Department of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering

ACE TRACTORS
Summer Training Report

RAHUL RAI Roll No.- 100109801

Sharda Univer i!"# $rea!er Noida

September, 2013

Department of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering

Summer Training Report

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

%ACHELOR O& TECHNOLO$'

by

RAHUL RAI Roll No.- 100109801

Sharda Univer i!"# $rea!er NOI(A September, 2013

A))RO*AL SHEET

Summer training report, entitled: ACE TRACTORS is approved for award of 12 credits.

E aminer!

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#oordinator """"""""""""""""""

$ead of Department

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Date%

TA%LE O& CONTENTS

&age no' i. Ac(no)ledgement! ii. Ab!tract iii. ,i!t of table! iv. ,i!t of figure! 1' Action con!truction E/uipment ,imited """""" 1'1 2ntroduction 1'2 3ac(ground 1'3 &roduct Range of The #ompany 2nclude! 1'1 Ace E/uipment 2' Agriculture E/uipment4! 2'1 Tractor 2'2 $i!tory 2'3 6arm Tractor De!ign, &o)er and Tran!mi!!ion 2'3'1 2'3'2 2'3'3 3' $itche! and &o)er Application 3'1 2ntroduction 3'2 Dra)bar! 3'3 6i ed Mount! 3'1 Three &oint hitche! and 7uic( $itch 3'5 Three $itch Re8olutioni9ed and Their 2mplement 3'* &o)er ta(e :ff !y!tem and $ydraulic 3'+ &edal! 3'- ,e8er! and S)itche! Tractor #onfiguration Engine and 6uel! Tran!mi!!ion """"""" "" * + . 10011 10 10011 12 11 15020 15 1501* 1+ 1+ 11.020 2102* 21 21 21022 22 23 23 210 25 2*

1' A!!embly &lant 1'1 2ntroduction 1'2 A!!embly ,ayout 1'3 Rear A le A!!embly 1'1 Tran!mi!!ion A!!embly 1'5 A!!embly of Engine and #lutch Mechani!m 1'* 6ront A le A!!embly 1'+ &laint Shop 1'- ;heel 6itment 1'-'1 1'. Radiator 6itment 1'10 1'11 Muffler 6itment Air filter 6itment 6ront and Rear ;heel 6itment

2+035 2+ 22-02. 2.030 30 31032 32 33 33 31 31 35 3*03. 3* 3* 3+ 3+035'1'1 Trimo! $eight Mea!uring !y!tem 3. 10013

5' <no)ledge Management #entre 5'1 2ntroduction 5'2 De!ign 5'3 Te!ting 5'1 Metrology

*' Safety *'1 2ntroduction *'2 Application and =ariation *'2'1 6arm tractor Application

10 10 10011

*'2'2 *'3 Tractor Type! *'3'1 *'3'2 *'3'3 *'3'1 +' #onclu!ion -' 3ibliography

&reci!ion Agriculture

11 11

Engineering Tractor #ompact utility Tractor Ro) > #rop Tractor ?arden Tractor

11012 12 12 12013 11 15

AC+NO,LE($E-ENT

2 ta(e thi! opportunity to e pre!! my !incere gratitude to all the people )ho ha8e been a!!ociated in the !ucce!!ful completion of indu!trial training and the pro@ect AAce TractorB' 2 )ould li(e to !ho) my greate!t appreciation to the highly e!teemed and de8oted technical !taff, !uper8i!or! of the Action #on!truction E/uipment limited, 6aridabad' 2 am highly indebted to them for their tremendou! !upport and help during the completion of our training and pro@ect' 2 am grateful to the Action #on!truction E/uipment limited and Training #oordinator Mr'=arun Sharma for admitting me in the !hed for my indu!trial training' 2 )ould li(e to than( to all tho!e people! )ho directly or indirectly helped and guided me to complete my training and pro@ect in the !hed'

2 )ould al!o li(e to e pre!! my heartfelt gratitude to the Dean of ASchool :f Engineering And Technology, Sharda Cni8er!ityB for pro8iding u! an opportunity to go for the indu!trial training' 6inally, 2 may !ay that )e do not claim ab!olute perfection' $o)e8er, 2 ha8e !tri8ed hard to gain (no)ledge during the training and pre!ent a good pro@ect report'

RA$C, RA2

A%STRACT Thi! training )or( de!cribe! in detail, the training )or( underta(en by me during the Summer Training of third year of degree at Sharda Cni8er!ity, ?reater D:2DA' The content of thi! Summer Training report include! a brief de!cription of the TRA#T:R ETractor and tran!mi!!ionF, !upplemented by a good number of nece!!ary and de!cripti8e diagram! )hich ma(e! thi! Summer Training report 8ery ea!y to under!tand' 2n addition to the!e, the report al!o contain! the detail! regarding all !tage! of each and e8ery component of any product )hich are u!ed the!e day!' Abo8e all, thi! report gi8e! a detailed de!cription of #omponent, De!ign of #omponent, and Type of failure, )or(ing of indi8idual component, )or(ing of Tractor'

Although the title of thi! report refer! e!pecially to Ace tractor, )hich are good in manufacturing tractor! and the tran!mi!!ion !y!tem, it! good tractor! for agriculture and the 8ariou! hitche! i! u!ed' The different type! of tractor )ith different po)er and e/uipment' A layman can ea!ily under!tand ho) 8ariou! part! of a tractor )or(! indi8idually and in combined form in thi! report'

LIST O& TA%LES )a.e No. Table 1'1 ST&, S;:T Analy!i! and #ompetition Table *'1 Different Type! of loader and Tractor )ith Specification 12011 13

LIST O& &I$URES &age Do' 6igure 1'1 Action con!truction! E/uipment 6igure 2'1 Tractor 6igure 2'2 $arri!on Machine ;or(! 1--2 Tractor 6igure 2'3 6our ;heel Tractor 6igure 2'1 ?a!oline Tractor 6igure 2'5 Tran!mi!!ion !y!tem in Morden Tractor 6igure 3'1 &oint $itch 6igure 3'2 &o)er Ta(e :ff Shaft 6igure 3'3 &edal 6igure 3'1 ,e8er 10 15 1+ 11. 20 22 21 21 2*

6igure 1'1 A!!embly ,ayout 6igure 1'2 Rear A le 6igure 1'3 Tran!mi!!ion 6igure 1'1 #lutch &edal 6igure 1'5 Engine 6igure'1'* 6ront A le 6igure'1'+ &ainted 3ody Tractor 6igure 1'- 6ront ;heel 6itment 6igure 1'. Rear ;heel 6itment 6igure 1'10 Radiator 6igure 1'11 Tractor Muffler 6igure 1'12 Tractor Airlifter 6igure 5'1 Rear A le 6igure 5'2 Differential 6igure 5'3 Trac( Te!t 6igure 5'1 Trimo! Machine

22. 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 31 31 35 3+ 3+ 33.

