders to their

Proveditor of marine Affairs,

Corfuy to affemble as

who

lay at

many

Ships as

he

could, and attack the maritime

Fiiglia.

Towns of
reflecting

But foon
important

afterwardjs

on

the

Confequence of
and

fo

highly provoking the King of Aragon, a

powerful Prince,

who had

^^^^Y^ p^adent

appeared to advife Cafar to an Agreement, Reflexion they countermanded thofe Orders, as the?/ *^
Refult of Animofity rather than of Prudence.
T>

/-

Venetians,

The

Viceroy lay encamped

for the

at

Mo7itagnana^ undetermined as yet what he

was
in

to undertake

Germans were

high Expectations, the Enterprifes on

Padoua or Trevigi, which only remained on Hand, were difficult, and the Forces were much inferior to the Difficulties;
for the

whole

Army conlifted

of no more than

THE HISTORY OF
than
great

One Thoufand Men at Arms, no Number of light Horfe, and Ten

Number Thoufand Foot between Spaniards and of the The Refolution on this Point Germans.
Army^
"

being

at lafl referred to the

Determination

of the Bifhop of Goritz,

in the
rival

who was

to

be

Army

within a few Days, his Ar-

was

earneflly exped:ed.

N the mean time, while the Spanifi CommilTary in Bergamo was collecfling
I

the Fine of Twenty-five

cats,

Thoufand Duit

impofed on that City when

thither a Party

fur-

rendered to the Viceroy, Retizo da Cert

fent
Succcfsfui

from

Creina^

which

entered by Night with the AlTiftance of

Aftion offQj^e
Qtri.

of the

Town,
received,

feized

the

miffary with that

Part of

the

ComMoney

which he had
to Crema,

and then returned

Preparations

were

alfo

making
raifmg

much about the fame Time new Difturbances in Genoa, in

with
the

for

compliance

Inclinations of the

Duke

of

Milan and the Swijs, to and Gieronimo Adorni

whom
had

Anioniotto

Recourfe
put-

THE WARS fN
putting the

ITALr.
the

177
^-O-

Duke

in

Mind of
on

De-

pendency of
Lodovico,

their Fathers

his Father v-J^^^j

who by

the AfTiftance of the

Adorni had recovered,

enjoyed
in

and many Years ^.^^^j'^^'j^'

^*''"'

Peace the Dominion of G^c^, their Re-

of which he had been treacheroully deprived by the

Fregofi :
in the

Doges of the Family of the That the Adorni had alfo a Share

Misfortunes of the Sfofzas^ for at

the fame

Time
;

that Lodovico

loft

the

Dutehy of Milan the Adorni were driven

feemed reafonable therefore that they fliould in hke manner partake of their good Fortune, iince there
out of Gefioa
it

remained the fame Affed:ion, and the fame

Fidelity
:

That

they

were
if,

not to

be

charged with the Fault,

of
all

being deftitute

Hope, and finding none to hearken to them, they had at laft, not out of Choice but Neceffity, had Recourfe to that King by whom they had before been
expelled
:

On

the other Side he ought

not to forget the inveterate Hatred of the

Fregofi,

and the Multiplicity of injurious

and fraudulent Pradices with which his Father had been abufed by Battijla and
the Cardinal, both

of that Family,

and
fuc^

Vol. VI.

THE HISTORY OF
fucccflive

Doges of

Ge?ioa

he

fliould

confider alfo

how

it

could be proper to

put any Confidence in Oitaviano Fregofoy

who,

befides his inveterate

Enmity, had
propofed the

refufed to have a Superior in that City.

To

the

Swijs

they

had

powerful Incentives of Profit, Safety, and Honour j to pay them, if by their Afhfl-

ance they fliould be

Country, the fame
Fregojo

reftored

to

their

Sum

had paid
to

to the

Money that Spaniards. They

of

reprefented

them them
it

that as the

Dutchy
its

of Milan had been preferved by their

Valour, fo to
te(5tion
j

alfo

belonged

Pro-

they ought to confider therefore

how

inconfiftent

would be with the

Security of that State for Genca^ a neigh-

bouring City, and of fuch Importance, to

be under the Dominion of a Doge dependent on the King of Arag07i

j

that

it

would be

unworthy of their Name and of their Glory to fufter Genoa, the Vidory of Novara, to Fruits of the
greatly
fall

a Prize to

the Covetoufnefs of the

Sivifs

Spaniards,

who, while the

marched

with

fo

much

Refolution to the

of the French Cannon, or, to

Mouths fpeak more

pro-

THE WARS
properly, ran to

IN 17 ALT.
fat idle

179
^-

meet Death,

on

the Trebbiay keeping themfelves on the

Watch, and prepared, according to the Event of the Battle, either to fly Hke Cowards, or fraudulently fteal away the
Fruits oi a Vicftory obtained

of others.

by the Blood Thefe Reprefentations had

fuch an Effedl, that the

Duke

put his

Troops
ready

in

Motion, and the Swifs were

to
'y

march with Four

Thoufand

Foot

but the Threats of the Viceroy

Duke, and the Authority of the Pontiff, who had the Interefts of Ottaviam very much at Heart, put a Stop
againft the
to their Proceedings.

N the mean time the Viceroy took

his

March

to

Battagliay

a Place feven

Miles
nardino

diftant

from Padoua, where Berinconfiderately

Carvagiak,

ad-

vancing with a few Horfe to view the

Situation

of the Country, was taken by

MercuriOy
light

Commander of the Venetian Horfe. The Bifliop of Goritz being

Army,
a Council

now

arrived in the

held on the future Operations, in

was which

Goriiz propofed the Siege of Fadoua^ re-

prefenting

i86
^O-

THE
prefenting

HIS T OR Y OF
great
a

that fo

Dependence
exerted

v.^^^.^!^
Siege of

might

jultly be laid

on the Valour of the

Gcrmam and

S>paniards^
it

when
to

Fadoua

againft Italiam^ that

was

be hoped
all

they would in the

culties
;

End furmount
Conqueft
of

Diffi-

that

the

Trevigi

would indeed be fomewhat lefs laborious, but the Advantage to be reaped from it was very different, for to become Mafter of Trrcigi alone conduced but little to a Decifion of the War, but the Acquifition of Padoua would entirely fecure the Towns fubjedl to the Emperor from all Infults and Dangers of War, and deprive the Venetians of all Hopes of ever retrieving The Viceroy was of a diftheir Lofles.
ferent

Opinion,

as

were almoft
it

all

the

other General Officers, judging

rather

impoffible than difficult to force Padoua^

becaufe of

its

Fortifications,
;

which were
extremely
all

almoll; incredible

it

was

alfo

well provided with

neceflary for
its

Artillery

and

Things
were

Defence, and had a very

numerous Garrifon, among

arrived, as at other
.ber

whom

Times, a good

NumThe
larg

of the noble Youth of Venice.

itfelf,

-Town

they

faid,

was of a very

THE WARS
large Cornpafs,

IN ITALT.

i8i
^-

and upon that Account,

required

^.

with the Multitude of Defendants, and^jiji^,

other Difficulties,
it

Armies to furround and befiege was fo far from being the Cafe at prefent, that they were not able fo much as to form one confiderable Army, the Number of Soldiers not being great, and of thefe, the Germans efpecially, who ufed to be
j

two good which it

very uneafy under

flow Payments,
3

not
that

being over zealous for the Service

belides they did

not abound with

Am-

munition, and laboured under a Scarcity

of Pioneers, whofe Service was very neceffary for carrying

on

fo difficult a Siege.

But
give

the

Reafons alledged by the

at laft obliged to^^^^o"^

Viceroy and others were

Way

to the Will

and

Pleafirre

of

thcpl^^,,^.

Bifhop of Gorifz, purfuant to which the

Army drew

nearer to Padoua, and pofted

itfelf at BcijpiJicJlo,

on the Right of the Canal, within a Pvlile and Plalf of the But the

.City.

Camp

in that Place

being

pretty

much annoyed by lome

planted on a Bafhon of the

double

Cannon
the

Town,
camped
^

Troops pa fled the Canal, and en-

THE HISTORY OF
fomewhat farther Diflance from the Place, from whence they ordered fome Foot to take Poft at the Church of Sanf Antonio within half a Mile of
at a

camped

Padoua,

and, in

order
lefs

to

make
fet

their

themfelves at Work in calling up Trenches towards the Gate of Sanf Antonio. But
the

Approaches with

Danger,

Works were

very

great,

and

in

Country whence all the Inhabitants were fled there was an extreme Want of Pioneers
;

fo that the

flowly,

Trenches advanced but and not without Danger, the

being
greatly

Workmen
Sallies.

incommoded
a

Day and Night by

frequent and fudden

To
;

this

was added

Dearth of
Befiegers,

Provifions

for as but a fmall Part of the

Town

was furrounded by the

the Stradiotti, having free Liberty to fally

from the other

tercepted
all

Parts of the City, ranged

over the Country at Difcrction, and in-

Convoys deligned
alfo

for

the

Camp, which were

armed
Adice
Boats,
for

prevented by fome
Venetians

which the
that Purpofe

had

manned
',

on the River
landing

for the

Crews were continually

THE WARS
all

IN ITALT.

183
^-

landing in one Part or other, and infefted

the open Country.

^-

The
ties,

Viceroy befet with thefe Difficul-

and laying the State of Affairs once more before aCouncil,every one freely gave
his
ful

Opinion that
to

it

would be

lefs

difgrace-

corred a Refolution imprudently taken by raifing the Siege, than by perfifting

in

an Error to give Occafion for

greater Lofs, attended with greater

Shame

and Reproach. This Opinion being reported by the Viceroy, in the Prefence of

many of the General who had refufed to

Art was not
in

Officers,

to Goritz^
at

be prefent

the

Council, he anfwered that, as the military

his Profeffion,

he was not
tho'

affiamed to confefs his

Affairs
relating to

Want

of Judgment

he had advifed the Siege of Fadoiia he was not prompted to it by trufting to himfelf in that Refolution, but by trufting and
following the Authority of the Viceroy,

War, and

who

both

by

Letters

and

by private

Meftengers had feveral times advifed Cafar

\o the Undertaking, and given

him mighty

Hopes of

Succefs.

At
4

length, as

Complaints

THE HISTORY OP
plaints

and Diiputcs could not remove the

which every Moment increafed, the Siege was ralfed, after the Army had lain eighteen Days before the Walls of and the Befiegers, who had Padoua been continually harafled in decamping
Difficulties
j

and
S^c^e
raifed.

afterwards
retired

in

their

March by

the

Stradiotti,
\\x^xi

to Vicenza^

which was

void of Inhabitants, and a Prey to

Field.

whoever was Mafler of the

I

N the mean time the Troops of the AftionsofDuke of Milan, afllfted by OncThoufand Parties. Yctoi fcnt by the Viceroy under Antonio da
Leva, made thcmfclves Mafters of Ponte
Vico. sarrifoned

bv

Two

Hundred

VcJie-

tian

Foot,

who
a

valiantly

fuftaincd

the

Siege,

undaunted

at Batteries

or Mines,

but

after

Month were
VV'^ant

conArained to
Ccri

furrender for

of Provifions.

the fame

Time Renzo da

About marched
Savcllo,

out of Crema,

and routed Sihio

who by
with his

Orders from the

Duke

of Milan,

own Regiment and Four Hundred

SpaniJJj Foot,

was marching to Bergamo. And a few Days after on Advice that a Spanijh Cummiffary was returned to Ber^
ga?no

THE WARS IN /J^Lr.

gamo
in order to colle<ft

185

Money, he de- ^. P. tached thither a Party of Three Hundred ,Ji^ Horfe and Five Hundred Foot, who took
the CommiiTary, together with the Caftle

whither he was

fled,

and the

Money

that

he had gathered, the Place having very

few Defendants. In order to recover BergajuQ there marched out of Milan Sixty Men at Arms, Three Hundred light
Horfe, and Seven

Hundred Foot, with

of the Mountain of

Two

Thoufand

Men

Brianza^ under Sihio Saiello and Cejare

Fieramofca^

who

in their

March meeting
Horfe,

with Five Hundred

light

and

Three Hundred Foot, ordered by i?^a^ for Bergamo^ ealily put them to Flight, on which the others who were before in PolTeffion of Bergamo abandoned it, only
leaving a Garrifon in the Caflle, called
Capella^

that ftands on a

Mountain with*

out the

Town.
Viceroy and the Bifliop of Goritz

The
flayed

fome Days

at

Vicenza^

and fent

Part of the

Spaniards

under Profpera

Colonna to pillage Bajciano and MarojlicOy

not for any Fault, but that the Subftance

of

THE HISTORY OF
of thefe unhappy People might go
as poffible as far

towards the Maintenance of

the

Army,

which wanted
laboured
the

their

Pay

for

Ccefar

always

under the fame

Difficulties,

King of Aragon was not able to fupport fo great a Burden alone, and the Dutchy of Milan^ exceffively
burdened by the Swifs, was incapable of
contributing

towards the

Alliflance
vaftlv

of

others.

The Army was

in
its

incom-

rutnxa.

moded

Qiiarters at Vicenza

by the

Enemy's light Horfe, who fcoured all the Country Night and Day, and intercepted all Concontinual

Moleftations

of the

voys of Provifions,
ftrong Guard,
in

not attended with a

which,

becaufe

they

had but very few light Horfe, they were obliged to employ their Men at Arms,
Goritz therefore, to avoid this Vexation,

marched
Verofia^

off with

the

German Foot
eafy

to

much

dilTatisfied

with the Viceroy,

who
refled

following

him by

Journeys

halted at Albere on

the Adice^

where he
an

fome Days

to give the Veronefe

Opportunity to gather in their Corn and

their Vintage, but not able to reftrain the

continual Incurfions of the light Horfe,

who

THE WARS IN ITALY.

who
carried off the

Oxen belonging

to

the Artillery from the Germa?2s under the

very Gates of Verona.

The Viceroy had intended to diflributc the Army into Qj^rters in the Brefcian
and Bcrgamafco, and
diflrefs

at

the fame time to

Crema, the only Place polfeiTed by

the Mincio
;

the Veiietiam beyond

and

the Report of his Delign being fpread,

the Inhabitants of the adjacent Countries

thought themfelves fecure,

fo

that the

Badoiian was full of People and Goods.

On
Jiad

this Confideration

the Viceroy,

who

no other Means of maintaining his Army than by Plunder, altered his Purpofe, and fending for the Germaji Foot^^^^S^^ marched to Montagnana and EJie^ whence // Terhe proceeded to the Village of Bovolenta/'^^^^ywhich, after making a vafl Booty of Cattle,

the Soldiers burnt with

Seats in that

many ftately Neighbourhood. From Bo-

'Dokntay allured

by a Defire of Plunder, and emboldened by knowing that the

Venetian

Troops were
at

diftributed

into

Garrifons

Fadoiia and Trevigi^

the

Viceroy took a Refolution, tho' contrary

to

THE HISTORY OF
to the

Advice oiProfpero
it

Colonna.,

who cento ap-

fured

as rafli

and dangerous,

proach Venice.

Faffing therefore the Ri-

ver Bacchiglioney he pillaged Pieve di SacCO,

a populous and plentiful Borough, after

which he proceeded to Mejiri^ and from thence he arrived at Marghera on the Salt
Water, where,
this

to render the

Menjiory of

Expedition the more famous, he difVenice J the Balls of

charged ten Pieces of heavy Artillery XoV72LvdiS

which reached
Se-

the Monaftery of the

cojido.

Temple of Saji

At the fame time the Troops plundered and laid vvafte the whole Country, from whence all the Inhabitants were fled, and very unfairly made War againft the Walls j for not being fatlsfied with the vaft Booty of Animals and Moveables,
they burnt,
Mcftriy
all

in a

moft barbarous Manner,

in

Mm-ghcra^ and Lizzafufina,, with

the

Towns and Villages

the Country,

Houfe of more than ordinary Beauty and Appearance. In thefe Debefides every
vaftations

the Savagenefs

of the Pope's
Italians
diftin-

Soldiers

and of the other

itfelf as

guifhed
barians,

much

as that

of the Bar-

and was the more unpardonable

THE WARS
in

IN ITALT.

189
^- -^ >5i3-

them, us they unnaturally fpent their

in

Fury and Malice

their

defacing the Magnifi-,

cence, and deftroying the Ornaments of

own

Country.*'

BuT

in Venice^

when from

the

Smoke

by Day, and the Flames by Night, the Inhabitants difcerned the Burning of their Country Seats and Palaces, and heard in
their

own Houfes and

Habitations

the

thundering Noife of the Cannon, which

was planted on Purpofe

to render their
it

Difgrace the more notorious,

was

im--

poffible to exprefs the public Indignation

and Grief, every one taking to Heart, and

bitterly regretting

beyond Meafure

fo dif-

mal a Change of Fortune,

fo

that inftead of

many Victories
paft,

obtained both in Italy and

foreign Parts, by

Land

as

well as Sea, in
a
little

Times

they

now faw

Army,
in

* Mutio Colonna was

firft

detached with fome Squadrons

of Horfe and a good Body of Germans to Mefiri, where

he took the

Town

and Caflle, putting

all

the Defendants

to the Sword, after

which the Viceroy and Colonna adLijafufina,

vanced thither with the whole Army.

is

which

the Place where Veffels are hailed by WindlafTes out of

the Brenia into the /Adriatic Sea,

Saife/io,

who

alfo

was the

firft

was plundered by Troth that paffed the Brenta, and

Giai'tn.

made

a large Sooty of CatUe.

190
-^i

THE HISTORY OF
Comparifon of
fo fiercely

D. in
C
I

their antient Forces

and

?
'

Power,

and

in fo

outrageous a

Manner infult
Republic.

the

Name

of fo glorious a

Provoked by fuch Indignities

the Senate, which was hitherto determined

not to try the Fortune of a Battle, whatever

Hopes of Succefs might be

its

offered,

now changed
ed
tolomeo

Refolution, and confent-

to the preffmg Importunities of

Bargive

dAhnano
to

that

they would
all

him Leave
raife all

affemble

the Soldiers,

the Peafants of the Plains and of

the Mountains, and endeavour to intercept the Retreat of the

Enemy.

This Attempt
as

was reprefented by Alviano

becaufe having
raflily

very eafy,
fo far be-

advanced

yond

Bounds, and got into the Middle between Venice^ Tr'cvigi and Padona,
their
it

was

impoffible

for

them,

efpecially

as

they were encumbered with fo

retire

much

Plunder, to
ger,

without very great Dan-

on account of the Inconveniencies of

difficult Paffes.

procuring Subfiftence, and the Obflacles

of Rivers and
niards were

The

Spa-

now feniible of the

Preparations

on Foot againft them, and haftening their March were arri^Td at Cittddclla^ but were
prevented

THE WARS
diers into the Place.

IN ITALT.
it

191

prevented from taking Pofleflion of

the Entrance of a good

by

^-

^'
^'^'

Number

of Sol-v
their

They took up

Quarters therefore under Cittadella by the

Side of the Brefita, in order to proceed to
Villa Conticella^ at
\

which Place the River was fordable but they were deterred from attempting the Paflage by Alviano, who had ported himfelf on the other Side with Troops drawn up in Order, and had planted Cannon along the Bank of the River,

carefully providing not only for the

Defence of that Place, but of feveral others, which would have been eafy to be
pafled without Reliftance.

The

Viceroy

continually

making

Show

as if

he de-

ligned to pafs the River at the Part below,

to

which Ahia?io had bent all his Forces, pafled it the next Night without Reflflance
at the Pafs
Cittadella^

o^ Nuovacroce three Miles above

whence he

directed his

March
But

with great Speed towards Vicenza.

Alviano refolving to

oppofe his Paflage

of the River Bacchiglione prevented him,

and near

to

Vicenza was joined by

Hundred and Fifty Thoufand Foot from

Two Men at Arms and Two

I'revigi

under Gian
Pagolo

192
A. D.

THEHISTORYOF
ptigolo

BagUone and Andrea

Gritti.

It.

..J^^was
rals

the Intention of the Venetian Gene-

not to engage the

Enemy, who were

in

making towards Vicenza,

Battle in an

a pitched

open Place, but by guarding the ftrong Pafles, and advantageous Ports,
to

prevent

their

PafTage

to
this

whatever
Purpofe

Quarter they turned.

For

they had fent Gian Pagolo Manfrone with

Four Thoufand Militia to Montecchio^ and Five Hundred Horfe with a Multitude of
other
Peafants to Barhcrano
to ftop the

PafTage of the Mountains, and had caufed

the Peafants to pofTefs themfelves of

the
Pafl'es that

all

lead to Gcrmaiiy^

and

to

fortify

them with Ditches, Trenches and

thrown
acrofs the

Stones, and with Trees

Roads.

Alviano

left

Teodoro da 'Trivuizi

with a

fufficient Garrifon in Viccjiza^

reft

and

he himfelf with the

pofted himfelf
diftant
at

of the

Army

Ohno^ a Place two Miles

from Viceuxa on the Road that leads to Verona^ blocking up that Pafs and
another near
it

with Trenches,

Ditches,

and Artillery difpofed

fuch a

in proper Places in

Manner

that

it

was almofl impof-

fible to pafs that

Way.

The Road

then

which

THJE
which

WARS
thole

IN IT ALT,
it

193
^

theAS/'^w^^r^ideligned to take towards ^-

Verona being thus flopped up,

ficult alfo for

was

dif-i

who marched

along by

the Mountains to extend thcmfelves in a

marfhy Country, full of Pools of Water ; and it was no lefs difficult and hazardous
to take the
tains,

narrow Way over the Mounwhich was guarded by a Multitude

of armed

Men.

As they were

thus fur-

rounded with Enemies on all Sides, in Front, Flank and Rear, and continually
harralled by great

Numbers of light Horfe,

no Refolutioh but what was attended with Difficulty, and much

and could come
to

Hazard, when Night came on,

miffiing a while, they took
ters

after fkir-

up

their

Quar-

within half a Mile of the Vefietians.

Generals, after holding a Council of
in the

The

War

extricate

Night on the befl Method to themfelves from fuch preffing

and Dangers, refolved,
as leafl

Difficulties

hazardous, to take the

in order to return to

Road

to Germany^

Verona by the

Way

o( Trent

though they were under ftrong

that,

Apprehenfions

on account of the

Length of the March, and the fmall Garrifon they had left in the Place, the VeVol. VI. netiam

THE HISTORY OF
netiam would prevent them, and enter the

Town before
of

they could arrive.

Day

they put themfelves in

At Break Motion to-

wards Baffano^ turning their Backs to the Enemy 3 which above all things difheartens

and

is

pernicious to an

Army

and though

they marched in Order with fo litde Hopes

of Safety that they thought the Lofs of

their

Baggage and

their

leaft ferviceable

Horfes the fmallcft Misfortune that was

like to befal

them, Alviano did not very

quickly perceive their Decampment, which

was made in great Silence, without Sound of Trumpet, or Beat of Drum, and a very thick Fog that happened that Morning inBut as foon as he tercepted all Profpecft. had difcovered that they were gone he haftened to follow them with all his Army, in which, it was faid, were a Thoufand Men at Arms, a Thoufand Stradiotti, and Six Thoufand Foot, harralling them on every Quarter with the Stradiotti, and an
infinite

Number

of

Peafants

who

de-

fcended from the Mountains, and annoyed the Enemy with Harquebufes. Hence the

Dangers

in the

March

ftill

increafed as

well as the Difficulties, which were aug-

mented

THE WARS
merited

IN IT ALT.
i

by the Multitude of Carriages, and the vaft Body of Cattle which they drove, and becaufe they proceeded thro'

narrow Roads between Ditches, which they had not the Conveniency of widen-

Ground. But tho' they marched a great Pace they kept themfelves in firm Order by the Goodnefs of the Troops, and the diligent Infped:ion of the Officers and yet after they had
ing by levelling the
j

proceeded in
think

this diftrefled

Condition about

two Miles, they could not themfelves but

it

very difficult to hold out

much

But the Raffinefs of the Enemies would not fuffer them to wait with Palonger.
tience the Maturity of fo fair an
tunity,
fedtion.

Opporto Per.

which was almoft brought

y^/W^/zo incapable, as
/I

he always
t

was, 01 reltraining himlelr, attacked, not yicenxa,

in a

I.-

rir

Battle

of

tumultuous Manner,
in

but with his

Battle,

Army drawn up

Order of

and

with Cannon, the Rearguard of the Ene-

my commanded
is

by Frofpero Colomia, It? reported for a Truth that Alviano delay>

ing to engage was very fharply reprimand-

ed by horedano^ one of the Proveditors,

for not charging the

Enemies, but

fuffer-^

ing

THE HISTORY OF
ing them,

when now
to

they were ah'eady

off
fo in

difcomfited,

march

Safety.

Thefe Reproaches were

that he

provoking to a

General of fuch extraordinary Fiercenefs,

hurried himfelf into
precipitate

Meafures, and in a Rage gave the Signal

of Battle.

Others afcribe the Caufe of the

to Projpero Colonna^

Engagement

by whofe
try the

Advice the Viceroy chofe rather to

uncertain Fortune of the Field, than to

a(ft:

otherwife in Dcpendance on the flender

entertain of faving himfelf.

Hopes he could

They add
'uiano

that

when

the Viceroy gave the

Signal for returning towards Vicenza^ Al-

had ported

Gian Pagclo Baglione

with the Troops arrived from Trcoigi^ in the Suburbs of that City, and he himfelf with the reft of the Army had taken Pofl

two Miles from Vicenza^ where was. a little Hill from whence he could conveniently do Execution upon the Enemy with his Cannon. At the Foot of
at Creaiia^

this Hill

was a Valley capable of an

Hills,
;

Army

in

Batde Array, but acceffible only by one

narrow Road near the furrounded by Marfhes

fpero

and almofl
Place Frofor

this

knew

to be very

incommodious

the

THE WARS
the

IN ITALY.
to attack
it

were Prqfpero^ began the Fight with much Valour, and

fent to haften the Viceroy

Enemy, and advifed on that Side. However

them

who commandSpaniJI:)

ed the main Battle

fantry

and the

In-

on one Side, and the German on the other, under the Command of the
Marquis of Pefcar,a, moving at the fame Time, they attacked the Venetiani with
fuch vaft Impetuoiity that they could not
fland the Shock, but were broken and put
to Flight almofl
in

an Inftant.

For the
fi^iki'enetians

Foot not fuftaining the Fury of the

Onfet threw their Pikes on the Ground,

and immediately began

fliameful
y

to fly in a

mofl

Manner, the Regiment of Romagna of which Babone di Naldo of Brifghella was Colonel, being the firfl: to give
fo difgraceful an

Example

to

the others

and the fame

through the
fcarce any

vile

Cowardice and Panic ran

to fight,

refl

of the. Army, there being

or turn

that offered

their Faces to the

Enemy.

Thus was the

ufelefs at leaft

Valour of Ahiano rendered

by the Flight of
to his

his Soldiers,

and he was

forced to leave without fighting the Vidtory

Enemies,

who

remained Mafters of
the

198
^^,

THE HISTORY OF
the Artillery and
all

the Baggage.

The

Venetian Foot were difperfed into different

Places

of the

Men

at

Arms

Part fled to

the Mountains, and others faved themfelves in

fled for

Padoua and Trevigi^ whither alfo Refuge Ahiano and Gritii. There

were killed Francefco Calzone^ Antonio Pio an old Officer, together with Cojlaiizo his Son, Mdeagro da Forliy and Lidgi da Par^

ma

but Paolo da Sant' Angelo, being

fpent,

al-

though covered with Wounds. The Prifoners were Gian Pagob Baglione, Giulio Son of Gian Pagolo
mofl
efcaped,

Manfrone^

Malatefta

da

Sogliano,

and

many

other Officers and

Men

of Note,

but with worfe Fortune the Proveditor LoredanOy for a Qiiarrel arifing
Soldiers

between two

about their Property in

him

as a

Prifoner, one of

them

barbaroufly cut his

Killed and

Throat.

The Number of the

in
all

Taken was
for

about Four

Hundred

Men at Arms,
many were
;

and Four Thoufand Foot

flopped in their Flight by

the Marfh

and the Lofs fuflained among

the Fugitives was the greater becaufe Teodoro da I'rivulzi, having fhut the Gates of

Vicenza to prevent the

Entrance of the
Purfuers

THE WARS
Purfuers witli the

IN IT ALT.
that fled,
;

Croud of them

hence Multitudes feeking a PafTage were drowned in the neighbouring River, among whom were 'Ermes Bentivoglloy and Sacramoro Vifconti,
admitted no Perfon

Such was the Overthrow which the Venetians received on the Seventh Day of OBober near to Vicenza^ memorable for
the

Example

it

gave to Generals by which

they are warned in Batdes to put no Confi-

dence

in Italian Infantry,

who

are

unex-

perienced in firm and clofe Engagements

and

alfo for

the remarkable Turn, as

Inftant, of Victory

it

were
Party
Safety

in

an

to

that

who had
j

very fmall

and

this

Hopes of their Defeat would have en-

dangered T'revigi or Padoua^ though into

this latter City

Bartokmeo d'Alviano, and

Andrea Gritti with the Remains of the Army had retired for Refuge, had not, befides the Strength of the Towns,
into the other

the

Time

of the Year, which was near the

rainy Seafon, been contrary, and the

nerals incapable

Ge-

of difpofing

at

Pleafure

the Soldiers under

new

Enterprifes.

Want The
fo

of Pay to go upon
Venetians^

howand

ever, afilidled

v/ith

many

Calamities,

THE HISTORY OF
and
terrified

by an Event

fo

contrary to

their

Expectations, were

not wanting to

provide as well as they could for the Security of

Padoua and Trevigi, to which, according to Cuftom in Times of extraordinary Danger, they fent a good

Number

of

their noble

Youth.

Thoughts of Peace re-^^^ Warriors were diverted from Arms to fumed, a Treaty of Peace, which was negotiated at Roz/jey where was arrived the Bifhop of GoritZy whofe principal CommifTion was to pay Obedience to the Pope in the Name of the Emperor and of the Archduke. He was attended by Fraficefco Sforza Duke of Ban, who came to pay Obedience in
the Batde the

After

Name of Majjimiliano Sforza his ther. And tho' Goritz reprefented,

the other Times, the Perfon of the
tion

Broas at

Emperor

in Italy, yet laying afide his ufual Often ta-

he entered Rome in a modeft Manner, and would make no Ufe on the Road of
of the Cardinalfliip which
fent to

the Enfigns

were

him

as

far

as

Foggibonzi by

the Pontiff.

At

THE WARS
AT
ritZy a

IN /r^Lr.

the Arrival of the Cardinal of Go-

Compromife was made by him and

all

the Venetian Ambafladors for referring the Differences between the

Emperor and

the Republic
Pontiff.

to
this

the Arbitration of the

Compromife was more in Name and Show than in Effect and Subftance for neither of the Parties, on
But
;

account of the Importance of the Caufe,

would acquiefce

in

the Arbitration of a

Perfon fufpefted, unlefs he received a feparate and private Promife from

to

him not

bring in his

Arbitration

without his

Confent*.

The Compromife being made,

Hoflilities

the Pope by a Brief fufpended

though it was joyfully received by all, was but ill obferved by the Viceroy, who had done
Parties,

between the

which,

nothing lince the Victory, but plunder

and ravage the Country, and by fending

Part of his Soldiers to the Polefine of Ro~
vigo
Pafts,

had done great Damage

fometimes alledging
in

to thofe

Excufe that
they

* The Pope promifed by a Writing under

his

own

Hand

to

do nothing but what

fiiould

pleafe both f arties

Mocenigo.

THE HISTORY OF
they were the Territory of Ccefar, fometimes faying that he expecfted Advice from
Goritz.
Compromife be-

Nor had
than

the
it

happy

IfTue

Compromife a more had in the Beginning

Difficulties

or Progrefs,

on account of the

Jar and
thtF.ne-

whlch occurrcd in the Treaty 3 for Ccefar would confent to no Agreement without
retaining rart or the

no

EfFeft.

1 owns, and

receiving

a very large

Sum
the

of

Money

for the reft;

and, on the contrary, the Venetians de-

manded
fmall

Towns, and offered but a Sum of Money. It was believed

all

that the Catholic King,

feemed
this
it,

to defire, as

though he openly he had formerly done,

Agreement, had
to render
it

now fecretly diffuaded

the more
at
difficult,

and

as

it

was underftood, had

in the

the fame

Time

put Brefcia

Hands of Cafar, which

Prince
the

Town
tained

the Viceroy, protefting that he reit

to render that

more
the

difpofed to Peace, could never before be

induced to deliver up to him.

Caufes of Ccefar
s

Of

Averfenefs to Peace thei^

:

were various Conjeftures that he had done fuch

was imagined Injuries and DaIt

mages

to the Venetia7is, that

he could never
live

cxpeft for the future to

in

fincere

Friendfhip

THE WARS
clined an

IN ITALY,

2oj
^-

Friendfhip with them, and therefore de-

^-

Accommodation ; or for another. Reafon, which was becaufe he knew that

his Authority

-^-,Lf

and Grandeur

in Italy

de-

pended on his keeping in Heart that Army which, for Want of Money, he could not maintain without oppreffing and taxing
the People that were his Friends, and ra-

vaging and plundering the Countries of

his

Enemies.
Affair of the
left

The

Accommodation was
Germans
y

therefore

imperfedl by the Pontiff,

aft^r the

and a few Days

by
y

Means of fome
a maritime

Exiles, furprifed

Maram

Town

of Friuli, and
j

after-

wards took Montefalcone

rano,

and though the

Venetians^ being defirous to recover

MaFor-

which
it

is

Sixty Miles

from

Venice^

befieged

by Land and Sea, yet

all

their

tune proving alike in

Places, they

were

repulfed with Lofs in both Attacks. R^^zo j^^^^ j^ da Ceri was the only Pcrfon at that Time^^^

who,
the
Q)i

to his

high Commendation,

fup-ficer.

ported in fome Meafure the Reputation of

Vetietiati

Arms.
w^as

For though

in

Crema^

which he

Governor, there was a

Peftilence,

204 ^ O

THE HISTORY OF
Pellilence,

and no fmall Scarcity of Pro-

w>^^-^^ vifions,

and the Place, by the Diftribution

of the Spa?iiards and Milaneje on account

of the Seafon into Quarters through the
circumjacent

Towns, was
in the

in a

manner be-

fieged, that vigilant Officer furprifed Calciiiaja^

Town

Bergamafco^ and

took Cefare Fierafncfca with Forty

Men

at

Arms and Two Hundred Hght Horfe of the Regiment of Pi-ojpero Colonna. And a few Days after he entered ^inzano by
Night, and took Prifoner the Lieutenant

of the Count of ^anta Severiua with

fifty

Men Men

at at

Arms and in Trevi he took Ten Arms more belonging to Profpero.

;

The other
, Attempt of the

Affairs o^ Italy at this

Time

proceeded in a peaceable Manner, except

.^^

that the Adorni

,

and

Ficfchi. ' -J

with Three

Thoufand

Men
y

of the Country People,

fecret

'xa:\it^xuti

^"^ perhaps with the

Favour of the and other

Duke

of Milan

took

Specie,

Places in the Eaflern Riviera, and after-

wards approached the Walls of Genoa

but being baffled
in

their

Attempt they
after a

marched
feat,

off,

almofl like

Men

De-

with the Lofs of Part of the Troops

which

THE WARS

IN ITALY.
.^

20^
^-

which they had brought with them, and fome Pieces of Artillery.
In Tufcany
Beginnings of
Florentines
alfo

^1

I C I

-,-Lf

there

appeared fome
5

new
to

Diflurbances

for the

began

mole ft the Luccheje^ in

Hopes that, for Fear of the Pope, they would redeem their Peace by the Reftitution of Pietrajanta

and Mutrone^ alledgthey fliould enjoy the

ing that

it

was not by

fit

Benefit of that Confederacy

which they

had
to

violated

fecretly lending Afiiftance

to the Pifafis,

The

Lucchcfe complaining

the

Pope, and to the Catholic King

taken them under his Protedtion,

who had
drefs,

of thofe Grievances, and finding no Re-

were content

at

laft,

for

avoiding gp^es

greater Inconveniencies, to refer the Caufe

to

be^ween the

the Arbitration

of the Pontiff, who,//^jand

beinp- alfo authorifed

by the Florentmes. ^""^^f"

"'

compro-

gave Sentence that the Lucchefe^

who hadmifed, before reftored the Carfagnana to the Duke of Ferrara^ fliould yield up the Towns
aforefaid to the FloreiitineSy
fliouid be a perpetual

and that there

Peace and Confede-

racy between them.

At

2o6

THE HISTORY OF
AT
the

End of this Year

tlie

Caftles of

Milan and Cremona, which had before, becaufe they begun to want Provifions, capitulated to furrender if they

were not re-

lieved within a certain

Time, were de-

livered into the PolTefTion of the

Duke

of

Milan.

Nothing now remained

Italy

to the

King of France in Genoa, which the

by Mines.

but the Lantern of

Genoefe about the Clofe

of the Year attempted to ruin and demolifli

For this Purpofe they approached the Wall by Means of a Kind of

wooden Gallery

thirty

Braces long

and

twenty wide, capable of Three Hundred Men, and begirt all around with Woolpacks to
refift

the Strokes of the Artillery:

A Work of fingular Artifice and

but, as
it

Invention,

frequently
to

happens with fuch

Machines, found
Tryal*.

be of no Service upon

The Garrifon perceiving the Approach of the Machine, by Means of a great Fire which they had kindled on the Rampart, played on her with their Cannon till (he
funk, with the Deflruftion of
all

that

were

in

it,

except

fome few faved by fwimming or

Purpofe.
Gioi'io.

in Boats fent out for that

The

End

of the Eleijenth Book.

HISTORY
O F

Francefco

Guicciardini'^

The

Wars

in

Italy.
XII.
e^xdi'>^j

BOOK

/t^^^

THE CONTENTS.
King o/'England with a potent Army invades the French Dominions^ obtains a ViSloryy /^/^^j Terrouane and Tour my and then
y
'

makes Peace, which the Pope labours in

vain

to

make

univerfal,
intent

the

King of

France being
cuting the

on

recovering the

Dutchy of Milan, and

.

C^efar on profethe

War

againji

Venetians.

Marriage and Death of Lewis XII. Succeeded by Francis I. who pajjes into
Italy,

defeats

the

Swifs

in

the

famous

Battle of Marignano, aiid recovers

lan.

Interview of the

MiPope a?id King of

Spaniards

France ^/ Bologna.

Advantages of the

2o8

THE HISTORY OF
Spaniards over the French ^/z^ Venetians.