Cha/!er 1 ACTION CONSTRUCTION E0UI)-ENT LI-ITE(

Figure 1.1Action Construction quipment !ogo 1.1 Introduction A#T2:D #:DSTRC#T2:D E7C2&MEDT ,2M2TED EA#EF i! 2ndia4! leading material handling and con!truction e/uipment manufacturing company )ith o8er 50G mar(et !hare in

10

mobile crane! !egment' 2n addition to Mobile #rane!, A#E al!o offer! Mobile H 6i ed To)er #rane!, ,oader!, =ibratory Roller!, Truc( Mounted #rane!, #ra)ler #rane!, 6or(lift!, Tractor and other #on!truction E/uipment' A#E ha! a con!olidated pre!ence in all ma@or 2nfra!tructure, #on!truction, $ea8y Engineering and 2ndu!trial &ro@ect! acro!! the country' Action #on!truction E/uipment ,imited i! the leading mobile crane manufacturing company in 2ndia, )hich ha! progre!!ed all along to become a profe!!ionally managed 2S: .::2 #ertified company' A#E i! promoted by a technocrat, a!!i!ted by a team of e perienced manager! and engineer!' 1.1 Background A#E i! promoted and managed by profe!!ional! ha8ing rich e perience in #on!truction E/uipment domain' A#E i! a 15 year! old enterpri!e )ith it! full0fledged !tate of the art production facilitie! ba!ed at indu!trial to)n!hip! of 6aridabad E$aryanaF and <a!hipur E"ttaranchal#. $hese %lants are full& equipped to produce around 12''' %.A. Construction quipment and (''' %.A. $ractors.

Action Construction quipment )AC # Compan& was promoted b& *i+a& Agarwal and his wife ,ona Agarwal. -t was incorporated on .anuar& 1/, 1001 as a %rivate !imited Compan& and was converted into %ublic !imited Compan& on 2ctober 3, 2''1.

$he compan& is more than a decade old enterprise and started with manufacturing of 4&draulic ,obile Cranes of different capacities at industrial township of Faridabad. AC equipment is being successfull& used in man& industrial sectors li5e infrastructure, construction, roads, engineering industr&, coal mines, chemical and fertili6er plants, power stations, ports, heav& pro+ect engineering industr&, railwa&s, cement industr&, oil industr&, defence etc. to name a few. AC range of cranes can be adapted to satisf& a vast range of possible applications due to their versatilit&. AC products are supported b& an all7-ndia sales and service dealers networ5 located at all the ma+or locations. $hese outlets are full& equipped to provide genuine spare parts and services b& compan& trained engineers. $hese dealership outlets are further supported b& a dedicated product support division located at Faridabad and compan& offices located at 8elhi,

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,umbai, Chennai, 9ol5ata, *i6ag, :aipur, :anchi and $rich&. -t ensures the fastest suppl& of spare parts and services, which is unmatched in the industr&. -n its endeavor to grow the business and offer qualit& products, the compan& has entered into series of mar5eting tie7ups with leading foreign companies li5e Autogru %,7-tal&, ;oomlion7China, ,aber7-tal&, $igieffe S:!7-tal&, which facilitate the availabilit& of latest technolog& and machines from around the world. $he compan& has sold its equipment to most of the leading private and government sector companies in -ndia such as :eliance -ndustries !td., ,umbai, %un+ !lo&d !imited, <ew 8elhi , ACC !imited, ),.%.# , Cimmco =irla !imited , Shapoor+i%allon+i Co. !td., ,umbai, Central Coalfields !td., :anchi , >estern Coalfields !td., <agpur , South astern Coalfields !td., =ilaspur, <orthern Coalfields !td., Singrauli, S.C.C.!., 9othagudemColleries , .&oti Structures !td., <asi5, ?press Crane 4iring Co., =aroda, @rasim -ndustries !imited, 8harwad, 4umphre&s A @lasgow Consultants !td., ,umbai, Steel %roducts !td., <ew 8elhi, etc. %roducts of the compan& are also being e?ported to ".A. ., Batar, Sultanate of 2man, 9uwait, South Africa, 9en&a, <igeria, ,auritius, Sri !an5a, <epal, =hutan, =angladesh, Singapore and %ortugal. $he compan& has an in7house :A8 department, which has been wor5ing consistentl& for improving and upgrading the e?isting range of products and continuousl& wor5ing towards developing new products.

1.2 Product range of the company includes

i.

$ydraulic Mobile &ic(0n0Mo8e #rane! 00 it include 3I, Rhino0*0, .0 and 120, 12I;, 15I;,20I; 6or(lift Truc( ,oader! including 6ront end loader6E,0+5, 3ac(hoe loader To)er crane! 00 Mobile To)er #rane0211- and 3*25 Aerial ;or( &latform! Ma!t #limbing &latform! H ,ift! ,orry ,oader! H Truc( Mounted #rane!

ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii.

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Ta3le41.1 4 ST)# S,OT anal" i and Co5/e!i!ion

ST& &eople and bu!ine!!e! )ho )ant e/uipment! and !er8ice! in Segment #rane!, Material $andlingH#on!truction E/uipment and Tractor &eople or 3u!ine!! e pecting late!t technology #on!truction E/uipment and efficient !ale! and product !upport aimed at Target ?roup &o!itioning !ati!fying their real need! #ommitment to)ard! total /uality management

S;:T Analy!i! Strength 1' A brand )ith a good recall in indu!trie! 2' All the company4! product! are increa!ing their mar(et !hare )ith e8ery year 3' A ma@ority mar(et !hare in mobile crane! !egment 1' 2t! product portfolio include! To)er #rane!, ,oader!, ;ea(ne!! =ibratory Roller!, Truc( Mounted #rane!, #ra)ler #rane!, 6or(lift!, Tractor 5' The brand ha! it! pre!ence in nearly 30 countrie! 1' ,imited brand recall !pecially in other countrie! 2' The di!tribution J after !ale! !y!tem i! !till not :pportunity a! !uperior a! global leader! 1' Mar(eting tie0up! )ith leading foreign

companie! )hich facilitate the a8ailability of late!t technology and machine! from around the )orld could ma(e it! RJD !tronger manifold 2' ?ro)ing Real E!tate !ector in A!ia 3' 2ntroduction of product! at regular inter8al! ha! Threat! en!ured a regular ca!h flo)

13

S;:T Analy!i! Strength 1' A brand )ith a good recall in indu!trie! 2' All the company4! product! are increa!ing their mar(et !hare )ith e8ery year 3' A ma@ority mar(et !hare in mobile crane! !egment 1' 2t! product portfolio include! To)er #rane!, ,oader!, ;ea(ne!! =ibratory Roller!, Truc( Mounted #rane!, #ra)ler #rane!, 6or(lift!, Tractor 5' The brand ha! it! pre!ence in nearly 30 countrie! 1' ,imited brand recall !pecially in other countrie! 2' The di!tribution J after !ale! !y!tem i! !till not :pportunity a! !uperior a! global leader! 1' Mar(eting tie0up! )ith leading foreign

companie! )hich facilitate the a8ailability of late!t technology and machine! from around the )orld could ma(e it! RJD !tronger manifold 2' ?ro)ing Real E!tate !ector in A!ia 3' 2ntroduction of product! at regular inter8al! ha! Threat! en!ured a regular ca!h flo) 1' The current economic !lo)do)n in the de8eloped countrie! could decrea!e it! !ale! 2' Stiff competition from international player! li(e #ompetition #ompetitor! 1'K#3 2'-ngersoll7:and /. Caterpillar -nc. #aterpillar, <omat!u etc'

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1.6 Ace Equipments

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi.

Mobile crane! To)er crane! 3ac(hoe and loader! Road con!truction! 6or(lift! Agriculture e/uipment!

Cha/!er 1 Agriculture Equipment s 1.1 Tractor A tractor i! an engineering vehicle specificall& designed to deliver a high tractive effort )or torque# at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machiner& used in agriculture or construction. ,ost commonl&, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction tomechani6e agricultural tas5s, especiall& )and originall&# tillage, but nowada&s a great variet& of tas5s. Agricultural implements ma& be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor ma& also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised. $he word tractor was ta5en from !atin, being the agent noun of trahere Cto pullC.$he first recorded use of the word meaning Can engine or vehicle for pulling wagons or ploughsC occurred in 10'1, displacing the earlier term Ctraction engineC )1D10#.

15

Figure 2.1 $ractor 1.1 !istory The fir!t po)ered farm implement! in the early 1.th century )ere portable engines E steam engines on wheels that could be used to drive mechanical farm machiner& b& wa& of a fle?ible belt. Around 1D1', the first traction engines were developed from these, and were widel& adopted for agricultural use. $he first tractors were steam7powered plowing engines. $he& were used in pairs, placed on either side of a field to haul a plow bac5 and forth between them using a wire cable. >here soil conditions permitted )as in the "nited States#, steam tractors were used to direct7haul plows, but in the "9 and elsewhere, plowing engines were used for cable7hauled plowing, instead. Steam7powered agricultural engines remained in use well into the 2'th centur& until reliable internal combustion engines had been developed. -n 1D02, .ohn Froelich invented and built the first gasolineFpetrol7powered tractor in Cla&ton Count&, -owa, "SA. A *an 8u6en single7c&linder gasoline engine was mounted on a :obinson engine chassis, which could be controlled and propelled b& FroelichGs gear bo?. After receiving a patent, Froelich started up the >aterloo @asoline ngine Compan&, investing all of his assets, which b& 1D01, all would be lost and his business resigned to become a failure. After graduating from the "niversit& of >isconsin, Charles >. 4art and Charles 4. %arr developed a two7c&linder gasoline engine and set up their business in Charles Cit&, -owa. -n 10'/, the firm built 11 CtractorsC, a term with !atin roots coined b& 4art and %arr, and a combination of the words traction and power. $heir 13,'''7pound H/ is the oldest surviving internal combustion engine tractor in the "nited States, and is on displa& at the Smithsonian

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<ational ,useum of American 4istor& in >ashington 8.C. $he two7c&linder engine has a unique hit7and7miss firing c&cle that produced /' horsepower at the belt and 1D at the drawbar. -n =ritain, the first recorded tractor sale was the oil7burning 4ornsb&7Ac5ro&d %atent Safet& 2il traction engine, in 1D0I. 4owever, the first commerciall& successful design was 8an AlboneGs three7wheel -vel tractor of 10'2. -n 10'D, the Saunderson $ractor and -mplement Co. of =edford introduced a four7wheel design, and went on to become the largest tractor manufacturer outside the ".S. at that time. >hile unpopular at first, these gasoline7powered machines began to catch on in the 101's, when the& became smaller and more affordable. 4enr& Ford introduced the Fordson, the first mass7produced tractor, in 101I. $he& were built in the ".S., -reland, ngland and :ussia, and b& 102/, Fordson had IIJ of the ".S. mar5et. $he Fordson dispensed with a frame, using the strength of the engine bloc5 to hold the machine together. =& the 102's, tractors with gasoline7powered internal combustion engines had become the norm.

6igure 2'2 4arrison ,achine >or5s 1DD2 tractor 1.2 "arm tractor design# Po$er and Transmission 1.2.1Tractor configurations Tractor! can be generally cla!!ified a! two7wheel drive, two7wheel drive with front wheel assist, four7wheel drive )often with articulated steering#, or trac5 tractors )with either two or four powered rubber trac5s#. $he classic farm tractor is a simple open vehicle, with two ver& large driving wheels

17

on an a?le below and slightl& behind a single seat )the seat and steering wheel consequentl& are in the center#, and the engine in front of the driver, with two steerable wheels below the engine compartment. $his basic design has remained unchanged for a number of &ears, but enclosed cabs are fitted on almost all modern models, for reasons of operator safet& and comfort. -n some localities with heav& or wet soils, notabl& in the Central *alle& of California, the CCaterpillarC or CcrawlerC t&pe of trac5ed tractor became popular in the 10/'s, due to superior traction and flotation. $hese were usuall& maneuvered through the use of turning bra5e pedals and separate trac5 clutches operated b& levers rather than a steering wheel.