Pope
de'

deprives the

Duke of Vxh'mo of
Verona

his

Domi?iio?iSj

and befows them en Lorenzo

his

Medici

Nephew.

rejlored
to the

to the

Venetians, and an

End put

Venetian War.
15

3.

?*^)^^^HIS Year was

alio

memorable

T
5i,)^M Ji(

for very deftrudive

Wars
for

in

the

Ultramontane Countries,of which

the fame
as I

Ibme Account, Reafons, and with the fame

I fhall

eive

Brevity,

related thofe of the preceding Year.

The

King of
preVres
to invade

Movements was the Refolution of the King of England to attack this Summer the Kingdom of Fra?ice with
Origin of thefe
^ ^^^Y powerful Force, both by Sea and In order to facilitate the Succefs Land.

of

this Enterprife,

he had agreed with deto enable

far to give him an Hundred and Twenty

Thoufand Ducats,
at the

him

to enter

fame Time Burgundy with Three Thoufand Horfe, and Eight Thoufand
Foot, Part
SiiDifs

Part Germans.

He

pro-

mifed

alfo a

Sum of Money to the

in

Swifs to

engage them to adl

Concert with Ccefar^

who

confented that they fliould keep PoffefTion

THE WARS
feflion
till

IN ITALT.
them
for their

of Part of Burgwidy as a Security

entirely fatisfied

he had

Arrears.

The King of Englaiid perfuaded

alfo that

himfelf

the Catholic

King

his

Fa-

ther-in-law, in Confequencc of the

Conal^

federacy in which he was engaged with

C(2far

and himfelf,

to

which he had

ways affured them of his conftant Adherence, would at the fame Time attack

Enemy from his own Borders. The News therefore of the Truce which that
the

King had made with the King of France^ though it did not cool the Ardor for the War, was received with fo much Indignation, not only

by the King, but by

the

all

the People of England^ that, had not the

royal

Authority interpofed,

SpaniJIj

Ambaffador would
Pieces by

have

been torn in

the

Populace.

The Conveto the

niency of the Dominions of the Archduke

was a farther Encouragement

not fo

War,

much

becaufe that Prince did not

themfelves in the Service of the Enemies of France^ as becaufe he promifed to grant Leave for Provifions to be conveyed from
prohibit his Subjects
lifting

from

his Territories to the Eriglifi

Army.

Vol. VI.

Against

THE HISTORY OF
Against
Meafures taken by
Lenjcis for

thefe

mighty Preparations,

and
q

inofl:

threatening Dangers, the

King

/7)-^;;^^ (j^j
_

not omit to

make

all

pofiible
*

his

De-

Provifions.
^jj

By Sea he prepared

powerfitting

fence.

Fleet to oppofc that

which was
and was

out in Rngland j and by

Land he alTembled
efpecially
as

an

Army

from
lift

all Parts,

careful to

as

many German Foot

he

could procure.
licitcd

had alfo before folthe ^wi[s that, though they were

in his
at leaft

He

not willing to afuft him

they would

confent
for

Wars in Italy to grant him a

Body of their Troops

France.
intent

the Defence of

But the Cantons being wholly

eftablifliing the

on

anfwered that
his

Dutchy of Mllan^ they would not comply with

he returned to the
evacuated

Requeft, unlefs

Communion

of the Church,

the Caftle of Milan (which was not yet

furrendered) renounced his Pretenfions to
that State,
'

and promifed never more to

moleft Milan nor Genoa-.

To

divert the

King oi England with a Jcaloufy of hia own Security, the King had alfo invited
into France the
petitor to that

Duke oi Suffolk

as a

Comthe

Kingdom, which provoked

THE
the

\V EngUjl King

ARS

IN IT ALT,
ofF the

an
^
v.

to cut

Head of ^
that

the Duke's Brother,

who had

been kept a

Prifoner in England lince the

FhiVip

Time

King of Caftile, after his Voyage to Spain^ had delivered him up to this The King of France had King's Father. alfo fome Hopes of a Peace with the Catholic King, becaufe Ferdinando^ as foon

he had heard of the League made between him and the Venetians^ apprehending that the Dutchy of Milan could not
as

be defended, had fent one of his

taries to
it

Secre-

France with
that,

was believed

new Propofals. And when he coniidered

Emperor and of the Archduke might occaiion fome Alteration in his Government of Caftile, he could not be entirely pleafed with humbling
that the Greatnefs of the

the

Crown of France.
James King of

Moreover, he ex-

cited

Scotland^ his old Ally,

-y

Kingdom of England and that Prince, who had much ftronger Inducements from his own Intereft, for the
to invade the

Depreffion of France would be dangerous

to his
in

Kingdom, was very ready to engage the Quarrel, and demanded nothing of

the

212
'^'

THE HISTORY OF
Kin? but
Fifty

^- the

u^i^/i-i^purchafe Provifions

Thouland Livrcs and Ammunition.

to"

however, had proceeded but flowly in making thele Preparations, becaufe he hid diverted his
Enterprife againll

Lewis,

Thoughts to the Milau^ and was alfo rewhich he

tarded by his ufual Negligence, and his

vain Confidence in the Truce

had made with the Catholic King.

YsAVi^oi RnglaJid fpent

The
in

many Months

making

Preparations, for his Subjedis

enjoyed a

had long Peace, and the Methods of

War
other

being

much
that

altered,

the
ufe

Bows and
in

Arms

were

in

former

Times were now become ufelefs. The King was therefore under a Neccffity of making vail Proviiion of Arms, Artillery and Ammunition, to take into Pay a good Body of German Foot, as experienced Soldiers, and to purchafe great Numbers
'

of Horfes, becaufe

it

v/as the antient

Cuf-

tom of the Englijh

pafs

to fight

on Foot.

For

the

thefe

Reafons the Englifi Forces did not

^Frlrc^ and befi^ge

pafs the Sea before the

Month

oi'July, after

which they encamped feveral Days near '^^'Qiiiogne, and then went and laid Siege to
Terrot^afie,

THE WARS IN ITALY.

TerroiMne, a

Town

iituated

on the Borders

of Picartfyy and inhabited by the People whom the Latins call Mormi. Not long
after the

King

paiTed the
in
his

Sea in Perfon,

and

now had

whole

Army

Five

Thoufind Fighting Horfe, and above This Multitude Forty Thoufand Foot. encamped together, and, after they had, according to the antient Cuftom of the
EfigliJJj,

furrounded their Quarters with

Trenches, Carts and Ramparts of

Wood,
around,

defended by Cannon planted

fo that they

all

feemed

to be inclofed within a

walled
againft

Town,

they plied their Batteries

Terroiiane in feveral Places,

j

and

worked on Mines
rations,

but their Valour not

of their Fiercenefs,

anfwering the Greatnefs of their Prepanor the

Fame

they did not venture to give the Affault.

There were
furniflied

Town, which was well with Artillery, Two Hundred

in the

and Fifty Lances Foot

;

and

Two
:

Thoufand

a fmall Garrifon, but not without

Hopes of a Reinforcen ent For the King oi France^ who had been careful to affemble the Army, which was defigned to coniift of Twenty-five Hundred Lances,

Ten

OF 214 ^ ^' Ten Thoufand German Foot commanded 2

I r 1
I

THE HISTORY

by the Duke of Guelderland, and Ten Thoufand Foot of the National Troops,

was

arrived at Amiens^ that the Vicinity of

his Forces

might animate the Hopes and

Refolution of the Befieged.

The Garrifon

were under no Apprehenflons but of the Want of Provilions, with which they had
negledled to fupply themfelves, except
it

were with Bread,

enough,

of which

they had

and annoyed the

Enemy

both

Night and Day with their Cannon, by which the Kinn:'s great Chamberlain was killed, and 'Talbot^ Captain of Calais had The King of Fj^ance a Leg (hot off. was much concerned at the Danger of T^errouanc^ but becaufe he had too late, and
^

with a French Negligence,

culty of procuring the

fet

about pro-

viding himfelf, and becaufe of the Diffi-

German
all

Infantry,

he had not

as yet

affembled

his
all

Troops.

He

was

refolved,

however,
if

at

Events

not to hazard a Battle, for

defeated the whole

he fhould be

Kingdom of France would be expofed to moft manifeft Danger, and therefore he trufted to the Winter,

which

in thofe cold Countries

was

al-

ready

THE WARS IN ITALT.

ready on
its

Approach.

But

as

foon as the

Army
lelf at

was afTembled, he continued himAmiens, but ordered the Troops to

to Aire,

march

in the

Neighbourhood of
of M. de

Terrounne, under the

Command

Longueville, othervvife entitled

Marquis of

Roielin, a Prince of the royal Blood,

and

Captain of the King's Lifeguard, and of

Charge to avoid all Occalions of coming to an Engagement, and employ themfelves in furnifhing with
de la Palijfe, with a

M.

NeceiTaries for their Defence the

that Diftrid:,

Towns in
fame
proill

which had,
to

thro' the

Negligence,
vided,

been hitherto but

throw,

and

if poffible,

fome
T'er-

Succours of
roiiane
j

Men

and ProviHons into

an Attempt

difficult in itfelf,

but

become more difficult for Want of Agreement between the Generals, each of them, one on account of his Nobility, and the other on the Score of his long Experience in War, arrogating to himfelf the chief Management of Affairs. The Garrifon, however, of Terroiiane demanding a Reinforcement of Men, Fifteen Hundred
Lances approached the Place
remote from the Englifi
at a

Side moil

Qiiarters,

and

while

2i6
A.

THE HISTORY OF
ling

D. Vv^hile the

Cannon of the Town kept playon Three Thoufand EngliJJj polled at

certain Palles to intercept the Succours in

fo furious a

Manner

that

they could not

refl

efFe6l their Defign,

and the

of the

Army was
verfes

prevented from advancing to

flop the French

by Means of certain Traof Ramparts and Trenches cafl up

Frontdille

by the Befieged, Captain

his

made

Way to the Gate,

and introduced into

at

Terrouane Eight

Hundred Men
as
it

Arms

without their Horfes

had been
,

deiired,

and then

retired

without Lofs

and he

might

in the

fame Manner have put Prothe Place, if he had brought

vifions into

them with him.

The

Frtmch Generals

encouraged by the Succefs of this Attempt approached another Day with a great
Quantity of Proviiions, in order to intro-

duce them by the fame Way. Englifi had thrown up a new

tion

But the
Fortifica-

on that Side, and prefenting themfelves prevented their advancing forwards,

and on the other hand fent out

valry and Fifteen
to cut off their Retreat.

their

Ca-

Thoufand German Foot

The

French re-

turning without Sufpicion, and for Con-

veniency

THE WARS
veniency mounted on
as they

IN IT A L
little

T.
^-

ii-j
^^

Horfes, as foon

were attacked immediately betook ^Ji^li^ themfelvcs to Flight without Refiftance, ^/,-^

which Diforder they lofl Three Hun- defeat dred Men at Arms, who were taken Prifoners, and among them the Marquis of Rotelin, Generals B^^^r^and Faiette, with many other Perfons of Note j Paliffe was alfo taken, but had the good Fortune to make his Efcape. It was believed that if the Englifl:) had known how to follow their Victory, they would that Day have opened themfelves a Way to become Mafters of the Kingdom of France. For a great Body o^ Germans that had followed the Men at Arms, had refted behind; and if they had been defeated the French Army would have received fo great a Lofs
in
y

the

that, as
firfl

we

are affured, the

King on the
his

Advices imagining that the Germans

alfo

had been routed, looked upon

Af-

fairs as in

a defperate State, and miferably

lamenting and bemoaning himfelf thought

of nothing but flying into Bretany.

But

the Fnglijhy as foon as they had put to/

Flight the French Cavalry, intent on the
Acquifition

of

T^erroiiane^

condutled the
Prifoners

2i8
^.
t>'

THE HISTORY OF
Prifoners

with their Colours before the

The Befieged therefore defpair,JiJiJ^ Walls. ing of Relief, and the Germans that were
'

taken.

^^ Garrifon not willing to fuffer without

Hope

the utmofi: Scarcity of Provilions,

capitulated,

and agreed
it

the Place, if

march out of was not relieved in two

to

Days, the Soldiers to pafs unmolefled, and to keep their Horfes ; and it is not doubted
that their bravely fuftaining a Siege Fifty

Days was of fignal Service to the King of France. A few Days before Maximilian arrived in Perfon in the Engli/Jj Army, and
refrefhed his

Memory
when

with the Sight of

thofe Places where, though

himfelf, he had,
fo

now

unlike

yet a Youth, with

much Glory

defeated the

Army oi Lewis

XI. King of

Frafice*',

while he flayed he
the Title of Com-

was complimented with mander in chief-f-.

But

When the

French and Germans contended about the

Bounds of their Dominions young, in the Plains of Congatta

M 'ximilian,
French.

when

very

(near Ttrrouane) routed

Philip Des Cordes, a very experienced General of Leuois

XI
\

at the

Head of Thirty Thoufand

lift

Giovio.
the

Englijh
to

Hi(*orians fay that he did Henry VIII,

Honour

under him, wore the Englijh red Crofs, and

received a Salary of an

Hundred Crowns a Day.

THE WARS IN/T^Lr.

But
the

219

King of France was not only ^- !>molefted on that Side of his Dominions .J^Ji^ by the Englifi, but diftreffed in a more
dangerous Manner in a different Qiiarter by the Swifs. The Populace of that Nation being ardently defirous that the

King
and

Ihould give up the Right which he pre-

tended to the

Dutchy of Milan^

burning with inexpreilible Hatred againft

him
had

becaufe he fliewed no Compliance,

fet

on Fire the Houfes of

many

pri-

vate Citizens of Liicern^

whom

they had

fufpedied of immoderately favouring the

French

Interefl:,

and continuing

their

Prothe

ceedings againfl thofe

who

laboured under
all

the like Sufpicion, had conflrained

principal of

them to deliver up their Peniions upon Oath for the Service of the Community. After this, taking up Armster

by public Decree, they entered in a tumultuous Manner, to the Number/);yoa. of Tv/enty Thoufand Foot, being fupplied
with Artillery and a Thoufand Horfe by
Ccefar^

Bur^^^ Bti7'gimdyZ''Y'^

who had

promifed them and the

to

King of Fngland

go with them

in

Per-

fon, but out of his ufual Inconfl?.ncy, or

from feme Jealoufy which he had conceived

THE HISTORY OF
celved of them,

now

refufed
till

it.

They

continued their

March

they came be-

fore Dijon ^ the Capital

of Burgundy^ to
In the City was a

which they

laid Siege.

Garrifon of a Thoufand Lances and

Six

Thoufand Foot commanded by Tremouilk' The Bulk of the Soldiers and Subalterns

among

the

SivifSy

being npprehenfive of

the Treachery of their Generals,

already begun
to
treat

who had

with the French,

being under no

planted the Artillery, and began to batter

the

Town*.

T?'cmouillc

fmall Apprehenfions that he fliould not be

had Recourfe to the lafl Remedy, and fuddenly came to an Agreement without waiting for a Comable to defend the Place,

Make
Peace

miffion

from the King.

renounce
to

The

Articles

were

in Subftance, that the

bound

to

his

King fhould be Right to the Dutchy

at certain
-,

of Milan, and

pay the Swifs,

Times, Six Hundred Thoufand Ducats for the Performance of which Conditions he was to deliver into their Hands four
honourable
*
Gio'vio writes that
it

was Uldcric,

Marquis of IVirand Didiftrufted

temberg.

Commander

of the

German Horfe,

reftor of the Siege,

who

ordered the Battery, that hp

might give the Befieged no Reft, becaufe he

the Faiih of the Sivijs.

THE WARS
honourable Perfons
Quality
as

IN ITALT.
of high

Rank and
Swijs

Hoftages.

The

were
to

obliged to nothing but to return

their

Home

own

Habitations, fo that they

live

were

not bound to

in Friendfhip

with the

King of France for the future, but might even return whenever they pleafed, and invade his Kingdom. The Swifs on receiving the Hoftages immediately fet out

on

their

March homewards,
for

exculing

themfelves

making

an Agreement

without the King of England^ by alledging

that they

had not received the

at the

had promifed them

Money he Time when it

was due.

This Agreement was

faved the

thought to have
for if the

Kingdom of France ;
Power
to

Swifs had taken Dijony they would have

had

it

in their

march without
;

Refiftance to the Gates of Paris

and

it

was probable that the King of England would have pafTed the Pviver Somme^ and marched into Champagne in order to join
,

them

An

Attempt, the Succefs of which

could not be prevented by the French^

at that

who
land

Time had no more

than Six

Thou-

THE HISTORY
land German Foot,

OF
Duke of

and the

Guelderland not being yet arrived were un-

der a Neceffity of keeping themfelves inclofed

within their
it

Towns.

The King,
to Heart,

and was highly diffatisfied with Tremouille on account of the Quantity of Money he had engaged to pay, but much more becaufe he had obliged him to recede from his
very

however, took

much

Rights, as a Step very prejudicial in

itfclf,

and unworthy of the Grandeur and Glory of the Crown of France. Wherefore tho'
the Danger would
Su//y
ftill

be very great

if

the

lliould

be provoked to return and

make
ter,

a frefli Attack

yet trufling to

upon his Dominions, the near Approach of Winfenfible

and being

that the

Enemy
to

could not get their Forces together again

under a conlidcrable Time, he refolved

run the utmoft Hazard fooner than deprive himfelf of his Right to that Dutchy,

of which he was exceflively fond.

determined then not
jr^'"f^re-

He

to ratify the

Agree-

^^^^
tions,

but began to propofe

to

new Condi-

fufes to

which the
averfe,

Snvifs

fliewed them-

Feace.

felves

Utterly

and threatened to
if

cut off the

Heads of the Hoftages

the

Ratification

THE WARS IN ITALY.

Ratification did not arrive within a certain

223
'^

Time.

V-v-o
being taken, and
a Title
to
it

Terrouane
antient Right,

the

<

Archduke pretending
claiming
ful War,
it it

by

and the King of

Ejiglajid

as his

own by Conqueft in law-

was thought ^thy Cafar and the King to fupprefs the Seeds of DilTention by demolifhing the Walls, though it had been forbidden them by the Articles of the Capitulation.

Ccejar

then immediately
this

left
on5f-('''"''

the

Army, making

Obfervation

the EngliJJo^ That, as far as he could per-tion on

ceive

by Experience, they were

litde Skill in

rafli,

and

"^

'^

had but

War.

From
went and ftrong and

Terrouane the King of England

laid

Siege to Tournay, a

very^^"''''''^

rich City,

and moil devoted and

to the

taken
']?^

by antient Inclination

Crown of ^^

France, but furrounded by the Dominions

of the Archduke, and therefore incapable

of receiving Relief from the French while

they were not Maflers of the Field.

This

Step of the Efiglijh was very acceptable to

the

King of France, who was

afraid they

would

THE HISTORY OF
would come and attack him in fome more important Parts of his Kingdom, which

would have reduced him to great Straits. For thouQ:h he had by this time aflembled
a potent

Army,

in
in

which, -belides Five

Garrilon
at Si.

Hundred Lances
iin^

^i?i-

he had

Two Thoufand

Lances, Eight

Hundred yllbmiian light Horfe, Ten Thoufand Gc7-inan Foot, a Thoufind Swijsy and Eight Thoufand Foot of his own Kingdom, the Ejiglijh Army was much more powerful, and reported, from a daily Acceflion of new Troops, to amount to no lefs than Eighty Thoufand Fighting Men. The King therefore, who had no great Hopes of defending Boulogne and the red of the Country beyond the So7umt\ to which
he was apprehenfive the
their
Engl/JJj would turn

Arm$,thought of nothing but how to defend Abbcviile and Amiens and the other
this Side the

Towns on

Somme, and to

dif-

pute the PalTage of that River, and fo to

proceed tcmporifing
the cold the
Seafon, or
Scotland,

till
till

the Setting in of the Diverfion of

from which he had great Expedlations, produced fome Effedt,

King of

his

Army

in the

mean time patrolling along

the

THE
Enemy.
lution

WARS
It

/Ty^ L

r.

225
^^
v

the Somf?ie to prevent

the PafTage of the

was believed that this Refoof the Englifi, which was certainly

unworthy of military Men, and of fo great an Army, was occafioned either by the Perfuaiions of Ccefar^ who might hope

when taken would then or in Procefs of Time come under the Dominion of his Nephew, to whom he prethat Tournay

tended
fion of

it

belonged

or by an
if

Apprehen-

wanting Proviiions

they marched

another

Way,

or

that

other

Towns

to
re-

which they might

lieved

lay Siege

would be

by the Enemy.

The Cityof Tcz^rbattered

nay^ being unprovided with foreign Troops,

defpairing of Relief, and

veral Quarters,

on

fe-

made but

a fhort Defence,

and furrendered on Condition of Safety to the Perfons and all the Efteds of the People within
it,

only

paying, on

the

Ac-

count of redeeming themfelves from Plunder,

an Hundred Thoufand Ducats.

did not (hew herfelf

Fortune
for the

more

favourable to the 'French in other Parts

King of Scotland palling the River STw^^, P Vol. VI.

226
A.

THE HISTORY OF
and coming
to

D. T^^eed,

an Engagement
in

^Jj^ i,'_,wlfh the Englijh

King of
Scotland

^^^^^^^

which was CaQueen of England in Perlbn, was

above Twelve Thoufand
Scots,

Army,

defeated with a very great Slaughter, in

and

flain.

which

fell

together with the

King

himfelf, his na-

tural Son, the Archbiiliop of St.

Andrews,

and many other

Kingdom.
Vidories,

and Nobles of that After thefe Conquers and

Prelates

the Seafon

now drawing

on

towards the

End

of Otlobery the EngliJJj

King,

leaving a

ToiirnaVy

numerous Garrifon in andMifbanding his German Horfe

and Foot, returned into England^ having

reaped no other Fruit from a

War underand
of
City

taken with fuch

ineftimable
'Totirnayy

vafi:

Preparations,

Charges,

than the

for

Terj-onane being difmantled

was

left in

the

Power of

the

King of

France.
becaufe,

He was
it

induced to pafs the Sea

being impollible in thofe very

could be of no Service to

cold Countries to continue the Operations

of the War,

it

Expence; and befides he was thinking to take fome Care about fetding the Tuition of the new King of ScQtlandy a Child,, and his Sifter's Son s
tarry abroad at fo vail an

the

THE WARS
the

IN I1:ALY.
one of the Blood

227
^y.
J^-

Duke of
Kingdom,

Alba7iy\

royal of the Scois^ being already

gone

for

-J^^

that

Upon
German
the Fear

Henry

Departure the King of

Frafice difbanded all his

Army

except the

Infantry,

being

delivered

from King

of

of

prefent

Dangers,

but notyn^g^^
'

from Apprehenlions of the Return ofAppregreater Difficulties with the fucceeding Year ; for the King of E^igland when he left France had protefted with many threatening Speeches that he would return the next Summer, and that he might not
again bd obliged to take the Field fo late in

the Year had already begun to

Preparations.

make new

Lewis knew
afraid

alfo that Ccefar

was in the fame him, and he was

King,

Difpofition to adl againft

left

the Catholic

who had

recourfe to various Sub-

terfuges for exculing to his Adverfaries the

Truce he had made, that he might not wholly alienate them from, him, fhould take up Arms in their Favour j and he had ftrong Reafons for his Apprehenfions from an intercepted Letter, in which that
King, writing to his AmbafTador
at

Cafars
Court,

228

THE HISTORY OF
far
al-

^' ^- Court, and difcovering an Intention

different

from

his

Words,

in

which he

ways pretended an ardent Delire to enter into a War with the Infidels, and to pafs the Seas in Perfon for the Recovery of Jerujhkm, propofed to adt in Concert with
Ccpfar for procuring the
to be transferred to

Dutchy of Milan Ferdinando their com-

mon
the

Grandfon, and younger Brother to

;

Archduke
this

demonll:rating to

him

that

when
Italy

Delign was effed:ed the

reft

of

would be

necellitated to receive

Laws
his

from them, and

Ccefar,

that

it

would be
alTifted

eafy for

efpecially

when

by

Forces, to obtain, what fince the Death of

his Confort
Pontificate,

had always been

his

Wifh, the

which once accompliihcd he might transfer the Imperial Crown from himfelf to the Archduke; concluding that
but by

fuch grand Defigns could not be brought

t Perfection
tunities.

Time and Opporof Fra?jce was fully of

the

The King
that

convinced
S''S)ifs,

the Animofities

to

whom
in

he made very large Offers,

;

were not

any Meafure pacified

but rafor

ther exafperated by

new

Provocations,

the Hoflages given them hyTremouii/e^heing

apprehenlive

THE WARS IN ITALY.

apprehenlive,

from

the

King's
that

Nonthey

obfervance of the
fliould
lofe

Articles,

their

Heads,

had
into

privately

withdrawn

themfelves

Germany

whence the King had Reafon

that either at prefent, or at

to be afraid

leaf!;

the next

Year,

taking

Advantage

of his other

manifold Diftrefles,

they would

make

Defcent either into Burgundy or Dauphin^.

were in'fome meafiire the Caufe that induced the King to confent to an Agreement with the Pope
Difficulties

These

in fpiritual Matters, the principal

of which

was the
Council.

total

Extirpation

of the Pifa?i

This Point, which had been under Debate feveral Months, was attended with many Difficulties, and particularly with refpedt to the Things done either
by
the

Authority of that Council, or

againft the Authority of the

Pope

the

Approbation of which appeared utterly

unworthy of the Apoftolic See, and the Revocation of them, it was not doubted, would occalion very great Confufion. A Commiffion therefore was granted to three
Cardinals to confider of

Means

for pro-

viding

THE HISTORY OF
viding againft this Diforder.
culties alfo arofe becaufe
it

Some

Diffi-

did not appear

convenient to grant the King Abfolutionunlefs

he demanded

it,

and on the other

hand the King

refufed his Confent to de-

mand

it,

becaule he would avoid branding

with Schifm his

own Perfon and

the

Crown

of France. At laft the King quite tired with thefe Vexations, and tormented by the
Importunities of
all

the

People of his
the

Kingdom, who
ftored to

ardently defired to be re-

Communion with
alfo greatly

Roman
the

Church, and

moved by

prelTing Inflances of the

Queen,

who had

always fliewn her Abhorrence of thefe

Difputes, determined to

comply with the Will of the Pope, and not without fome
alfo that this

Hope

Obftacle being removed,

his Holinefs,

according to his Intention,

which he had artfully intimated to him, would fhew himfelf not averfe to his Interefl:,

tho'

there

was a new Occafion of

Difpute added to thofe of long flanding,

for the

Pope had by a Brief commanded the King of Scotland not to molefl the King of England,

In

THE WARS
I

IN ITALT,

231
ji.

D.

N the Eighth Seffion therefore of the y /j'-^^

hateran Council, which was held in the

latter

End

of the Year, the Agents of the

King of jPr^r^,inhis Name,andproducing

his

Commiffion,

renounced

the

Pijan

Conventicle, and adhered to the Lateran

Council, and engaged that fix Prelates of

thofe

who had

been prefent

bly at Pija fhould

form the the Name of the whole GalHcan Church, and that fome other Prelates fhould take a Journey thither in order to debate on the Pragmatique, with an Intention to refer themfclves on that Head to the Declaration of the Council, of whom in that fame
Seffion they obtained plenary Abfolution

come to fame Ceremony in

AflemRome and perat the

of

all

Offences
:

committed againft the

Roman Church
Tranfadtions in

And
Italy,

thefe

were

the

France, and E7ig1

land during the Courfe of the Year

513

In
died
cellent

the Beginning of the Year

2.

15 14

1-14.

Anne Queen of France,

moft ex- Queen

of

and thoroughly Catholic Princefs, ^''*^*

having fcarce tafled the Joys of the Union

P A

which

232
^'

THE HISTORY OF
which
(liC

lb fervently

defired with the

(Church, and extremely lamented by the

whole Kingdom, and by her own People

of Bretatiy.

The
duced
to

Kingdom of France being

re-

the Obedience of the Church,

to the utter Extinction of the

Name

and

Authority of the Pijan Council,

thofe Potentates,

fome of

who had

entertained a

Jealcufy of the Greatnefs of the

King of
them,

France^

now began

to look about

and

to fear that the

Power of that Monarch

depreffed.

would be too much

ticular to the
fired that the

Thefe
dill

Apprehenfions created Unealinefs in parPope, who, tho' he

de-

King fliould not recover the Dutchy of Milan yet doubted that Lewis, under a Terror of fo many Dangers, and
J

the

melancholy

Remembrance of
in

the

Events of the part Year, would,

con-

formity to the conftant Sollicitations

of

the Catholic King, which were not difpleafing to Ccefar, precipitate himfelf into

a Convention with that Prince, in which,

fey

Con tr 3(51: of Marriage between

his

Daughter and one of the Grandfons of

thofe

THE WARS
in

IN ITALY.
would grant her

thofe Monarchs, Cc^far

Dowry

therefore

Dutchy of Milan. He took upon him to perfuade the

the

Swifs not to fuffer their Hatred of the

King of France to tranfport them fo far as to throw him under a Neeeffity of taking a Refolution no lefs prejudicial to themfelves

than to him, as they

of
CceJ'ar

knew

alfo the

evil Difpofition

King towards them,

if

and the Catholic from defiring an

Agreement, the Confequences of which,

they fhould get into their Poffellion the
State

of Milan^ would prove no

lefs

dan-

gerous to their

own

Liberty and Authority

than to the Liberties of the Church and

of

all Italy.

He

advifed

in their Refolution that

fhould not regain the

but
it

them to periifl the King oi France, Advice to Dutchy of Milan^^^^ ^'^''f^Ad:ions, they

at

the fame time to take care th^t, as

often happens in

human
lefs

did not, in order to

avoid one Extreme,

pernicious and

run into another no

to fecure that State

dangerous, and by too great a Sollicitude

from returning under

others,

the King of France, be the Occafion of

its

falhng into the

Hands of
and

with

greater

Hazard

Detriment to the
Public,

234
^'
'

THE HISTORY OF
would be lefs 4 eafy to find Means for refifting their Power than it had been to check the growing
proportion as
it

D. Public, in

Greatnefs of that King.

Tl^

Republic
all

of the Swifs, he
over the

faid,

had obtained

World

the highefl: Reputation in

by wonderful Exploits and mofl glorious Victories it was now their Duty to render themfelves no lefs illullrious by the Arts of Peace, in forethe Arts of
;

War

feeing future

Juncture,

Dangers from the prefent and providing Remedies by

Prudence and Counfel, and not fuifering the Affairs of the Public to run backward to fo great a Length as to prove irretrievable but by Fiercenefs and Dint of

Arms.
is

For

in

War
all

it

has been found by Experithat

ence in

Times
It

human Valour

often opprefTed by the predominant

Power

was more advifable therefore to moderate in fome meafure the Agreement of Dijon^ efpecially fince the King offers larger Subfidies, and promifes to make a three Years Truce with the State of Milan provided he is not conflrained
of Fortune.
^

to

make

a Ceflion of his Right,

which

being a Point that has rather a fpecious

Ap-

THE WARS
Appearance than any

IN ITALY,

235

juft Effecft (for if ^- ^

an Opportunity fhould return for the King vJi^Jllj to recover that Dutchy, his Ceflion would

be no Hindrance

to

him but

juft as far as

he pleafed)

it

would be unreafonable
fet

for

the Sake of fuch a Difficulty to

the

Good

of the Public at Stake.

the
other Side his Holinefs,

On
many

by
of
^''^""^

Reafons,

exhorted

the

King of King

France to

make no Delay
as a

in ratifying the

Treaty of DijoUy
next

Icfs

Evil than to

run the Rifk of having

fo

Summer

within his

many Enemies Kingdom ; ad-

monifhing him that it was the Duty of a wife Prince to embrace as good and
beneficial the

Choice of a

leffer

Evil in

order to avoid a greater, and not, for the

Sake of freeing himfelf from one Danger

and one Diforder,

difgraceful.

to run

headlong into

another of greater Importance and more

For what Honour could he get by giving up to his natural Enemies, who had purfued him with all the Arts of Treachery, the Dutchy of Milan with
fuch manifeft Marks of Cowardice
?

Or
from

what Reft or

Security could be expected

THE HISTORY OF
from
tion

increafing,

with

fo great a

Diminu-

of his

own

Reputation, the

Power of

thofe
lating

who
the

thought of nothing but annihi-

Kingdom of France ? That he himfelf knew that no Promife, no

Word
fecure

of Honour, nor even Oath could

him

againft
to

their

Devices, as he

Damage, from It lay hard upon him, paft Experience. he confefTed, to yield up his Rights, but the Difgrace was the lefs, becaufe a litde Piece of Parchment did not make his Adverfaries more potent, and this Promife
had
learnt,

his infinite

having been made by his Minifters without his

it

Con fen t,

it

could not be faid that

from the Beginning, but he would be the more excufed in executing it, becaufe he was in a manner necefTitated by the Promife made in his Name, and by fome Regard due
had been
his Refolution

to the

Keeping of Faith. All the World knew, he faid, from what imminent Danger this Agreement had at that Juncture
delivered the

Kingdom of France. He commended him for endeavouring by other

Motives to induce the Swifs to comply

with his Intentions, and wiflied that for

the

237 the Security of his own Kingdom he ^ l>. would by all Means purfue an Agreement ^JJ^'j with them, for which End he would not
.

THE WARS

IN ITALT,

fail,

with

all

the Readinefs imaginable, to

for difpoling the Swifs to his

ufe his
to

good Offices
but
if

conform themfelves
J

Majefly's

Will

they continued obftinate, he

in

exhorted

him

fatherly

Manner

to

bend and fubmit to the Neceffity of the Times, not only for all other Reafons, but alfo that he might not deprive him of an Excufe for feparating himfelf from
an Alliance with his Enemies.

The
of
thefe

King acknowledged the

Reafons,
tho'

Juftice

he complained that the Pope had tacitly mixed Threats with Perfuafions, and confefled that he was under a Neceffity of coming to fome
Refolution that might leflen the

Number
in his
all

of his Enemies.

But he was fixed

Determination to expofe himfelf to

gers,

Dan-

rather than recede

from
in

his Rights .

which \\q France was encouraged by his Council and ^^^q^^^q whole Court, who, tho' they were ex- the tremely concerned that the King ffiould^-)^^^*^
to the

Dutchy of

Milaji^

make

238
^iL,-^

THE HISTORY OF
make any more Wars
France,
that
in
Ittily^

^'

yet, out

of

'_rRprpp<^ to the Dignity of the

Crown of
intolerable
his

thought

it

far

more

he fliould be forced to renounce Claim in fo ignominious a Manner.

The

fame pertinacious

Humour
j

pre-

vailed in the Diets of the Swifs

for tho'

them at prefent Four Hundred Thoufand Ducats, and Eight Hundred Thoufand more at diffethe King offered to pay
rent Times,

and the Cardinal of Sion

the principal Perfons, conif

with

many of

fidering the

imminent Danger
fliould unite

the

King

of France

with Cafar and

the Catholic King, were inclined to accept

thefe Conditions, yet the Multitude,

who

Enemies to the Name of the French, and, grown proud with fo many
were
bitter

Vidtories, believed thcmfelves able to de-

fend the Milanefe againft all other Princes in Combination, the Authority of Sion
being
alfo

much

diminiflied,

and the

other Chiefs fufpedled on account of the

Penfions which they ufed to receive from

^f'x^r t^c ^^"g ^

5iviA.

^''^''^^'

infif>ed,

with

the

utmofl Obflinacy, on the Ratification of the

THE WARS IN ITALY,

the Treaty of Dijo?i.
fo far tranfported

They were even

with Rafhnefs that they

debated on making a

new

Invafion into

Burgundy y but Sion and the other Chiefs oppofed that Meafure, not by open Authority, but by various Artifices and indirect

that

Ways, referring Head from Diet to

a Refolution

on

Diet.

The
by the
Catholic
Difficulty

King of France

therefore, nei-

ther attacked nor fecure of being attacked

Swifs, continued without

Inter-

miffion the Treaty of Affinity with the

King,

in

was, as

which the principal before, whether the

till

young Princefs fhould be under the Tuition

of the Father or of the Father-in-law
fhe were of

Age

lit

for

Confummation of
if

the

Matrimony.
the

For

fhe remained

with the Father, Ccefar could not alTure

himfelf that
Effe(51:
5

Marriage would take

as

and the King,

long as he enter-

tained any

Hopes that the Report of this divulged, Affair, which he ftudioufly might make any Impreffions on the Minds
of others, out of a Concern for their
Interefts,

own

which might turn

to his Benefit,

freely

240
^' ^'

THE HISTORY OF
freely furnilhed

Matter for the Difputes

this

uJy-^ which
came
to the

arofe
to
his

on

Occafion.

There

Court ^intana^ Secretary

Cathohc King, who had been there the Year before on the fame Account, and from hence with his Confent he pafTed forward to Ccrfar^ and returned

At his Return, to give Time for the more convenient Removal of the Difficulties which obftru(5ted a Peace, the King, and ^infana
again to the
Fj'a?ice.

King of

in the
Truce
beween the Kings

Name

of his Catholic Majefly, pro-

loneed the Truce that had

been made

^^^ Year before for another Year on the

fame Conditions,
fecretly

to

and ^rl-' very

i'"-

that
at

which was added the King of France

to

fhould not be

liberty

moleft the

Dutchy oi .Milci?iy but AJli and Genoa were not comprehended within this ArThis Condition i\\t YJmg oi France ticle. kept fecret, but the Catholic King caufed
it

to be publiflied
all

and folemnly proclaimed

throughout
at a

Spain, leaving the Public

Lofs whether to believe the Denial of

the

one or the Affirmation of the other. In the fame Convention the Space of three
referved for the Acceffion

Months was

of

THfe

WARS

IN ITALT.

of Cc^far and the King of England, who, as i>uintana affirmed, were both ready to

King of England he was miflaken, but the King of Ai-agon, who had refolved always to avoid a War on the
accede
;

as to the

Side of Spain, had perfuaded Ccefar that

there

was no

better

Way

to

obtain the

Marriage under Negotiation.

This
thefe

Prolongation of the Truce

In--

creafed the Pope's Sufpicion that between

fome Agreement had been concluded, or was on the Point of Conclulion, on Affairs of great Importahce
three Kings
to the Prejudice

of

Italy.