6igure 2'3 Four >heel $ractor 6our0)heel dri8e tractor! began to appear in the 1.*0!' Some four0)heel dri8e tractor! ha8e the !tandard Lt)o large, t)o !mallL configuration typical of !maller tractor!, )hile !ome ha8e four large, po)ered )heel!' The larger tractor! are typically an articulated, center0hinged de!ign !teered by hydraulic cylinder! that mo8e the for)ard po)er unit )hile the trailing unit i! not !teered !eparately' -n the earl& 21st centur&, articulated or nonarticulated, steerable multitrac5 tractors have largel& supplanted the Caterpillar t&pe for farm use. !arger t&pes of modern farm tractors include articulated four7wheel or eight7wheel drive units with one or two power units which are hinged in the middle and steered b& h&draulic clutches or pumps. A relativel& recent development is the replacement of wheels or steel crawler7t&pe trac5s with fle?ible, steel7 reinforced rubber trac5s, usuall& powered b& h&drostatic or completel& h&draulic driving mechanisms. $he configuration of these tractors bears little resemblance to the classic farm tractor design. 1.2.1 Engine and "uels

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The predece!!or! of modern tractor!, traction engine!, u!ed steam engines for power. Since the turn of the 2'th centur&, internal combustion engines have been the power source of choice. =etween 10'' and 10(', gasoline was the predominant fuel, with5erosene )the :umel& 2il %ull was the most notable of this 5ind# and ethanol being common alternatives. @enerall&, one engine could burn an& of those, although cold starting was easiest on gasoline. 2ften, a small au?iliar& fuel tan5 was available to hold gasoline for cold starting and warm7up, while the main fuel tan5 held whatever fuel was most convenient or least e?pensive for the particular farmer. 8ieselisation gained momentum starting in the 10('s, and modern farm tractors usuall& emplo& diesel engines, which range in power output from 1D to 1I1 horsepower )11 to 3D' 5>#. Si6e and output are dependent on application, with smaller tractors used for lawn mowing, landscaping, orchard wor5, and truc5 farming, and larger tractors for vast fields of wheat, mai6e, so&, and other bul5 crops. !iquified petroleum gas )!%@# or propanealso have been used as tractor fuels, but require special pressuri6ed fuel tan5s and filling equipment, so are less prevalent in most mar5ets. -n some countries such as @erman&, biodiesel is often used.Some other biofuels such as straight vegetable oil are also being used b& some farmers.

6igure2'1 @asoline $ractor 1.2%& Transmission Mo!t older farm tractor! u!e a manual transmission. $he& have several gear ratios, t&picall& three to si?, sometimes multiplied into two or three ranges. $his arrangement provides a set of discrete ratios that, combined with the var&ing of the throttle, allow final7drive speeds from less than one up to about 21 miles per hour )3' 5mFh#, with the lower speeds used for wor5ing the land and the highest speed used on the road. Slow, controllable speeds are necessar& for most of the operations performed with a

19

tractor. $he& help give the farmer a larger degree of control in certain situations, such as field wor5. 4owever, when travelling on public roads, the slow operating speeds can cause problems, such as long queues or tailbac5s, which can dela& or anno& motorists in cars and truc5s. $hese motorists are responsible for being dul& careful around farm tractors and sharing the road with them, but man& shir5 this responsibilit&, so various wa&s to minimi6e the interaction or minimi6e the speed differential are emplo&ed where feasible. Some countries )for e?ample the <etherlands# emplo& a road sign on some roads that means Cno farm tractorsC. Some modern tractors, such as the .C=Fastrac, are now capable of much higher road speeds of around 1' mph )D' 5mFh#.

6igure 2'5 $ransmission S&stem in ,orden $ractor :lder tractor! u!ually ha8e uns&nchroni6ed transmission designs, which often require the operator stop the tractor to shift between gears. $his mode of use is inherentl& unsuited to some of the wor5 tractors do, and has been circumvented in various wa&s over the &ears. For e?isting uns&nchroni6ed tractors, the methods of circumvention are double clutching or power7shifting, both of which require the operator to rel& on s5ill to speed7match the gears while shifting, and are undesirable from a ris57mitigation standpoint because of what can go wrong if the operator ma5es a mista5e E transmission damage is possible, and loss of vehicle control can occur if the tractor is towing a heav& load either uphill or downhill E something that tractors often do. $herefore, operatorGs manuals for most of these tractors state one must alwa&s stop the tractor before shifting, and the& do not even mention the alternatives. As alread& said, that mode of use is inherentl& unsuited to some of the wor5 tractors do, so better options were pursued for newer tractor designs. -n these, uns&nchroni6ed transmission designs were replaced ither a with s&nchroni6ation or with continuousl& variable transmissions )C*$s#.

s&nchroni6ed manual transmission with enough available gear ratios )often achieved with dual

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ranges, high and low# or a C*$ allow the engine speed to be matched to the desired final7drive speed, while 5eeping engine speed within the appropriate speed )as measured in rotations per minute or rpm# range for power generation )the wor5ing range# )whereas throttling bac5 to achieve the desired final7drive speed is a trade7off that leaves the wor5ing range#. $he problems, solutions, and developments described here also describe the histor& of transmission evolution in semi7trailer truc5s. Cha/!er 2 Hi!7he and Po$er applications 2.1 In!rod87!ion The po)er produced by the engine mu!t be tran!mitted to the implement or e/uipment to do the actual )or( intended for the e/uipment' Thi! may be accompli!hed 8ia a dra)bar or hitch !y!tem if the implement i! to be to)ed or other)i!e pulled through the tracti8e po)er of the engine, or 8ia a pulley or po)er ta(eoff !y!tem if the implement i! !tationary, or a combination of the t)o' 2.1 'ra$(ars Cntil the 1.50!, plows and other tillage equipment usuall& were connected to the tractor via a drawbar, or a proprietar& connecting s&stem. $he classic drawbar is simpl& a steel bar attached to the tractor )or in some cases, as in the earl& Fordsons, cast as part of the rear transmission housing# to which the hitch of the implement was attached with a pin or b& a loop and clevis. $he implement could be readil& attached and removed, allowing the tractor to be used for other purposes on a dail& basis. -f the tractor was equipped with a swinging drawbar, then it could be set at the center or offset from center to allow the tractor to run outside the path of the implement. $he drawbar s&stem necessitated the implement having its own running gear )usuall& wheels# and in the case of a plow, chisel cultivator or harrow, some sort of lift mechanism to raise it out of the ground at turns or for transport. 8rawbars necessaril& posed a rollover ris5 depending on how the tractive torque was applied. $he Fordson tractors )of which more units were produced and placed in service than an& other farm tractor# was e?tremel& prone to roll over bac5wards due to an e?cessivel& short wheelbase. $he lin5age between the