His Holinefs
liis firfl

however

continuinsr firm in
it

Refo-

lutions, that

would be very pernicious to the common Liberty for the Dutchy of Milan to fall into the Hands of Ccsfar and
the Catholic King, and prejudicial alfo to
it

have

recovered by the King of France,

it

found
the

very

difficult

to proceed,

and Pope
thefe

em-

to ballance Affairs in

fuch a Manner that

Means which promoted one of

Intentions might not prove deflrudive to

the other,

coniidering that one of the

Dangers proceeded from the Depreffion Vol. VI. and

Q_

THE HISTORY OF
,

and Fears, and the other from the Greatnefs and Security of the King of France.
In order therefore to deliver that King from a Neceflity of making an Agreement

with the other Princes, he continued to exhort the Sioifsy who were jealous of the

Truce, to accommodate their Differences with him j and to render it difficult for

him

at all

Events

to

pafs

into

Italy^

he

took more Pains than ever to bring about an Agreement between Cajar and the Venctian Senate.
fle(fting that a

That prudent Body reTruce would eftabliili the

Adminiftration oiOej'ar in the

Towns
to

that

remained

to

him, refolved with a conftant

Mind

either to

make

a Peace or

con-

tinue in
felves to

Arms, without fuffering thembe removed from fo generous a

For befides
their

Refolution by any Accident or Misfortune

whatfoever.

manifold

LolTes and unhappy Succefles in the

War,

and
the

their Defpair of feeing a French

Axmy
under
cafual

in Italy this Year, they fuffered alfo

Wrath

of Heaven,

or

the

inferiue.

Events that depend on Fortune, a very ter^ihle Fire happening the Beginning of this

Year

in Venice^

which brake out by Night on

THE WARS

IN ITALT.

on the Bridge of Rialto, and being favoured by a North Wind, in Spite of all the Labour and Diligence that could be employed, extended itfelf a very long Way through
the richefl and mofl populous Part of that
City.

By

the Interpofition of the Pope for an^

a

Agreement

new Compromife was made the Vene-

between Ccefar and the Venetians in the-'f^?'" J into a Perfon of his Holinefs, not reftrained toCompro-

Time, and with

with a Secret

full

and unlimited Power, "'^ Promife however, con-

firmed under his

own

Hand-writing, to
as the

make no
of both
mife was

Declaration but by the Confent

Parties.

As foon

Compro-

made the Pontiff, by a Brief, commanded a Sufpenfion of Arms on both

Sides,

which was but

little

obferved by the

Spaniards and Ge?'mans.

the Spaniards

For that Part of

which had their Quarters in the Polefine and at Efie plundered all the
circumjacent
fent

Country,
to

and the Viceroy

take
it

Troops

Vicenza^ to

into

PolTeffion

when

the Sentence of the Arbi-

tration fliould

be given.

Q_2

In

THE HISTORY OF
In the mean time Frnngipane commitr

War

in

orreat Ravages in Friuli. ted ^

.

Triuli.

^ not ftanding on their Guard, and the Ger.

the Venetians

mam^ by means of a Confpiracy formed by fome Exiles, made themfelves Mailers of

Mcirano^ a
Icia,

Town

of Friuli near to Aqui-

and feated on the Sea.

Setpi one

The

Fene-*

iians^

to recover the Place, ordered thither

Baldaffarre di

with a Body

of

Troops, and Gifolamo da Sa-jcrniano with

a Multitude of Peafants by Land,

who
while

who
a

having

laid Siege to the Place,

Squadron of Ships

flraitened

it

by Sea,

the

Germam
Ilorfe,
to
its

to the

Number of Five Hun-

dred

and

Two

Thoufand Foot

came

Relief,

and being joined by the

Garrifon

fallied

out upon the Venetians^

and routed them with coniiderable Lofs of

Men

Cannon, and with their Shipping took from them a Galley and many other V'efTels after which Vicand of
all

their

tory they

maltered Monfalcoue by Storm.

at

The Troops

Marano were a few Days after joined by Four Hundred Horfe and Twelve Hundred German Foot from Vitlie

cenzOy whio in Conjunction with

other

Horfe

THE WARS IN

ITALT,

Horfe newly arrived in Friuli ravaged all Wherefore Malaiejia da the Country. Sogliano, Governor of that Province, with
Six

Hundred Horfe and

Two

Thoufand

Foot, and Girolamo da

Savorniajio^ with

Thoufand Peafants who were retired to Udi}ie^ finding themfelves too weak to refift lb great a Force, pafied beyond the River Liquejiza to give Alliftance where But the Germans dividing they were able.
themfelves one Part took Feltro and fcoured
all

Two

the circumjacent

Country
all

and the

Venetians,

who had

feized

the PalTes,

attacked a Part of that Body, confifling of

Five Hundred Foot,

at

BaffdnOy

where

they were unprovided, and overpowering

them put them to Flight with the Lofs of Three Hundred killed on the Spot, and

many Officers and Soldiers taken Prlfoners. The other Part of the Germans were gone to lay Siege to OJopo feated on the Top of
a rugged

Mountain, where,

after

they

had battered the Caflle, and ftormed it feveral Times without Succefs, they had no other Hopes of taking it but by keeping
it

blockaded,
Befieged

flattering

themfelves

that

the

were

in
3

Want

of Water.

Q^

But

THE HISTORY
for

OF
the

But the Favour of Heaven lupplying that Defedl by frequent and plentiful Showers

fome Days, they

fell

to ftorming

Place anew, but being repulfed, and defpairing of reducing that Fortrefs

ade or Aflault,
off.

by Block' they decamped and marched

Pope was very uneafy at thefe Proceedings, but much more concerned that he could find no Means for an Agree-

The

ment

fatisfa(flory to

both Parties.

For

as

the frequent Changes in the Situation of

from the Progreiles of the contending Powers, were conftantly attended

Affairs,

with a Change of Hopes and Expectations,

it

happened that when Ccefar had confented to give up Viccnza^ retaining Verona^ the
Venetians refufed
a
;

Peace unlefs Verona

were

alfo reftored

Venetians^

now when the humbled by fo many Blows,

and
not
fatisfied

would have been contented with Vicenza

alone, Ccefar,

with

Verona,
Pontiff,

demanded
culties,
.

alfo

Vicenza.

The
his

quite out of Patience under thefe Diffi-

prefumed

that
:

Declaration

would not be accepted

To

convince the
Public,

THE WARS IN ITALT.

1

247
C
I

Public, however, that the Fault lay not in ^- ^A

himfelf that an Accommodation could notuv-^

be procured, he pronounced a Peace be- Peace

tween the

Parties

with

this In jundlion
'

there fhould be an immediate

nounced CefTation of by the

that ^^'

Hostilities in all Parts, referving to himfelf J^JJ^^^

out

the Liberty to declare within

Year the Effectas

Conditions of this

Peace, in

which,

well as in the Sufpenfion of Arms, the Catholic

King

fliould

be

comprehended

That

Ccejar fhould depofit Vicenza in his

all

Hands, and

that

he and the Spaniards

;

pofTeiTed in the

Padouan and Trevigiaii

to
all

the Venetians fhould in like manner depolit

CremUy and

as

other Things each

Party fhould keep Pofleflion of what he

now
this

poflelTed

till

the Declaration

That
all

Sentence

fl:iould

be

ratified

by

the

Parties within a
fication

Month, and

at the Rati-

the

Venetians

fhould

pay unto

Ccefar Twenty-five

Thoufand Ducats, and Twenty-five Thoufand more within three Months next enfuing but that this Sen3

tence, if not ratified

by

all

the Parties con-

cerned,

was intended
this

to

be void.

The

Pope chofe

unufual

Method of Ardifpleafe either

bitration, that

he might not

0^4

Side,

THE HISTORY OF
Side J and becaufe there
fent

was no Perlbn prewho had a CommifTion to ratify in the

of his Catholic Majefty, though his
paiTed
his
'

Name

Ambaflador
Mailer's
referved
fo

Word

for

his

Confent,

for

this

Reafon
full

he
one

much Time
the

for every

to ratify, that

King's

Powers

might

arrive

in

Seafon.

But the Vene-

tians having refolved not to give their Ratification,

becaufe the Pope at the

iame

time had not pronounced the Conditions

of Peace
took no
as

they had dcfired, the Sentence

Effe(51:.

N the mean time the Affairs of the

had a profperous Courfe in the Defence of Crema, which was diflreffed

Venetia?is

within by a Peftilence and

viilons,

Want

of Pro-

and without by a Blockade from

:

the

Enemy
to
at

For Profpero Colonna was

with

come
Brave

Fjfcnengo

Two

Hundred
and Fifty
Foot; and
of

Men
of];

Anions
Ceri.

h^

Two Hundred Horfe,and Two Thoufand

Arms,

SHvto SavellOy With his

own Regiment

Horfe and Two Thoufand Foot, was arrived on the other Side at Vmbriano-, both
Places
diflant

Two

Miles from

Crefiia.

This

249 This occafioned frequent Sallies from the ^- ^v Garrifon, and Skirmiflies with the Ene-^-J^^^
mies,

THE WARS
who were

IN ITALT.

furprifed

by Renzo da

Ceri with Part of the Garrifon in their

Quarters at Umbriano, and put to Flight

with the Lofs of many of

their

Foot
off

on
his

which Occaiion Projpero drew

Renzo a Troops, and quitted his Poft. few Days after, taking the Opportunity
of the Lownefs of the Waters,
the Adda^ and furprifed
fifty

waded
at

Men

Arms

in their Quarters at Cajliglione di Lodigiann.

He

acquired fo

much
that

Reputation by thefe

profperous

Actions,

and
beft

his

induflrious

Management,
Italy,

he was univerfally acOfficers in

all

counted one of the

The

Venetians after

this

refolving to

recover FriuU ordered

thither with

Two

Ahiano to march Alviano\ Hundred Men at Arms, in FrtuU.

Horfe,

Four Hundred Hundred Foot.

his

light

The

and Sevea General being on

his

March towards

Fortonon^

light

Horfe, which advanced

rnet without the

before the refl,

Town

Rizzano a Gejinan
at

Officer with

Two Hundred Men

Arms
and

THE HISTORY OF
and Three Hundred
the
iirft

light Horfe,
;

and

at

Charge were repulfed

reft

but Al-

i;m>

advancing with the

Battle

of the Troops
doubtful
in the

a fmart

enfued,

v/ith

Event,

till

Rizzano was wounded

Prifoner

by Malatejla SoglianOy in confequence of which his Troops were broken, and retired into P^rtOTiofij which they foon abandoned as defencelefs,

Face and taken

and betook thcmfelves

to Flight,

and the Town was plundered, and many of the Inhabitants were put to the Sword.
Alviano afterwards marched towards OjopOy

which was befieged anew by Frangipane

with another Part of the
Ge-rmafis,

who on
much

Notice of the Approach of the

Ve?ietia?is

decamped, but having prefTed by the Enemy's

obliged to leave their
gage.

their
light

Rear

Horfe were
Vefietians

Cannon and Bag-

By

thefe

Succefles the

recovered almoft the whole Country, and

AhianOj
having in
at

after a fruitlefs

Attempt on Go^

ritz, returned
this

with his Troops to Fadoudy

Expedition, as he wrote to

Fjome^ killed or taken

Two Hundred Men

Arms, Two Hundred light Horfe, and Two Thoufand Foot. But the Germans
after

THE WARS IN ITALY.

after his

251
^. D,

Departure drew together again,

Cremonio

retook

and

Monfalcone^
raife

and^li^

obliged the Venetians to

the Siege of

MaranOy where a few Days before Franglpane was taken in an Ambufh, and carFor the Befiegers perried to Venice.
ceiving the Approach of the Succours, de-

camped almoft
they had
their
Stradiotti

in as

much

Confufion

as if

been

routed,

and foon
to Flight,

after

were put
their

and

Gio'vanni

Vettorio

Prcveditor with
Prifoners.

One Hundred

Horfe taken

Thefe Changes and Viciflitudes of Fortune frequently happened in Friuli by the Vicinity

of the Germans,

who

in their

Wars

in this

Country employed none but

after

Militia.

Thefe Troops,
dering

fcowering and plunin

their

whatever

came

whenever they perceived the the Venetiaji Troops accompanied by a

Multitude of Peafants,
tired to their

Way, Coming of

immediately reOccalion

own
to

Habitations, and reas

turned again
ferved.

the Field

The

Venetians had ordered

Reinforcements for Friuli,

Officers of thofe Spaniards

fome on which the

their

Viceroy appointed Alarcone, one of the

who had

Quarters

THE HISTORY OF
Quarters between Efti, Moutagnana and

march for that Country with Two Hundred Men at Arms, One Hundred light Horfe, and Five Hundred
Cologna^ to

Foot

but

that

Commander

receiving

Information on the Road that a Truce

had been made

for thofe Territories,

to

give Liberty for gathering in the Vintage,

marched back

to his Quarters.

The

Wars

in

Italy

proceeding thus

but (lowly,
the King of

the

Negotiations of

Peace
;

and Concord were not intermitted

F^'aiice
ilill

for

retaining

fome

Hopes

that the ^wifs

Sum
them
nefs.

of

Money

in

would accept of a Recompenfe for the

Rights,
follicited

Renunciation

of his

for that Purpofe with great Earneft-

But the Commonalty were

his Requeft-,
fled,

fo averfe

from granting

that having,

when

the Hoftages

conftrained by

Menaces the Governor of Geneva to dehver into their Hands as Prifoner the Prefident of Grenoble^ whom the King had fent to that City to treat with them, they examined him feverely on the Rack
to learn

whether any Perfon of

their

Nation

THE WARS
tion

IN IT ALT.

were flill Fre?ich Penfioners, or held fecret Correfpondence with the King of France, neither Humanity nor any Juftiiication

being fufficient to reftrain their

^

barbarous Cruelty.

was not without Sufpicion alfo that the Pontiff, who on account of his different Views was obliged to fteer with very great Circumfpedion between fo many Rocks, had fecretly procured that
the
S%vifs

Lewis

fliould

not

agree
j

with him

without his Intervention

not to incite

them

to

make War upon him, from which

he was continually perfuading them, but either that they might remain firm to the
Treaty of Dijon, or out of an Apprehenfion that their Agreement with
the

King would be followed by their Separation from himfelf. The King therefore
threatened to precipitate

himfelf into a

Convention with the other Potentates, that he might not ftand alone to be infulted by
all

the World. Beiides,he was quite weary

of the exceffive Charges and oi the Infolence of the Soldiery.

into France

For he had brought

Foot^

Twenty Thoufand German

THE HISTORY OF
Foot, a

Number which he had

when
;

not been

able to compleat but

the

King of
if

Kngland lay before Tournay might have their Affiftance

any new Occafion
tained

and that he

in Seafon,

them in his did infinite Damages to the Country. The King in this Exigence complained that the Pope intended to fhut him out of
Italy^

had reKingdom, where they

fliould arife,

and the other Princes wanted to

expel

him
fo

out of France.

difficult

and perplexed a State

of Affairs the King of France had a

Way

opened
tion,

for his

Security, with

Hopes of

recovering his former

Power and ReputaIndignation

by

the

inexpreflible

which the King of England had conceived againfl his Father-in-law for re-

newing the Truce, contrary to his often repeated Promife that he would never more enter into any Convention with the King of France without his Confent. Henry complained in public of this injurious
this

Treatment,
third

and,

declaring

that
de-f

was the

Time he had been

ceived by

his

Father-in-law,

began to
cool

THE WARS IN
cool

IT ALT,

25^
^'

more and more

in his Inclinations

^'

to profecute the

War

againft France.

This <v

Difpofition of the

to

King of England coming the Knowledge of the Pontiff, his

either

Holinefs, induced

by a Jcaloufy lidts
tween

a
^^'

if the other con-^^^" that the King: ' o of France,

tinned to moleft him,

would make Peace, France

as

and contradl
^St.

Affinity,

he

conflantly*"^^"^"-^'

threatened, with the other

two Kings, or
a

becaufe he imagined that

Peace

would certainly fucceed between them, and was therefore willing to curry Favour with the King of France^ and by his Interpolition make a Merit of what he could
not prevent, began to exhort the Cardinal

of York to perfuade his King to be content with the

Glory that he had acquired,

and, keeping in

Mind what CorrefpondCcejar, the

ence of Faith he had found in

Catholic King,

and the Swijs^

his

to defift

from employing

Arms

againft

the

Kingdom of Fraiice. We that when it was reprefented

are afTured
to the

Pope that as foon as the King of France had fecured himfelf from a War with England he would turn his Arms againil the Dutchy
of Milan^ he anfwered that he was
fenfi-

ble

THE HISTORY OF
ble of that

Danger, but

it

was

alfo

hi?

Duty to confider on the other Hand the Danger that might arife from the Difunion
of thofe Kings
;

and that

in fo to

weighty a
ballance

Matter

it

was too
lliould
;

difficult

Things
fures

fo perfectly as to refoh^e

on Mea-^

that

be entirely free from

at all

thefe Dangers

but that

Events the
deflitute
it

Dutchy of Milan would not be

of the Defence of the
Sicifs,

and that

was necellary
cult

in

fuch uncertain and

entrufl

diffi-

Refulutions to

fome Part

to

the Difpofal of

Chance

or Fortune.

But

whatever was the Caufe, whether

Parties themfelves,
fet

the Authority of the Pope, or the Inclination of the

a Treaty

A
fet

Treaty

^ Peace was foon

the Kings of

on Foot between

on

France and Englandy the

Negotiation of which, begun by the Pope

with Tork, was

to England^

fliortlv

after

transferred

whither the King of France

on

fame Bufinefs difpatched the General of Normand\\ but under a Colour

the
quifs

of treating about the Relcafe of the Marof Rothelin.

publidicd a

was Sufpenfion of Arms only by

his

At

Arrival

Land

THE WARS
Land between
the

IN ITALT,
1

2^y
^C

two Kings during the

^'
\ A.

Time that the General ftay'd in the Ifland. v The IncHnation of the King of Englatid to Peace was increafed by new Affronts for Cafar, who had promifed not to ratify the Truce made by the Catholic King
without his Concurrence,
Kini>-

fent

to

that

the Inftrument of Ratification,

who
rati-

in a Letter to the
fied in Ccefars

King of

Frafice^

ftrument

as

of

Name*, keeping Service to him in

the Inhis Arts

of Diffimulation.

foon as the Treaty was begun bePontiff, defirous

tween the two Kings, the

to ingratiate himfelf

with both, fent Pofl

Bifliop of Triall

to the

King of France the

carico to

make an

Offer of

his

Labour

and Authority, and that Prelate with the King's Confent paffed into Fngland for the

fame Purpofe.
Negotiation
the King of

At the Beginning of the

Difficulties
arofe, for

many

demanded Boulogne in P/V^r^' with a great Sum of Moneys but the Difference at laft refted folely on the Affair of T^ournay^ for the King of England
;2g-/^;z<i

infifted

on keeping

it,

and the French

Vol. VI.
As
if

made

empowered by him.

THE HISTORY OF
made fome Difficulty of complying with his Demand. Henry therefore ported away to the King of France the Bifliop of Tr/caricOi

who, without being informed

in

what particular Point the Difference confifled,

had only a general Commiffion to exhort his mort Chriftian Majefty in his Name, that, for the Sake of fo great a Benefit

as Peace,

he would not

infift

fo nicely

on

Difficulties that

might be
willing

ftarted.

On

this,

the

King not

to incur the

Reproaches of

his People, becaufe

Tournay
its

was

a noble

delity to

Town, and the Crown of

at

noted for

Fi-

France^ propofed

the Affair in Council,

all

which were prefent

of the Court,

the principal

Men

who

unanimoufly advifed him to embrace Peace even on Condition of lofing that City, tho*
the Catholic King at this Jun(fture exerted
his utmolT: Efforts to prevent to the
it,

propoling

King of France many advantageous

Conditions, and particularly to favour

in his

him

Conqueft of the State of Milan.

As

foon therefore as the Anfwer of the

King was brought to Engla?idy which was in the Beginning of Augufi^ that he was
fatisfied

THE WARS
fatisfied as to

IN ITALT,
.

259
-D.

the Affair oi'Tournay^ a Peace ^-

was concluded between the two Kings for J-^ the Term of their Lives and one Year^^^^f
,

concluded

afterwards,
fliould

on Condition

that

Toiirnay
to 9"^*"
tions.

remain to the King of England,

the

whom

King of France was to pay Six Hundred Thoufand Crowns in yearly Pay* ments of an Hundred Thoufand Livres: That for the Defence of their Dominions
they fliould
affift

one another with

Ten

Thoufand Foot in a Land War, but only with Six Thoufand in a War by Sea That the King of France fhould be obliged to furnifh the King of E?igland on every preffmg Occafion with Twelve Hundred Lances, and this King to fupply the other with Ten Thoufand Foot, the Expences
:

in this Cafe to be borne

by the Party that had need of the Auxiliaries. Both the Kings nominated the King of Scotland^
the Archduke, and the Empire, but neither Cafar nor

the Catholic
Sivifs

King were

nominated.

The

were nominated,

but with a Reftridion that whofoever de-

fended the State of Milan, or the Cities of Genoa or AJli again ft the King of France
fliould

be excluded from the Nomination.

This

THE HISTORY OF
This
Trance
the

Peace,

which
Affinity,
Sifter in

was embraced
for the

King of with wonderful ReadinefSjWas ftrengthen'd

King

by ^ Contrad of England gave his

King of
that

Marriage to the

?^'^,''^:. ,
ter.

King: of France, on

Condition

he

Ihould acknowledge that he had received

with her in
fand

Dowry Four Hundred ThouThe Nuptials were foCrowns.

at

which the King, out of the Greatnefs of his Refentment againft his Catholic Majefty, would not fuffer his AmbafTador to be prefent.
lemnized in England^

The
Auftrian

Peace was hardly concluded when

^^^^^ arrivcd at the Court of France the

Match
frulbated.

Inflrument of the Ratification

Ccefar of the Truce,

made by
with his

together

CommiHion and

that of the Catholic

King

for concluding of the Marriage treated of

between Ferdinando of Aujlria^ and the fecond Daughter of the King, yet but four Years of Age 3 but a Stop was put to all
further

Negotiation

on

this
:

Head by

the Conclulion of the Peace

And

the

King,

the better to fatisfy the

King of

England^ ordered the

Duke of Siiffhlk^ who

was

THE WARS
in his

IN ITALY.
1

261
^C
I

was Captain General of the German Foot

Pay,
;

^'
I

to

leave

the

Kingdom

Q^K^Ji^^^

France

yet that

Nobleman was

difmiiTed

by the King with fuch Carefles and Marks of Honour, that he departed well fatisfied,

AT
new
tifice

this

Time
;

the Pope alfo contra6led ^

as

1 rcfltics

Alliances

for,

he was

full

of Ar-and

Ai-

and Diffimulation, he had a Mind on^'^""^ ^ the Pope. the one Hand that the King of France fhould not recover the State oi Milan and
^

on the other
Princes as

and

artful

amufe him and the other much as he could by various Ways. With this View, by
to

the Mediation of Cardinal

San

Serverino,

who had

the

Management of

the French

Affairs in the

Court of Rome, he had profince the

pofed to the King that,

Times

would not permit that there fhould be a greater or more open Alliance between
them, they fhould
ning,
at leafl

make

a Begin-

and lay a Fcundatioti, on which they might hope to eflablifh, at a more,

convenient Seafon, a very clofe Union and

Correfpondence, for which

fent

End he had
to

him

the Draught of a Convention.

But the King, though he feemed

be

pleafed

^62
^- ^'

THE HISTORY OF
pleafed with the Projed;, yet, either taken
I

5H-

up with

other

Buiinefs,

or

expe(5ling

Anfwers from another Place,

by which

he might take
fpeedily as

his

Meafures according to

the Progrefs of Affairs, did not anfwer fo

was hoped, and fpending fifteen Days in coming to a Refokition, the Pope made a new Convention with Cafar and the Catholic King, for one Year, containing, however, nothing more than the Defence of their refpecftive States. The Catholic King had before fufpecfled, and not without Reafon, that the Pontiff aimed
at the

Kingdom of Naples
;

for his Brother

lately

Giuliano

on which Defign he had

been confulting with the Venetians, Scarce

was the Agreement concluded when arrived the Anfwer of the King of France^ in which he approved of all that the Pope had propofed, only adding, that fince he was bound to the Proted:ion of the FIqrentinesy oi Giuliano his Brother, and Lo" renzo de Medici his Nephew, who was placed by the Pontiff at the Head of the Adminiffration in Florence^ he defired that they alfo fhould reciprocally oblige themfelves to his

Defence.

On

Receipt of this

Anfwer

THE WARS

IN ITALY.

263

Anfwer the Pope excufed his entering into ^- -OEngagements with Ccsfar and the Catholic ^JiJlLj King, by alledging that his Majefty had
been
lb

long

in

anfwering his reafonable

Demands, that he could not chufe but enof his Intention. tertain fome Doubts However, he had made the Agreement but for a fhort Time, and had entered into no Engagements prejudicial to his Majefty,
or tending to obftrud; the Completion of
the
Negotiations

begun between them.

in a

The King
cation,

accepted of the Pope's Juftifi-

and they united together

Secrecy,
Parties.

Con-

vention,

though not by an loftrument for

but by a Schedule

the greater
figned

by both

The

Peace

between the Kings

of

France and Ejiigland was brought about

with greater Facility and Speed than the

Public expected, for none ever believed
that fo

much Enmity
The Pope

could on a fudden be
be-

converted into Kindnefs and Tyes of Mar- Peace

riage.

perhaps was not pleafed ^^^^"^

well as and Engto

with

this

Peace, becaufe he, as

others, believed that a

Truce was

be acceptable
if

expe(5ted fooner

than a Peace, or

a to

'he

Peace

'^^'

THE HISTORY OF
Peace that the fame would be
attended

with harder Conditions to the King ot

France^ or at leaft that he would be reftrained for

fome time from attacking the State of ik//7^;z. But above all this Peace of the Two Kings was highly difagreeable to Ccefar, and alfo to the Catholic King, who yet, as there is no Evil in human Affairs that is not accompanied with fome Good, declared that he received two Benefits from it much to his Satisfaction One was, that the Archduke his Nephew being excluded from all Hopes of giving
:

his

Sifter

in

Marriage to the King of

obliged to pro-

FrancCy and falling into Diflruft with the

King of Englandy would be

ceed in
all

his Affairs

under the Influence

,

of

his

Counfel and Authority

it

the other

was, that

being likely enough that the

King of France would have Children, the

was rendered doubtful, of which he had Reafon to be glad, becaufe that Nobleman was very deSucceflion

of Angoukjme

firous to reftore

the

King of

Na^-carre to

was therefore the Objed of Only his immortal Hatred and Jealoufy. the Swijs, though they retained the fame
his State, and

Hatred

THE WARS
Hatred
to the

IN ITALT.

King of France as in Times part:, declared that they were heartily glad of this Agreement, becaufe that King
finding

himfelf at

Liberty would, as

it

was fuppofed, turn his Arms againft the Dutchy of Milan^ which would give them
a

new Opportunity of difplaying before all the World their Valour and their Faith

And

was not in the lead doubted but that the King of France^ being delivered in a manner from all Fears of Moleftation beyond the Mountains, would return to
it

accuflomed Defire of recovering the Milajiefe ; but it was uncertain whether he

his

intended to take the Field without Delay,

or defer the Expedition to the next Year
for
;

though the

Facility

of the Undertaking

appeared manifeft, yet there were no Signs

of Preparations for

it.

In this Uncertainty the Pontiff, though p^j;^ ^jwould grieve him very much if the the Pope. it King fliould recover that State, follicited him with great Earneftnefs not to lofc the
prefent Opportunity by Delay, reprefenting
to

him

that

the Country was in the SpdniJJ:

bad

State qf Defence, for

Army
was

266
A.
D.

THEHISTORYOF
was dimini{hed and without Pay, the People of the State oi Mila?i were impoverifhed, and reduced to utmoft Defpair, and that
there was none there that could advance

iSH-

Money

for putting the

S'wifs

in

Motion.

Thefe Perfuaiions were of the

greater

Au-

thority, becaufe not long before the

Peace

with England, the Pope cxprefling a Defire

King fhould recover Genoa, had given him fome Hopes of inducing Ottaviano Frcgofo to come to an Agreement
that the

with him.

It is

not doubted but that the

Pope played the Hypocrite in this Affair, for which his Motives, as it is fuppofed, were his Obfervation of the bad Proviiions
for the Defence of the State, and his

Ap-

prehenfions that the King would undertake this Expedition even without his Sollicitations,

becaufe he had his

Men

at

Arms

and a good Body oi German Foot, for which Reafons he was willing to prepofTefs and fecure himfelf of his
in Readinefs,

Friendfhip in this artful

caufe, proceeding

Way

-,

or elfe be-

from

a deeper

Fetch of

Policy,

he knew that it was true, what the Emperor and Catholic King affirmed, and the King of France denied, that
his

Mod

THE WARS
Moft
attempt any thing

IN IT A L
againft

T,

267
to ^-

Chriftian Majefty

was prohibited

the Milanefe^^'^^^'

during the Truce, and therefore perfuading himfelf that Lewis would refufe the
Expedition, he thought
fit

to beget in

him

a good Opinion of his Difpolition, and at

the fame time

provide himfelf with an

Excufe if he fhould foUicit his Affiflance on another Occafion. The Delign fucceeded according to his Wifli,
for the

King having

refolved, cither for the

Reaor

fon abovefaid, the

Want

of Money,

the Nearnefs of Winter, not to enter upon

Ad;ion

till

Spring, and feeming to be con-

fident that the

Pope would not be wanting

to favour his Enterprife at that Seafon,

anfwered with ailedging various Excufes

for his Delay, but
flill

concealing,

what

perhaps was the

principal,

the Truce,

which was not yet

expired.

The
tion to

King, however, had an InclinaGenoa^

make fome Attempt upon

his

or at leail to fuccour the Lantern,

which

had by
feveral

Orders the fame Year received

moderate Supplies of Provifions in

fmall Vellels,

which pretending

to

enter

the

268
^'
-0-

THE HISTORY OF
the Port of Genoa got by Stealth under

iJ^^the Walls

of that Fortrefs.

But the Place

Lantern of Genoa
ed.

was now reduced to fuch Extremities by Hunger, that the Garrifon could no longer wait for Supplies, but were forced ^ furrender to the Genoeje^ who, to the
yaft Difplcafurc

of the King,

razed

it

to

the very Foundations.

The
^^P^/^^-^King
King of
^''""''

Lofs of the Lantern obliged the

lay
afide

to

for

the

prefent

all

Thoughts of
tions

molefting
to

Ge72oay

but he
Prepara-

wholly applied himfelf

for attacking the
;

make

the enfuing Year

Dutchy of Milan and he was in Hopes

from the good Intentions of the Pope, of which he aflured him, and from the Difpofition that he had fliewn in the Negotiations of Peace with the King of England and the Sivifs^ and becaufe he

had ftimulated him that he fhould find

and
fince

to in

the Undertaking,

him

a fafl Friend,

a Favourer of his Defigns, efpecially

he made him

large Offers,
to
affift

and
in

in

particular promifed

him

the

Conqueft of Naples,

either for the

}

or for his Brother Giuliano

Church but from fome

THE WARS
The
to

IN ITALT.

269
'f'^^'P*

fome new Events which happened he to entertain fome Diftruft of him. beean to*
Pontiif could never be brought

1514.

accommodate Matters with the Duke

at

of FerrarUy tho'

the Beginning of his

Promotion he had given him very great

Hopes of it when he was at Rome, and had promifed the Reftitution of Reggio
at

the Return of the Cardinal his Brother

from Hungary.
that Prelate
ftitution

But

after the Arrival

of

he went on delaying the Re-

by various Excufes, confirming however the fame Promifes, not only in

Words

but by a Brief,

and confenting

that he fhould receive the

Revenues of

Reggio, as of a State that was fliortly to

return under his Dominion.
tention
feize

But

his In.

was

far

different

and inclined to

lated

on Ferrara, to which he was Simuby Alberto Carpi, Ambaffador oi^^^^^

and a mofl
bitter

^j

Ccefar.,

Enemy of the Duke, and by many others, who propofed to

'Julius,

f^^rrara.

him

the

glorious

Example of
himfelf

who had

immortalized

by
the

his

enlarging in fo ample a

Manner
fented

Dominion of the Church, and repre-

270
A.

THE HISTORY
fented that

OF

O.

now he had

an Opportunity of

.Jj jl^ beftowing an honourable State on his Brother Giuliano^ who propoling to himfelf

more immoderate Hopes, had

fented that Lorenzo his

freely

conbe

Nephew fliould

invefted with the Authority of the

of the Medici in Florence. then entering into thefe Meafures

obtained of the

Houfe The Pope

eaiily

Emperor,

who

always
in

wanted Money, the City of Modena

Pledge for Forty Thoufand Ducats,
cording to an Agreement
a
little

ac-

made with him

together with
into

before the Death of JuliuSj deere6i:

figning to

that City,

Reggioy

Parma^

and Piacefiza,

Government, to be beftowed on GiuUmio, with the Addition of Ferrara whenever he Ihould find
Vicariate, or

perpetual

an Opportunity
of
it.

to

make

himfelf Mafler

This
King of
jealous
the

Mortf^aj^e occafioned

no fmall

Sufpicion in

the
it

King of France^

who

oflook'd

upon

as

a Sign of a dole Cor-y

i'opc-j-efpQj^(]er,(.e

and he was Cafar vexed that the Pontiff had given him
\s\xh.

Money,

tho'

Leo

in

Excufe alledged that

C(;ejar

THE WARS IN ITALY.

had granted him Modena as a Pledge for Security of Money he had before reThe King's Sufpicion was inceived.
Ccefar
v.

271
^^^
Z>*

creafed becaufe the

Sultan of the Turks

having obtained a great Victory over the

Sophi of Perjia^ the Pope regarding
it

as

an Event dangerous to Chriftendom had wrote a circular Letter to

Princes,
all

the Chriftian
defifl:

exhorting
Hoflilities,

them
and

to

from
think

mutual

ferioufly to

of entering into a defenlive or oiFenfive

Enemies of their common Faith. But the Pope in a manner fully difcovered his Difpolition to the King

League

againft the

by fending, under the fame Pretence,P/V/r(?

Bembo

his Secretary, afterwards Cardinal,

to Venice^ to difpofe the Senate towards

an Agreement with the Emperor, in which

the

former Difficukies

recurring,

they

would not accept it, but, notified to the King of France the Occafion of the Ambaify.
ill

Hence
at a

the King, taking

it

very

that,

Time when
fo

the Operations
fliould feek to

of

War

were
his

near,

he

deprive

him of

the Afliflance of his Allies^

renewed

former Negotiations with the Catholic King, with a Defign to terrify

the

272
Ji-

THE HISTORY OF
Pope
into
his

D' the

Meafures,
to

or,

if

no
an

..li^^i^fuch Effed:

followed,

conclude

Agreement in earnefl. So ardently did he defire to recover the Dutchy oi Milan!

During
no
other
the
aizainft

thefe Tranfa6tions there

were
Atand

Movements
Venetians^

in

Italy^

except

on
For,

whom
fecret
if

tempts were

made

in the

moft

treacherous Manner.

we may
Spajiijh

believe the Venetian Writers,

fome

Foot Soldiers came

ing to be

into

Padoua^ pretend-

Deferters

from the Enemy's

from
their

Camp, and

there lay in wait to aflaflinate

Alviano by a Commiflion

Commanders, who were in Hopes that by making a fudden Approach with the

Army
were
of
in

to

the

Town, while
eafily

all

Things

Confufion by the Death of fuch a

General, they might

it.

become Mafters
is

So

little

Refemblance

there be-

tween the Methods of

and thofe of the fo far from fuborning AiTaffins, that on the firil Notice of any fuch bafe and wicked Contrivance they dilcovered
it

Days viituousAntients,who were

in our

War

to the

Enemy,

whom

they trufted to overcome

by

THE WARS

IN ITALT.
!

But by Valour, and not by Treachery the Plot in Padotm coming to L/ight, the Villains were feized by the Magiflrates, and fuffered the Punifliment which they
defer ved.

The
tianSy

Spaniards,

much
;

diminished in
the

Number, were encamped between Mon-oi

tagna7ia, Cologna, 2Lnd EJIe

^nd the

Fe^ie-^^^'^''"''^'^

in order to oblige

them

to return

into the

Kingdom of
Gritti

Naples,

had

fitted

out a Navy, of which they had conflituted

Andrea

Captain

General,

with a Defign to make a Defcent on

Puglia
culties,
3

but he met with fo

that the Fleet

many

Diffi-

was

at lafl

ordered

to be difarmed

and

laid up.

After this

the Spaniards, at the Sollicitations of the

German Garrifon of Verona, marched

the

to

Tower

near Vicenza, in order to join

with the others, and lay wafte the CornFields of the Padouans.

But

after

they

had waited
vain,

in that

Pofl feveral Days in

the Germans

being
in

reduced to a

very fmall
to

Number, and
the

no Condition

make good
Vol. VI,

Promifes by which
they laid afide
their

they had invited them,

274
^' ^'

THE HISTORY OF
their
I

Defign againfl the Padouan,

the

and

*^*^

having got from

Germajjs

Fifteen

Hundred Foot Forces, which

dred

to join

with their

confifted of Seven

own Hun-

Arms, Seven Hundred Hght Horfe, and Three Thoiifand Five Hundred Foot, they marched to befiege Citfadella, which had a Garrifon of Three
at

Men

Hundred light Horfe. marched all Night with

The

Spam'ards

great Expedition,

and arrived before the Town two Hours after Sun-rife, and immediately planting a Battery took the Place the fame Day by

Storm Horfe

at

the fecond AfTault, with

all

the

that

was

in

it,

after

which they

returned to their former Quarters about

Three Miles from Vicoiza. Ahiano made no Motion, having received Orders from
the Senate not to fight, but lay with his

Army
at

confilling of Seven

Hundred

Men

Arms, One Thoufand light Horfe, and Seven Thoufand Foot flrongly encamped on the River Brenta, from whence he was continually haraffing the Enemy with
his light

Horfe, tho' afterwards, for the

greater Security of the

Army, he

retired

to BarciglioJie almofl under the Gates of

Padoua*

THE WARS IN
Padoua.

ITALT.