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implement and the tractor usuall& had some slac5 which could lead to +er5& starts and greater wear and tear on the tractor and the equipment. 2.2 "i)ed mounts Some tractor manufacturer! produced matching e/uipment that could be directly mounted on the tractor' E ample! included front0end loader!, belly mo)er!, ro) crop culti8ator!, corn pic(er! and corn planter!' 2n mo!t ca!e!, the!e fi ed mount! )ere proprietary and uni/ue to each ma(e of tractor, !o an implement produced by Kohn Deere, for e ample, could not be attached to a Minneapoli! Moline tractor' Another di!ad8antage )a! mounting u!ually re/uired !ome time and labor, re!ulting in the implement being !emi permanentl& attached with bolts or other mounting hardware. "suall&, it was impractical to remove the implement and reinstall it on a da&7to7da& basis. As a result, the tractor was unavailable for other uses and dedicated to a single use for an appreciable period of time. An implement generall& would be mounted at the beginning of its season of use )such as tillage, planting or harvesting# and removed onl& when the li5el& use season had ended. 2.6 Three*point hitches and quick hitches The dra)bar !y!tem )a! 8irtually the e clu!i8e method of attaching implement! Eother than direct attachment to the tractorF before 4arr& Ferguson developed the three7point hitch. quipment attached to the three7point hitch can be raised or lowered h&draulicall& with a control lever. $he equipment attached to the three7point hitch is usuall& completel& supported b& the tractor. Another wa& to attach an implement is via a quic5 hitch, which is attached to the three7point hitch. $his enables a single person to attach an implement quic5er and put the person in less danger when attaching the implement.

22

Figure /.1 $hree %oint 4itche

2.9 The three*point hitch re+olutioni,ed farm tractors and their implements Almo!t e8ery tractor today feature! 6ergu!onM! three0point lin(age or a deri8ati8e of it' Thi! hitch allo)! for ea!y attachment and detachment of implement! )hile allo)ing the implement to function a! a part of the tractor, almo!t a! if it )ere attached by a fi ed mount' &re8iou!ly, )hen the implement hit an ob!tacle, the to)ing lin( )ould brea( or the tractor could flip o8er' 6ergu!onM! geniu! )a! to combine a connection 8ia t)o lo)er and one upper lift arm! that )ere connected to a hydraulic lifting ram' The ram )a!, in turn, connected to the upper of the three lin(! !o the increa!ed drag Ea! )hen a plough hit! a roc(F cau!ed the hydraulic! to lift the implement until the ob!tacle )a! pa!!ed' 2ther manufacturers copied FergusonGs invention, or developed variations of it. For e?ample, -nternational 4arvestorGsFarmall tractors had a two7point CFast 4itchC and .ohn 8eere had a power lift that was similar to, but not as fle?ible as the Ferguson invention. :ecentl&, =obcatGs patent on its front loader connection )inspired b& these earlier s&stems# has e?pired, and compact tractors are now being outfitted with quic57connect attachments for their front7end loaders. 2.: Po$er take*off systems and !ydraulics 2n addition to to)ing an implement or !upplying tracti8e po)er through the )heel!, mo!t tractor! ha8e a mean! to tran!fer po)er to another machine !uch a! a baler, swather, or mower. "nless it functions solel& b& pulling it through or over the ground, a towed implement needs its own power source )such as a baler or combine with a separate engine# or else a means of transmitting power from the tractor to the mechanical operations of the equipment. arl& tractors used belts or cables wrapped around the fl&wheel or a separate belt pulle& to power stationar& equipment, such as a threshing machine, bu66 saw, silage blower, or stationar& baler. -n most cases, it was not practical for the tractor and equipment to move with a fle?ible belt or cable between them, so this s&stem required the tractor to remain in one location, with the wor5 brought to the equipment, or the tractor to be relocated at each turn and

23

the power set7up reapplied )as in cable7drawn plowing s&stems used in earl& steam tractor operations#.

Figure /.2 %ower ta5e off Shaft Modern tractor! u!e a power ta5e7off )%$2# shaft to provide rotar& power to machiner& that ma& be stationar& or pulled. $he %$2 shaft generall& is at the rear of the tractor, and can be connected to an implement that is either towed b& a drawbar or a three7point hitch. $his eliminates the need for a separate, implement7mounted power source. 2.; Pedals Modern farm tractor! u!ually ha8e four or fi8e foot0pedal! for the operator on the floor of the tractor. $he pedal on the left is the clutch. $he operator presses on this pedal to disengage the transmission for either shifting gears or stopping the tractor. Some modern tractors have )or as optional equipment# a button on the gear stic5 for controlling the clutch, in addition to the standard pedal.

24

Figure /./ $ractor %edal T)o of the pedal! on the right are the bra5es. $he left bra5e pedal stops the left rear wheel and the right bra5e pedal does the same with the right side. $his independent left and right wheel7 bra5ing augments the steering of the tractor when onl& the two rear wheels are driven. $his is usuall& done when it is necessar& to ma5e a sharp turn. $he split bra5e pedal is also used in mud or soft soil to control a tire spinning due to loss of traction. $he operator presses both pedals together to stop the tractor. For tractors with additional front7wheel drive, this operation often engages the 37wheel loc5ing differential )diff7loc5# to help stop the tractor when traveling at road speeds. $he pedal furthest to the right is the foot throttle. "nli5e in automobiles, it can also be controlled from a hand7operated lever )Chand throttleC#. $his helps provide a constant speed in field wor5. -t also helps provide continuous power for stationar& tractors that are operating an implement b& shaft or belt. $he foot throttle gives the operator more automobile7li5e control over the speed of the tractor for roadwor5. $his is a feature of more recent tractorsK older tractors often did not have it. -n the "9, foot pedal use to control engine speed while travelling on the road is mandator&. Some tractors, especiall& those designed for row7crop wor5, have a Gde7acceleratorG pedal, which operates in the reverse fashion to an automobile throttle, in that the pedal is pushed down to slow the engine. $his allows fine control over the speed of the tractor when maneuvering at the end of crop rows in fields7 the operating speed of the engine is set using the hand throttle, and to slow the tractor to turn, the operator simpl& has to press the pedal, and turn and release it once the turn is completed, rather than having to alter the setting of the hand throttle twice during the maneuver. A fifth pedal is traditionall& included +ust in front of the driverGs seat to operate the rear differential loc5 )diff7loc5#, which prevents wheel slip. $he differential normall& allows the

25

outside wheel to travel faster than the inside wheel during a turn. 4owever, in low7traction conditions on a soft surface, the same mechanism could allow one wheel to slip, further reducing traction. $he diff7loc5 overrides this, forcing both wheels to turn at the same speed, reducing wheel slip and improving traction. Care must be ta5en to unloc5 the differential before turning, usuall& b& hitting the pedal a second time, since the tractor with good traction cannot perform a turn with the diff7loc5 engaged. -n modern tractors, this pedal is replaced with an electrical switch.