But the whole Country being exhaufted by the Incurfions and Ravages of both the Armies, the Spaniards in

Want

of Provilions retired to their

firfi

Quarters from

whence they had

{t.t

out,

abandoning the City of Vicenza and the

Caftle of Brendola feven Miles diflant
it,

from

having no Pay or any other Means of

Subfillcnce but

what they could raife by Contributions from Verona^ Brefcia, Berand the circumjacent
Territories.

ga??iOy

After

the Retreat of the Spaniards ^^^'^ tions

Alviano polled himfelf with the

a very ftrong

Army

in of Ahiar.
no.

between Battaglia and Padoua, where having Advice that

EJie

Camp

had but a fmall and carelefs Garrifon, he fent thither by Night Four Hundred Horfe and One Thoufand Foot, who entering the Place before

they were per-

ceived, furprifed Eighty light

Horfc of the

Regiment of Corvera,
faving

that

Commander
and then

himfelf in the

Caftle,

returned to the
received

Army. But Alviano having

fome Reinforcements prefentsd himfelf before Montagnana, and offered Battle to the Viceroy, who, becaufe he S % was

276
^- ^'
.,-^.y-*j

THE HISTORY OF
was

much
J

inferior in Force,

declined an

Engagement, and
of Rovigo
fo that

retired into the Polefine

Ahciano meeting with

no more Oppofition beyond the Adice fcoured the Country every Day up to the very Gates of Vero?ia, whence the Viceroy,
apprehending that City
left

to

be in Danger,

Three Hundred Men at Arms and a Thoufand Foot in the Polefine, and with
the
reft

of the

Army
greater

entered VtTona,

But much
Brave
of \^nzo

were the
a

Diftrefles

of Crema^ which was in

^i^gcd
that

manner be-

by the Troops of the Duke oi Mila?i

in the adjacent

da Ctrl,

were quartered
;

Towns
a raging
fe-

and Villages
Peftilence,
veral

for that

Fortrefs laboured

under a Scarcity of Provilions, and

and the Garrifon had been

Months without Pay, and in Want of Ammunition and many other Necellaries, which had been often demanded ; fo that
Renzo, doubting whether he could any
longer fupport himfelf, had in a manner
protefled to the Venetians againfi: theirNeg-

But the fame happy Succefs flill attended him, for he had the good Fortune
ligence.
to attack Silvio Savello,

who was

at

the

Head

THE WARS

IN ITALY.

Head of Two Hundred Men at Arms, an Hundred light Horfe, and Fifteen Hundred Foot, and to come upon him fo
fuddenly that he

immediately broke his

fifty

Troops, Silvio himfelf with

Men

at

Arms

efcaping by Flight to LoJi.

After
2,

this A(flion the Venetians

put into Crema

frefh Supply of Provifions,

colo

and Count Ni-

Scotto reinforced

the Garrifon with

Re?izo

from thefe Supplies increafed in Forces and Spirits in a few Days after entered the City of
Fifteen

Hundred Foot.

Bergamo,
tants, the

at the Invitation

of the Inhabi- He
;

takes

Spaniards flying into the Capelia

Bergamo.

and
iejla

at

the fame time Merciirio and

Mala-

Three Hundred Horfe quartered without the Walls. But a few Days after Nicolo Scotto marching with Five Hundred Italian Foot from Bergamo to Crema, was encountered by Two Hundred Swifs, routed, and taken Prifoner, and being condu(5led to the Duke of
Baglione took

Milan was ordered

Brofpero Colonna,

to be

beheaded.

The

Lofs of Bergamo roufed the Viceroy and

who

with the Spanijh

to the

and Milaneje Troops,

S

Number of
it.

Five Thoufand Foot, marched to befiege

ci

278
^-

THEHISTORYOI3'
it.

^-

They

planted

a Battery againll the

.JiJi>jGate of St. Catherine,

which did

great

Execution, and Renzo, finding that the

retaken/ Pliice

could not be defended, capitulated on Condition that he might march out with all his Soldiers and their Baggage,

but without Sound of Trumpet, and his Colours lowered, leaving the Town to the
Difcretion of the Viceroy,

who compoundEighty Thou-

ed with the Inhabitants

fand Ducats.

for

But
7na

during thefe Tranfadtions

at

Cre-

and Bergamo, an Action that was highly

Aiwano
furprifes

celebrated,

and

required

extraordinary

Diligence and Speed, was performed by

Ahiano
dred

in the

Town

of Rovigo.

In this

Place were quartered above

Spa?iiJI:

Two Hun-

Men at Arms, who imagined

them and the

themfelves very fecure becaufe they had

the River Adice between
Venetians.

Alviano unexpededly laying a

the

Bridge

at

Town

of AngnilJaray pafled

the River with

incredible Speed at the

Head of fome active Troops, and arriving before the Town, where the Gate had already been feized by an Hundred of his
Soldiers^

THE WARS
Soldiers,

IN ITALT.

279

whom

drcfTed like

he had fent before him ^' ^ Peafants, it being Market-day, uJ^^

Place,

he entered the
the
reft

and made the whole

Garrifon Prifoners.

On

this

Misfortune

of the Spaniards who were quarter'd

to

in the Polefine retired

Badia
the

as

the

ftrongeft Place in the Country,

and

after-

wards wholly abandoning

Polefine

and

alfo

Lignago,

fled

away towards

perrara.

RoV

G o being taken, Ahiano marched

with the

Army

to Oppiafio near Lignago^ Motioiw

whither he had
River his Fleet

conduced by the/^^5 Arm IPS of armed Barks, and from

alfo

thence to Villa Cerea near to Verona^

Foil:

in

he could not fucceed reducing that Town, which had a Garif

from which,
of

Thoufand SpaniJJj and a Thoufand German Foot, he deligned to annoy and diftrefs it during the Winter. But on Advice that Three Hundred Men at Arms, Five Hundred light Horfe, and Six Thoufand Foot of the Enemy were on their March towards Lignago^ being apprehenfive that they would intercept his Proviflons, and force him to an Engagerifon

Two

S 4

ment,

THE HISTORY OF
ment, he decamped, and marched along
obferving

them
for

till

they came to the Adice^

at

which they
Diftrefs

pafTed

Albereto^ in

great

Want

of Provifions, which

were intercepted by the light Horfe and the armed Barks. Here the General, having Advice that the Spaniards had recovered Bergamo^ and were returning to-^ wards Verona^ refolved not to wait for
them, but
fent his

Men

at

Arms by Land

to Padouay while

he himfelf with the Foot,

Baggage and Artillery, to avoid the Rains and the deep and miry Roads, embarked in the Night, and v^^ent down the Adice^
not without Fear of being attacked by the

Enemy, who were prevented by

great
after

the too

Height of the Waters j but Ahiajw landing his Troops conducted them

with his ufual Expedition in Safety to Padona, rived

where the Men two Days before.

at

Arms were arSome time after

he diftributed the Army into Quarters between Padoua and Trevigi, and the Viceroy and
Profpero Colomia, after affigning

the Troops their Pofts in the Polefine

RoiHgOy fet out for Injpruck to
afTift

of
a

at

Council

THE WARS
prefent Occurrences.

IN ITALY.

^8t'
^-

Council to be held by the Emperor on the

^'

l-^-,_

The Country oiFrhdi this Year enjoyed

more Reft than
ufual through the Captivity

of Frang/pam\v^\\o was the principal Inftru-

ment in difturbing thePeace of that Province.

The Ve?ietia?25^ therefore, knowng how much they were interefted in keeping him
a Prifoner, had refufed to exchange

him

with Gia?i Pagolo Baglione,

It

had been

treated before of exchanging this General

for Bernardin Carvagiale^ and
golo

Gian Pa-

had obtained Leave of the Spaniards to go to Rojne upon his Parole of Honour
to return if the

Exchange did not take Effedt. But while the Affair was in Agitation Carvagiale happened to die, and Pagolo^ affirming that he was fet at Liberty by this Event, refufed to return un- Cafe of

Power of him who had taken him Prifoner. About the fame time, which was towards the End of the Year, the
der the

""*^'

Adorni and
as
it

FicJ'chi,

being fecretly favoured,

was thought, by the Duke of Milan^ <5ntered Genoa one Night by Means of a
Plot,

and advancing

to the Square before

the

i8^
A. D.

THE HISTORY OF
the Palace were driven off by OUaviafi
Frego/os

i^ -l^
Enterprife

who

with

his

Footguards enBars,
all

countering

them without the

to Flight,

and
the

on

valiantly fighting in Perfon

above

mifcarries

^^^ P^^ ^^^ Enemies

flight

receiving a

Wound

in the

nibaldo dal Ftejco^

Hand, and took Si^ Gierojiimo Adorno, and

Prifoners.

Gian Camillo of Naples

Among
this

the

memorable

Events of

Year may be reckoned the Spedtacle of Elephants in Rome^ an Animal, perhaps, never feen in Italy fince the Tri-

leeX.
with

Ele-umphs and public

Pqj. 'jnanuel

Games

of the Romans,

phants.

puted a

King of Portugal^ having devery honourable Embafly to pay

to the Pontiff,

Obedience

accompanied

it

with a Multitude
India
in his Ships

of

Prefents,

among

which were two Elephants imported from

;

and the Entrance of

thefe Creatures into

yaft

Rome drew together ^

Concourfe of People.
this

AT
who
jedts

Jun6lure the King of France^

had

his

Mind employed on

other

Obar-

than on

Pomp

and Shows, was

all

dently intent on

making

manner of

Preparations

THE WARS IN ITALY.

Preparations
for

War

and,

defirous to

affure himfelf of

the Inclinations of the*

Pontiff,

though determined, howfoever he

profecute his intended
..

flood affedted, to
Enterprifc,
his Favour,

he

follicited

him

to declare

iniicited

by

renewing his former Offers, |j^f^J"^^

that,
if

and declaring

he ihould be difappointed of his Alliance with him, he would accept the Conditions of the Emperor and the Catholic King which he had lately refufed.

He recommended

to

his

Confi-

deration the

Power of his Kingdom, wkh

the Confederacy and promifed Affiftance of

the Venetia?is, the fmall

Number of Forces
at prefent

of Ccefar and the King of Aragon

in Italy^ the extreme

Want of Money of both thefe Kings, who were unable to pay their own Soldiers, and much lefs in a Condition to put the Swifi in Motion, who
would not defcend from
unlefs they
their
it
:

were paid
the

for

Mountains That all the

People of Milan^ fince they had fo feverely

fuffered

under

Tyranny of other

Lords, defired to return under the

Do-

minion of the Freiich

had no Caufe
his victorious

to

That the Pontiff provoke him to employ

:

Arms

againft

him as an Enemy,

THE HISTORY OF
Enemy,
ticular,

fince the Greatnefs

in Italy y
all

of the Kings

of France

and

his

own

in

par-

had on

Occafions been of Ser-

vice to the Apoftolic See, for as they

were

always contented with

the PolTeflion of

their lawful Rights, they never, as

maniat-

fold Experience

has

demonilrated,

tempted Encroachments upon the refl of Italy : But far different was the Intention oi Ccefar and the Catholic King, whofe
conftant Ambition was, either by Force

of Arms, or by contrading

Affinities,

or

by

infidious Arts, to ufurp the

Empire of

all Italyy

and

to bring

under their Yoke the

Apoftolic See and the Roman Pontiffs

felves,

as well as

themother Powers, which has

all

ever been the ardent Defire of Cafar^ as

the

World knows.

He advifed him thereLiberty of //^/y,

fore to provide at once for the Security of

the Church, the

common

and the Grandeur of his own Family the Medici y and to embrace the Opportunity,

which

would

never

offer

at

another

Juncture, or with any other Alliance.

By
Ca:;ar

]sJoR was the Pope

lefs follicited

by the

King of preffing Invitations of Ccefa?'

Jragon.

and the King

THE WARS
him
that fince their

IN l^ALY.
.

nZ^
^-

of Aragon to join in Alliance with them

for the Defence of Italy ^ reprefenting to

^J
'j
.

-^JJ

Conjundion had been powerful enough to drive the King of France out of the Dutchy of Mila?i, it was much more fufficient to defend that
State

againft

him.

They

put

him

in
lafl

Mind of
Year
the
to

the Affront he had offered

the King, by fending

Money

to

Si.vifs,
;

when

the royal

Armypaffed
to

into Italy

and defired him

confider

that if the

King obtained the Victory he

would revenge himfelf for all paft Offences, and take care to fecure himfelf from future Dangers and Sufpicions. But the

Pope received deeper Impreflions from

the Authority and Offers of the Swifsy

who perfevering in
ed, for Six

their

former Zeal offer<>f

Thoufand Rhenijh Florins per

and defend the Paffes ^^^" Mongtncvray and Finale

Month,
or

to poffefs

Mo77janeJej

with Six Thoufand

Men

and, for Forty

Thoufand Florins pc?- Month, to attack the Dutchy of Bu7'gimdy with Twenty Thoufand Men.

The

Pontiff, in this fludluating State,

irre-

j86
'^'

THEHISTORYOF
by
his Inj
i

D. irrefolute in himfelf, fpurred

'-'

1^

clinations^

and bridled by

his Fears,

gave

Anfwers

to each Party in general

Terms,

and delayed as much as poffible to declare But the King of France inhis Mind. fifting, almoft to Importunity, on a DePo 5 Anfwertoclaration, he finally anfwered that none '"^ knew how much he was inclined "" /r I trance, better
to the King's Interefl:
himfelf,
fince

than

his

Majefty

he could not but rememfollicited

ber

how warmly he had

him

to

pafs into Italy at a

Time he might have

his
Sollicitations,

obtained the Vid:ory without Danger or

Bloodlhed

That

for

Want
had

of obferving that Secrefy which he

recommended, were come to the Knowledge of the others, to the Detriment of the King as well as of himfelf; for he had been in Dagger of being
fo often

molefted by them, and the Obfbuc^ions

to the King's Enterprife were increafed,

the Adverfaries having re-eflablifhed their

Affairs in fuch a

Manner

that the Victory

could not be obtained without very great

Danger, and
fides,

vaft EfFufion

of Blood.

Be-

Power of the Turkifi Sultan being lately augmented by fuch extraordithe

nary

THE WARS
nary Succefs,
his
it

IN IT ALT,

287^

was neither agreeable to ^- ^ ^^ ^' Nature, nor confiftent with the Duty^
Pontiff, to counfel or

of a

encourage the

Chriftian Princes to

go

to

War
from

with one
his Pre-

another
vife his

He

could not therefore but addelifl

Majefty to

parations in

Hopes of a more favourable which, whenever it Opportunity, at

Ihould

happen,

he fhould

find

in

him

the fame Difpofition to promote his Glory

and Greatnefs, which he might have This Andifcerned fome Months ago.
fwer, tho'
it

did not fo clearly exprefs his

Mind, would not only have deprived the King of all Hopes that the Pontiff would favour his Defign, but, if it had come to his Knowledge, would in a manner have affured him that he would have oppofed

him both with

1514.

his Counfels

and

Arms

Thefe were the Tranfadions of the Year

But

Death, which frequently inter-

1515:
of

rupts the vain Projeds of Mortals in their Death

mofl hopeful Courfe, by its Interpofition ^^" of The King Franci. delayed the impending War.
of France too freely indulging himfelf in the

THE HISTORY OF
the Embraces of his young and beautiful

Bride but Eighteen Years old, not confidering his

Age and

the

Weakncfs of

his

was feized with a Fever, and a Flux coming upon it, he was in a manner fuddenly carried off the Stage of this World, making the firft Day of the Year 15 15 memorable by his Deceafe.
Conflitution,
...

was raaer and beloved by

^,
gj-g-jf

He

a
his

luft

Prince,

and greatly

bubjecls,

but met with

Fortune,

Mutability of Fortune, for neither

before he
his Reign,
flant

came

to the

Crown, nor during

was he attended with any conif

and fteady Courfe of Profperity or

Adverfity;
petty

we

confider that

from a
the

Duke

of Orleans he mofl happily

fucceeded to the

Crown of France by
that

Death of
and of
his

Charles

younger than himfelf

two Sons;

he acquired

with the greatefl Facility the Dutchy of

Milan, and afterwards the
Naples,

Kingdom of

fome Years together all Italy in a manner at his Devotion that he recovered Ge?ioa, which had rebelled, in the moft profperous Manner,
by which he had
for
;

and that he obtained a mofl

glorious

Vidiory

THEWARS
laft

IN ITALT.
in Per-

Vid:ory over the Ve?ieiicmSj at which two

happy Events he was prefent

fon.

On

the other Side,

while yet a

Youth, he was conftrained by Lewis XI. to marry his barren and deformed Daughter, without procuring to himfelf by that

Matrimony the Favour

his

or Protedlion of

whofe Deceafe he was excluded from the Regency during the Minority of the new King by the Authority and Grandeur of Madam de Bourbon^ and was in a manner neceflitated to take Refuge in Bret any where he was
Father-in-law,
after
^

afterwards taken in the Battle of St.Aubi?iy

and confined two Years

thefe Misfortunes

in a Prifon.

To

we may add
the

the Siege

and Famine that he endured

his

in No^uaray

many
^

Defeats in

Kingdom of

Naples^ the

Lofs of the State of MilaUy

of Genoa

and of

all

the

Towns

that

he had taken from the

Venetians^

and the

War made

upon him by moft potent

Enemies in the Kingdom of France^ at which Time he faw his Dominions expofed to very great Dangers.

He

died

however

at a

Time when

his Affairs

feemjie

ed to be taking a profperous Courfe, lince

Vol. VI.

THE HISTORY OF
he had defended
Peace,
his

Kingdom,

made
Eng~

contracted Affinity,

and was in

very clofe Union with the King of

landy

and

in

great

Hopes of recovering

the

Dutchy of Milan.
I

Francis

Le w

XII. was fucceedcd by

'

MonBlood
the

King of feigneur Francois

^''*""'

d Angoulefme^ the next

in Succeffion of the Males' of the

Royal,

and of the fame Line of

OrlcdJiSy

Dukes of

being preferred before

the Daughters of the deceafed King by

the Difpofition of the Salic

Law, of very

antient Eftablifhment in the

Kingdom of

France J by which,

while there are any

Males, of the fame Line, the Females are

excluded from the royal Dignity.

His Charafter and

The
natural

Public had conceived fo high an Opinion

of

the

Valour,

Magnanimity,
Spirit

Difpofition,

and generous
that
it

of the

new King,
of Years
pectations

was

univerfally

acknow-

ledged there had not lor a very long Courfe

paft

Prince

of greater
;

Exhe

afcended the Throne

for

was mightily recommended to the public Favour by his perfonal Appearance, being in the Flower of his Age,Twenty-two Years dd.

THE WARS
old, as well as

IN 7T-^Lr.
Liberality,!

291
^- ^' 1515-

and very handlbme and well made,

by his extraordinary
obliging Carriage towards

his extremely

every Body, and his perfed:

in

Knowledge
all

many

Affairs

of State

but above

he was the Favourite of the Nobility, on whom he conferred diftinguifhing Marks

of his Favour.

He

alTumed, together

with the Title of King of France^ that of

Duke
of

of MilaUj as belonging to

only by the antient

Oi'leanSy

him not Rights of the Dukes

the

but alfo as comprehended in

the Inveftiture

made by

Emperor pur*
it

fuant to the League of Cambrayy having

the fame Inclination to recover

in his PredecefTors.

as

was

he was flimulated, Impulfe, but alfo by

To this Undertaking not only by his owa

all

the young Noble-

by the Glory of Gajion de Fo?x, and by the Memory of fo many Vidlories obtained by the lafl Kings in
of France^
Italy.

men

That he might not however put others on their Guard in order to reiift him before the Time, by Advice of his
Counfel,

he dilTembled his Intentions,

and

in the

mean time

applied

himfelf to

negotiate,as is cuflomary for new Monarchs,

Treaties

292
^'

THEHISTORYOF
Treaties of Friendlliip with other Princes,
I

^-

many of whom
to

foon fent Amballadors

him.

He

received

them

all

wkh
all

chearful Countenance, but above

reft thofe

the

That Prince, the Offence he had received from the Catholic King flill remaining frefli upon his Memory, was defirous to perpetuate the Friendlliip begun by King At the fame Time arrived an Lewis. Embaffy from the Archduke, at the Head of which was M. de NauJaUy with Marks
of the King of England.

of great Submilfion as to a Sovereign Lord, becaufe his Mafter was in poffeilion of the Earldom of Flanders, which ac-

knowledged the Superiority of the Crown Both thefe En-ibafiles had a of France. quick and cafy Difpatch for the Confederacy between the King of England and the late King was renewed on the
;

lame Conditions, and

fpe(5live Lives, referving

during

their

re-

the Space of three

Years for the King of Scotland to accede

to
it.

And many
it

of thofe

Difficulties

was imagined, would have obftruded an Agreement with the Archwhich,

duke, were ceafed.

That

Prince,

who
was

THE WARS
was
iuft

IN ITALY.
and had taken
this Step

29.3
^-

come of

Ao-e,

^'

the Government of his States into his own^-^^-l-*

Hands, was induced

feveral

to

make

by

Motives

as,

the In {lances of the

People of Flanders^
to

who were

unwilling
-,

have Wars with the Kingdom o^ France

a Defire to fecure himfelf from the

ftacles

Obin

which the French might throw

to the Succeflion of the
after

his

Way
;

Kingdom
it

of Spain
father

the Death of his Grand-

and

alfo

becaufe he thought

un-

fafe to leave

himfelf without any Tyes of

Friendship between the united Powers of

France and England ; and, on the other

King of France was very deiirous to remove all Occaiions that might conftrain the Archduke to be governed
5ide, the

by the Counfels and Authority of

of his Grandfathers.

either

A Peace

therefore

and perpetual

the

Confederacy was concluded between themtween

in the City of Paris, with
for Ccejar

Leave referved 5'"^

^^
the

and the Catholic King, without and

whofe Authority the Archduke took upon^J"JJg" him to make the Agreement, to accede
within three Months.

By
3

this

Convene
tion

294
^^-

THE HISTORY OF
tion

was confirmed the Marriage, fo often negotiated, between the Archduke and
Daughter of the
late

King Lewis, with a Dowry of Eight Hundred Thoufand Crowns, and the Dutchy of Berry
Re?iee

in

Perpetuity to her and her Children.

Princefs, being as yet of a very tenthis

The

der Age, was to have

to her as foon
as

Dowry
flie

alTigned

fhe

came

to be nine

Years old, on condition that

Ihould

renounce

all

Rights of Inheritance either

by the Father's or Mother's Side, and namely thofe which might belong to her on the Dutchies of Milan and Bretany $ and the King was obliged to furnifh the Archduke with Men and Ships for his Voyage to Spain after the Death of the Catholic Kjng. At the King's Requeft the Duke of Guelderland was nominated, and fome affirm that, befides the Premifes, it was agreed that within three Months an EmbafTy fhould be fent to the King of Aragon, with a Commiffion from both Parties, to demand of him to caufe the People to take an Oath to the Archduke as Prince of the Kingdom of Spain which is the Tide of the prefumptive Succeffor,
y

to

THE WARS
to reflore the
It is

IN

HALT,
v

295
^'

Kingdom of

Navarre^, and ^-

to forbear defending the

Dutchy of Milan,

not to be doubted but that each of

two Princes had more Regard in this Confederacy to the Conveniencies it feemed
thefe
to offer at prefent, than

Intention to ob-

ferve

it

for the

Time

to

come.

For what
as yet

Dependence could be placed on the promifed Nuptials, the Spoufe being

under Four Years of Age

the

Or how could

King of France like to fee the Archduke efpoufe Renee^ who, by the Marriage of her elder Sifter to the King, was inverted with a Right to the Dutchy of Bre^ tally For the Bretons being defirous to
"^

have

at

one time or other a

Duke

of their

own, when Anne their Dutchefs contradled

a fecond Marriage, covenanted that
firft-born Child
y

if

her

came to the Crown of France the Dutchy of BretaJiy fhould defcend to the next born, and to the Defcendants of that Birth.

King oi France treated alfo with the Catholic King on prolonging the Truce made with his PredeceiTor, but
with an Exception to the Condition of not

The

molefting,

THE HISTORY OF
molefting, during the Truce, the
,oi Milan.

Dutchy
fliould

He was in Hopes
come
to an

that

he

eafily after this

Agreement with

Ccefar, for
neliajiSy

which Purpofe he kept the Vewho ofl'ered to renew the League

the
at
late

made with

King,

in

Sufpenfe,

chufing to be
Ccefar againfl

Liberty to engage with

them.

But the Catholic

influenced,
all

King,
Terrinan-yN^.^
^.rcfufes

though

much

as

he

always, by his Defire to keep

Wars

toprolong

^^ ^

Diilance from the Frontiers of Spain, '

great

theTruceyet confidering that the Prolongation of the

^

P>! ich

Truce would give

Umbrage

to the

Swifsy and that fuch a Step,

by which his

Words would
his
Pontiff,

be no longer credited, nor

Advice regarded,

might induce the

who had

hitherto ftood doubtful,

embrace the Friend Hiip of the French, he at laft refufed to prolong the Truce but
to

on the fame Conditions op which the King had renewed it.

late

Francis
Hopes on
into an
that

therefore

barred

from

all

Quarter, and having

lefs

Reafon to expect that Cajar would enter

Agreement with him contrary to the Will and Advice of the King oi Arago?i,
confirmed

THE WARS
//^//

IN ITALY,
Form
in

297
^I

confirmed anew the League with the F"^;z^Senate in the fame

his

^'

had been made by

remained

which it ^ PredecefTor. There Francis

v^

now

the Pontiff and the Swifs ^

-'^''^'^'^^^

League
the
^''"''''*''''

of thefe

latter

he demanded Admittance with

for his Ambaffadors, but they continuing

as inexorable as ever refufed to grant

them

a Pafs

and with the

Pontiff,

Will the
vife

Flore?iti?ies entirely

on whofe depended, he
than to adail

proceeded no farther

at prefent

him

to

keep himfelf free from

Ob-

ligations of

any Kind, that whenever he

fliould be

Affairs to

admonifhed bv the Pro^refs of come to a Refolution it might

the fame time that there

be in his Power to chufe the better Part,

affuring hirii at

was no Perfon upon Earth more devoted to him than himfelf, or from whom his Holinefs might exped: a more fincere Affe(flion, more of Honour -and Integrity, or more advantageous Conditions for himfelf and his Family.

The

King having

laid

thefe

Founda- ^^^^^^.^

tions for his Proceedings,

began with great prepares

to

Application to provide himfelf with a good

Fund of Money, and

augment

his

Eftablifliment

THE HISTORY OF
Eftablifhment of Lances to Four
fand, publifhing abroad that

Thou-

he had no

Intention to adt ofFenfively this Year, but

only to put himfelf in a State of Defence

againft the
Swijsy

who

threatened,

if

he

did not

fulfil

the Convention
late

made
to

in the

Name

of the

King

at Dijon,

make

an Irruption into Burgundy or Dauphine, This Diflimulation pafled with many for
real

Truth, from the Example of the

lafl

who had always avoided themfelves in new Wars in the

Kings,

involving
firft

Year

of their Reign

but

Impreflion on the

made not the fame Minds of Ccefar and the

it

King of

AragoJiy

who were

apprehenfive

of the King's Youth, and of the Facility with which he could, beyond what was
ufual with the other Kings, ferve himfelf

with the Forces of the whole Kingdom of France^ in which he was vaftly beloved

and efteemed.
that

Befides,

it

was known

King Lewis had left great Preparations, whence it appeared that, fince there were no Apprehenfions from England^ the War was not the Confequence of a new Refolution taken

by the King, but rather the

Execution

THE WARS IN ITALY,

Execution of what had been before refolved.

299
^- ^ 1515.

C^sAR

therefore

and the

Catholic

King, that they might not be opprclTed without Means for Defence, earneftly fol-

an Alliance with the Pontiff and The Pontiff amufed both the Swifs. Parties with fair Speeches, and endeavoured
licited

to feed

them

all

with various Hopes, but

declined as yet to
claration.

make any

politive

De-

As

for the Swifs, the

Ardor of

their

firfl

but
lic

ftill

Refentment not only continued increafed, the Caufes of the pub-

Indignation

commenced from
their Penfions,

fufal to

augment

Reand from
a
to
lift

King Lewis's
abufive and

inviting Geruimi

Foot

themfelves in his Service, with his uttering

difdainful

Speeches

againft

their Nation, being aggravated

by private

Grievances, Uneaiinefs and Ambition, by

the Jealoufy which the Populace had conceived of

many

private Perfons,

who had

received Prefents and

Penfions from the

King of
J^eaders

France, and becaufe thofe

who

were moft ardently zealous

in oppofing the

of the Party that favoured the

Frc7:chy

300
J.
v_

THEHISTORYOF
then

D. French,

commonly

called

Galli-

-^-^ CANS, having, on the Merit of their Services,

with the Favour of the

common

People, afcended to
nefs,

Honour and Greata

were apprehenfive of
if

Diminution
the

of their Authority

the Republic fliould

again enter into Engagements with

Crown

of

France.

Hence

the

public

Councils and Debates not being managed

with a Zeal for the

common Good,

but

by Ambition and
tereft
jcft the

civil Diffenfion,

the In-

of thofe

who
it

oppofcd the Gallicam

refolved that the
vafl:,

prevailed,
Qj.

and
^
.

was

Offers of

j-ather

profufe,

the French

Offers

of the

French

fhould be

reje(5led.

In

this Difpofition

of Minds and Cir

Ccffar, the
af-

cumftanccs the Ambaffadors of

C^f/ar^

cf of'' ^'"g of dragon, and Duke of Mi/an

fembled
in

Council with the

Sivifs.

and
of

Jrllo,

contra (fted

with them,

in

the

Name
the

and the

their Princes, a

Confederacy for the De-

^'

'

fence of Iftifyj referving

to accede
till

Time for

Pope
was

the Sunday called Lcrtare in

the next Lent.

In

this

Treaty

it

agreed that, in order to oblige the King

f France to renounce his Pretenfions to

the

THE WARS

IN IT ALT.

the Dutchy of Milan, the Swijs, on the

Monthly Payment of Thirty Thoufand Crowns by the other Confederates, {hould

invade

Burgwidy or Daiiphine; and that the Catholic King fliould, with a potent Army, enter the Kingdom of Francey
cither

by the

Way of Perpignan or of

Fo?i-

King being obliged to defend his own Dominions might not have it in his Power, though he were
tarabia, that the French

never

fo

much

inclined,

to

molefl the

Dutchy of Milan.
King was kept fecret till "June, but at lalt from the Greatnefs of his Preparations, and the Care and Dilieence with which they were carried on, it was impoifible to diilemble the OcRefolution of the
cafion of fo confiderable a

The

Movement

for

the King had provided himfelf with im-

menfe Sums of Money, enlifted great Numbers of German Foot, fent a large
Train of Artillery towards Lions, and
of
all

lafl

difpatched into Guyenne Pietro

Nd-

varra, with Orders to levy

Foot on the Frontiers

Ten Thoufand The of Navarre.

Service,

King had

lately

taken this Officer into his

302
A. D.

THE HISTORY OF
Service, becaufe the

jJJ^incenfed againfl

King of Aragon being him, as looking upon him

to be in a great meafure the Caufe of the

ill

Succefs of the Battle of Ravemia, had

never confented to pay his Ranfom, which

was rated at Twenty Thoufand Ducats, and had been given by the late King to

him in Part for the Hundred Thoufand Crowns which he had paid for his Ranfom in England. But the new Monarch refolving
the Marquis of Rotbelin^ to indemnify
to have

the Benefit of his Service, had,

P/V/roA".j.when he came to the Crown, defrayed warra en- jjjs Ranfom liimfclf, and afterwards

taken

theFr^wf/thim into his Pay, P/V/ro

Service,

having previoufly,
his

Honour, the King of Aragon

jq qI^^l^
j^jg

fent

Excufes to

for

giving

Way

to

Neceflity

when he found

himfelf abanat

doned by him, furrendering

the fame

time into his Hands the Eftate which the

King had beftowed on him

in the

King-

dom

of Naples.
Public then being convinced that

The
the
that the

War was

prepared againfl Milan, and

refolved to

King

make

the

Exto

pedition in Perfon, Francis

began openly

THE WARS
to Ibllicit the

IN ITALT.
with him, em^

303
^-

Pope

to join

d:

ploying for that Purpofe, befides a Multi-

'Jj^Li

tude of Perfuafions and other Inilruments, the Mediation of Ghdiano his Brother, (5,^^^

who had
of Charles

lately

married Philiberia,
of Savoy,

Sifter Marriage

Duke

Aunt

to the pope's

King by the Mother's Side, and had fettled Brother.; on her a Dowry of an Hundred Thoufand Crowns of the Pope's Money. This AU liance put the King in Hopes that the Pope would incline to be his Friend, having
contraded fo near an Affinity with him,

and the rather becaufe having before treated with the Catholic King about matching
Ghdiano with
a

Kinfwoman of
it

his

of the

Family of Cardona,
out of Refpe^t to

appeared that
for

more
to

him than
the

any other

Reafon he had preferred

the other.

this

Match

And

King did not doubt

but Giuliano would heartily promote his

Intereft

with the Pope, from an ambitious

Defire of acquiring

by his Means fome

State fufficient to fupport

fuitable

him

in a

Manner

to fo

grand a Marriage, and of

more firmly eflablifliing and rendering perpetual the Government of the Cities of
Modena^
Reggio^

Parma and

Piacenza^

which

THE HISTORY

OF

which the Pope had lately given him, and in which he could hardly expedt to maintain himlelf, without the Favour of
mighty Princes,
Brother.
after the

Death of his

Hopes of the King began foon to be blafted, for the Pope had granted to the King oi Aragon the CroilMes* of the Kingdom oi Spain for twoYears, by which, it was believed, he would raife above a
the

But

Million of Ducats

and had befidcs given

a very favourable Audience to Alberto da Carpi and Girohimo Vich^

Ccejar

Amballadors of

and the Catholic King,

to

who were

very afliduous in their Attendance on him,

and were thought

Counfels.

communicate in all his The Pope induftrioufly kept

of Ambiguity,
befl

the

Public in this State

fair

giving

Words, and (liewing the

of

Intentions to thofc

who

interceded for the

effe(5tually

King of France^ without

com-

ing to any Conclufion, but acting as one

who

A Tax,

fo called bccaufe

it

was levied

for

the Sup-

port of thofe

who wore

the Badge,

and fought under the

as
in

Banner of the Crofs againft the

Infidels,

the

Hoi/

Wars.

THE WARS
who
defired

IN IT ALT.
all

305
^^

above

thines
fall

that

the

^*

Dutchy of Milan fhould not Hands of foreign Princes.

into the

-,-Li

The
fatisfied

King

therefore,

willing

to

be

of the Pope's Difpofition, deputed

to

him new AmbafTadors, among

whom
Man
of

was Gidllaume Bude of Paris, a

in the Studies of
as Latin,

profound, and perhaps lingular. Erudition

Humanity,
the

as well

Greek

above

all

Men of our Times.

Maria PalaTrouble,

After thefe he fent Antonio

'vicino,

a Perfon acceptable to the Pontiffs

all this

but he might have fpared

forZ/^ohad, before his Arrival, very pri-Popeconvately,

as far

back

as

'Jidj:,

entered into

aagainftthc

Convention with the other Princes for the French.

Defence of the

State of Milan,

But

as

he

was willing that this Refolution fhould remain an abfolute Secret till the NecefHty
of Affairs conftrained him to declare himfelf,

and was moreover deiirous that his

Declaration fhould be fupported by

fome

Excufe, he fometimes demanded the King's

Confent that the Church fhould keep Poffeflion

times

Farma and Piacenza, and fomemade other Petitions, with an Intent

of

Vol. VI.

that

THE HISTORY OF
from a Denial of one or other of his Demands it might appear that it was Neceffity rather than Choice that induced him to join with the King's Enemies j yet doubting that the King would deny him nothing that he could with any manner of Decency propofe, he continued to amufe hlni with various, ambiguous,
that

and

irrefolute

Anfwers.

But

Leo was paid

artful

in his

own
for

Coin,

and was treated by others

in
;

the fame

cunning and
vimio Fregofo^

Manner

Olfa-

Doge of

Gcfioa^

dreading

the formidable Preparations of the King

of France

and on the other

Hand

ap-

prehenlive of Danger from the Succefs of

the Confederates, on account of the Inclination of the

Duke of Milan and

had,

the

Swifs
Ot/a-viacapita-

to

his

Adverfaries,

by the

Mediation of the
the

Duke

of Bourbon^ very

privately entered into an

Agreement with
and

'

King of France,
it

having, both while

^*^"

''^'^^the

Treaty was under Negotiation,

was concluded, with the greateft Conftancy always alTured the Pope of the And becaufe Ottaviano had contrary.
after

been

THE WARS IN ITALr,

been
an
old

and

intimate Friend
his

and
his

Acquaintance of Leo and

G/u/ianOy

Brother
in

who had
to

favoured

him

Attempt
tiff

make himfelf Doge,

the

the

Pon-

repofed fo

that
his

when

much Confidence in him, Duke of Mila7iy fufpedling

Report, was

Defign

from general

difpofed to attack

him with Four Thoualready advanced

fand Swi/sy
to

who were

Novara,
Fiefchi,

in conjunction

with the Adorni

interpofed,

and

his Holinefs

and

prevented their further Proceedings.

The

Articles

on

which

Ottaviano t,,
:

The ^ Con*

capitulated

were

in Subftance as follows

dicions.

That the King fhould be reftored to the Dominion of Genoa, together with the Caftelietto That Ottaviano fliould divefl himfelf of the Tide of Doge, and be conftituted by the King perpetual Governor, with Power to difpofe of the Offices of Genoa : That the King fhould give him the Command of One Hundred Lances, invefl: him with the Order of St. Michael and fettle on him an annual Provifion during Life That the King
:

'

ihould not rebuild the Fortrefs of Codifa^

which

THE HISTORY OF
which had been
Genocft\

a great Eyefore to the

and Ihould grant to the City of

thole Covenants and Privileores

Gefioa

all

which had been difannulled and burnt by King Lcivis : And laftly, that he fhould
aflign

certain
to

Portion

of Eccleiiaftic

Revenues
lerno,

Fcdcrigo Archbifhop of Sa;

OttiVoia)id^ Brother
if

and

to

Otta-

'wiano himfelf,

he fhould ever happen

to

be driven out of Genoa^ fome Lord-

fhips in Provcjice.

oifavia-

When
as every

this Capitulation
it

came

to

be
for

^j^^Qj^^made public
duft.

was no hard Matter

juft

Ottainajio to iuflify his Rerolution,becaufe

one knew, he had

Reafon to

be afraid of the
Swifs.

Duke

of Milan and the

What

only cait fome Stain upon

his Charadler

was

his frequently repeated

Denial of the Truth to the Pope,

from

whom

he had received
his

fo

many

P'avours,

and not keeping

Word

with him, in

which he had promifed to make no Agreement without his Confcnt. However in a long Letter which he afterwards wrote to the Pope in his Juftiiication, after he had accurately laid before him all the
Reafons

THE WARS

IN ITALT.