2.8 -e+ers and S$itches Many function! once controlled )ith le8er! ha8e been replaced )ith !ome model of electrical !)itch )ith the ri!e of indirect computer controlling of function! in modern tractor!' Cntil the beginning of the 1.*0!, tractor! had a !ingle regi!ter of gear!, hence one gear !tic(, often )ith three to fi8e for)ard gear! and 1 re8er!e' Then, group gear! )ere introduced, and another gear !tic( )a! added' ,ater, control of the for)ard0re8er!e direction )a! mo8ed to a !pecial !tic( attached at the !ide of the !teering )heel, )hich allo)ed for)ard or re8er!e tra8el in any gear' Do)aday!, )ith C*$s or other clutch7free gear t&pes, fewer stic5s control the transmission, and some are replaced with electrical switches or are totall& computer7 controlled.

Figure /.3 $ractor !evers $he three7point hitch was controlled with a lever for ad+usting the position, or as

26

with the earliest ones, +ust the function for raising or lowering the hitch. >ith modern electrical s&stems, it is often replaced with a potentiometer for the lower bound position and another one for the upper bound, and a switch allowing automatic ad+ustment of the hitch between these settings. $he e?ternal h&draulics also originall& had levers, but now are often replaced with some form of electrical switchK the same is true for the power ta5e7off shaft.

Cha/!er 6 A e53l" )lan!

6.1 In!rod87!ion
The final proce!!ed part! from the 8ariou! part! of production !hop and $eat Treatment reach the a!!embly Shop' A#E ha8e t)o a!!embly !hop different for each po)ertrac and farmtrac' 2n farmtrac a!!embly line a!!embled 120 tractor per day and po)ertrac capacity i! -0 tractor per day' 6or lifting the component there are hydraulic lift are u!ed and for !mall part the u!ed roller' #on8eyor i! u!ed for mo8ing in for)ard direction' The 8ariou! part! reache! the a!!embly !hop only after being )a!hed, clean!ed and dried, )hich ta(e! place )hen the different part! are on their )ay to a!!embly !hop' The abo8e )a!hing proce!! ta(e! place automatically i'e' the machini!t ha! to drop the final &art on the roller con8eyor, and the part! reach the a!!embly !hop after being automatically )a!hed and dried ';e )ere ad8i!ed to )al( )ithin the yello) line boundary becau!e of the !afety mea!ure!' The a!!embly !hop can be di8ided into 8ariou! !ubpart! being a!!embled' The!e group! are i' ii' iii' Rear ,ine Tran!mi!!ion A!!embly Engine A!!embly ,ine

27

i8' 8' 8i' 8ii' 8iii' i '

6ront ,ine &aint Shop ;heel A!!embly Radiator fitment Muffler fitment Air filter fitment

6.1 A e53l" La"o8!

28

6igure 1'1 A!!embly ,ayout

6.2 Rear a<le A e53l"

Rear a!!embly line i! !tarting of a!!embly !hop' 3efore the 8ariou! differential part! !uch a! bp !haft, differential cage etc' are a!!embled, the 8ariou! !ub0a!!embly of part! li!ted abo8e are performed in the !ub unit!' 2n the fir!t unit, both the bp !haft! are fitted )ith 8ariou! component! !uch a! circular clip!, bearing! etc' to be able to be a!!embled to the differential #age' Thi! con!titute! the a!!embly of cro!! bar, planetary gear, planetary gear co8er, and cro)n )heel etc' The 8ariou! bolt! re/uired ma(ing the a!!embly of about part! and integral one are bolted u!ing a pneumatic bolter gun' After thi!, the differential cage i! collected from the con8eyor fir!tly fitted )ith the nece!!ary bearing race! 'Then the differential #age unit and the bp !haft are a!!embled, ma(ing up a complete one unit' The A le! are a!!embled in a different !ub a!!embly !hop' 6ir!t rear a le )a!h and dry and then fi ed )heel !ide bearing and there on the )hole unit along )ith the bull gear! i! a!!embled to the differential #age' Differential co8er a!!emble after the!e a!!emblie!'

29

6igure 1'2 Rear a le

6.6 Tran 5i ion A e53l"

The gear bo a!!embly i! the third !tage of the a!!embly unit in )hich the gear bo i!

a!!embled' 6ir!tly, the gearbo cage i! collected from the con8eyor roller and !ucce!!i8ely part! !uch a! the counter !haft!, clutch !haft!, main !haft along )ith the ball bearing! are a!!embled to the unit' There i! !eparate !ub unit a!!embling the planetary cage and gear!, )hich i! then attached to the gear bo output !haft' 6ir!t gear on main !haft )ith 3- teeth and re8er!e gear )ith 3- teeth, !econd gear )ith 35 and and third )ith 2- teeth' Thi! i! the con!tant me!h type tran!mi!!ion' After a!!embly of the tran!mi!!ion there i! lea(age te!ting i! perform' 2n thi! te!t fir!t gear bo i! full of oil and then !ealed' After that the pre!!ure i! increa!e up to 10 bar' Then the by the motor po)er the clutch !haft i! re8ol8e at 2+00 rpm' Thi! te!t chec( me!hing of gear!' After that )hole unit i! a!!embled to the main line and ma(e a complete one unit '

6igure 1'3 Tran!mi!!ion

6.9 A e53l" o= En.ine and Cl8!7h 5e7hani 5

6ir!t there i! clutch a!!embly' Single clutch organic coil type clutch are fitted' 3efore the engine a!!embly there i! a!!embly of 8ariou! other acce!!orie! !uch a! 6oot board, battery clamp and