Reafons that had induced him, with all the Excufes he could make in Defence
of his Honour, and of his Proceedings, in which he had by no means adted in

Contempt of that Devotion which was due to him as Pontiff and his Benefactor, he concludes that his Juflification would be more difficult if he were to write to private Perfons, or to a Prince who meafured the Affairs of State by private Conlid erations
;

but fince he wrote to as wife

a Prince as any in this Age,

dom

enabled

impoffible for

him him
to

to to
it

whofe Wifjudge that it was

fecure his State

by

any other Method,

was fuperfluous to

make Excufes
or at
leaft

one

who knew
to

already,

and perfectly underftood what was lawful,

ufual
for Princes

do,

not

only

when reduced
in

to fuch a Neceffity,

but even for Improvement of their States,

and putting them

Condition.

more

flourifhing

But by

this

was altered, exchanged for Deeds and Execution for the King of F?'ajice was arrived at Lions^
;

Time the Face of Affairs and Words and Counfels were

attended

3IO
^- ^-

THE HISTORY OF
attended by
all

the Nobility of France

cJi^|i.^with the
Jving
/"

of

land, ' tains

"'

Dukes of Lorrain and GueUer^ on his March towards the Mounr with a greater and more flouriihing
than had for a very long
out of

7oxtll.

Army
palled

France into

Italy.

Time The

King was fecure from being molefted beyond the Mountains, for the King of Arcgcn^ who had at firft, from an Apprehenfion
that thefe
vaft

Preparations

might be turned againft himfelf, guarded his Frontiers, and that the People might with the more Alacrity fight in Defence
of Navarre, united for ever that King-

dom
that

to Cajlile, as foon as

he was
all

fatisfied
its

the

War
Italy,

manifeilily

directed

Courfe to
that he

difbanded

the Troops

had alTembled, and had no more to the Promife which he had Regard O

made
niwke

that

Year
in

to

the

Confederates

to

War

France,

than he had to

the Promifes he had

made them

in the

Year preceding.

AT
had
for

the

Fame

of the

March of
after

the

French Army, the^ Viceroy, who,

he
of

many Months remained

in a

kind

THE WARS
of Truce with the
in

IN IT ALT.
was
arrived

Venetians,

the Vicentine in order to approach the

flrongly

Enemy, who were very

encamp-

ed in the Neighbourhood of Olmi near to Vicenza, returned with his Army to Verona^

with a Dciign, as he reported, to

to the

march
Milan.

Defence of the Dutchy of

Pontiff alfo

The
at

ordered his

own Men
re?itines to

Arms and
for
his

thofe of the Flo^

march
of

Command

hombardy under the Brother, who was

eledted General of the

Church,

in order

to fuccour the faid Dutcliy> according to

his

Agreement made not many Days bethe other Confederates,

tho',

fore with

with his ufual Difllmulation, he pretended p^ that they were defigned only for the Secu-diflembles
rity

and ^^^^^'^jKing of and had gone fuch great Lengths withPrance.

of Piacenza,
the Fre?2ch Ambailadors
that the

Parma,

King,

perfuading himfclf that he might depend

upon his Alliance, had difpatched Orders from Lio7JS to his Minifters with full Powers for concludino; an Agreement, confenting that the Church fhouid keep
Poffeffion of Piace?iza

and Parma

till

fhe

received

312
A.
^^_^
D.
'1'_,

THE HISTORY OF
received

from him fuch

Recompence

as

the

Pope himfelf fhould approve.

all

But
which
Service
;

thefe

Remedies, for Reafons

hereafter,

will appear
it

were of no

was decreed

that the

Dutchy

of Milan fliould be fared or loft only with the Danger and by the Blood of the
Sw/fs.

That People,

not

retarded

by

any Negledl, or the fmall Supply of Money, defcended with all Diligence into
the
g^,,-/}

Milaneje^

than
^^l^^

Number of more Twenty Thoufand Men, Ten Thouto

the

defcend

drcw off towards the ''*'^']y[ountains, with a Defign to pofTefs themfelves of the narrow PafTes of the Valleys which from the Foot of the Alps that divide Italy from Frajjce extend themfelves into wide and open Plains, and fo prevent
of
the Progrefs of the French.

whom

This
difturbed
allured

Refolution of the Sivifs greatly

the

King,
of

who
Victory
:

before

had
the

himfelf

from
his

Multitude of his Forces

confifted of

For

Army

Two

dred

Lances,

Thoufand Five HunTwenty-two ThouHmd

Gam (in

THE WARS
(fo

IN ITALT.

313
^-

German Foot commanded by the Duke ^o( Gueldcrland, Ten Thoufand ^z^'i*,v
were called the Infantry inlifted by Fietro Navaj^a) Eight Thoufand French

and Three Thoufand Pioneers, who received the fame Pay as the other Foot.j-^ Tend

The

Kine, on confultino- with his Officers, confuit on ?' -paffingthe r IT- 1 agreed that, confidering the Valour or^/^,.
1

the ^wifs^

would be impoffible to force them from the ftrong and narrow PafTes
it

even

with

much

fuperior

Number,
in

which could be of no Service flrait Places ; that it would be

to perform

fuch

difficult

any thing of

Moment

in

fhort

Time, and more

tho'
vaft

difficult to flay

long

in fo barren a Country,

with fo great an

Army,
the

Convoys of Provifions were continually on the Roads towards

Mountains.
In
thefe
Perplexities

fome,

who had more Hopes from making

from a
dired: Attack,

a Diverfion than

propofed detaching Eight Hundred Lances

by the

Way

of Provence ^

and

fending
Pieiro

In the Original GunfJA, which the French properly enough tranflate Bafqurs, which we chafe to keep, and is
as

much

as to fay Bifcayners, for

Na^varm^

as

we

read

before,

was ordered to levy Soldiers on

the Frontiers o^

}^avarre, which joins to Bi/cay.

THE HISTORY OF
Pietro

Navarra with
at Savo^ia.

his

Ten Thoufand
join with the

Bafgues by Sea,

who might
(o great a

Lances
this

Others objedled againll

Scheme, that

Compals

re-

quired too

much Time,

that

the Forces

would be weakened, and the Reputation of the Enemy too much increafed by betraying a

Want
It

of Refolution to encounter

with them.

was then

refolved

that,

without turning
tliey

much

out of the

Road

were in, they fliould attempt a Faffage at fome other Quarter, which either

might not be obferved, or at lead not fo well guarded by the Enemy ; for which Purpofe E?nard de Prye fhould march with Four Hundred Lances and Five Hundred Foot by the Way of Genoa^ not with Hopes of making a Diverfion, but to
infeft Alejfandria

and the other Towns

on

this Side the Po.

There

^\
over the
^^^^'

which are from Lions to Italy ; one by Monjaneje^ a Mountain within the Dominion of the Duke of Savoy, which is the fborteft,
flraiteft,

two Roads over the Alps ufually taken by thofe who travel
are

and generally the moil frequent-

ed;

THE WARS IN IT ALT.

ed
3

the other winds about from Lio?2s to

Grenoble, and paffes over the

Mountain of
of
Siija^

Monginevra,

within

the

Jurifdid:ion

Dauphine-y both the Roads meet at

where the Plain begins to open, but that of Mongijievra, though fomewhat longer, yet being eafier, and more convenient for conveying the Artillery, was always taken by the French Armies. The Swifs, intent on guarding thefe two Pafles and fome
others that led to the neighbouring Places,

had pofled themfelves

Paffes lower

at Suja,

becaufe the

down

towards the Sea were fo

it

narrow and
ficult for

fteep that

would be very

dif-

the Cavalry of fo great an

Army,
the

and feemed impoffible

for the Artillery to

make

its

Way

through them.

On
the

other hand Trkmlzio,

whom

King

had entrufted with this difficult Affair, attended by a vail Number of Pioneers, and having about him fome fkilful and induftrious Perfons, who were well experienced in the drawing of Artillery, whom he ordered to view the Places that had been propofed, employed himfelf in fearching out the eafieft Way of Paffage that was pot obffruded by the Swifs , the Army in
the

THE HISTORY OF
which was extended along the Road between Grenoble and Brianfon^ proceeded but ilowly, in Expectation of what would be refolved, and alfo of receiving fome necellary Supthe
time, the greater Part of
plies

mean

of Provilion.
Juncture the King,

At
fet

this

who had
Gen-

out from L/(?w,was addrelTed by a

dT
againft

^'^

tleman deputed from the King of England,

who,

in the
in

Name
very

of his Mafter, remonagainfl

ofVJ"ff.^^^'^^^^'

flrong Terms,

his difturbing the Peace of Chriftendom his

by

Faflage

into

Italy.

The
that

Caufe of fo

great a

Change was,

Henry being

jealous of the Friendfliip contradied be-

tween the Archduke and the King of France^ whofe Affairs, he fancied, went on with too profperous a Career, had begun to hearken to the Ambaffadors of the
Catholic King,
ilrating

who

never ceafed

demon-

how

pernicious to

find at laft the

him he would Greatnefs of the King of

account of his natural

France^

whom, on

Hatred, and becaufe he had

made

his

firft

Campaign

againft him,

regard as his bitter

he could not but Enemy. But he was

more

THE WARS

IN ITALY.

more excited againft him by Emulation, and Envy of his Glory, which he imagined would increafc beyond Meafure if he Hiould
fubdue the State of Milan.
with himfelf that
Reft,

He

conlidered

when he came to the Crown, though he found his Kingdom at

and grown very rich by a long Peace, and himfelf in PoiTeflion of
perfedt
fo great a

Treafure accumulated by his

Father, yet he

had
at

not,

till

Years,

ventured to attack
J

fome the King of

after

France

when he was alone, furrounded by fo many Enemies, and worn out by fo many Laand then
an Opportunity
bours and Vexations.

But the prefent

King,

fomewhat younger than himfelf, when he came to the Crown, though he

found
by
the
fo

Kingdom wearied and exhaufted many Wars, had yet ventured, in

his

Months of his Reign, to undertake an Enterprife, in which he was fure to meet with OppoHtion from fo many Princes. As for himfelf, he thought,
firft

with fuch great Preparations, and

Opportunities,

fo

many
to

he had brought back

Rjigland no Gain nor

Honour but

the

Conand

quell of H'ournay, and that at

an

infinite

3x^
^'
\xi.

THE HISTORY OF
and intolerable Expence
if
3

D'

whereas

the

r-,l^ ^'"g; oi France y

as probably

he obtained the Vidiory,

of fo

fine a

he would, by the Acquilition Dutchy, would return into his

in
full

Kingdom
before he

Triumph and Glory,

alfo,

having opened a
for attacking

Way

and, perhaps

left //vz/v,

taken an Opportunity,

the

Kingdom

of Naples,

Stimulated by fuch Motives and Incentives

his

old Antipathy eafily

revived
for

in

his

Brealt,

and

as

he could not

Want of
with his

Time

give any

Check

to Francis

Arms, and perhaps feeking alfo Occafion to furnifh himfelf with more Pretences for juftifying his Defigns, he took care to fend

him

this

dehortatory Meflage.

But
in
his

the

King of France^ not retarded

by
He?irys

Expedition

ftrances,
phtjie^

proceeded from Lions

Remonto Dau-

where he reviewed the German Forces, arrived fome time before under Command of Robert de laMarche^ and 'T\iiiBlack^^^ Band, called the Black Band. Thefe Troops had been raifed in Lower Germajty^ and were
in

high Eftimation for their Valour, and

conftant Faithfulnefs in the Fre7ich Service.

At

THE WARS
At
to
this

IN ITALY.
it

319

Time

Gianjacopo da Trivuizi fig- ^- ^

that

nified to the

King

was pradicable \2XX^

convey the Artillery over the Mountains New Paf^" between the maritime and CoSlian Alps^ ^^p

and defcend towards the Marquilate or Saluzzo^ where, though the Difficulties

were

almofl;

inconceivable, yet confider-

ing the vafl vided with

Number

of Pioneers well pro-

all

Manner of Tools, he could

to fucceed

not

fail at laft

was no Guard on that Tops of the Hills nor at the Entrances into the Valleys, it was better to attempt furmounting the PvUggednefs of the Mountains,

That lince there Side, neither on the

:

and

the

Precipices of the Dales,

which, though a

Work
for

of vafl Labour,

yet did not endanger the Lives of the

Men,

than to ufe Efforts

compelling the

Swijs to abandon the Paffes, and forcing

Troops
bent to

fo

much

dreaded, and obflinately

die,

conquer or

efpecially

con-

fidering that, if they

met with

Refiftance,

the

Army could

not continue there

many

Days, fince no Strength nor Art could

convey, over fuch rough and barren Places,
Provifions

enough

to

fubiift

fo great

Multitude.

This Counfel was embraced,

and

320
J. D. 1515.

THEHISTORYOF
and the
Artillery,

which had
it

relied in a

Place convenient for turning

any Way,

was immediately moved along

that

Road.

TR
French

VuLz

o had

given

Notice that

^^^ Difficulty of conveying the

Cannon
it

convey
'^

would be very

conliderable, but

was

tillery

found by Experience

much
it

greater than

was neceflary to lains with^^'*^^"d ^^ ^^ Tops of vcry high and rugDifHcuit).ge(j Mountains, which could not be
for

over the

had been imagined,

Labour and Toil, becaufe there were no Paths, and every now and then there wanted a fufficient Breadth for the Artillery, till it was widened Foot after Foot by the Pioneers, who flill advanced before the reft, and were employed fometimes in enlarging the narrow Pafl'es, fometimes in levelling the
vafl

mounted without

Hillocks that obftruded the

Way.

From

theTops of the Mountains they defcended by ver)' abrupt Precipices, moft frightful even to behold, into the vaftly deep

Grounds near the Channel of the River ^rgentiera^ in which Defcent the I-Torfes that drew the Artillery, though very numerous,
together with the Shoulders of the Pioneers
that

THE WARS IN ITALY,

that

attended

it,

not
it,

being fufficient to

guide and lupport

they were often

obliged to dilmount the

heavy Pieces of

Cannon, and to let them down, fufpended by very thick Cables, by the Hands of
the Soldiers,

who

in

thefe difficult
to

Cir-

cumftances were ready

ner of Fatigue.

undergo

all

manan

Nor was

their Toil at
firft

End
tains

after they

had pafTed the

fame

Mounlaft,

and Valleys, for they had others to

Difficulties.

pafs with the

after a

At

continued Labour of five Days, the

Artillery arrived in the Plains of the

Mar-

quifate of Saluzzo
tains,

on

this Side

the

Mounif

having met with fuch Obftrucftions

that
it

and

Difficulties,

is

moft certain
if

there had been any Refinance, or

the

Mountains^
Tifually are,

as the greater Part

of

them
j

had been covered with Snow, all Labour would have been in vain but they were fecured from any Oppofition, becaufe the Sivifs ported at Sufa were intent

on guarding the Places through which you

muft come
gitievray
tains,

after paffing Moiifanefe^

Mon-

or

the

neighbouring
it

Mounwas im-

and had imagined that

to

pra(5licable

Vol.

VL

convey Artillery over fuch rugged

322
A.

THEHISTORYOF
rugged Eminences
it
;

D.

and the Seafon of the

the

1^-1^'. Year J

Tenth oi Aitguji, had removed the Impediment of the Snows, which were ah-eady melted.
being about

The Men
without

at

Arms and

the Foot, not

pafled

many
at

Difficulties,

the

Mountains

the fame time,

fome by the

fame Road, others by the Pafs they call the Dragoniera, and others again over the high Tops of the Mountains of the Rocca Peroitdy and of O/;//, Pafles lower down Monf. PaliJJcy after towards Prtr^ence. palling by this laft Road, had an Opportunity of performing a memorable Adtion j four for departing from SifjgJare with Squadrons of Horfe, under the Condu<ll: of
the Peafants, after a very long March, he
arrived at Villa Franca,
a

Town

feven

Miles from Saluzizo^ and of more Note

than
rifes

it

otherwife deferves, bccaufe near

it

the lb

much

celebrated

River Po,

In

this

Place Projpero Colonna was quartered

leaft

with his Company, without the

picion

Suf-

of Danger, becaufe of the great

Diflance of the

Enemy,

in

whom

he had

no Apprehenfions of thatQmcknefs, which he

THE WARS
he
himfelf,

IN irALT.
naturally very flow,

who was

323 ^ ^*
I

was never wont to ufe, and fome fay that...i^,ij he intended that fame Day to join the But, however that be, it is certain S"jD?Js.
that he

c.

was dining
Falijje

at his

Table when the

unper-p^^y^^^^
.

Troops oi

came upon him,

ceived by any before they were in the fame^'^"'"'^

Houfe
with

for the Inhabitants of the Town,foner.

Paliffe^

whom

intent

on

fo great

Prey, had before held private Intelligence,

had, with as

little

Nolle

as poflible, feized

the Centinels.
fo

Thus was P?~oJpero

Colomia^

famous

a General,

portance in

and of fo great Imthat War on account of his

Credit and Authority in the

Dutchy of

Milan,

taken

Prifoner on the Fifteenth

of Augufi in a his former Glory.

Day

Manner With
reft at

not fuitable to
Profpero

was

taken Pietro Marga?20y a Roman, and Part

of

his

Company, the
their Efcape.

the

firft

Alarm
Parts

difperfing themfelves

into

various

made

The

Paflage of the French, and

the

Misfortune of Profpero Colorma caufed an

Alteration in the Counfels of every Party

concerned, and changed the State of Af-

fairs

324
-*'

THE HISTORY OF
fairs in general,

^-

creating

new

Dilpolitions

v-^yl^in the Minds of the Pope, the Viceroy, and the Sivijs. For the Pope, who had firmly perfuaded himfclf that the King would never be able to pafs the Mountains againft the Oppofition of the Swi/sy and
had great Confidence
Projpero Colojina, being
in Spirits,

in

the Valour of

now much funk commanded his Nephew Lobecaufe his Brother

,

rcnzOy Captain General of the Florentines^

to
^P^
at
.

whom,
ill

Giidiano
,

alarmed
the

he had committed the Charc^e of condudin?

lav ^

of a lingerins: ^ Fever ^
into Lombardy,

at Florence,

thc^Kin

^^ Army
arrived
at

and

who

three

oi France. 'Ddiys after

the Misfortune oi Froj^ero

was

Modena^

to

proceed

flowly.

Lorenzo^ taking this Opportunity to recover the Caftle of Kubiera, which had

been feized by

Guido Hangone

and for

which he paid him at laft, upon their Agreement, Two Thoufand Ducats, wafted

many Days

in

the Territories of

Modif-

dena and Reggio.

Befides this, the PontitF,

ufual Arts,

having recourfe to his

patched

away very privately Cnitio his Confident to the King of France, to make
his

Excufcs for

all

that

had hitherto palled, and

THE WAPvS

IN ITALr.

325

and to enter on a Treaty of Agreement ^- Of by the Mediation of the Duke of Savoy, ^JJ^l^ with a View that from this Beginning he

might the more eafily proceed much further, if the Defence of the Dutchy of
Milan fucceeded unhappily.

But
than by

Cardinal

Bihbicna

and fomeEvil

others, influenced

private Paffionsigrs about the Intereftof their Prince, would the Pope,

more by

have hurried the Pontiff into more precipitate

Meafures
it

for they reprefented to

him
the

that

was

to

be feared the
of

Fame

of

profperous

Succefs

the

French

Army, and
alfo

the Incitements and perhaps

the Affiftance of the

King would

encourage the

Duke

of Ferrara to attempt

the Recovery of Modena and Reggjo, and the Be72tivogli to return to Bologna
in the
it
:

That

Midft of
difficult

fo

many

other Troubles
fo
it

was

to

contend with
as

many
was a by

Enemies, for which Reafon

better

and doubdefs a more prudent Meato

fure

anticipate

their

Good-will

Kindnefs, and fo win their Hearts as to

make them,

at

all

Events,

his

faithful

Friends, they therefore perfuaded

him

to

recall

326
j^.D.
1515.

THE HISTORY OF
recall
.ftore

the BentivcgU to Bolog?ia^ and

re-

Modena and

'Rcggio to the

Duke of

Ferrara.

Faithful

This
whom

Counfel would certainly have

been followed without Delay, if Giulio ds d\n2\Giu-^^dici^ Cardinal, and Legate of BologJia^
^'0'

Couniel

the Pope had fent thither to take

upon him the Adminiitration of Affairs in thofe Parts, in fo critical a Time, and to be a Moderator and Counfcllor to the
unexperienced Youth of Lorenzo, had not

been of a contrary Opinion.

dinal

The

Car-

was deeply concerned at the Difgrace which the Pope would incur from fo weak and pufillanimous a Step j a Difgrace certainly greater than the Glory that '^fuUus had obtained by acquiring fuch confiderable Dominions to the Church.
was moved alfo with Grief at the In^famy and Reproach that would be cafl on the Memory of his Legateihip, on

He

which he had no fooner entered, it would be faid, than he gave up Bologna, the principal City of the whole Ecclefiaftic
State into the
facrificing

to

Hands of its old Tyrants, their Revenge fo great a

Number

THE WARS
Number
declared
Apoftolic
againft
See.

IN ITALY.
who had
by
openly
in favour of the

of the Nobility,

them

Induced

thefe juft

Motives he fent feme proper Perfons to the Pontiff, and by Reafons and Intreaties
prevailed on

him

to

hearken to

fafer

and

more honourable Counfels.

u L

o,

tho' of illegitimate Birth,

to the

had been promoted by Leo

dinalfliip in the
tificate,
firft

Car- ^py^^/^-^

il.

Months of

his

Pon- legitimate

in

which he followed the ExamYox Alcxaiider^ when

a Cardinal,

ple of Alexa?jder VI. as to the Eifecfl tho'

not in the Manner.

he created

his

Son Ccefar Borgia

proved by Witnelles,

who

depofed,

what

was

true, that his

of his
ferring

Mother at the Time Procreation had a Hulband, infrom hence that, according to the HusBut

Prefumption of the Laws, the Son ought

to be efteemed the Offspring of the

band rather than of the Adulterer.

in

the

Cafe of Giidio^

the

WitneiTes,
before the

preferring the

Favour of

Men

Truth,

depofed that his Mother,

was a Virgin and not married

who when he
Ghdiano

was begotten, had obtained of

^'^'-f-

his Father

328
^-

THEHISTORYOF
Giuliano a Promife of Marriage

^-

before

v-Jv'-^flie admitted

him

to her

Embraces.
alfo

These new Events produced

tempo^ffes

fomc

Alteration in the Difpofition of the Viceroy,

who had

not yet

left

Verona, on ac-

count of the Difficulty of taking the Field without' Money, and becaufe he

expeded
CceJ'ar^

new Supply of Troops from

arrived at Lijprucky that
as

who was

he

might
thefe

leave,

Necefiity required,

fufficient Garrifons in

Verona and Brejcia.

to

On

and other Pretences he began

and

excufe his Inadlivity,

to temporife in

Expectation of the Succefs of the Operations in the

Dutchy

of Milan.

The

Swi/s alfo were put in a

this

Comim-

motion by

Turn of

At^lurs

for

mediately after the PalTage of the French

they retired to Pinaruolo, tho' afterwards on Advice that the King had palfed the
Alps, and joined his Forces at Turin, they

removed
fions,

to

Civas,

which, becaufe the

Inhabitants

refufed to give

them Proviat Vercelli^

they took by Force and plundered,

and afterwards did the fame

almoft

THE WARS
was
at 7/^r/;/
J

IN ITALT.
who
laft

329
^J>'

dlmoft in the Eyes of the King,

but at

they afTembledvJ^^Il^

together at

Novara^

where thofe who

the'^^r^'^j^^*

were not
Interefl,

fo

extremely averfe to the French

taking Encouragement 'from

Affairs,

bad Situation of their

debate about coming

began to

to

art

Agreement

with the King of France,

which came by the Way of Genoa^ joining with Four Thoufand Foot, paid, at the Inftances of by the Genoefe^ took^P^ Ottaviano FreQ-olo. ' "
the French Troops
-'
-^

Now

^^"
a-

Poflefiion

firfl

of the

Town

Clares

of

Cajiellaccio^

gainft the

and afterwards of Alc[fandria and Tortona^ French. in which Cities there was not a Soldier,

and made themfelves Mafters of all the Country on this Side the Po. The King advanced to Vercclli^ where he received
the
firft

Information that the Pope had

declared againft him, the

lignifying
it

to

him

in his

Duke of Savoy Name. Tho*

at this

the

King was extremely concerned

of the
Pontiff,
fuffer his

Declaration

he did not
to give

however
to

Judgment

Way

his

Indignation, but, that he

might
public

not exafperate him,

commanded by

Pro-

THE HIS TORY OF

Proclamation,

both

in

his

Army

and

among
in

the Troops that had taken Alefjan-

dria, that

none

fliould dare to moleft or

infult

any manner

the Dominions of

the Church.

The
\y^^l- ^^y^
viour of
^^

King

after

this

reiled

feveral

^^ Vcrcelli,

waiting the Iflue of fomc

Affairs

who

under Negotiation with the Swifs^ treating without Intermilhon feemed

on the other Hand full of Inconftancy and Confufion. In No-vardy taking Occafion to be tumultuous becaufe the

Mo-

ney which the King of Aragon was obliged to pay them was not yet arrived, they fell

upon
had

Commiffaries of the Pope, and took away by Violence the Money that he
tlie

fent

them, and
to

in

the fame

Rage

broke up from Novara with an Intention

to return
their

own Country ; which

was what many of them delired, who, having already been three Months in lialy^
and loaded with Money and Plunder, were
willing to carry

home
in

the Riches

which

they had gained

Safety to their
left

own
ar-

Houfes. But they had hardly

Novara
rived.

when

the

King of Aragon

Money

THE WARS
rived,

IN ITALY,
they were fo
rafli

and

tho' at
it,

firft

as to feize

yet reiieding

and Reproach that

on the Shame mufl refult from fuch

precipitous Refolutions, they

came

in

fome

Meafure
to

to themlelves,

reftored both that

and the other Money, and were contented

have
it

orderly diftributed

among them
Twenty

by the CommiiTaries.

After this they re-

moved

to Galera in Expectation of

Countrymen, who were faid to be on their March, and Three Thoufand of them were arrived

Thoufand

more of

their

with the Cardinal of

Sioriy

being deligned

to garrifon the City of

Pavia.

King therefore, whofe Hopes of an Accommodation with the S'-mJs were

The

much
their

diniiniflied

by

fo

many
at

Variations in
Ve7xelli

Conduft,

marched

from

towards Milaii^ leaving

the

Vercelli^

with

Duke

of Savoy ^ the Baftard his Bro-

ther, Lautrech^

and the General of Milaiiy

left

to continue

the Negotiations begun with

the

Siwifi.

He
him

alfo the

Caftle

of

Novara
its

befieged, the City having

at

opened

Gates to

the Departure of the

after

^wifs.

The

Caille,

few Days
Battery,

THE HISTORY
Battery,

OF
of

furrcndered

on

Condition
Eftcc5ts

Safety to the Lives

and

of the

Garrifon.

The King

afterwards, having

Pavia furrendered to him, pafl'ed the Tefmo^ and the fame Day Glanjacopo da T'livulzi with Part of the Troops extended himfelf to San Criftofano near to Milan

and afterwards
of the
Tejino,

to the
in

Suburb of the Gate

that

Hopes

the City,

which he knew

to ht very uneafy

under

the Rapines and Exactions of the Sivifs

and the Spaniards

to return under

and therefore defirous

French Government,

tlie

and

to

have

at preicnt

no Garrifon, would
its

receive

him

within

Walls.

But the

Fear of the Swifs had a mighty Influence on the People of Milan, and they had
Itill

frefh

in

had

fuffered

Memories what they the laft Year, when, on the

their

Retreat

of

the Sivijs to No'uara,

in

they

made
tho'

an

Infurredlion

favour of the

King oi France.
they

They

refolved therefore,

widied the King Succefs, to

wait the IfTue of the Enterprife, and fent

to Trivulzio to intreat further.

him

to

advance no
they
fent
at

And
to

the the

next

Day

Ambafl'adors

King,

who was

Bu-.

THE WARS
Biifaloro,

IN IT A L

T.

humbly

to bclcech his Majefty

to content himfelf with the Dirpofition of,

the People of Milan^

who were mod

and not
to infift

de-

voted to his Crown, and ready to furnilh

him with a more

Provilions,

on

manifeft

Declaration,

which

would be of no Service towards a Decilioii of the War, no moie than it had been in their declaring themfelves lafl Year for his Predeceffor, which had not in the leaft promoted his Caufe, but had done They would vaft Prejudice to the City. have him go then in God's Name, and overcome his Enemies, alluring himfelf that when he came Mafter out of the Field the City of Milan would moft readily receive him. The King, who was at
firft

greatly incenfed againft the Milanefe ^^^^^^'^

for their Refufal to receive Trividzio^ g2iWQMilanefe

the AmbafTadors a favourable Reception, ^"^P^*

'

and anfwered that he was content

ply with their Deiires,

to

com-

From
with his

Bufaloro the

King proceeded
and while
of Savoy^ after

Army

to Biagi'offa,

he

flaid there

the

Duke

giving an Audience to Tv/enty Swijs

Am-

bafTadors

THE HISTORY OF
bafTadors fent to
I

him

at

Vercelli^

went,

accompanied by the Baftard and the other

Commiffioners of the King,
to

Galera,

and contracted a Peace with the Swifs m the Name of the King on the following
Articles

Conditions: That there Ihould be a perpe-

of Peace tual
the
fr^/^r/?.

Peace between the Kin? King, and

S^wifs

and

the

Nation of the Swifs during the Life of

fi^e

zxi^Sivijs.

Ten Years

after his

Death

and Grijons ihould reftore the Valleys which they had feized belong-

That the

Dutchy of Milan : That they fliould difcharge that State from the Obligation of paying them a yearly Peniion of Forty Thoufand Ducats That the King ihould grant to MaJJimiliano the Dutchy
ing to the
:

of

Nc?)wii7-s,

with

yearly Penfion

of

Twelve Thoufand
royal

Livres, the

Command

of Fifty Lances, and a Wife of the Blood

:

That he fhould

reftore to the Sivijs

the antient Penfion of Forty

Livres
:

Thoufand

That he
all

fliould

beftow three

Months pay on
thither
;

the Sicifs that were at

prefent in Lo?77bardy, or on their

March

and pay

to

the Cantons at con-

venient

Times

Six

Hundred Thoufand
befidcs

Crow^ns promifed by the Treaty of Dijon^

THE WARS IN
beiides

ITALr,
for the
3

Three Hundred Thoufand

of the Valleys
conflantly keep

Reftitution

and that the

King Ihould
minated by
Pope,
in

fand Swijs in his Pay.

Four ThouThe Powers no-

common

Confent were the

the

caie

he reftored Parma and

Piace?tza,

the

Emperor,

Duke

of

Savoyy and the Marquis

of Monferr^to.

But no Mention was made of the Catholic King, the Vemtians^ or any other Italian.
State.

But

this

Agreement was concluded Peace

in

and broken otf almoft

Arrival of a

one Day by the^^^

of
Sijoifs

new Body

*,

who

animated by their pail Vid:ories, and in

Hopes of acquiring no lefs Riches than thofe with which they faw their Companions loaded,

were

utterly
it

averfe to

Peace, and to obftrudl the Valleys

;

refufed to reftore

fo that the firft ^wijs

being

unable to reprefs the Ardor and Eagernefs

of the others, they removed their Camp,

to the
to

Number
in

of Thirty-five Thoufand,
order
to

Mo?icia,

take

up

their

Quarters
* Twenty Enfigns of Infantry commanded hy
a
Roftio,

Man

of great

Authorit/.

Gio'vio.

j36
^D.

THE HISTORY OP
Quarters in the Suburbs of Milan^ Alberts

\ll^J.^^Petra^ a

famous General, with a Number

the

of Enfigns, leaving them and taking their

Rout homewards by which the King had

and unguarded*.

Way

of ComOy
left open,

purpofely

The
former
even
Motions
of the

Peace then being broken almofl

as foon as

made,

Affairs returned to their

difficult

and doubtful Situation, and

in a

proach
the

much greater Degree by the Apof new Forces and new Armies to
M/Z^;/.

and Ecclefiaftic

Armies.

For the Viceroy, leaving Marc Antonio Cohnna with an Hundred Men at Arms, Sixty light Horfe,

Dutch V of

Thoufand German Foot in Garand Twelve Hundred rifon at Verona^ Ge7'??tans in B?-efciai was at laft come to encamp on the Po near Piacenza with Seven Hundred Men at Arms, Six Hundred light Horfe, and Six Thoufand Foot,
and and had
have no
laid

Two

Bridcre

in

Readinefs for
that

pafiing the
juft

River.

And

he might

Caufe of Complaint Loreiizo

/Alberto

* Above Ten Thoufand Men, commanded by

iheir

Pietra and Giov. De/pachio, Generals of the Bernt/e, took

Way home

by

the

L-jgo

M/^giere and Domojjula.

Giofio.

THE WARS
de Medici^

IN ITALT.
for

many Days very circumfpedtly halted at Parma with his Army of Seven Hundred Men at Arms,

who had

Eight Hundred Hght

Horfe,

and Four

Thoufand Foot, removed to Piacenza^ But he had before, at the Requeft of the
Swifsy while they

were

treating

with the

French^ fent Four

Hundred

light

Horfe

commanded by Mutio
'vico

Colonna^

and Lodo-

Count of Pitigliano^ the firft an Officer of the Church, and the other of the
Florentines^

to

ferve
this

them

in

colled:ing
fo

Provifions

and

he did not

much

from a Delire to affift the common Caufe, as to give no Occafion to the Swifs^ if they

came

to

an Accommodation with the King

of France^ to exclude the Pope from the

Peace.

ON

the other Side Bartolomeo d^AIvianOf

Hopes that hctJoM would keep the Spanijh Army employed ^^'"'^^ of fo as not to have it in their Power to hurt him, as foon as he was informed that the
Viceroy had
left

who had

given the King

**

Verona^ took his

March
pafling

from the Poleiine of RovigOy and

the Adice^ proceeded
all

along the Po^

Vol. VI.

with

33^
A. D.

THE HISTORY OF
with Nine Hundred

Men at Arms,

Four*

(Ji/ii^teen

Hundred

light Horfe,

Nine Thou-*

fand Foot, and a fuitable Train of Artil-

and was arrived with vafl ExpeOf dition before the Walls of Cremona.
lery,

this Swiftnefs,

unufual with the Generals

of our Times, Alviano ufed to boaft, and compare it to that of Claudius Ncro^ when

he led a Part of the

Army

ordered to op,

pofe AJdriihal on the River Mctauro*.

Thus
Situation

was the

State of

War

not only

various, but confufed

-^^

and

much

entangled.

Armies.

^^^ Neighbourhood of MilaUy on one

Side,

was the King of France with an

well provided with
to
all

Army
and

Neceflaries,
in

now removed
to

Marignaiw^

order

to facilitate his Conjuniflion with Ahia?JOy

and

obftrud that of the

Side lay an
Swifs, a

Spa?iijh
Sivifs
:

and Ec-

clefiaftic

Troops with the

On

the

other

Army

of Thirty-five
full

Thoufand
Fiercenefs,

Body of Infantry

of

and hitherto
;

in refped: to

the

French invincible

the Viceroy on the Fo,

near Fiacenza^ and on the high

Road

to

Lodiy

Lilly,

Dec. III. Lib. 7. and Plutarch in his Life of

fiannibaL

THE WARS IN IT ALT,

Lodij with
a Bridge laid for pafTing the
-,

River in order to join the Swifs

and in

Piacenza lay Lorenzo de Medici^ with the Troops of the Pope and the Florentines^
ready to join the Viceroy for the fame Purpofe
J

AlvianOy an adtive and daring

Com-

mander, was encamped with the

Veneiiajt

Army

in

the Cremonefe^

almoft
affifl:

on the
the

King of Frajioe, cither by joining him, or by diverting the Eccleliaftic and SpaniJIo Arin order to

Bank of the Fo^

mies.

The

City

of Lodi, feated in the

Middle at an equal Diflance from Milajz and Piacenza^ was abandoned by all, but it had been iirft plundered by Renzo da Ceri
while he was in the Venetian Service. For

fome Mifunderftanding between him and Ahiano, had lately by Protefbations, and in a manner by Thrcatenings, obtained of the Senate his Difmiffion, and had lifted himfelf with. Two Hundred Men at Arms, and Two
that Officer, on occafion of

Hundred
together

light Horfe, in the Service of the

Pontiff i but not being able readily to get

all his Soldiers,

becaufe

the Ve^

netiam had prevented

many
z

of them from
quartered.

going out of Padoua where they were

-

THE HISTORY OF
quartered, he

was gone from Lodi in order to raife Recruits for filling up the Regiment with which he had been taken into
Pay.

But

the Cardinal of Si on ^ who, being

before terrified by the Negotiations

his People held with the

which

King of Francey
a

and by the wavering Difpofition of the

City of Milan, had

Thoufand and Part of the Troops of the SwiJ's, Duke of Milan fled to Piacenza, and from
with
thence proceeded to Cremona to prefs the

Viceroy to advance forwards,

took his

Way

back from thence to Milan^ before

the French

Army had

obftruded
his
Soldiers,

that
tho'

Road, leaving fome of

7 ^/aban doned to at
^''^'''''^

^"^ f^^^ to fecure Lodi,

the Advance of the

who

being alarmed
to

King of France
City.

Marignano abandoned that

Pope

fe-

While

the Viceroy lay on the

Bank

^^^{\lll'oi\!ti^Fo,
with the

and before Lormzo de Medici

to Piacenza,
his

was advanced

Soldiers

Fn^a.

intercepted Cintio fent by the

Pontiff to

the King of France, and

as there

were
ters,

found upon him Briefs and credential Let-

THE WARS
ters,

IN ITALY,

34I

though he immediately difmifled the ^- -0. MefTenger out of Reverence to the Perfonu.,fi,

who had
given

fent

him, he began flrongly to

fufpedl that the

him

that

Hopes which had been the Ecclefiaftic Army was

to pais the

Po

Conjunction with his

and the rather becaufe about the fame time he had learnt
fruitlefs,

own, were

that Lorenzo de

Medici had privately fent

one of his own Attendants to the fame King. And he was not wrongly informed 5 for Lorenzo^ either from his own Motion, or by Command of the Pope, had fent to excufe himfelf to the King for leading an Army againU: him, on account of the Neceffity he was under to obey the Pope,
but that, as far as
it

was

poffible for

him,

without provoking the Indignation of his

Uncle, or ftaining his

own Honour, he
fatisfy

would do
him,
as
it

his

utmofl Endeavours to

had always been, and was now

ever, his Defire<

more than

But

as

foon

as

Lorenzo arrived

at

Fiacenza, there began between the Vice-

roy and him

in Council, a

with others that

it

affiiledojfpaifjng

Debate whether

were

befl^^ ^*-

to

THE HISTORY OF
to pafs the

Po

in

Conjundlon,
feveral

in.

order to

Join the
Reafons
for
it.

Sivijs,

Reafons offering
for

^^ ^^^^
Realon
feflion

^^^^*

^hofe who were

paf~

fing the River alledged that

to difluade

there

was no

them from taking Pofit

of Lodi, and that while they were

Mafters of that Foil,

for

would be

difficult

Ahiano

to join the French

Army, and

pradlicable for themfelves to join the Swifs^

cither

by advancing towards Milan to feek them out, or by the Motion of the Swifs towards them ; and if the French fhould
poft themfelves, as
their Defign, or
it

was reported

to

be

were already ported, on the Road between Lodi and Milan^ they would have at their Backs the joint Forces
of their Enemies, which could not but be troublefome and dangerous ; and perhaps
too
it

might not be

difficult to find a

Way,

though by a greater Compafs, to join with the Swijs : That this Refolution would be of great Service, and even neceffary to the Enterprife, both for removing from the
^wifi
all

Occafions of entering on

new

Treaties of Agreement, and for augment-

ing their Forces, of which they flood in

Need

againfl:

fo

great

an Army,

and

cfpecially

THE WARS

IN ITALl^,

which they had none ; and befides it was no more than what was required from the Faith and
^Ipecially with Horfe, of

Honour of the

Pontiff and Catholic King,

to fuccour the State

were obliged Milaji, and had

Swifsy

who

of

fo often

profefTed the

Correfpondence of their Intentions to the

who

finding themfelves deceived,

true
bitter

might from come moft

and hearty Friends be-

Enemies

and,

lailly,

that the Interefl: of their

own

proper States
if

required fuch a Step, becaufe

fliould lofe the Battle, or

the Swifs

make an AgreeFrance^

ment with the King of would be no Forces left in

to reftrain
tliat

there

Italy fufficient

Prince from over-running

the whole Ecciefiaftic State to the very

^ates of Rome.

On

the other Side were offered

it

many

Reafons, and this chiefly, that

was not to be fuppofed that the King had not byRea*fbns

this

time fent Troops to take PofTeflion of ^gainft it.

if

Lodi, and

they fhould find the Fi-ench

it

Mailers of that Place,

fary for

would be necef-

them

to

make

a fliameful Retreat,

^nd^ perhaps, not without Danger, fince

they

THE HISTORY OF
they might have at the fame time the

French and Venetians either in

Front or

Flank, and the Bridge could not be repafTed without

Time, and without fome Confufion. Such a Rifque might indeed be run, if the Reward were worth the Danger
;

but fuppofing that Lodi fhould be

to

abandoned

their
it

Pofleffion,

of what

Service could

prove for promoting the

?

Succefs of the Undertaking

it

How

could

be deemed pradticable, while fo potent

an

Army was

pofted between Lodi

and
join

Milan, either for them to go and join the

Swifsj or for the Swifs to

come and

them

Befides,

it

might, perhaps, be a

dangerous Step to entruft the whole Force

of the Pontiff and the Catholic King in the Hands of that raili and unreafonable
People, a great Part of

whom,

they knew,

had made Peace with the King of France, and there were great Contentions between
thefe

and the others

laft it

who

oppofed

it.

was refolved that the next Day both Armies fhould with all Expedition,

At

without any Baggage, pafs the Poy

leaving

good Garrifons

in

Parma and
Piacenza

THE WARS

IN IT ALT.

345
^-

Tiacenza for Fear of the Venetian Army, whofe light Horfe had for feveral Dayst

O,

\- _f

been fcouring and plundering

Country.
neither of the Parties, as

all

over the

In agreeing to this Refolution

it

was then ge- f,aftic'and

C2iQh.^P'i"'P

nerally thought, afted with Sincerity,

thinking, by pretending a Willingnefs to auiruftful

pafs,
.

to transfer
.

the
.

Blame on the
.

other, *^

^^^^'^

other.

without putting himfelf in Danger.

For

the Viceroy entertaining a Jealoufy of the

MeiTage of Cintio, and knowing with what

Cunning and
in his Affairs,

Artifice the

Pope proceeded perfuaded himfelf that it was

his Will

that Lorenzo fhould not proceed

:

any further

And

Lorenzo^

confidering

how
in

loth the Viceroy

was

to put his

Army

Power of Fortune, formed the fame Judgment of others that they paffed upon him. In the Afternoon the Spanijb
the
to pafs the Bridge,

Troops began
cleliaftic

and were

immediately to be followed by the Ec*

Army
till

but by the

Coming on of
to

Night
Paffage

it

being neceffary
the

defer

their

next Morning, they did

at all,

not only not pafs

returned with his

but the Viceroy

this

Army on

Side the

River, on Advice, brought by Four

Hun^
dred

THE HISTORY OF
dred light

'

from both Armies to ohferve the Motions of the Enemies, that an Hundred French Lances had entered Lodi^ wherefore the Viceroy and
fent

Horfe

out

Lorenzo returned to their

Lodi,

firft

Quarters,

while Alviano marched with his

Army

to

King of Frmice at this fame Time removed his Camp from Marignano to San Donato three Miles from Milan, in which City the Swifs afTembled their whole Force, where one Party of them abhorring a War, and the other as much averfe to a Peace, frequent Confultations were held, and many Tumults happened among them. At lafl:, when they were met together in a
Sion,
full

The

AfTembly, the Cardinal of

mofi:

who was

ardent in his

Ex-

hortations to Perfeverance in the

War, be-

gan with moil vehement

and pathetic

Words

them to delay no longer, but march out and attack the King of
to ftimulate

France that fame Day, and not ftand fo

much
and

in

Awe

of the numerous Cavalry

Artillery of the

Enemy,

or

fuiter

themfelves to be fo far difturbed as to lofe

the

THE W ARS
the

IN /T^Lr.

347
^-

Memory

of the native Valour of the

^-

and the Vidories obtained over the ^.j!.^^^^ " What, fays Sion^ have the speech of French.
^wifsj

People of our Nation undergone

Dangers, and
in
fpilt fo

all

this^^^^"-

Fatigue, expofed themfelves to fo

many sion to
to lofe ^^^
^"^''^

much Blood

one Day

fo vaft a

Stock of Glory, and

leave fo great

Renown and Reputation to Enemies whom we have overthrown ? Are not thefe the fame French who aflifted by us have obtained fo many Vidlories,
abandoned by us have been conftantly overcome by every Adverfary ? Are not thefe the fame French who but lafl Year
were, by an inconfiderable

Number

of our

Men, with

fo

much

Glory, defeated at

Novara ? Are they not the fame French who, aflonifhed at our Valour, and confounded
Skies the
at

Reflections

on

their

own

fhameful Cowardice, have cried up to the

Name

of the Swifs ?

A Name

famous when we we were in Conjunction with them, but become more famous lince we feparated from them Our Troops that
!

fought

at

Novara had
and yet

neither Cavalry nor

a fpeedy

Artillery,

and expedted
J

Reinof

forcement

at the Perfuafions

Mottino^

34^
ji.
I

THEHISTORYOF
Ornament of the
attacked
'

D. MottinOy that illuftrious

I

jHehetiafiSy

they valiantly

the

Enemy

in their

Trenches, boldly advanced

to feize their

Cannon, routed them, and

German Infantry till they had blunted their Weapons, and tired their Arms with the Slaughter. And can you
flew their

think they will

now have

the Courage to

expedt the Charge

tjwifsy

of Forty Thoufand

an

Army

ftrong and refolute

enough
will

to

meet the Forces of the whole World

the Field
?

united together in
fly,

They

believe

me,

at

the very Report of our

Coming.
their

They have

not ventured to ap-

proach fo near Milan in

Confidence of
Prefence of

own
King

Valour, but in Hopes of your

Divifions.
their

The

Perfon or

will not fupport

them, for out

his

of Fear of endangering

his Life or his State

he

will

be the

firft

to confult
reft to

own

Safety,

and induce the

If

follow his

you dare not attack them with this Army, that is, with the whole Strength of SwiJ[crla?idy with what Forces can you ever hope to refift them ? For what End are we defcended mtoLombardy ?

Example.

To

what Purpofe

is

our Arrival

at

Milan,

THE WARS
if

IN 17 ALT.
fhould be
afraid

349
to

we

thou2:ht

we

encounter
will

with

the

Enemy?

What

become of the lofty Speeches, and fierce Menaces that we have been
throwing out
all this

Year,

when we boaftrejoiced at

ed of a Deiign to make a Defcent into

Burgundy^ and

when we

the

Agreement with the King of England^ and

at the Inclination of the Pontiff to confe-

derate

with

the

imagining that

King of France^ as the more the Powers were

which united againfl the State of Milan^ the more Glory we fhould acquire in defending it ? It would have been better for
us not to have obtained fuch
tories for thefe

noble Victo

Years

pafl:,

and not

have

driven the French out of Ital\\ but to have

refted fatisfied within the

Bounds of our
afterwards

antlent

Renown,

rather than

with

one Confent to deceive the Ex-

theWorld by betraying fuch bafe Cowardice. This Day will all Men judge whether the Vicftory oiNovara were owing to our Bravery or to Fortune. If we
pectations ofall

fliew ourfelves afraid of the

be univerfally afcribed

Enemy, it will either to Chance or

every

Temerity;
I

if

we exert the fameRefolution,

350
A.
*^

THE HISTORY OF
one
will confefs that

D. every
^'

we

are indebted

,for

it

only to our

own

Valour, and having,

as

no doubt we

fliall

have, the fame Suc-

cefs,

we

fliall

not only be the Terror of

the prefent Age, but alfo had in Veneration

by

Poflerity,

whofe Judgment and

Praifes

will exalt the

Name

of the Swifs above

that of the Roma?is, of

whom wc

do not

read that they fliewed fuch Undauntednefs,

or obtained any Vid:ory with fo

lour, or ever

much Va-

without Necefhty chofe to

fight againfl:

Enemies under fuch great

Difad vantages.
recorded that

Of

us they

will find

it

we

fought a Battle near No-

vara, where with

Artillery,

few Troops, without

without Cavalry,

we

put

to
all

Flight a mighty

Army,

furniflied

with

Manner of Provifions, and commanded by two famous Generals, one without Doubt
the beft in
beft: in
all all

France,

and the other the

will read alfo the

Italy.

They
on our

Battle

at

San Donato, fought with the

Side,
againfi:

fame

Dilficulties

the

King of
great a

Fra?jce in Perfon,

and againft fo

Number

of German Infantry, who,

more numerous they are, will fall the more acceptable Sacrifice to our Hatred,
the

make

THE WARS
make it fo much
fedlually deter

IN I'TALT.
and the more
raflily

the ealier for us to ruin

ef-

for ever their Military,

them from

pretendIt is

ing to

rival

the

Arms

of the Swifs.

not certain, but on the contrary, from

Difficulties

many

appears even impoffible, that

we

fhall

be joined by the Viceroy or the

3

Troops of the Church

and therefore to

what Purpofe
is

is

it

to exped:

them
;

Nor

their

Prefence
to

necelTary
at

nay

we
will

ought rather

be pleafed

fuch a Dif-

appointment, for

now

all

the

Honour

be ours, and the

our own.

vaflly

rich Spoils

and

Plunder of the Enemy's

Mottiiio

Camp

will be all

Glory to
felves,

would not fufFer the be communicated even to ourlefs to others.

much

And

fhall

we

be fo bafe-minded, and

upon our Valour,

fible for

as,

low a Price even fuppoUng it pof-

fet fo

us to join them, to be willing to

wait in order to be Sharers in fo great a

Profulion
Strangers
?

of Honours and Praifes with Neither the Fame of the Swifsj,

nor the State of Affairs require any further

Delay or Confultation
that

It is

now neceffary

we
is

fhould be on our March, now,

the

now

Time

to haflen

and attack the

Enemy,

THE HISTORY OF
Enemy.
Let

Cowards

confult,

whoi

think not of encountering with Dangers,

but of fecuring themfelves by Flight

it is

but

the Part of a fierce and warhke

Na-

tion,

fuch

as ours,

to

prefent themfelves

before their Enemies as foon as they can

get a Sight of them. the Help of

Go to, God, who with

then^ with
juft

Hatred
with

purfues the Pride of the

French,

your ufual

Animofity take your Pikes,

let

and beat your Drums, and

try

us

march

without lofing a Moment, and haften to

the utmoft Force of our
fatiate

Weapons,

and

our Hatred with the Blood of

whofe Pride renders them a Nuifance, and their Cowardice a Prey to all
thofe

Mankind."

Incited
and
as

by

this

Speech the

Sivifs

immediately took their

Arms

in a

Fury,
at

foon as they were got out

in

the

Roman Gate drew up

there remained net

Order, and tho*

much

of Daylight
towards

fet

forwards on their

March

the

French with fo
Shouting, that

much Alacrity, and fuch one who knew no better

it

would have taken

for certain that they

had

THE WARS
Vidlory.

IN irALT.
ftimulated

had already obtained fome very notable

The

Officers

the

Soldiers to quicken their

March, and the

Soldiers defired their Officers not to forget

to give the Signal of Battle as foon as ever

they w^erc approached to the

Camp

of the

Enemy

were determined to ftrew the Field with Carcafes, and in;

for they

tended that

Day

to extinguifh the very

Name

of the Gertnan Infantry; and e-

fpecially of thofe

cating their

Troops which prognoftiown Death carried by way of

In this fierce

Diftindion black Enfigns.

and

refolute Difpofition they

approached yi^^;./^a^

the French

Camp, and but two Hours""the Battle.

before Night began

They

attacked the Artillery and Entrenchments

with fuch Fury and Violence, that they

entered the Trenches almofl as foon as

they arrived, and broke and difperfed the

firft

Battalions

that

oppofed them, and

made

themfelves Mafters of Part of the

Artillery.

But the French Cavalry ad-

vancing, and a great Part of the

Army,

with the King himfelf, furrounded by a valiant Squadron of Gentlemen, the Ardor
of their Fury was in fome meafure re-

VoL. VI.

preffed,

554
-^

THE HIST<DRY OF
and there began a very
terrible
J

^- prefled,

J^-]_- Rattle
very

attended with various Events, biit

deftrudive to the Fre?icb

Men

at

Arms, who were forced to give Way. This Fight lafted till four Hours after Night, in which fome of the French
general Officers were killed on the Spot,

and the King himfelf

Thrufts of Pikes.
Parties

received
this

many

By

Time both
could ne>

were

fo

tired that they

longer hold their

Weapons

in their

Hands,

and feparated from one another without Beat of Drum, or Orders from their
Officers,

the

Sivijs

betaking themfelves

to their Reft in the Field of Battle,

neither

and
but

Party

molefting the other,

it

exped:ing, as

were by a
But the

tacit
tirft

Truce,
Attack
for

the next Daylight.

proving fo luccefsful to the Swzfsj

by the Care of the Cardinal a Convoy of Provifions and Refreffiments from Milan arrived while they were taking their
Repofe, Exprelles were difpatched to
all

whom

Parts of Italy with Advices that the Swijs

had put the

Flight.

Army

of their Enemies to
not idle during

The King was

the Remainder of the Night, but being

fenfiblc

THE WARS IN/r^Lr.

fenfible of the Greatnefs of the

Danger
into,

took care to draw off his Artillery

proper Places and in due Order, and ena-

ployed himfelf in ranging his Gei'-man and

Gafcon
Infantry in juft Battalions,

and

his Cavalry in Squadrons.

light appeared

When Daydefpifing not

all

the

Swtfs,

only the French

Army

but

the Forces
their

of

Italy

united

together,

renewed

(Attack with the fame

iity,

Rage and Impetuo-

and with great Temerity.

They

.were valiantly received

;but

by their Enemies, with more Policy, and in better Or-

were galled by the Cannon, on the other by the Arrows of the Gafions^ and at the fame time
der, for on one Side they

charged by the Horfe, fo that they fuffer-

in

Front and on both Flanks.

And
clofeft

at Sunrife,

when

the Fight was

and

fierceft,

and Circumftances reduced

to an Extremity of

Labour and Danger,

.an

^hia?io^ who, on the Arrival of

prefs from the
:

Ex-

King over Night, had immediately put himfelf in Motion with the
light. Horfe

and the moft expeditious Part

reft

of his Army, the

following

Body

after

Body, arrived on a fudden, and

fell witji

greac

THE HISTORY OF
great

Fury on the Rear of the

tho' they Hill maintained the

Sivifsy

who,

Fight

with the sreateft Boldnels and Valour,

yet finding fo vigorous a Refiftance, and

from the Arrival of the Venetimi

defpairing of the Vidlory, feveral
after Sunrife
^uoifs

Army
Hours
which

founded a Retreat, and put-

ting their Shoulders to the Artillery

defeated.

they had brought with them, turned their

Battalions,

and conftantly keeping their

a (low

ufual

Order marched with

^

Pace
in

towards Milan to the great Aftonifliment

of the French^ of
all

whom

not a
their

Man

the

Army,
durrt

either

among

Foot or

Horfe,

venture to

purfue

them
in

only two of their Companies,

fled into a

who had
k
of
reft

Country

Scat,

were burnt

by the Venetian
their

light Horfe.

The
in

Army

retired in

pcrfe^ Order, and

their

retaining

the

fame Fiercenefs
in their

Countenances, and

Eyes, return-

ed

to Milan,
as

leaving behind

them

in the

fome fay, fifteen Pieces of heavy Cannon, which they had taken from the French in the firft Attack, for Want of Conveniences to bring them
Ditches,
along.

It

THE WARS
I

IN /Ty/Lr.

T is univerfally agreed that a fiercer' and more terrible Battle had not been for fought in Italy for very many Years by the Fury with which ithe Swifs began
;

the Attack, and afterwards by theMiftakies

through the Darknefs of the Night, the

Arrangement of the whole Army being difordered, and the Combatants mingling
in Confufion without

Command

or Signal,

every Event v/as

pofal of Fortune.

left entirely to

the Dif-

The King
to

himfelf was

often in Danger,
for
his

and was more indebted

his

Prefervation

own
than

proper
to

Valour,

and

to

Chance,

the

Affiftance of his

Attendants,

by

whom

he was frequently in the Confufion of the Battle, and the Darknefs of the Night,
abandoned.

Hence
a

T'ri-yub^io^

General
but of g

who had
that this

it^w fo

many

Events, protefled

was

Rattle not

pf

Men

Giants, and

that of Eighteen Battles xrvTrivuizia

prefent, every
this,

which he had been

them,
in

one of J^jJ^.*^
is

Comparifon of
that,

was but a
it

Battle pf litde Children.

And

not

doubted

had

it

not been for the

the Vidtory

Afliflance of the

Artillery,

would

35^
^_
^-

THE HISTORY OF
would have been gained by the
ments
at the firft

Swifs^

u^-y-*^ who having entered the Frc?ich EntrenchAttack, and afterwards

made

themfelves Mafters of moft Part of

their Artillery,

had always gained Ground-.

iince his Arrival at

Befides, the

Coming of Ahiano was of

no fmall Importance,
a

Time

while the Victory was yet dubious

the French^ and Terror in

put
the

Spirits in
Sicifs,

who

imagined that he had

brought with him the whole Venetian

Army.
^.
pJ
,

umber

The
moft
in

Number
in
all,

of the Dead,
'

if ever
it is

it

of Killed,

were uncertain
People varying

any

Battle,

as

al-

was very uncertain

in

in this.

their

Accounts, fome

out of PafTion, others through Ignorance.

Some make
have
fand,
it

the Lofs of the Swifs

amount

to above Fourteen

Thoufand, others will but Ten Thoufand, others again

it

more moderate make

but Eight

Thou-

and there are not wanting fome

reduce
it

Three Thoufand, all of the vulgar Sort, and of Names obfcure. But of the French were killed in the Battle of the Night Francis Brother
fo

who

low

as

to

THE WARS
to the
c-erffe,

IN ITALT.
I

359
I

^' Duke of Bourbon, Imbcrcourt, San- ^-C C the Prince of 'Tallemont Son tou.^v

^r-emouilk, Boyfi
diiial

Nephew

to the late Car-

of Rouen, Count
Bujji

Saffart,

Chatelarth

of

^cvo)^,

d' Amhoyfe,

n%.ii,

of

the

and Mouy^ King's Gens d' Arms, by

their Nobiljty

Perfpns

all diftijigui^bed

and

great Efhates, or for their honourable

tihe
is

Foils in

Army.

The Number
fome making
it

of the

Killed

for the Reafons before affigned

it

variouily reckoned,

Six

Thoufand, Thoufand,
Offi,ceFS

others reducing

among

whom

Three were fome

to

of the German Infantry.

the Sivifi were retired to Mila?i
into
it

After
they
fell

very

great Difagreement

whether

were

beft to enter into a

Con-

King of France, or flay there for the Defence oi the City. Thofe before follicited an Officers who had Agreement, being willing to alledge fome lefs diflionourable Reafon for their Departure, demanded their Pay of M^Jiniiliano Sforza, wJio, it was very manifefl, had no Money to fpare and the next
vention with the
;

Day

afterwards

all

the Swijs Troops, at

the

360 ^- ^
I C
I

THE HISTORY OF
the
Perfuafions
fet

of

Roji their Captain

i..^^^ General,
Bimfs re
lurn

out on their

wards by the

Way
that

March homeof Como^ giving Hopes

they would foon
re-

home ^q the

Duke

turn to the Relief of the Caflle, in

which

was

left

a Garrifon of Fifteen

Hundred

Swifs and

Five

With

thefe

Hundred Italian Foot. Hopes Mafjimiliano Sforzay

by
Giovamii da Gonzaga,

accompanied

and Girolamo Moro7ie^ with fome other Milaneje Noblemen, betook himfelf to
the Callle, after giving his Confent, tho*

not

without

Difficulty,

that

Francefco
retire

Duke
went
cours,
City of
^///flw fur-

of Barij his Brother, might

wait upon Cafar to

into Germa?iyy while the Cardinal of Sion

to
follicit

Suc-

promifing to return within a few

Days.
jg-^

The

City of Milan being thus

without any Garrifon furrendered to

thefrf^f/

the

King of France, and agreed

to

pay a

very large

Sum

of

Money *

but he re-

fufed to enter the Place while the Caftle

was in the Hands of the Enemy, as if it were unworthy of a King to make his Entry into a Town that was not wholly In the mean time he at his Devotion.
ordered
300,000 Crowns
at ihree

Payments.

Giovio,

THE WARS
he had obtained return Thanks
that

IN

iTALr
where
firft
;

361
^'^'^'

ordered folemn Mafles to be celebrated for ^- D.

three Days fucceflively in the Place
the
to

Vidory

the

to

God
in

for his Succefs,

the Second to pray for the Souls of thofe

were

killed

the Battle, and the

and on the fame Spot he caufed a Chapel to be eredted for a perpetual Memorial. All
laft to

befeech

God

to grant a

Peace

the

Towns and

Fortreffes of the

Dutchy

of Milan followed the Fortune of the

Vidlory,

except the Caftles of Cremona

and Milan, the Siege of which laft was committed to the Direction of Pietro Navarra^ who, to the Admiration of all Men, tho' the Caftle was very ftrong,
abundantly fupplied with
for
its

all

Neceffaries

Defence, and had a Garrifon of

Two Thoufand
reduce
it

good

Soldiers,

engaged to

within a Month,
Viceroy, on the

The

News

of the

Victory of the French, ftayed a few Days

more out of Neceffity than Choice, becaufe it was difficult for him to put his Army in Motion without Money. At length, receiving a certain
in his old Qiiarters,

Quantity,

362:
^'-

THE HISTORY OF

and borrowing Six Thoufand L-^-y^ Ducats oiLorejizo de Medici^ he decamped, and retired to Fontenuro^ with an Intention
Di Quantity,

to

march

for

the

Kingdom
at

of Naples,

For though the

Pontiff,

on Advice of the
firft

unfortunate Event, had

made the
to imitate

Public beUeve that

lie

intended

the Conftancy of his Predeceilbr, the

balfadors of the Allies encouraging
rcfolve

Amto

him

on fliewing his Face to Fortune, and endeavour by all means to keep the Swifs in a good Difpofition, or if they
to.

proved inconftant

fupply

their Places

with hired German Infantry, yet on a fe-' rious Review it appeared to him that no
Pope under Apprehen-

pj.Qy[fiQj^s foi- his

Safety could be ^
his

made
re-

with that Speed which

Danger

to

fall

upon himfelf.

For though the

Reverence of the Church might induce

the

King oi France
it

to abflain

ing the Ecclefiaflic State,

believe

from moleftyet he did not

him from attacking Farma and Fiacenza as Members of the Dutchy of M/7^, or from moleftfufficient to reftrain

ing the State of Florence^ in which Affair

all

Regard ceafed, and yet the Pope would

think

THE WARS IN ITALY.

think himfelf as
tack had been

much

injiired as if

an At-

made upon th'e State of the Church. Nor indeed were his Appreheniions groundlefs, for the King had ordered a Bridge to be laid over the Po
near Pavia for paliRng, Troops to take Poffeffion

of Parma and Piacenza^ and

if

after

the Acquiiition of thefe Cities,

ftill

the Pope
Kin'g's*

continued averfe to embrace the

Friendfhip,. the Forces

were intended to
to Tuf-

proceed by the
cany,

Way of Pontremoli
to drive the

and attempt

Mediei out

of Florence.

B u T by

this

Comtniflion to

Time the Pope had given the Duke of Savoy^ and

King of France^ who
to the

the Biiliop of7r/r^r/Vf>, his Nuncia, to enter

into a Treaty v^ith the

being

ftill

fufpicious of i^v/ Confederacies

againft

him, and inclined

Reverence

of the Apoflolic See by the Terror which

the Perfecutions of yidim had excited in
tlie

whole Kingdom of France, was veryp jj_ imo defirous of an Agreement. ten A Confedefacy therefore was foon concluded betv/eenfi^^c-

them
and

for the

Defence of the
it

States ci Italy '^'^}^^ the

V, ^f.J^^

particularly

was

flipulated that the

King

THE HISTORY OF
King fhould take
into
his Protedtion

the

Pcribn of the Pontiff, the State

of the

Church, Giuliano, Lorenzo

the State oi Florence
fhip in France
;

de Medici,

and

fhould grant a Lord^

to Giidiano

and a Penfion

and
fifty

to Lorenzo, with the

Command

of

and confent that the Pontiff fhould grant free PafTagc through the State
Lances
j

of the Church
turn with his

to the

Viceroy on his Reinto the

Army

Kingdom of

That the Pope fliould be obliged to recall his Troops from Verona, and from the Afiiflance of Ccefar againfl the
Naples
:

Venetians

that
Cities

he fhould
of

reftore to

the

King the
in

Parma and

Piacenzay

Compenfation of which the Dutchy of

Milan fhould be bound to take all its Salt from Cervia, which was computed to be very beneficial to the Church, and had
lately

been ftipulated by the Pope

in his
:

Confederacy with the

Duke

of Milan

That
tration

it

fhould be referred to the Arbi-

of the

Duke

of Savoy whether the

the

Florentines

had

violated

Confederacy

made with Kin? Lewis, and in Cafe of any Violation the Duke was to declare the
Penalty.

This Article the King

faid

he

infifted

THE WARS
infifted

IN ITALT.
Sake of his

36^
^.

on more

for the

Ho-

D.

nour than for any other Reafon.

lIHI,

The

Treaty being concluded TricaricQ

fet

immediately

out Poft for Rome, to per:

fuade the Pontiff to ratify it

that

And LoretfzOy

he might the fooner be rid of the Viceroy, withdrew the Troops he had in Tiacejiza to Parma and Reggio, and he
himfelf waited on the King, to

recommend
InftrucSions
all

himfelf to his

Favour, and to perfuade

to the artful

him, according
to

of his Uncle, that he deiired in

Events

depend only on

his royal Protection.

The
induced

Pope was not without

to ratify the Peace, for

Difficulty
it

grieved

him

very

much

to part

with Parma and

and he would willingly have waited till he hadfirfl: known the RefoluPiace?2za,
tion of the tion
S^jvifs.

The
at

Diet of that

Na-

was affembled
all

Zurich, the princi-

pal of

the Helvetic Cantons, and the

to the French,

greateft

Enemy
about

where they

treated

fuccouring

the Caflle of

though they had abandoned the Valleys and the Towns of J^ellinzone and Lugarna,
j

Milan

THE HISTORY OF
Liigaima^

but not "the

Caftles,

yet <the

(King, on the

Payment of Six Thoufand

Governor, had gotten Pof;

Crowns
feflion

to the

of the Gaflle of Liigania

but the

Grijons had
'uenna.

not as yet abandoned Chia'

'Tricarko, however, at laft repreit

was to be feared the King would without Delay attack Parma and Piacenza^ and fend
fenting to his Holinefs that

Tropps
Pope

into Tiifcaii)\
in

and magnifying the

the Battle, he was

Lofs of the Swifs

rati-

content to
cations

ratify,

but with thefe Qualifi:

Peace^ with Re
ons.

and Relhiiftions

himfelf nor his

^jQ^j^^ fQ

That neither he Agents for him fliould be

make

a formal Ceflion o{

Parma

and
the

Piaccjizay but only leave

them eva;

cuated of his Troops and

civil Officers for

King

to take PoiTefTion

of them

tliat

the Pontiff {hould not be bound to Avith-

draw his Troops from Verona^ becaufe,be was not willing to do fuch an Injury tp
Cajar, but he fecretly promifed to recail

them on

thefirfl:

convenient Opportunitv

.and that the Plorcntincs fliould be abfolved

;from any pretended Contravention of

League.
,

tl>e

In this Agreement

it

was

alfo

jpiovided that the

King

fluould

not take

under

THE WARS
under
his Protection

IN ITALT,

367

anyFeudatary or Sub- ^- -Ojed: of the State of the Church, and^I^AL

fliould not only not obftrud: the

Pope, as

their

fupreme Lord,

in

proceeding againft
but Ihould
affifl

them, and chaftifmg them,

alfo

be obliged,

when

foUicited, to

him for that made of an

Mention was alfo Interview between the Pope and the King in fome convenient Place which was propofed by Francis, but delired by both Parties ^ by the King, for the better Eftablifliment of this newly conPurpofe.
.

tracfted Friendfliip,

for fecuring the States

of his Friends
in

in Italy ,

Hopes by

his

and becaufe he was Prefence, and by his Ofto obtain

fers

of large Eflates to the Pontiff's Bro-

ther and

Nephew,

his Confent
defired,

for attacking, as

he moft ardently
Naples
this
j

the

Kingdom of

by the Pope,

with a View, by

fceniion, to entertain

Condethe King, while he

officious

was in his Profpcrity, after his engaging Manner, by which he was mofi: excellently qualified for winning upon the Hearts of Men. Many, however, con-

demned fuch

unworthy of the Majefty of the Pontificate, judging it

a Refolution as

moce

THE HISTORY
more proper
for

OF
feek
it

the King, if he wanted

fuch an Interview, to
the Pope at Rome.

come and
his

of

But

Holinefs

aU

ledged in Exciife that he condefcended in this Manner from a Defire to induce the

King

to forbear molefting the

Kingdom of

Naples during the Life

of the Catholic

King, which, on account of an Indifpo-^ fition of Body, under which he had la-

boured above a Year,

could not be long.

it

was thought,

Caftleof

In the mean time Pietro Navarra was

employed in befieging the Caflle of Milajiy and having made himfelf Mafter of a Cafemate in the Ditch of the Caftle on the Flank towards the Gate of Cofiio^ and with Engines for Battery and Fences of Beams*, made his Approaches to the Ditch
bufily

Milan
^*
*

be-

and
at a

to the

Wall of the
in that Place,
fet

Caftle,

he worked

Mine

and having ruined

the Defences, he

about feveral other

Mines, and with large Chiffels cut off a great Piece of the Wall on the Flank of
the
Orig. Gatti
inent with feveral
e

fravate, the

firft

a warlike

Inftru-

Claws or Prongs

for loofening

and pul.
foJ

ling out the Stones of the Wall, the other a

Defence

coTCring the

Workmen.

THE WARS IN ITALr.

fame Time ^ But tho* that he fet Fire to the Mines. thefe Contrivances were not, in the Opiin order to

369

the Caftle, which he fupported with Props, ^- ^'

make

it fall

at the

nion of many,
Place without

fufFicient

to

reduce the
Difficulty,

much Time and

and

certain

Advice was received that the

SwifSy according to the Refolution taken

in the Diet of Zurich^

were preparing to

relieve

it,

yet

by

virtue of a Treaty

com-

menced between
General of the
in

Giovaiini da Go7izaga, a

Duke

of Milan^

who was

the Caftle,

and the

Duke of Bourbon

his

Kinfman, and afterwards carried on with the Duke oi Bourbon by Girolamo Morone in concert with two Swifs Officers
in the Caftle, to the great Surprife of allg urren-

the World, a Capitulation was concluded dered

on the fourth of OSlober,

rone v/as
for having, either out of too
dity,

Girolamo

Mo-

highly blamed on this Occafion

much Timi-

or too litde Faithful nefs, perfuaded

v/ith

the Duke,

whom

great Authority, to this

he had a very Agreement ; but

he excufed himfelf on account of a Quarrel that broke out between the Swifs and
Italian Infantry in Garrifon.

Vol.

VL

Br

37^
A.

THE HISTORY OF
B Y
the Conditions of this Capitula^^^^ MaJJi?tiilia?io Sforza

D.

cylj
Articles

was immediately

of the
tion.' "
'

up to the King of France the Caftles of Milan and Cremona^ and to make over to him all the Rights which he had to the State of Milan : On this Confidcration it was a2:reed that he fhould receive of the King a certain Sum of Money to difchargc his Debts, and might retire into France^ where the King was to
to dehver

allow

him

a yearly

Penfion

of

Thirty

Thoufand Ducats, or ufe his Interefl that he fhould be created a Cardinal with the That the King fliould like Revenue
:

pardon
other

Galcazzo

Vijconti

and

certain

Noblemen of

the

Dutchy oi Milan

who

had been zealous in the Intereft: of MaJJirniliafw : That he fliould give the
Sivifs

who were
:

in the Caftle

Six

Thou-

That he fliould confirm to Giova?i?ii da Gonzaga thofe Eftates which the Duke had given to him in the Mila?ieft', and fetde a Penfion on him and fliould
fand Crowns
j

alfo

confirm to Morone

his

patrimonial

and thofe which were beftowed on him by the Duke, with the Offices
Eflates,

that

THE WARS IN ITALY.

he held, and fhould conilitute him Mafter of Requells of the Court of France.
that

371
'^'

On
wife

this

Agreement

Majjimiliano^ other-

Moro

after his Father's

fet

Name, came

out of the Caftle, and

out directly for

France^ faying at his Departure that he

was deUvered from the Bondage of the Swifs, the Abufes of Ccsfar^ and the Cheats of the Spaniards. Every one however praifed Fortune more for her Juftice in fpeedily depoling from fo high
a Station, than for her Blindnefs in exalting to
it,

Man who, from

his

Want of

Capacity, the Extravagance of his Senti-

ments, and the extreme Sordidnefs of his

Manners, was unworthy of any Poft of

Honour

or Greatnefs.

But

before the Caftle of Milan was

furrendered

came Ambafladors

to

thef?*^'''^
the

King Antonio Grimano, Domenico

T^rivi-^o

o^ fano^ Giorgio Cornaro^ and Andrea Gritti, ^'"S

four of the principal and moft honoura-

Members of the congratulate him on

ble

Ve?ietian

Senate, to

his Vidiory,

and to

requefl his Affiilance, to

which he was
in

bound by the Articles of the Confederacy,

a 2

THE HISTORY OF
in the

Recovery of

their

Towns

An

Enterprife

which had no other Obflrudion

Troops of
the

but from the Forces of Qcfar, and thofe

auxiliary

Pope
in

which
Verona
;

were with iVf^;v' Antonio Colonna

for the Viceroy, after leaving the Terri-

tory of Piacenza^ and then halting

fome time in the Modejicfe^ to fee whether the Pope would ratify the Agreement he had

made with
as

the

King of France,
of the

as

foon

he was

certified

Ratification,

proceeded on his March through Rcmagna

for Naples.

The

King

readily

ordered to

the

Afiiftance of the

Veneiiaiu

the Baftard

o^ Savcy and
fand Foot

Theodora

da Tri'vulzioy with

Seven Hundred Lances and Seven Thou;

but while they delayed their

March,
cefs

either in Expetftation of the

Suc-

of the Enterprife on the Caflle of

Milan^ or becaufe the King defigned thefe

fame Troops for the Siege of the Caftle of Cremona, Ahiano, who was not permitted by the Venetians to follow the
Viceroy,

becaufe they were defirous to

it

recover, if

were

poflible,

Brefcia

and

Verona

THE WARS

IN ITALY.

373
^-

Verojia without the Ailidance of others,

^'

marched with the Army towards Brejcia.^^.^^^,,^^ But the Garrifon being jull: before reinforced with One Thouland German Foot, Berga?no having feveral Days before furrendered to the Venetians^ he refolved to

march
not fo

iiril:

and lay Siege well fortified, and

to Vef^ona,

as

for the greater

Conveniency of Provifions, and becaufe if Verona were taken, Brefcia remaining

ajone, and
difficult,

on

account of

its

from Germany^ But this would fall an eafy Conqueft. Undertaking was retarded from an AppreSituation, to be fuccoured

henfion that the Viceroy and the Troops

of the Pope, which were in the Territories

of Reggio and Modena^ would pafs

at OJiia in

the
all

Po

order to relieve Veroj2a

Fears of which

now

vanifliing at the

Departure of the Viceroy, a

arofe

new

Obftacle

from the Sicknefs of Alviano^

ill

who
of Death and
of Alvia-

was taken
departed

at

Ghedi in the Brefcian^ and

in
,

this Life
'

the Beginning
"-^
,

October under Sixty Years of A2:e, miehti-S^^'^^'^^'^ "^

ly regretted

by the

Venetians^ but

mucho.

more by

his Soldiers,

how

to fatisfy

who, not knowing themfelves with his Remembrance. Aa 3

THE HISTORY OF
membrance, kept his Body twenty-five Days in the Army, carrying it about with them wherever they marched with exand when it was aftertraordinary Pomp
;
'

wards to be conveyed
'Tri'vidzio

to Venice,

Teodoro

would not fuffer a Pafs to be demanded, as many had propofed, of

Marc
fit

Antonio Colonna for

its

free Paflage
it

through the
that a

Veroneje, faying,

was not
afraid

Man who

was never

of

Enemies

in his Lifetime fhould give

any

Sign that he feared them after his Death.