30

other lin(! !uch a! accelerator pedal lin(, clutch lin(, bra(e lin( etc' Engine from !ub a!!embly are a!!embled to the main line' A four !to(e 3 cylinder die!el engine fir!t a!!embled at the engine !ub a!!embly' The 8ariou! lin(! and mechani!m bet)een the engine and the gear bo i! fa!tened together and the )hole integral unit i! chec(ed for it! complete acce!!orie! etc' 2n all the abo8e !tage! of a!!embly, the !(illed )or(er! are u!ed to accompli!h all the !tage! of a!!embly' 3ut they are al!o held by the pneumatic bolt gun! and the o8er 0head automatic con8eyor! and the alarm con8eyor etc to ma(e their @ob ea!y'

6igure 1'1 #lutch pedal

31

6igure 1'5 Engine

6.: &ron! a<le A e53l"

After engine fitting there i! a!!embly of front a le' After front a le there are !teering a!!embly of the !teering and acce!!orie!' Then clutch pedal and brea( i! fitted' 6uel tan( i! fitted after thi!' After the )hole a!!embly goe! the lift for painting in the paint !hop' The painting purpo!e there i! cap fitted on bolt! of )heel hub to protecting from paint'

32

6igure 1'* 6ront a le

6.; )ain! Sho/

&aint !hop i! completely automatic' 2n the paint !hop fir!t there i! degre!!ing , )ater rin!ing and deminerali9ed )ater rin!ing' After that air blo)ing i! done' &aint 3a(ing :8en remo8e! the moi!ture from )ater0ba!ed coating! and adhe!i8e!' After that unma!(ing and touch up and painted the body'

6igure 1'+ &ainted body of Tractor

6.8 ,heel &i!5en! 6.8.1 &ron! and Rear >heel =i!5en!

After painting there i! fitting of rear )heel )ith tyre !i9e of 12'1N2- and front )heel fitment )ith the tyre !i9e of *N1*'

33

6igure 1'- 6ront )heel 6itment

6igure 1'. Rear )heel 6itment

6.9 Radia!or &i!5en!

Radiator! are u!ed for cooling internal combu!tion engine!, mainly in automobile! but al!o in pi!ton0engine aircraft, rail)ay locomoti8e!, motorcycle!, !tationary generating plant or any !imilar u!e of !uch an engine'

34

6igure 1'10 Radiator

6.10 -8==ler &i!5en!

Muffler! are in!talled )ithin the e hau!t !y!tem of mo!t internal combu!tion engine!, although the muffler i! not de!igned to !er8e any primary e hau!t function' The muffler i! engineered a! an acou!tic !oundproofing de8ice de!igned to reduce the loudne!! of the !ound pre!!ure created by the engine by )ay of Acou!tic /uieting'

6igure 1'11 Tractor Muffler

6.11 Air=il!er &i!5en!

Air 6ilter can greatly reduce the effecti8ene!! of the 8ehicleM! air conditioning and heating performance' #logged or dirty cabin air filter! can !ignificantly reduce airflo) from the cabin 8ent!, a! )ell a! introduce allergen! into the cabin air !tream

35

6ig 1'12 Tractor Airfilter

Cha/!er 9 +no>led.e -ana.e5en! Cen!re

9.1 In!rod87!ion
36

A#E <no)ledge Management #enter unite! profe!!ional e perti!e )ith long practical e perience in &roduct De!ign, #omputer Aided Engineering ESimulation J =irtual Te!tingF, &roduct E8aluation J Te!ting' 2t i! in about 10000 !'m area' A#E e perti!e in thi! area ha! been de8eloped from nearly !i decade! of (no)ledge J e perience in de!igning and inno8ating product! and machine! for A#E groupM! o)n manufacturing companie!'<no)ledge management centre ha8e many depart a! De!ign, te!ting, metrology etc'

9.1 (e i.n
2n thi! !ection there are de!ign of engine, tran!mi!!ion, 8ehicle are being done' 6or thi! purpo!e they u!e i' ii' iii' i8' 8' 8i' 8ii' 8iii' i ' 20DEAS H DI 30D Modeling J A!!embly &ro > Engineer ACT:#AD E20DF De!ign Simulation J =erification u!ing 6EA tool! &re proce!!ing EMe!hingF Structural analy!i! Dynamic analy!i! 6atigue analy!i! :ptimi9ation of !tructure Multi0body dynamic! including fle ible body

6igure 5'1 Rear a le

6ig 5'2 Differential

37

9.2 Te !in.
2n te!ting department te!ting of engine, tran!mi!!ion and tractor te!ting are done' 2t include! engine te!t lab, tran!mi!!ion lab and tractor lab' i' ii' Engine 0 Rigorou! te!ting at the !tate of art Engine Te!t ,ab include! 6riction Mea!urement 0 6or friction mea!uring motoring dynamometer i! u!ed' 2n thi! te!t the engine i! fir!t run up to the de!ired !peed by it! o)n po)er and allo)ed to remain at the gi8en !peed and load condition! for !ome time !o that oil, )ater, and engine component temperature! reach !table condition!' The fuel !upply i! then cut0off and dynamometer i! con8erted to run a! a motor to dri8e for the engine at the !ame !peed at )hich it )a! pre8iou!ly running' The po)er !upply to the motor i! mea!ured )hich i! a mea!ure of the friction of the engine' 2t i! about 22(; for 31hp engine iii' ?o8erning Te!t 0Thi! te!t i! performed at high idle !peed, rated !peed and an intermediate !peed'r'p'm i! decrea!ed in !tep! of 20 and it i! ob!er8ed at )hat r'p'm ma imum po)er i! obtained' 6or a good engine, the difference bet)een ma imum po)er r'p'm and the r'p'm at )hich the te!t i! being performed !hould not be more than 1000120 r'p'm' ?a!eou! J &articulate Emi!!ion E8aluation0 6lame 2oni9ation Detector i! u!ed for $# emi!!ion' 3o!ch !mo(e meter i! u!ed for !mo(e mea!urement' i8' Endurance Te!t 0 Thi! te!t i! done to e!timate the life of the engine' Thi! te!t i! generally performed on a ne) engine or an engine )ith !ome part modified' The te!t procedure depend! on type of modification done' A ne) engine i! run continuou!ly for 3000 hour!' After e8ery 10 hour! engine oil i! chec(ed, e8ery 100 hour! 6T& te!t i! done and in e8ery 500 hour! engine oil i! chec(ed' 8' :il #on!umption E8aluation0 Thi! te!t i! done for oil con!umption e8aluation' 2n thi! te!t po)er i! mea!ured by dynamometer and fuel con!umption i! mea!ured' 8i' =ehicle te!ting > 6or 8ehicle there are mainly fatigue te!t, hydraulic lift te!ting, field te!t and noi!e te!t are done' 8ii' 8iii' Trac( te!t0 2n thi! te!t tractor i! run! on a trac( ha8ing cleat!, or grou!er!' &T: performance0 Thi! i! done by the help of po)er ta(e off dynamometer )hich