He

was interred by public Decree with

5/.

extraordinary

Marks of Honour in Stephens Church at Venice, where

js
ftill

his

Monument

to

be feen, and

the

funeral Oration

was made by Andrea Na*vagiero, a young Venetian Nobleman of Alviano was by every great Eloquence. one acknowledged to be a General of vaft Boldnefs and Courage, and one who executed his Refolutions with the utmofl
pedition
j

Ex-

but, either
or, as

through the Malice

Opinion,

of Fortune,

many were of

becaufe he was rafh and precipitous in

taking his Meafures, was frequently defeated

by his Enemies, and perhaps, what

is

THE WARS
is

IN ITALT.
in

375
^'

more, where he was Commander

^*

chief never obtained a Vidtory.

-J'^
.

Death oi Alviano the Kine, at^ 'Iri'vulzto the Requeft of the Venetians, granted General Leave to Trivulzio to take upon him the^^^/^^^^
,
.

O N the

Command
him
Skill

of their

Army.

They

deiired

for their

General on account of his

and Reputation in military Difcipline, and becaufe, from their common Inclina-

Fadion of the Guelfsy there had been always a good Correfpondence and mutual Benevolence maintained between him and that Republic. While the new General was proceeding to the Army the Troops of the Venetians took Pejchiera^ after they had firft routed Three Hundred Spanijh Foot, and fome Horfe that were coming to relieve it they next recovered Afola and Zo;z^, which were abandoned by the Marquis of Mantoua,
tion to

the

-,

ON

the Arrival of Trivulzio the

Army,
Siege

at the Inftances

of the Senate,
it

laid

to Brefcia, tho'
difficult to

appeared to

him

very

be taken without the Afliflance

for the

of the French,

Town
,

was

flrong,

and

THE HIStORY OF
and had
^Spanijh
ble

Two

Thoufand German
Gtielfs

and-

Foot

in Garrifon, a very confidera-.

Number

of the

had been

forcedi

Winter was juft at Hand, and the Seafon feemed much difThe General was not pofed to Rains. Brcfcia befieged deceived in his Tudo-ment of the Event by the Vtnctians. of ^^c Undertaking ^ for after they had begun to play on the Walls from a Battery planted on the Ditch at the Side whence
to leave the Place, the
.

the Rivulet Garzetta takes

Garrifon,

its

Courfe, the

which made frequent Sallies, took once an Opportunity to march out

to the

Number

of Fifteen Hundred Ger-

man and
the

Spanijh Foot in order to attack

Artillery,

which Service were appointed One Hundred Men at Arms, and Six Thoufand Foot, and charged them fo vigoroufly, while others
for

Guard of the

of the Befieged,

who were

difpofed along

the Walls for that Purpofe, with their fmall

Arms
eafily

kept a continual Fire, that they

put

them

to

Flight,

tho'

Gian
at

Pagolo ManfroJie

with

Thirty

Men

Arms Thcv
fet

for

fome time
about

fuftained their Fury.

killed

Two Hundred

Foot,

Fire to the Powder, and brought off

Ten

THE WARS
Ten
Pieces of
this Difafter ^rivulzio

IN ITALT.
into Brefcia.

Cannon

On
re-

thought

fit

to

move the Army to a greater Diftance from the Town, in Expectation of the French^
and
retired to Coccai

twelve Miles from

in

that City,

the

Venetians

the

mean
the

time taking care to provide a

new Supply

of Cannon and Ammunition.

the Siege, and ereded
different

When

French had joined them they returned to

Batteries in

two

Places, one

on the Side of the

Caftle,

and the other on the Side of the Gate of San Giovafjni. In one of thefe Pofls lay en-

Gate of the Pile towards the

camped

the French

Army, which, on the

Difmiflion of the Gerjna?is becaufe they

would not

fight againft a

Town

in the

Pofiefiion of Ccefar^

was reinforced with Five Thoufand Gafcon and French Foot under Pietro Navarra. The other was poileffed by the Venetians commanded by 'J'rivulzioy on whom lay the whole Care and Burden of the War, for the Bailarci of Savoy was taken ill, and had left the Army. A Breach was made, but the AfTault was not given becaufe the Befieged })ad drawn Trenches, and caft up Ramparts,

THE HISTORY OF
parts,

and with

vafl Diligence

and Refo-

Thing neceiTary for their Defence. Pietro Navdrra therefore had recourfe to his ufual Remedy, and
lution provided every
fet

about conftru(fting of Mines, and at the

fame time cutting the Wall with Pickaxes.

AT
.

this

Time Marc

Antonio Colonna

^marched out of Verona with Six Hundred M. Anto- Horfe, and Five Hundred Foot, and mo C<./^meeting on the Plains with Gian Fagolo na
_.

Adlion of

Mcrcurio Bua^ who with Four Hundred Men at Arms and Four
Manfrojie and

Horfe were appointed to garrifon Valeggio, he charged and broke

light

Hundred

Son of Gian Pagolo, his Horfe being killed under him while he was fighting, was taken Prifoner, and his Father fled to Goito\
in

them,

which Encounter

Giulio

the vidorious Party afterwards took Poffefiion

of Lignago, where they made fom^

Venetian

Noblemen
at

Prifoners.

But

Brejcia

the

Siege appeared

more and more difficult and incommodious, for the Mines prepared by Pietro
Na'-carra

THE WARS
Ndvarra

IN ITALY.

379
^-

did not fucceed according to the

^'

Expedations he had given, and Intelligence being received that Eight Thouiand Foot were on their March from Germany

which the Generals before Brefcia could not warrant from taking EfFed, it it was at laft agreed by the Venetians^ to cover in fome Meafure
to fuccour the Place,

the
if

Shame of a
up the

Retreat, that the Garrifon,

not relieved within thirty Days,

City,

fhould

deliver

and the Venetians proflying,

mifed that they fhould have Liberty to

march out with Colours

Artillery

with the

and all their Effects. This Engagement every one knew to be of no Signification,

fo
,

well were
it

they aflured of

Succours
the

but

the People in

was of fome Service to Brejcia, by freeing them in

Moleftations.

mean time from

to Bre,

The

Venetians after this fent Eight

Thoufand

Foot

Caille
;

belonging to the

Counts of Lodrone

but as foon as thefe

Troops perceived the German Foot, who had taken PolTeliion of the Caille oi Anfo

by Surrendry, advancing forwards, they

cowardly retreated to the Army.

Nor

were there

to

be found greater Marks of

Refolution

380
n.

THE HISTORY OF
Refolution in the Generals, who, under

D.

5_J^^^,.J^ terrible

Apprehenfions of being

at

the fame

time attacked by the Troops from

many^ by thofe in Brejcia^ and by

Ger-

Marc

Antonio with the Garrifon of Verona^ retired to Gkediy

whither they had before,

for fear of fuch a Difafter, fent their

Artillery,

heavy

and almoft

all

their

Baggage.

Thus
cHeved
'

the Germans entered Brefcia without

^ppo^i^^o^j ^"^ ^s foon as they had fupplied the Place with Provifions,

and in-

creafed the Garrifon, returned to Germany.

In the mean time the Pope and the King of France had agreed on an Interview at Bologna, the King chufing that Place rather than Florence, becaufe he would not be at fo great a Diftance from the Dutchy of Milan, efpecially fince he

was continually
diation of the

treating,

by

the

Me-

Duke
it

of Savoy, of an Ac-

commodation
caufe, as
cefTary,

with the Swifs, and be-

he

faid,

would have been neinto Tiifcany, to lead

if

he pafled

with him a great Train of Soldiers, fince

it

would not be

fuitable to his
lefs

enter Florence with

Honour to Pomp than King

Charley

THE WARS
Charles

IN IT ALT.

381

had done before him, and the Pre- ^' ^* parations for fuch a Solemnity would haveuy
caufed a Delay of fome Days, which would

have been very difagreeable

as well in

to

the King,

other Refpefts, as becaufe

would have been neceffitated to Foot his whole Army, no Part of which, though it was very expenlive, he had as
yet difbanded,

he keep on

nor intended to difband

Italy.

while he flayed in
T)ccember^ and

The

Pontiff

then entered Bologna the Eighth

Day of

King made his Entry, having been received on the Borders of the Reggian by two Apoilolic Legates, the Cardinals of Fiefco and de Medici. He was attended by no Men at Arms, nor by any great Retinue, and
two Days
after the

being introduced, according to Cuflom, into the public Confiftory before the Pontiff", between he himfelf in Perfon, the Grand Chan-'^ePope
cellor

fered

making a Speech in his Name, him his Obedience, which he

After
this

of- King of
had^'"*"'^^*

not paid before.

they held

Communication

for three

being lodged in the

Days together, fame Palace, and

fliewing one towards another extraordinary

Marks of mutual Benevolence and Affedlion.

38a
^-

THE HISTORY OF
On this
Occafiorijbefides confirm-

D. fcdion.

^^'^

^ing

anew both by Words and Promifes the Obligations formerly contraded, they had
of NapleSy which the King not
to attack
at that

long Conferences about the Affairs of the

Kingdom

being provided Affurances given

Time,

contented himfelf with the warm and hearty

him by

the Pontiff of his

favouring that Enterprife

whenever they fhould hear of the Death of the King of Aragon^ which in common Opinion could
not be far
off,

or elfe as foon as his

federacy with that Prince,

Conwhich would

terminate in fixteen Months, fliould expire.

The King

interceded alfo for the

Reftitution of

Modena and Rcggio to the Duke of Ferrarci, which the Pope promifed to reftore on the Duke's reimburfing
the Forty Thoufand Ducats which he
to Cafcir

him

had paid
certain

for Modeiia^ be fides a

Sum

of Money in Recompcnce for

what he had expended on thofe Cities. The King interpofed alfo his Mediation in Favour oiF7'ancefco Maria Duke of Urbino, This Duke had the Command of Two Hundred Men at Arms in the Service of
the Church, and was appointed to attend

Giiiltam

THE WARS
Giuliano de

IN irALT.
But
not

Medici to the Army.

Giidiano falling lick, and Lorenzo conftituted General in his Stead, the

Duke

only refufed to go, alledging that though,

for the Sake of his

old Friendfliip

with
Offi-

Giuliano^ he had, contrary to his Dignity,

confented to attend
cer,

him

as a fimple

and fubjed:

to the

Command of others,

in the

Army of the
fo often
all,

Church, of which he
Captain General, and

had been
fuperior to

he would not yield the fame

Submiffion to Lorenzo^ but befides, after

he had promifed to fend the Troops that were under his Command, recalled them when they were upon their March, For it feems he had jufh before fecretly agreed, or was then treating of an Agreement, with the King of France^ and after the Vi<ftory of the King never ceafed, by means of
proper Perfons, to incenfe him, as
as

much
His and

he could,

againfl

the

Pontiff.

Holinefs, mindful of thefe Injuries,

having before projected to transfer that

Dutchy
King's

to

his

own

Family, denied the

Requeft, reprefenting to him, in

the mildeft Expreffions,

how

difficult it

would be with regard

to the Affairs

of the

Church

384
^-

THEHISTORYOF
Church
to grant his

D-

^pernicious

Demand, and hoW an Example it muft prove for

encouraging Subjeds to rebel againft their

Sovereigns.

The King

patiently fubmit-

ted to the Reafons and Will of the

tiff,

Pon-

though he had defired, for his own Honour, to preferve the Duke, who was fallen into Danger for his Adherence to him and he was advifed alfo to take him
J

under
cil

his Protection

by many of his Counreprcfentcd

and Court,
to permit

who
it

how unlate

politic

aRefolution

had been
to
Italy^

in the

King
petty

Valentino

opprefs the

Sovereigns

of

by which he
if his

rofe to fuch

Grandeur,
lived

that,

Father

Alexander had

much

longer,

he

would without Doubt have done much Mifchief to his Affairs. The Pope promifed the King to grant him Power to levy, for one Year, the Tenth Part of the Ecclefiaftic Revenues in the Kin2:dom of France. It was agreed alfo that the King fhould have the Nomination of Benefices, which before belonged to the Colleges and Chapters of Churches ; an Ordinance of great Advantage to the Kings of France^

who

by that Means had the Difpofal of

fa

THE WARS
fo

IN ITALT.
3

385
^.

many

vaftly rich Benefices

and on the

-^

other Side his Majefty confented that

the^

Annates of the Churches of FraJice fhould

be paid to the Pontiff according to the true Value, and not according to the
antient Rates,

which were much

lefs.

But

in this Article the

deceived, for

Pop^ found himfelf when he defigned to profeooncealed the true Value,

in

cute thofe

who

and had deputed CommifTaries

the

Kingdom

of France for that Purpofe, no

to

Documents were
fo that every

be had, nor Profe-

cutions obtained againffc the Incumbents*

one continued

to

pay acalfo

cording to the old Rates.

The King
;

promifed not to take under his ProtC(5lion

any of the
after,

Cities

of

Ttifcaiiy

but not long

on foUiciting the Pope's Confent for

receiving into his Protection the Lucchefe^

who had
fand
to
it

him Twenty-five ThouDucats, alledging that he was bound

offered
his PredecefTor,
it,

by the Obligations of

his Holinefs refufed to grant

though he

promifed to give no manner of Molellation to that People.

They

refolved alfo to

fend EgiJiOy General of the Augujim Friars,

and a mofl excellent

Preacher,

to

the

Vol, VI,

B b

Emperor

THE HISTORY OF
Emperor
in

the

Name

of the Pope,

ire

and Verona to the Ve?ietians, and to accept of a Thefe Affairs Recompenfe in Money. being difpatched, though nothing was put
order to difpofe
to reftore Brefcia

him

Writing except the Articles relating to the Nomination to Benefices, and the Payin

ment of the Annates according

clared Cardinal
to the

to the true

Value, the Pope, to oblige the King, de-

Adrian de

Bciji\

Brother

Grand Mafler oiF/Yince, and Prime Miniller. The King afterwards departed highly fatisfied with this Conference, and
in great
Pontiff,

Hopes of the Good-will of the

who Ihewcd

all

the

outward

Marks of mutual Satisfadion, but his inward Sentiments were very different, for he was flill grieved as before that the King fhould be in PoffelTion of the Dutchy of
Milan, and he was extremely chagrined at
his being obliged
to relinquiili

Piacetiza

and Parma, and no lefs at the Reflitution of Modaia and Reggio to the Duke ofFerrara^ though the Performance of this lafl

For the Pope, while he was in Flcrencey where he ffaid a Month after his Departure from
Article was not

long

after

eluded.

Bologn/iy

THE WARS IN
be put
in

iTALr.

387
^-^

Bologm, being promifed the Money which the Duke was to pay as foon as he fhouldi
PofTeffion

of the

laid

Cities,

and Writings being drawn between them for that Effect by common Confent, would nof plainly deny to fulfil the Agreement,
but by interpofing various Excufes and
Pelays, and always promifmg
fairly,

could

pever be brought to have

tion.

it

put in Execu-

The

King,

after his

Return

to Milan,

^516.

immediately difbanded his Army, retaining only, for the Defence of that State,

Seven Hundred Lances,

Thoufand German Foot, and Four Thoufand French^ of that Kind of Soldiery, which they call
Six

Volunteers

and

in the

Beginning of the
leaving
his

Year

6 he returned with the utrnoft

as

Expedition into Frajice^

Lieutenant Charles

Duke

of Bourbon.
in
Italy

He

on ^ good Footing by the Confederacy he had contraded with the Pope, becaufe he ha^
his Aifairs

now imagined

much
Jjited

about the fame time

made

Conr

vention with the Swifsy who, tho' ftimu-

by the King of England B b 2

to take the

Field

388
^'

THEHISTORYOF
Field
afrefli

D-

againft

him,

renewed the
at
all

<^.,i^^,l^

Confederacy,

obliging themklves

League
renewed between
the

Times

to furnifli
r

him,
i

in the

Name

^yj^j^ j-j^^

Enfigns of the

Piiblic,

and with any

i

King

Number

of Foot he fhould demand to

and^h'"^'
S-wi/j.

^^^^ into his Pay, to ferve either in Italy

or elfewhere, and to ad: as well offeniively

as defenfively againft

any Power, except

the Pope,

only

offenfively

againft

the

Empire, or Qejar. and proDiifed

the Six
to

On

the other

Hand
Times

the King confirmed their antient Penfions,

pay them

at certain

Hundred Thouland Ducats rtipulated at Dijoiy befides Three Hundred Thoufand more when they reftored the
Valleys

Towns and

belonging to the

Dutchy of Milan. But the five Cantons which were in PolTefiion of them refufing
to reftore

them, and to

ratify

the Agree-

ment, the King began

eight Cantons their

to pay the other

proportionate Share

of the Money,

who
Pay

accepted

it,

but with

an exprefs Condition of not being bound

to

march

in his

againft the five

Can-

tons.

In

THE WARS
I

IN /T^Xr.
this

389
J.

D.

xht

Beginning of

Year the u-4^L.

,

Bifhop of Fetrucci^

an old Acquaintance

of the

Pontiff,

affifted

by him and

thcDefign

Florentines^ expelled Borgbefe^

the Son of"P'^

Pandolfo Petrticci his Kinfman,

the

who had

Government of Siena^ from that City, and took upon himfelf the fame Authority. What induced the Pope to this Step was his Delire that Sie?2a, being lituated between the State of the Church and that of the Florentines^ fliould be governed by one who was at his Devotion, and perhaps much more his Hopes that whenever the Times (liould favour him with an
Opportunity, he might, with the Confent

of the Bifhop himfelf, bring

jecflion

it

under Sub,

either

to

his

Brother or to his

Nephew,

The
broiled

Affairs of Italy

were

ftlll

emCcejar

by the Difputes between

Venetians^

and the
Affiflance

the Republic being

eager to recover Brefcia and Verona by the

of the

French-^

other

Parts

feemed

to enjoy a tolerable State

of Reft.

But on a fudden appeared the Beginnings

Bb

of

390
^-

THE HISTORY OF
of

^-

new Movements, which were

being apprehenfive that his

excited

Jj^^...^by the Operation of the

King of Aragon^

who

Kingdom

of Naples would be endangered by the Greatnefs of the King of Fra?ice, treated with Ccejar and the King of England
about commencing a

new War

againfl

him.

It

was not

difficult

to prevail

on

Maximilian^
preferve the
tians^

who was
Towns

always defirous of

Novelties, and

could hardly of himfelf taken from the P'cne:

to

come

into his Meafures

the King of England^ on

whom

the

And Me-

mory of

his Father-in-law's
lefs

Breach of

Promifes had

Influence than his pre-

fent Emulation and Hatred of the

.

of

F7a?ice, alfo

gave his Confent, to

King which

he was
that the
fliould

befides

flimulated by his Defire

Scotland in his Minority

King of

be under the Tutelage of Perfons

either

recommended pendent on him *.

by

him,
their

or

de-

But

Defigns

would
John Stuart, Duke of Alhanu Coufin German to the late King James, and appointed to that Charge at the Recommendation of the
*

His chief Governor was

JCing of France^ in whofe Favour he

eftabli(hed

many
to thp

Regulations and Changes, which gave

Umbrage

Kkig of Bngland.

THE WARS IN ITALY,

would have been profecuted with
Condud:,
and
better

with greater Forces,

there had not intervened, while they were

on the Carpet, the Death of the King of Death and Aragon^ who, after labouring under a^.^^^^^^^
tedious Indifpofition, died in 'Jajiuary at King of

Mddrigalegio, a very poor Village, in his

Progrefs with his Court to Seville *.

'^'"''^ "*

He

was a Prince of moft excellent Wifdom and Valour, and if he had made Con fcience of keeping his Promifes would hardly have
left

Room

for Cenfure

for that niggardly

and tenacious Temper, for which he was calumniated, was demonflrated a Falfliood by his Death, when after a Reign of Forty-two Years he left no Treafure of Money behind him. But it almofl: conflantly

happens,

through the depraved

that in

Judgment of Men,
gality,
is

tho' in

Kings Prodiconjunction with Rapacity,

reckoned more commendable than Pariimony when joined with abftaining from

the Property of others.

The

rare Virtues

B
*

b 4
an obfcure Village,
in

of
the

He

died at Madrid, then

'Toledo, in his

County of

Way

from

Cafiile to

Jndaluf.a
at

with a Defign

to

raife

Troops and man out a Fleet

Cartagena, aged, according to Giovio, />, of which he reigned in Spain about 40 Years.

THE HISTORY OF
of
this

King were attended with

which,
if

a very

rare Profperity,

you except the

Death of an only Son, was perpetual and uninterrupted during the whole Courfe of
his Life
;

for the Misfortunes of the

Fe-

males and of his Son-in-law were the

Occafion of his retaining his Greatnefs
his Death,
till

and the NecefTity of

his de-

parting out of Cajhle on the

Death of

his

Confort was rather a Sport than a Stroke

of Fortune.

In

all
;

other Events he was

extremely fortunate

being the fecond

Son of the King of Arago7i he obtained that Kingdom by the Death of his elder
Brother;

by contrading Maniage with

JfaheUa he enjoyed the

vidlorioufly

Kingdom of C^y?/7r,
his Adverfaries

driving
in

away

who were
that

Competition with him for

After this he recovered the
in

Crown.

Kingdom of Gr^;W^?, which had been

near Eight
to his

the PofleiTion of the Enemies of our Faith

Hundred

Years.

He

added

Dominions the Kingdoms of Naples and Nai'arre^ with Oran and many other
and almoft always Conqueror wherever he met his Enemies, and

important Places on the Coafts o^ Africa.

Ever

fuperlor,

where

THE WARS
jn61:ion

IN ITALT.
in manifeft

393
^-

where Fortune appeared

his ambitious Defires

Con-

^*

with Induftry, he ufually covered with the Cloke of

the

v^-^

a laudable Zeal for Religion, and a pious

Intention

of

promoting
a

common
before
his

Welfare.

About
and

Month

Death died

the Great

Captain,

abfent
his
t^g Great

from Court,
Prince.
to

diflatisfied

with

The King however was pleafed Captain, have fuch Honours paid to the Memory
his noble Exploits,

of

both by himfelf and

as

by the whole Kingdom,

were feldom

fliewn to any in Spahi but at the Death

of Kings, for which he was highly applauded by

all

the People, to

whom

the

Name
lefs

of the Great Captain for his bound-

was moft precious, and for the Reputation of his Prudence, and Skill
Liberality

in the military Art,

above

all

the Generals

his Cotemporaries,

was had

in the higheft

Veneration,

BY

the Death of the Catholic

^
^

King King
^''^".^^
^

of

the Kins; o of France was the more animated to the Enterprize ap-ainft Naples, on which

meoitates
the

he was inclined

to fend

the^"^ immediately ' apics.

.

Con

d!

Duke

of Bourbon

with Eight Hundred

Lances

THE HISTORY OF
Lances and

Ten Thoufand
Kingdom on

Foot,

per*

fuading himfelf that, from the Tumults

excited in that

occafion of
its
ill

the Death of the King, and

State

of Defence, the Archduke being unable

to fend any Succours in Seafon,
eafily

he might
it.

make himfelf Mafter of

He
when
the

doubted not that the Pope, on account

of the Hopes he had given him
they met together
Friendfliip they
at the Interview,
at

Bologna, and

had contraded together

would be favourable to thcUndertakins: and no lefs out of Regard to his own Intereft, fince he muft of
;

neceffity take

Umbrage

at

the exorbitant

Greatnefs of the Archduke, the Inheritor

of

(o

many Kingdoms
of Cafar.

left

him by
in

the

Catholic King, and the prefumptive Succefibr

He was befides

Hopes
be of

that the

Archduke, being

fenfible that to

have him for his

tling the

Enemy might

great Prejudice to his Endeavours in fet-

cularly
if

Kingdom of Spai?iy and partithe Kingdom oi AragoJi, to which,

to Right,

Power had been joined

fome
op-

of the fame Family would have

afpired,
in

would proceed with Moderation

pofing

THE WARS
pofing him.
his

IN ITALT.
late

395
^-

For while the

Ifabella

King and
it

Confort

were

living

hadv^J^^-^

indeed been interpreted

Parliaments of that

that, in the antient Succeffion

ex-^^''''<^"''
it

Kingdom which

eluded Females from the Succeffion,

was not intended

to prejudice the
in

Males

born of them, when

the male Line

there were no Brothers, Uncles, or

Ne-

phews of the late King, was nearer to him than

female Side, or
at leaft in

or of one
the
Ifilie

who

by the

an equal Degree^

and on

Account the Succeffion was declared to belong to the Archduke Charles after the Death of Ferdinando. But tho* for this was brought as a Precedent that Martin King of Aragon dying without male Iffue, Ferdinando the Grandfather of had, by the Sentence this Ferdinajido of the Judges deputed from all Parts of
this

the
to

Kingdom

for this Purpofe, tho' related

Martin by the female Line, been preferred to the Count of IJrgel and the
others related to Martin by the male Line,

but in a more remote Degree than Ferdinando^ yet there

had been always

to this

prefent

Time

a fecret

Murmuring among
Declaratiorj

the People that in this Interpretation and

396
^.
'5' 6.

THE HISTORY OF
and
IJahella
it

D. Declaration the Po\\er of Ferdinando

had more Influence than

Juftice,

appearing to

many

not a juft Interpre-

tation that

Females (hould be excluded,

and that the

and yet

their IfTue admitted,

Sentence given for old Ferdinando was rather extorted by the

Fear of his

Arms

than a Convidlion of Reafon.

The King
People

of France being well apprifed of thefe Things, and knowing

alfo that the

of the Provinces of Aragon, and Vahitiay

and of the County of Catalonia^

are
all

which

comprehended under the Kingdom of Aragon, were defirous of having a King of their own, was in Hopes that the Archduke, to avoid endangering his SuccefTion to fo
States,

many
at

great and confiderable

would

laft

be induced to yield

him

the

Kingdom of
Compofition.

Naples

on fome

reafonable

At the fame

Time, to gain his Ends by Favour as well as by Force, he was pleafed that Profpero Coknna^ who had agreed to ranfom him-

35000 Ducats, fhould be releafed for half that Sum whence many were of Opinion that FroJpero\v\^ made him a
felf for
j

fecret

Promife not

to bear

Arms

againfl

him,

THE WARS
him, or perhaps to be
the Neapolitan
ftridlion or

IN II ALT.
affiftant to

397
in
^.

him

D.

War,

tho' with

Referve to fave his

fome Re-^'^ '_'_j. Honour.

Thoughts were taken up with thefe Projedls, and he was on the Point of relolving to put his Troops in Motion without Delay, he found himfelf obhged by fome new Incidents to turn Jill his Cares on providing for his own Defence For Ccefar having received, in Confequence of the Negotiations before begun with the King of Aragoji, an Hundred and Twenty Thoufand Ducats, was preparing, according to his Agreement with that King, to attack the Dutchy of Mila?iy after he had firft put Succours into Vero7ia and Brefcia^ which was neceiTary becaufe
the King's
:

While

the Venetian

Army, now under the ComReturn of Trivulzio

to

mand

of Theodora da T'riimlzi appointed p^j.jjg5^

after the

General

Milan^ was encamped within Six Miles of

Brejciay

and with

their Stradiotti fcoured

the whole Country.

Brefcia one

The
a

Garrifon of

Day made

Sally

on thefe

Rovers, but after a fharp Conteft, each

Party receiving continual Reinforcements,

were

THE HISTORY OF
were repulfed within the Walls with the
Lofs of

many

killed

on the Spot, and the

a

Brother of the Governor of the City was

taken Prifoner.

Within

few Days

after

Lautrech^ General of the French

Army,

and Teodoro da 'Tri'vulzi^ receiving Intelligence that Three Thoufand German Foot

were efcorting a

Sum

of

Money

fentto pay

the Soldiers, detached ya?ms Frcgofo and

Giancurrado Or/ino with fome Troops feIe(fted

out of both Armies to the Caftle of

Anfo
reft

to prevent their Paflage,

who

killed

about Eight Hundred of the Germans^ the

with the

Money

efcaping to Lodrone,

The Venetians
Hundred Foot

fent afterwards

Twenty-five
burnt Z/O-

into the Val di Sabbia^ to

fortify the Caftle

oi Anfo,

who

dronc and AJlorio.

The Danger that Brefciay thus diflrefTcd

^'^.^'',

Expedic.on inco

and molefted, would furrender, obliged He led with Ccsfar to haften his March.
j^-^^

y\xq Thoufand Horfe, Fifteen

Sii'ifs

Thou-

him by the Five Cantons, and Ten Thoufand Spanijl:) and German Foot, and took the Road from
fand

granted

T'reniQ

to Vcrcna.

The

French and Venetian

THE WARS
netian

IN IT ALT.

Army

rifons in

good GarViamza and Padoua^ went and

therefore, leaving

pofted themfelves at Pefchiera, with a

lign,
as
it

De-

was pretended, to prevent the Emperor from paffing the River Mincio*
as
it

But the Execution,

as they

often
;

happens,
for as foon

did not anfwer the Refolution

perceived

the Approach

of the

Enemy, they had

execute in

not Courage enough tQ

the Field

what they had

re-

folved in their Tents, but pafled the Oglio^

and

retired to Cremona^ the

Reputation and

Boldnefs of the

Enemy

increaiing as their

own

diminiflied.

Cafa?\ either induced

his evil

by bad Counfel, or impelled by

Fortune, halted to befiege Afola^ which

had a Garrifon of an Hundred Men at Arms and Four Hundred Venetian Foot, where he fpent fevcral Days to no Purpofe,

which Delay

is

undoubtedly believed to
ill

have been the Caufc of his

Succefs.

Decamping from
Oglio at Orci

Afola he paffed the River

Ntiovi,

and the

Enemy

Three Hundred Lances and Three Thoufand Foot retired on the

leaving in Cremona

other Side the Adday with an

difpute

Intent to

the

PaiTage of that River.

By
th^ir

THE HISTORY OF
their Retreat the

Emperor became Mafter

the

of

all

the Country between the OgliOy

Po, and the Adda,

except Cremona

and

Crewa, the

firft

garrifoned by the French^

Ccejar

and the other by the Venetians.

Exiles of the

was

attended by the Cardinal of Sion^ by

many

Dutchy of Milan

and by

Maj-c Antonio Cohnna in the Service of the

Pope with Two Hundred Men at Arms. His Progrefs ftruck the greater Terror into the F}'e?jchy as their chief Hopes depended on the fpeedy March of Sixteen Thoufand
S'wifs,

to

whom

they had advanced three

after

Months Pay.
figning to pafs
it

Grfa?-,

pafTing

the

Oglio, proceeded

to the

Kiver yldda^ debut find-

at Pizzichitone^

ing that his PniTage would be difficult at

that Place,

he marched
in

to Rivoltay

the

French being drawn up

Order

at Cafciano

on the other Side of the River.

Sivifs
j-^^^.^ jg.
treat to

But the

not being vet arrived, and the

Adda

being fordable in feveral Places, the next

Dav
not

the French

Army

retired

to

Milan,

without reproachful

Reflexions

on

Lautrechy

who had
that

publifhcd, and written

to the King,

he would flop drejar

from pafling that River.

That

Prince

having

THE WARS
him
;

IN ITALY.

having thus paffed without Oppofition, the

City of Lodi immediately furrendered to

and from thence approaching within a few Miles oi Milan he fent a Herald to
the

demand
French

Town,

threatening the

Mi-

lanefe that if

they did not drive away the

within three Days he would

Army

treat their City

worfe than

it

was treated
Barbarojfa,

by

his

PredeceiTor

Frederic

That Emperor, not contented with burning and demolifhing Milati, caufed the Ground on which it flood to be fowed with Salt, in Memory of his Anger and of the Rebellion of the Citizens.

But among the

tired
Ian,

French^

who were
;

rea$

under great Confternation into Mi- confuit

was

a Variety of Propofals

fome

in- Milan,

dining bafely to abandon the

Condition to oppofe the
believe that the Swifs,

Town,

bein a

caufe they did not think themfelves

Enemy, nor did

though they were known to be already on the Road, would ever arrive ; for they had Intelligence that
the Cantons had either already ordered,
or were upon the Point of ordering, that

the

Suoifs fliould relinquifli

the Service of

Vol. VI.

Cc

both

THE HISTORY OF
both the hoftile Parties

was doubted that the Troops on th-e Road would be more ready to pay Obedience to the Or;

and

it

ders of their

Mafters, than thofe in the

Service of the
this Refolution

Enemy.

Others detefted

of a Departure as infamous

and difgraceful, and putting more Confidence in the Coming of the Sw/fs, and in their own AbiHty to defend the City, advifed taking the beft
fervation,

Meafures for
all

its

Pre-

and

that lavin? afide

Thoughtsall
in.

of hazarding a Battle they fhould keep

the Foot with Eight

Hundred Lances
all

Milan, and dilbibute the other Forces with

thofe of the

Vcnetiam and

the light

Horfe into the neighbouring Towns, to guard them, and to cut the Enemies fhort
of Provifions.
ever,

The

firft

Counfel,

how-

would have been followed, had it not been earnertly dilTuaded by Andrea Grifti and. Andrea Trivifano the Venetian Provcditors, whofe Authority yet could do no more than juft prevail with them not to
be too hafty
fo that
in their Refolution to depart,

when

they had

now

determined

to be gone, certain Advice

berto

came that AlPetra with Ten Thoufand Swifs and

Grifons

THE WARS
Gr/fo/!s

IN IT ALT.
in Milan.
Spirits

would the next Day be

revived

This
of
all

News
;

the drooping

but not depending, however, on

Strength for the Defence of the

their

own

Suburbs, they retired within the

fetting Fire to the

Walls,

Suburbs by Advice of

the Venetian Proveditors,

this

who

gave

them
it

Counfel, either becaufe they judged

neceffary for the Prefervation of the City,

or becaufe they were willing to take this

Opportunity to gratify the antient Enmity

that fubfifted
Venetians.

between the Milanefe and

expelled alfo out of the

They
the

City, or kept under honourable Cuftody,

many of

principal

Perfons of the

Ghibelline Party, as

inclined to

embrace

the Authority of the

for a Fadlion,

Empire out of Zeal

the Gerjnan

and becaufe there were fuch

Numbers of them with

Army.

C 7^ A R
s

in

the

with his
Milan.

Army at

mean time took Pofl Lambra two Miles from

there the Swifs ar-

While he was

rived in that City, w^here they profelTed

themfelves ready to defend Milan, but refufed to go out to Battle againft the other
Swifs,

Their Coming put new

Spirits in

c 2

the

404
A.

THE HISTOP. Y OF
but gave

D. the Frenchj

much

greater Ter-*

i^J^V^ror

to Ccefar,

who, confidering the inve-

terate

Hatred of that Nation againft the

Ylou^t oi Aiijh'i a y and recalling to

Mind

what had happened to Lodov;co Sforza from a Meeting of oppofite Sivijs, began to be apprehenfivc that they would ferve him in the fame Manner^ fince he thought them more likely to deceive him who lay
under DitBcultie&
the
pay,

how

to

pay them, than

Fratcb,

who wanted no Money to And his Sufpicions or corrupt them.

were increafed bccaufe Giacopo Staffhe?'y Commander in Chief of the Swifsy had with great Arrogance den"ianded of him the Pay, which, not to mention other
Difficulties,

was deferred bccaufe the Money that was coming from Germany was Hopped by the Spaiiijh Foot who were in Garrifon at Brcjcia for the Payment of
their Arrears.

C^far
retreats

Maximilian therefore, in
the Fear of
in a

from
Milan,

^ wonderful
his

Commotion from

Danger, decamped

Hurry, and
but

retired

towards the AiMa*, none doubting

^ri'uulzic wrotc counterfeit Letters circ<Jled to the chief Officers of the Suui/s, in which he put them in Mind
of executing what they had promifed him by the Agrec-

meiH

THE WARS
but
if

IN ITALY.

405
^-^

he had approached Mil^?i three Days fooner, which Time he wafled be-^ fore Afola, the French^ who were then
under

^*

5i6.

much greater Doubt and Uncertainty of the Coming of the Swifs^ would have
returned beyond the Mountains
if
:

Or, even
it

he had not

fo

foon decamped,
that
either

was

firmly

believed
full

the

French^

who had no

Confidence in the Faith

of the ^wijs becaufe of the Regard they

fliewed to their

Countrymen with Cafar,

firft

would have followed the

that the
S'lvifs

Counfel

-,

or

themfelves, taking

an

Ex-

cufe from the

periors,

Commandment

of their Su-

was already publiflied, would have abandoned the French.

which

C^SAR
ed
if

pafTed the River Adda,

Swifs,

but
halt-

was not followed by the

at Lodi,

who

protefting they

would depart
in

they were not paid

Ccejar^

within four Days.

the

But

who was encamped

faying

Territory

of BergamOy

continually gave
that

them Hopes of Payment,

he

C
raent within

c 3

expeded

two Days

Thefe Letters being intercepted

Giivio,

by Maximilian threw him into violent Sufpicions that he

was betrayed by

the Sivi/s.

4o6
^-

THEHISTORYOF
I

^-

expeded new Supplies of Money from the King of Enghmd^ and threatened to return to Milan. Thefe Proceedings held
in vafl

Sufpenfe the French^

who were

more uncertain than ever of the Faith of the SiJDiJs^ who, befides the Slownefs which
they purpofely ufed in coming, and their
conftant
Alleverations
that

they

never fight againfl the

Sivifs in

would the Enemy's

the the

Armv, had received the Orders of Cantons commanding them to quit

French Service,
about
in

Two

which Thoufand of them were alObedience

to
it

ready gone, and

was feared that the

reft

would follow them, though the Cantons on the other hand aHiired the King that
they had fent private Orders to their Troops

At laft Cccjar, after exacting Sixteen Thoufand Ducats of the City of Bergatno^ making a Motion, in
not to quit him.

Expeftation of the Succefs of a Plot, to-

wards CremUj and returning without Effe(ft

into

the Bergamajco, refolved to fet

out for Trent.

ral Officers

He

acquainted the Gene-

of the

Army

with his Refo-

lution,

and afTured them that his Motive

to provide

to

it

was from an Intention

himfelf

THE WARS
felf

IN ITALT.

407

Money, with ^- ^' which and thofe from tlie King of E?7g-^^X....i^ IanJ now on the Road, he would foon he^'^^'"''. ^^' turns inwith them, encouraging them to wait glorious
with
Supplies of
. ,

new

with Patience for his Return.

after

His Army,^

^^'"'

plundering Loaiy

and forcing the

plundered
alfo

Caftle

without Artillery,

the
for

Town
Want

oi Sa?it\ Angela J being Itraitened of Provifions, and then took up

After

their Qiiarters in the Ghiaradadda,

the Departure of Ccejar there were fome

Hopes

that the Swijs,

who were joined by

would again
the

the whole

Army

at

Romano.^

have pafled the Adda^ becaufe the Marquis of Brandenburg

was

arrived in

Camp, and the Cardinal of Sion at Bergamo with Thirty Thoufand Ducats remitted by the King of Kngland. Under this Apprehenfion the Duke of Bourbon^

who had
the

by almoft ail the Swijsy and by the Venetians^ was advanced with
been
left

Army to

the further

Bank of the

River.
ealily

Butthe Defigns of the Enemy were

fruflrated, for the Swrfsy

not finding the

fufficient to

Money

that

was brought

pay

their Arrears,

returned by the Valley of

Valtelina into their

own Country

and for
the

4o8
^*

THEHISTORYOF
the fame Reafon
to the

Three Thoufand Foot, .^^^-^ Part Spaniards Part Germans^ went over
^-

Camp

of the French and Venetians^

after

who

with their combined Forces,

had never ceafed molefting for feveral Days together the Enemy with various Tncurlions and Skirmidies
pafTing the Adda^

with

different

Succefs,

fometimes

the

greater Lofs
in a

falling

on the French,
near
at

who
loll

great

Skirmifh

Bergamo
;

Two

Hundred Men on the Enemy, who

Cefare
Fierajnofca

Arms

fometimes

in a like Confli<ft

had

taken

Prifoner.

The

Remainder of the Troops receiving a Ducat each Man drew off to Brcfcia, but as they were greatly incommoded by th
lieht

Horfe Marc Antonio Colonna with

Spanijh Foot betook
all

the

German and fome

himfelf to Verona, and

perfed themfelves.

the reft dif-

^E^ ^i"'
pecied by

the King oiFranci.^Q^

was the End of the Movement Ccefar, in which the King made bv o of y France had ftrong Sufpicions of the Pope;
-/
,

Such

having requefted of his

P.Iolinefs that,

according to the Obligations of the League

jnade between them, he would fend Five

Hundred

THE WARS miTALT.

Hundred Men
at

Arms

to the
leaft

Defence of
order

the State of Milan^ or at

to the Frontiers,

them

and pay the Hire of

S^joifs,

Three Thoufand

as

he charged

him with having

Pallavicino, the

offered

by Antoiiio Maria

Pope coldly anfwered as to the Payment of the Swijs, and excufing himfelf from fending his own Troops on
account of their bad Condition, promifed
to

fend thofe of the Florentines^ which

accordingly put themfelves on theirMarch,

with fome of his

own

Soldiers, very ilowly

towards Bologna and Rcggio.

Expedition
of
Ccsjar

The

Sufpithis

cion that the Pontiff was privy to

was increafed by confidering that his Holinefs, on the firfl Advice that the Emperor was entered into
Ifal)\

appointed for his Legate to

him
to

Bernardo da Bihbiena^ Cardinal of Santa

Maria
Rome
to

in Portico,

who

always
at

ufed

oppofe the French Intereft

r,

the Court of
the

and

much more by
Ccefar.

Pope's

permitting
ferve

Marc

Antonio with his Troops

under

But the Truth

Coming of the Emperor with fo great a Force made the Pope uneafy on account of his own Interefl, being
was
that the

apprc-

4IO
'

THE HISTORY OF
that
Cccfar,
if

^. D. apprehenfive
,

he

fhoiild

come
prefs

off Conqueror,

would,

according

to his antient Inclination, attempt to opall

it

Italy

yet out of Fear, and be-

was agreeable to his Nature to proceed in this Manner, he concealed his own Sentiments, and endeavoured to rencaufe

der himfelf

as

little

obnoxious

as pollible

Wherefore he durft not recall Marc Antonioy nor durfl he fend the flipulated Auxiliaries to the King, and he appointed a Legate to Cajar. And* on the other Hand when Qeja?- had broke up
to either Party.

from Milafi, he contrived that the Legate, on Pretence of Sicknefs, {hould Hop at Rubiera^ and look about him, before he proceeded any further, and obferve on which Side the Victory feemed to incline
and
after this,

to foften the King's Heart,

he was plcafed
feffions

that his

Nephew

Lorenzo

should continue the fame diiTembling Pro-

of Dependence on him which he

at

had begun

Milan,

and fhould caufe

the Florentines to

prefent

him

with a

Three Thoufand Swifs. The King accepted the Money, but to ^ew that he had a right Notion of the
Month's Pay
for

Pope's

THE WARS
him always

IN IJALT.

411
^-

Pope's Artifices, faid that, fince he found

contrary to

^'

him in War, and^Jl-J. that his Confederacy did him no Service in Times of Danger, he would make a

new League with him, which ihould bind him only in Times of Peace and Security.

C^s
with ed
to

r's

Army

being broken, the

Venetians^ without waiting for the Fre?ich,

one Night on

a fudden approached Brefcia trufting

Scaling-Ludders,

to

the

Smallnefs of the Garrifon, which amount-

no more than Six Hundred Spanifi Foot, and Four Hundred Horfe ; but the Ladders proving too fliort, and the Defendants

making a vigorous Refiftance, the Attempt mifcarried. After this arrived the French

Army
in

under the

Com-

mand

of Odet de Foix, lately appointed

the Place of the

Governor of Milan

Duke of Bourbon^ who had refigned* The two Armies now in conjund:ion
play'd

upon Brefcia from four

render
to
it
refifl:

Batteries,

in order to

impoflible for the

in fo

few Defendants

many Places,

The

Garrifon however defended

feives as long as

them* they had any Hopes that

Seven

412
J.
I).

THE HISTOR
Tiro/
J

OF

Seven Thoufiind Foot of the County of

i^J^^..^^

which by Orders from Ccefar were come to Montagnana^ would advance forwards
J

but as

all

Attempts

for that

Pur-

pofe were

fruftrated

by the Oppofition

which the Veneiians made at the Caftle of Anfo and at other PafTes, thev did not care to ftand the AfTault which was to be given the next Day, a great Length of the Wall being ruined, but capitulated
$rtfcia
by^^the^

on Condition that
^narch out of the
their Effe(fts

the

Soldiers

might
re-

Town
if

and Caflle only

Venetiani.y^\\}ci

were not lieved within Twenty-four Hours.

they

At
Pope
CO-

the fame

Time

the Pope prepared

dclla

to

depri\'e

Francefco Maria

Rover

Dutchy'

by Force of Arms of the Dutchy of Ur-

QiUriino.biJiOy

and begun

to

proceed againft

him
being

with Cenfures, publifliing a Monitory, in

which was expreflbd

in the Service of the

that the

Duke

Church had refufed her the Troops for which he had received her Pay, and had made a fecret Agreement with her Enemies the Murder he
j

had

fo long

ago committed of the Cardinal

of Paviay of which he had been abfolved

by

THE WARS
by Grace, not by
perpetrated by

IN ITALT.
;

413
'^-

Juflice
;

other Murders

^
'

him

that in

the greateft ^JJ^

Heat of the War again ft Pope Julius whofe Nephew, Subjed:, and General he was, he had fent Baldajfnrre da CaJUglmie to lift in the King's Service ; that he had at the fame time refufed a PafTage to fome
Troops

Armv
State

were marching to join the and that in the of the Church

that
;

which he held as a Feudatary of the Apoftolic See, he had perfecuted the Soldiers of the fame See in their Flight from The Pope had the Battle of Ra-ve?i?ja,
formed
a Defign to attack the

Duke

feveral

Months
againft

before, being not only

provoked

him by

late Offences,

but by the
affift

Memory
Florence
;

of his former Refufal to

his Brother

and him

in

their

Return to

but he was reftrained in fbme

meafure by the Shame of perfecuting the

Nephew

of a Pope by whofe Means the

arrived to

Church had
treaties

fuch a Height of
the In-

Grandeur, and
the

much more by

of hjs Brother GiulianOy

in the

who

in

Time of their

Exile having lived

many

Years

Duke

Court of Vrbino with the Guido, and after his Death with the
prefent

THE HISTORY OF
Duke, could not bear fo fee him deprived by his own Family of that Dutchy in which he himfelf had been fupported and honoured. But Giidiano
prcfent

dying of a lingering Diforder

in Florence,

and Cajar\ Undertaking proving abortive, the Pontiff", ftimulated by Lorenzo his Nephew and Alfonfina his Mother, who
coveted
to

the Appropriation of that State

refolved
to

themfelves,

to

delay

no

longer,

alledging,

acquit himfelf of

Ingratitude, with

which he was charged

Injuries received

by many, not only the

from the Duke, with the

were incurred by

Penalties

which,
con-

according to the Difpofition of Juftice,

a VafTal

who was

tumacious to his Lord, and by a Soldier,

who being
to

under military Obligations, and

paid him,

having received Money, refufed his Troops

one

who had
liis

but

much
in

more the Danger of

Bowels of
State a

tolerating

the

Man who,
Regard

having

already, without any

to Faith or

Honour, begun to offend him, he might be certain, would not fail, when a fairer
Opportunity offered,
to

be fo

much

the

more

THE WARS
more ready '
in
to

IN IT ALT.

41$
^
1516.

commit the

like Offences ^-

Time
In

to

come.

v,-v.

the Profecution of this

War,

as
f^ JIq^
it.

foon as Lorenzo, with an

Army compofed
Subjeds of
the

of

the

Soldiers

and

Church and of the Florentines, touched upon the Borders of that Dutchy, the
City of Urbino, with the other
the Duke,

Towns of
to Pefaro,

that State, freely fubmltted to the Pontiff,

who was

retired

confentino; that, lince

he could not de-

fend them, they fhould confult their

Safety.

own
had

Pefaro did the fame as foon as

before
it
;

the

Enemy came
it

for tho*

it

within

Three Thoufand Men, the City was fortified, and the Sea open, yet Francefco

Maria, leaving

7ra?iquilIo

da Mori"
fet

dolfo his

Confident in the Caffle,

out

thence for Mantona, whither he had before fent his

Wife and Son,

either putting

no Confidence

in his Soldiers, or as

many,

excufing his Fear with his Love, affirmed,

becaufe he could not bear to be abfent

from

his Canfort.

Thus was

the

Dutchy

cf Urbino, together with Pefaro and Sinifagiia, in the Space of four

Days reduced
undeF

THE HISTORY OF
under the Obedience of the Church, ex*
cept

the

Caftles

of SinigagUa,
di Majiiolo.

FeJarOy

San Leo, and Rocca

Caftle

But the
after

of Sinigaglia

immediately

furrendered, and

the Caftle

of PefarOy
Battery,
relieved

tho' very ftrong, after

agreed to furrender
in

if

two Days it were not

twenty Days,

new Fortifications made during that ment being but ill obferved was
fion that T^rauquillo^

on Condition that no or Batteries Ihould be Time, which Agreethe Occa-

Succours within
fufing to yield
iire his

who had received no the Term prefixed, reCaflle,

up the

began to
a Sally

Cannon anew, and made

upon the advanced Guards of theBefiegers. But his Fate was the harder, for Lorenzo^ as foon as he had taken PofTefTion of the
Tovv^n, returning to Florence, the Generals

that were

left

with the

Army had
all

caft In-

trenchmcnts about the Caftle, and manned

out fome Vcllels to prevent
Sea,

Relief

by

and when the Time

for furrendering

was expired the Batteries immediately began to fire. But on the fame Day the
Soldiers of the Garrifon
I'l'anqiiillOy

mutinied againft

and for

their

own

Security delivered

THE WARS
livered
as

IN ITALT.

a,ij
-^-

him into the Hands of the commanding Officers of the Befiegers, who,
a

Punishment
Gallo^.vs.

for

his

breaking
to be

the

Capitulation, fentenced

him

hanged
fur-

on a

few Days

after

rendered the Fortrefs of Maruolo, which

was a Place the Poffefiion of which was neceffary for forming the Siege of Sa?2 LeOy lince it is but a Mile diflant from it, and
fituated over aeainfl o
it.

Leo were pofled Two Thoufand Foot, to keep it blocked up,

S>an

About
it

becaufe

was

fo very ftrong

by

its

Situa-

were no Hopes of reducing it but by Famine. The Place however was three Months after taken by a Stratation that there

gem

ov;ing to a Carpenter,

who one Night

by means of a very long Ladder getting upon a Precipice or Cliff, efleemed the
moll difHcult of that Mountain, ordered
the Ladder
to

be

taken away, and re-

maining
as

in that

Place the whole Night,

fet

foon as

Day

appeared

about climbing

by the Help of fome iron Inftruments, till he made his Way at laft to the Top
of
the

Mountain,

whence defcending,

Yql,

VL

Dd

and

4i8
^-

THE HISTORY OF
and with
his Inftruments rendering
eafier

^-

Jl',_^lbme of the moll difficult Places, he returned the next Night by the fame Ladder to the
that the

Camp. Here

giving AfTuranccs

Mountain might be climbed, he returned on a Night appointed by means of the fame Ladder to his Poft, and was
followed by

One Hundred and

;

Fifty

of

the choiceft Foot

and

after

they had

lodged during the Night on the Precipice,

becaufe

was impoffible to climb in the Dark, they began at Break of Day to

it

afcend

Man

after

Man

by thofe very nar-

row

and about thirty of them, with a Drum and fix Colours, were alPlaces,

ready got to the

Top

of the Mountain,

where they
pecting

lay clofe to the

Ground ex-

their

Companions
them,

who
it

were
being

clambering

after

when

now

broad Day, a

Watch of

the Garrifon
thofe

going off from their

lay proflrate

Pofl: efpied

who

on the Ground, and gave the

feeing themfelvcs dif-

Alarm.
panions,

The Men

covered, without waiting for their

Comac-

gave the Signal,

as

they had

agreed, to thofe in the

Camp, who,

cording to the Orders that had been given,

with

THE WARS IN ITALY.

with a Multitude of Ladders fuddenly
attacked the Mountain in
diltrad: the Garrilon,

many

Places to
to their
at

who

running

appointed Ports, and being terriiied

the

Sight of fix Colours within their Forti- J^ \^,g fications, who were fcouring the Plain on '^^^" ^y

Top, and had already killed feme of them, betook themfelves to the Caflle

which was
the others

built

on the Mountain.
by
this tim?e

But

who had
their

climbed

Companions, opened the Gate which gives an Entrance upon the Mountain, and fo gave Admiffion to thofe
after

up

who had
tain

not as yet chmbed.

The Mounall

being thus taken, the Garrifon of the

tho'
it

Caflle,

was well provided with

NecelTaries, furrendered the fecond

After the Conqueft of this State,

Day. which,

together with Pejaro and Sinigaglia^ fe-

Dutchy of Urh'mo^ yield not a Revenue of more than Twenty-five Thoufand Ducats, Leo^ following the Procefs which he had begun, deprived Francejco Maria of thefe Domi*
parate

Members from

the

nions by folemn Sentence, and afterwards

gave the Invelliture of them in a Conliftory

to

Lorenzo his Nephew,

.

all

the

Dd

Cardinals,

THE HISTORY
their
Lorenzo

OF
Billiop

Cardinals, for the greater Validity, letting

Hands

to the Bull expedited for this

EfFedl.
.

But Domeuico Grimano^

ereat Friend and a "^
,

d/

MMQ{Uy}jijiQ

to the

Duke,

invelied

with the
I'rbino.

refufed to concur with the

,

reft,

and there-

DutchyoffQj-g

being: apprchcnfive of the An^er of ^ r T^ c i 1 r the rope, a tew Days alter departed from
L,

Rome,
Death.

and did not return

till

after his

King oi France was difpieafed at the Ruine of the Duke of VrbinOy who was
deprived of his State for treating with his
Majefty.

The

But he was more

;

difpieafed at
for Frojpero

many

of the Pope's Actions

Colonna,
P

when he
at

returned from France,

a

having ftopt
^KiAed
Intereft.

Bujfcto,

Town

of the

to

Pallaviciniy
Fn7;r/j,

and from thence, fufpedting

thefr/rnf/.'^j^g

removed

to

Modcna, met with

.

Girolamo

Morone,

who was

alio

retired

thither as a Place of Safety, being appre-

henfive of the French, becaufe, contrary

to their Promifes,

they had ordered that

he

fliould

go

for France.
all

Thefe two were

the

continually

plotting

Time

that

Projpero ftayed at Modena,

at Bologna,

ajid afterwards

how

to furprife,

by means of feme

THE WARS INITALT.

fbme Exiles, fome imuortant Place of the Dutchy of Milcjn^ in which Defign they had alfo the Concurrence of Mwzio CoIcnna^ to

whom

the Pope, being privy to

for his

the

Plot,

had granted Quarters

Regiment in the Modejicj'e. Befides this, the Pope had advifed the Catholic King (which was now the Title of the Archduke by the Death of his maternal Grandfather) to enter into no new Agreements with the King of F?'ance : And Ennio Bidiop of Veruli^ Apoftolic Nuncio, and afterwards, though ahnoft decrepit, promoted
^wijs,
tivate

to the
ill

Cardinallhip, befidcs doing

Offices to the

many other

King with the

the

exhorted the Five Cantons to culthe Friendil^iip

as a

of
at

Hence,

Treaty was

Emperor. the fame time

ter-

carrying on between Cajar (who, keeping

himfelf between Trent

rified

and Jnjhnick^

the

French more with Noife and

Show

than Efforts) the King of England,

S>v)ifs^

and the

for

making

a frefli Attack

on the Dutchy of Milan, the King of France was apprehenfive that thefe Aliairs were tranfadled with the Confent of the Pontiff, whofc evil Difpofition appeared

d 3

alfo

422 A. O

THE HISTORY OF
alfo in
culties,

another Inflance, by raifing Diffi-

^'

and making various Exceptions in granting him the Tenths of the Benefices
of the Kingdom of France^ which he had
promifed him
is

at Bologna.

Such, however,

the Majefty of the Pontificate that the

ftudied to pacify
y

King

him by many kind

after

Offices

hence when he defigned,

the Departure of the Emperor, to fend

Troops to exa(fl Contributions of Money from Miraudola^ Carpi and Con-eggio, as Imperial Towns, he defifted on the Pope's remonflratinjT that he had before taken the Lords of thofe Places under his ProAnd when the Moors oi Africa tedtion.
with a Multitude of Ships
infefted the

Lower

Sea"^,

the

King

offered, for the SeParts,

curity of thofe maritime

to fend a

good Fleet of Ships, which Pietro Na*uarra was by his Confent fitting out at
Marfeillcs,
to be

manned with

Six

fand Foot, for attacking, with a

to Plunder,

ThouView only
Barhis

the maritime Places of

Pontiff,

bary.

The

however, not altering

wafties Tuf-

* The Tufcan Sea, or the Sea which

catty

and the Southern Coafls of the

Kingdom of

Naples^
is

in Oppofition to the Adriatic^ or

Gulf nf Venicty which

called the C7/>/fr Sea.

THE WARS
his Sentiments,

IN IT ALT,

and
ties

partly

though he partly denied, excufed the Fads, never gave

Importuni-

ear in the lead to the earneft

of the King for removing the Billiop

Nor did he of Feridi from Swijerland. ever remove Muzio Coknna from the Modeneje^

where,

as

he pretended, he took

up
till,

his

Refidence by his

own

Authority^

by the Departure of Ft'ofpero Colonna from Bologna-, and the entire Fruflration of what they liad been fo long concerting,
his Stay

was become of no Importance.

But his Departure proved mofl: unfortunate to him, for not long after, having with the Forces of the Colonna s and fome Spa?iiJ}j Foot furprifed Fermo by Night, while he was bufy in plundering the City, he rereceived a Wound, of which he died in a

few Days.
I

this State

of Affairs the Venetian Sefor

nate being importunate

the Recovery
in

oi Verona, Lautrech having

Six

his

Army
the

Thoufand German Foot, Veiietians had agreed to pay for

prife,

whom
this

Enter-

advanced

to the Adice,

with a Dc-

fign to pafs

that River at UJoHugo,

and in

d 4

conjundtion

424
^I
''

THE HISTORY OF
with the Venetian
to

^- coniun<frion "
1

Army

to

6.

K^Ji^.^^\-^y
Lautrech

Siege

Verona.

But

afterwards

Coming of the declines ^<y;jlf^ increafing, and the Umbrage taken ^' ^, the Siege of Projpero Colomia in Moi^iVerona.'3X the Stay
the

Rcport
f,

cf

the
.

dena being augmented, becaufe the Car-dinal of Santa

Maria

in Portico

had taken

up

his

Refidence

in the

fame CiLy, the

French General drew off his Forces, not

without the Complaints of the Venetians^

and

retired

to

'Pefchiera^

dillributing his

Troops

in the

Territory on both Sides of

the River Mincio.

And though

all

Fears

and Jealoufies on the abovementioned Accounts were ceafed, and above Two Thoufand Spa?iijh and German Foot had deferted

Irom Verona^ and enlified under the Ve?ietiansy and Deferters continually came
over,
a

he remained

in thofe

Quarters above

Month, expecting, as he faid, fome Money from France^ and that the Venetiam would make greater Provifion of Money, Artillery and Ammunition. But
the truer Reafon was his Expedation of the Succefs of the Negotiations between
his Mafter

and the Catholic King.

For
his

the King of France

knowing how

necelTary

THE WARS
his Friendfliip

IN ITALT.
King,
in

was

to the other

order to remove the Difficulties of his Paffage into Spain^, and for the Eftablifiiment

of thofe Kingdoms, was not content with the Agreement which they had before
concluded
at Paris,

but endeavoured to

impofe on him harder Conditions, and to make Peace by his Mediation v/ith the

Emperor,
Venetians.

which could not be.effedled

Fe?'o?ia to

without the Reftitution of

the Advice

the

And the King of of M. de Cheures,

Spain ^ by

by whofe

Authority, being as yet but fifteen Years

of Age, he was wholly governed, did not

refufe to

accommodate
Neceflities.

his

Refolutions to

Times and

There

aifembled therefore

at

Noyon,

the^^fS^efs on the Part of the King o of France, at Noy on. Eifhop of Paris, the Grand Mailer of the

Houfhold, and the Prefident of the Parliament of Paris

Catholic King,
j

and on the Part of the

faid

the

M.

de Cheures,

and the Grand Chancellor of the Empire. While Lautrech expelled the Event of this
Congrefs, the Soldiers, according to the

Cuftom of

the Military in our Age, were

continually

THE HISTORY OF
continually employing their

Arms

againfl

For while Lautrechj after laying a Bridge at the Country Seat of Monza?'baniOy was employed in cutting off the Corn in the Fields of the Territory of Verona, and iu fcouring all the Country with his light Horfe, and a
the
Peafants.

unhappy

Part of his Troops, quartered in the Ma?i'

touan,

did

fuch

vaft

Damage

to

that

Country that the Marquis of Mantoiia^ to free himfclf from the Trouble of Qiiarters,

was content to pay the General Twelve Thoufand Crowns, the Garrifon of Verona
tine

made
and

daily Incurfions into the Vicen-

Padouan,
City

and

plundered the
Lautrech^

miferable

of

Vicenza.

however, afterwards being Simulated by

the moving Complaints of the Venetians^
pafled the Adice
lifjgOj

by the Bridge
vafl

laid at Vfo-

and having made a

becaufe
it

Booty

in

the

Country,

was not

in the leaft

imagined that the

that Side,

Army would
it,

pafs

on

came

before Verona with an In-

tent to lay clofe Siege to

having

in the

mean time with

the Affiflance of the

Men

of the Country taken PoflefTion of

render more difficult the

Cbiufa, in order to

THE WARS
be fent from Germany.
that

IN ITALY.
But the very Day

the PalTage of the Succours which might

he approached Verona the German Inthough they had been main-

fantry, either voluntarily, or at his fecret

Inftigation,

tained three

Months

at

the Coil of the

Fenetiam j^votedtd they

the principal Intereft

would not, where of the King of Fra?2ce

iight

was not concerned,

againft

any

Town

in the PofTeffion

of Cajar,

Lau-

trech therefore repaffed the Adice^ and en-

camped

at

the Diflance of a Mile from the

j

Walls of Verona

and the Venetian Army,

which confifted of Five Hundred Men at Arms, as many light Horfe, and Four Thoufand Foot, not thinking itfelf fecure on the farther Side of the River, palTed it
and joined him.

At

this

Jund:ure, the Commiffioners

to

of the two Kings came

an Agreement

f/^^^^

on the Fifteenth Day oi Augiift at Noyon, That beon the following Conditions
:

tween the Kings of France and Spain there

fhall

be a perpetual Peace, and a Confe-

deracy for the Defence of their Dominions

againfl
all

Powers whatfocver

That the King

428
^-

THEHISTORYOF
King o Fra?ice
,

^-

fhall

give

his

Daughter,

then a Year old,

in

Marriage to the Ca-

thoHc King, and

Ihall

make

over to her in

Dowry the Right which he claims to the Kingdom of Naples according to the Partition

formerly

made by
fit

their Predecefibrs,
till

but with this Provifo, that

the Dauf^hter

comes

to

an

Age
ihall

for

Matrimony the
to the

Catholic

King

pay every Year

King of France towards her Maintenance an Hundred Thoufand Crowns but if

;

Ihe fliould die before her Marriage, and

the

King

fliould

have another Daughter,

flie fliall

be given to the Catholic King on

j

the fame Conditions

fliould

and

in

cafe there
fliould

be nonCj

then

Re?it'e

be
the

given,

who had
at

been
:

promifed in

Treaty made
thefe Ladies

Paris

died

in

any one of Marriage without

if

That

Children, that Part

of the Kingdom of

Naples

fliall

revert to the

King of France
fliall

That

the Catholic

King

reflore the

Kingdom of A^^^'^;7^ to its antient King and, if it be not within a certain Time
;

reftored,

it fliall
affill:

be lawful for the King of

in the

France to

him

Recovery of

it

But

this

Claufe was to be undcrflood, as

the

THE WARS
tiie

IN ITALY.
firll

Spaniards
if

afterwards affirmed, with

that

the Provifo,
tisfatftory

King

gave him

fa-

Evidence of

his

Right: That

Cc^far fhall have Liberty to accede to this

Peace within the

Term

of two
the
in

Months,

and

it

ftiall

be lawful for
the
j

Fra?7ce to

affill:

Vend tarn

King of the Reco-

very of Verona City in the

but

if Ccefar

depofit that

Hands of

the Catholic King,

it

with free Liberty to furrender

within Six

King of France to be difpofed of at his Difcretion, he fhall receive of Francis an Hundred Thoufand Crowns,
to the

Weeks

and the
it

like

Sum

of the Venetians^ Part of

at

the

Time

of Surrendry, and the reft

within Six Months, and fhall moreover be

Three LIundred Thoufand Crowns received of King Lewis when

acquitted of about

they were in Confederacy; and that in

fuch a Cafe there

Ciefar

fhall

be a Truce between
for
fliall

and the Venetians

:

Eighteen

Months
with
Friiili
all
-y

And
that

that Cafar

remain in
prefent in

PofTeilion

of Riva di Trento and Rovere^

he

polTefles

at

and the

Venetia?is continue to

hold

the Caftles belonging to Ccejar which they

keep

at prefent,

till

the Kings of France

and

430
j9.

THE HISTORY OF
and
Sj^ahi fliall

D.

have decided the Differ-

ences

between

them

concernino;

their

Frontiers.
Pontiff.

Both

Parties

nominated the

Verova
Befieged.

Agreement made at Noyon did not prevent the Venetians from continually
folHciting Lautrech to lay Siege to Verona^
for they

The

were uncertain whether the

to recover

Em-

peror would accept the Peace, and they

were delirous
Force of

it

the fooner by

Arms

hecaufe of the Quantity of

Money

they were to pay.

On

the other

King of France was better pleafed with an Agreement than Force, for the
Part the
Eftablifhrnent

of the Peace with dvfar,

left,

Lautrech^ however, liad no Excufe

for the Venetians

had made great Levies of

all

Foot, and

made

the Provilions that he

had demanded, and the Germans no longer refufed to march with tne reft, and therefore

complied

with

their

Defire.

The

Armies then paffed the y^elice feparately, one by a Bridge laid above the City, the
other by a Bridge laid below.

The

Fre?2cb

pofted themfelves at Tomba^ and

planted

Part of their Artillery againft the Gate of

Santa

THE WARS
Santa Lucia, and the

IN IT A L
reft,

T,

with the Ger-

man

Infantry,

before the
all

Gate of San

MaJJimo, to play

on the Place where the Wall between the Cittadel and the City

comes to join with the Wall of the Town, that, by making pra(fticable Breaches for
entering

the

City and Cittadel at once,

the Defendants might be neceffitated to

divide themfelves into

two

Parties feparated

Length of Wall. The Venetian Army paiTed the Adice below Verona into the Campus Martins, and pofbed itfelf at San Michele between the River and the Canal, with a Y)q^\^w to ruin the Defences on that Side, and to batter the Works towards Bijhofs Gate, as the weakeft and leaft forIn the two firfh Days they tified Place. ruined with their Cannon the Defences, which were of confiderable Strength j and the Batteries of the Venetians playing in Flank, though with greater DifHculty, deflroyed the Outworks of three Baftions, on which they began on each Side to batter the Wall with eighteen heavy Canncn, and fifteen of a proper Size for Battery ;
by
a

and on the third Day each

Army had made

and

a Breach in the Wall of Seventy Braces,

THE HISTORY OF
and continued battering
Breaches
to

make the

much

larger.

But the Venetians^

on whofe Side the Wall was weaker, tho' they had in a manner levelled the Baftions and their Ramparts, yet they had not entirely

deftroyed the

inner Defences

that

flanked them, for being fo low, and al-

moft within the Ditch, the Bullets either went over them, or buried themfelves in
the Earth before they the fame

came

at

them.

At
fell

Time

they undermined the Wall,

it

which, though
before the

was underpropped,

Time

defigncd by the Generals.

In Verona were Eight

Hundred Horfe,

Five Thoufand Getman and Fifteen

dred Spanifi Foot, all mand q{ Marc Antonio

Hununder the ComColonna^ who was

of the Pope but
dili-

no longer
of Ccefar.
gent

in the Service

The

Befieged were very

up Ramparts, providing for their Defence wherever it was neceiTary, and making a ftout and refolute Rcfillance,
in cafting

highly to the

Honour of Marc
Ball
in

Antonio^
flight-

who
ly,

being wounded, though but

the

by a Mufket

Shoulder,

was never wanting, at any Hour of the Night as well as Day, to expofe himfelf to The all manner of Fatigues and Dangers.
Batteries

<

THE WARS
Batteries of i\icFre?ichy

IN ITALT.

433
'^

againfl

which were ereifled the four Places where the Towers

between the Gate of the Cittadel and the Gate of Santa Lucia, had nov<r razed the Walls to fuch a Degree, that
flood

each of the Breaches was capable of re*

and the Cannon of the Venetiam had done as

cieiving

Soldiers in

Line of Battle

much

Execution.

Lautrech however de-

manded more
Batteries,

Artillery for enlarging his

and without giving Ear to th6

Exclamations of the Venetians,

continually flimuladng
Place, was ready to
for

who were
ftorm the
OccafionS
it

him

to
all

embrace
AfTault.

deferring
his

the

And

hap-

pened for
Barrels of

Purpofe that a Convoy of

Waggons, loaded with Eight Hundred

Powder, and great Quantities
of
Ball,

coming

to

the

Army

through

the Plains of Verona, through the Fault

of the Drivers,

who

ftrove to get

one

before another, the rapid Motion of the

Wheels flruck Powder blew

Fire,
it

which

lighting in the

up,

together
that

with the
to ftruggie

Waggons and
with other

the

Oxen

drew them.

But the Beiieged were forced

Difficulties,

for in the City,

Vol. VI.

which

434
yi.

THE HISTORY OF
which had now
diftreiTed

D.

for fo

many Months been

1.^..,,^^-^^

by the Neighbourhood of the Enemy, there began to be a Scarcity of

Provilions,

none entering but

and by

in

fmall

Quantities,

Way

of the Mountains.

Such
relieved^

was the melancholy

Situation

of Affairs in Verona^

when

there arrived

Nine Thoufand German Foot fent by Ccefar Thefe Troops adto relieve that City.
vancing to
Chiiifa

got PoflefTion of

it

by

Agreement, and made themfelves Maflers

of the Caftie of Covcara^ feated on a Hill,
near the Adice^ towards Trent^ and feveral
times taken and retaken in the

the tween Ccefar and the Approach of thefe Forces Lautrech^ ftruck

War Venetians. On

be-

with Fear either

real

or feigned, raifed

the Siege, contrary

to

the Will of the

Venetiam^ and retired to Vtllafranca^ ac-

companied by Part of the Venetian Troops, the refl, under Gian Pagolo Manfrone,
retiring

that
tians

beyond the Adice^ over a Bridge was prepared, to Bofeto, The Veiie^
therefore,

defpairing

of making
fent
;

themfelves
dieir

Mafters of Verona,

all

heavy Artillery to Brejcia

and the

Germans

THE WARS
Germans
finding
at

IN IT ALT.

themfelves

no Oppofition ported Tomba^ where the French

before,

Army had encamped

whence Part

of them entered the City, and the other which remained without was employed
in introducing Provifions into the after

Place,
in

which

they departed,

leaving

Verona a Garrifon of between Seven and

Eight Thoufand German Foot, for moft

of the Spaniards^ not being able to agree

with the Germans^ were, under Colonel

gone over to the VenetiafisIt was the Opinion of the Public that this Relief was of no great Moment, for it brought no other Money than Twenty
Maldonato^

Thoufand Rhenijh Florins fent by the King of England, and the Troops confumed almoft as great a Quantity of Provifions

while they

flayed
thither.

as

they had
the Forces

brought with them

As

retired to Villafranca

were

daily eating

up

and exhaufting the Veroneje and Mantouan, and the French Troops no longer to be
retrained by the Orders of their

King
the

from

repairing

to

their

Garrifons,

Venetians to keep

obliged to

them fupply them

in the Field

were

v/ith

all

their neceiTary

Ee

THE HISTORY OF
celTary

Food from the City of Brefcidy which cofl them above One Thouiand Crowns a Day.

AT
r^rpfffl re-

laft

the Sinews

of

War
of

were
Affair^
;

fl^ckened,
jnanifeftly

and

the

Courfe
that

ftored to

tended towards a Peace

received
Ccpjur,

for

tiatis,

and

Advice was
j^^fj ^t firfl

Peace tween

earneilly follicited his

whq Nephew
King
oi

to

makc no Agreement with

at

the
his

them and

Pfance^

length

fufFering
to get the

greedy

Defire of

Money
and

Afcendent

over his natural Antipathy to the

Name

of the

F?'cnchy

his antient Projed; of

fubjed:ing Italy, had accepted and ratified

the Peace, and had determined to reftore

Verona according to the

ticles

Form of
Hence

the Arrefulted

of the Agreement.

another Event in Favour of the King of

France

for

all

the Cantons of the Sivifs^

feeing a thorough

Accommodation

effedled

between Cajar and him, and that both Parties had laid down their Arms, were
inclined to

make an Agreement with him

had done before, Galeazzo

as the Grifons

Vifconti mightily beftirring himfelf for that

End.

In recompenfe for this good Office

that

THE WARS
that

IN IT ALT,

437

Nobleman, who was in Difgrace ^- ^* with the King *, and an Exile, obtained nf^ - ,-L/

him

Reftoration

to his

Country, and in

Procefs

of

Time

many

Favours

and

Honours.

BY
that the

the Convention between the

it

King

of France and the Swifs

was agreed, Conven-

King fhould pay them within thejj^"^^ ^j^^ Term of Three Months Three Hundred l^"g of and Fifty Thoufand Ducats, and from a^a the
IP

thenceforth a perpetual yearly Penfion

z^'^-"/'-

That

the Swifs fhould be obliged to grant

Leave to the King by public Decree, whenever he fhould require it, to inlift
into his Service a certain

Number

of their

Foot

But

in this Article the Swifs proj

ceeded differently even

for the Eight

Cantons

obliged themfelves to lend their Troops

when

the

King adted

offenfively

againft the States of others, but the Five

Cantons no othervvife than for the Defence of his own Dominions That it
:

fhould be in the
reftore to the

Power of the Swifs to King of France the Caflles

flrong PalTes,

of Lugano and Lucerna^

and
Orig.
in

Contumacia dtl Re, outlawed by the King.

THE HISTORY OF
and of Importance
to the Security

of the

Dutchy of Milan
bound
tion
to

and that

if

they fliould

chufe to reftore them, the King fliould be

pay them Three Hundred Thou:

fand Ducats

But

as foon as the
Sijcijs

Conven-

was made, the

demoliflied thefc

Caflles.

These were
^

the Tranfadlions in Italy

1

during the Courfe of the Year

in the

but

Beginning of the next Year the

T^i'ent

and offered to Latitrcch, with whom he had a Conference between Vtllafranca and Verona^ to refign that City, which, he faid, he held in the Name of the King of Spain^ to the King of France within
to

Bifhop of

came

Verona^

the

Term

of Six Months appointed by

the Articles.

But a Difficulty remaining,

whether the

Term was
it

to begin

from the
or

Day of

the

Ratification

of

Ccefar,

from the Day when

to be held for

was acknowledged the King of Spain, fome

difputing the Point.

Days were

fpent in

But the Troops ^xVerona, demanding their Pay in a tumultuous Manner, conflrained
the Bifliop of T^rcnt to haften the Proceedings
:

THE WARS
Ceedings
:

IN ITALY.

439

Wherefore dating the Beginning ^- ^ of the Term from the Day in which u*^*^' Cafar had given him Commiffion, he
agreed to refign Verona on the Fifteenth

Day

of 'January^ at which

Time having
iirft

received of the Venetia7is the

Fifty

Thoufand Ducats, and Fifteen Thoufand more, which according to the Convention were to be paid to the Troops in Verona^ and of Lautrech a Promife that the Artillery

in

Verona fhould be conveyed to

in the

Trent ^ he configned that City to Lautrech

who

received

it

Name

of the King
after,

of France^ and immediately

in the
it

Name

of the fame King, configned

to

the Venetian

Senate, and, for them, to

Andrea Gritti the Proveditor.

expreffible

But in-

the

was the Joy and Satisfaction of Venetian Nobility and People for
at laft feen a

having

happy End of

fo

long

and dangerous a War, tho' after infinite Cofts and Trouble, for, as fome of their
Hiftorians aflure
us,

they expended in

the whole
bray no

War

fince the
five

League of Cam-

lefs

than

Millions of Ducats,

of which Five Hundred Thoufand were

r-aifed

by the Sale of Places.

Incredible
alfo

THE HISTORY,
alfo

{if^f.

were the Rejoicings of the Veronefe and of all the other Cities and People
within the Jurifdidlion of the Republic,
fince they

now

promifed themfelves, from

the Benefit of Peace, to enjoy Reft

Quiet, and to be freed from that

and

World

of Vexations and Calamities, under which

they had for a long
fuffered,

Time

fo

miferably

fometimes from one and fome-

times from the other of the contending

Parties.

^he

End

of the twelfth Book^

the

and of

Sixth Volume.

'41