38

mea!ure engine po)er at the po)er ta(e0off' Thi! dynamometer ha! range of po)er and tor/ue' &T: i! 510 rpm at 1+10 rpm' i ' &o)er lift0 Thi! te!t i! done by po)er lift !et up' 2n thi! te!t lift i! continuou!ly lifting the )eight of 1050 (g ' i' Doi!e te!ting0 Sound meter are u!ed for thi! purpo!e' Thi! gi8e! the -1 d3' =ibration te!ting > =ibration te!ting i! done u!ing =ibration mea!urement in!trument! con!i!t! of

6igure 5'3 Trac( te!t

9.6 -e!rolo."
3D #MM )ith !oft)are0A coordinate mea!uring machine i! a 3D de8ice for mea!uring the phy!ical geometrical characteri!tic! of an ob@ect' Thi! machine may be manually controlled by a computer control'

9.6.1 Tri5o hei.h! 5ea r8rin. " !e5

Trimo! $eight mea!uring !y!tem0 Trimo! hight gauge i! u!ed for hight mea!urement'&rofile &ro@ector )ith optical eye J !oft)are0 2t employed for in!pecting and comparing 8ery !malland comple part!'&ortable Surface roughne!! mea!uring e/uipment #on8entional in!trument!'

39

6ig 5'1 Trimo! machine

Cha/!er : Sa=e!" :.1 Introduction Agriculture in the Cnited State! i! one of the mo!t ha9ardou! indu!trie!, only !urpa!!ed by

40

mining and con!truction' Do other farm machine i! !o identified )ith theha6ards of production agriculture as the tractor.L10M $ractor7related in+uries account for appro?imatel& /2J of the fatalities and (J of the nonfatal in+uries in agriculture. 2ver 1'J is attributed to tractor overturns. $he roll7over protection structure ):2%S# and seat belt, when worn, are the most important safet& devices to protect operators from death during tractor overturns. ,odern tractors have a :2%S to prevent an operator from being crushed if the tractor turns over. $he :2%S does not prevent tractor overturnsK rather, it prevents the operator from being crushed during an overturn. $his is especiall& important in open7air tractors, where the :2%S is a steel beam that e?tends above the operatorGs seat. For tractors with operator cabs, the :2%S is part of the frame of the cab. A :2%S with enclosed cab further reduces the li5elihood of serious in+ur& because the operator is protected b& the sides and windows of the cab. $hese structures were first required b& legislation in Sweden in 1010. =efore the& were required, some farmers died when their tractors rolled on top of them. :ow7crop tractors, before :2%S, were particularl& dangerous because of their Gtric&cleG design with the two front wheels spaced close together and angled inward toward the ground. Some farmers were 5illed b& rollovers while operating tractors along steep slopes. 2thers have been 5illed while attempting to tow or pull an e?cessive load from above a?le height, or when cold weather caused the tires to free6e to the ground, in both cases causing the tractor to pivot around the rear a?le. For the :2%S to wor5 as designed, the operator must sta& within its protective frame. $his means the operator must wear the seat beltK not wearing it ma& defeat the primar& purpose of the :2%S. :.1 Applications and +ariations :.1.1 "arm tractor applications The mo!t common u!e of the term LtractorL i! for the vehicles used on farms. $he farm tractor is used for pulling or pushing agricultural machiner& or trailers, for ploughing, tilling, dis5ing, harrowing, planting, and similar tas5s. A variet& of specialt& farm tractors have been developed for particular uses. $hese include Crow cropC tractors with ad+ustable tread width to allow the tractor to pass down rows of corn, tomatoes or other crops without crushing the plants, CwheatlandC or CstandardC tractors with fi?ed wheels and a lower center of gravit& for plowing and other heav& field wor5 for broadcast crops, and Chigh cropC tractors with ad+ustable tread and increased ground

41

clearance, often used in the cultivation of cotton and other high7growing row crop plant operations, and Cutilit& tractorsC, t&picall& smaller tractors with a low center of gravit& and short turning radius, used for general purposes around the farmstead. ,an& utilit& tractors are used for nonfarm grading, landscape maintenance and e?cavation purposes, particularl& with loaders, bac5hoes, pallet for5s and similar devices. Small garden or lawn tractors designed for suburban and semirural gardening and landscape maintenance also e?ist in a variet& of configurations. Some farm7t&pe tractors are found elsewhere than on farms: with large universitiesG gardening departments, in public par5s, or for highwa& wor5man use with blowtorch c&linders strapped to the sides and a pneumatic drill air compressor permanentl& fastened over the power ta5e7off. $hese are often fitted with grass )turf# t&res which are less damaging to soft surfaces than agricultural tires. :.1.1 Precision agriculture Space technology has been incorporated into agriculture in the form of @%S devices, and robust on7board computers installed as optional features on farm tractors. $hese technologies are used in modern, precision farming techniques. $he spin7offs from the space race have actuall& facilitated automation in plowing and the use of autosteer s&stems )drone on tractors that are manned but onl& steered at the end of a row#, the idea being to neither overlap and use more fuel nor leave strea5s when performing +obs such as cultivating. Several tractor companies have also been wor5ing on producing a driverless tractor. :.2 Tra7!or !"/e :.2.1 Engineering tractors The durability and engine po)er of tractor! made them 8ery !uitable for engineering ta!(!' Tractor! can be fitted )ith engineering tool! !uch a! do6er blades, buc5ets, hoes, rippers, etc. $he most common attachments for the front of a tractor are do6er blades or buc5ets. >hen attached to engineering tools, the tractor is called an engineering vehicle. A bulldo6er is a trac57t&pe tractor with a blade attached in the front and a rope7 winch behind. =ulldo6ers are ver& powerful tractors and have e?cellent ground7hold, as their main tas5s are to push or drag.

42

:.2.1 Compact utility tractor A compact utility tractor E#CTF i! a !maller 8er!ion of an agricultural tractor, but de!igned primarily for land!caping and e!tate management ta!(! rather than for planting and har8e!ting on a commercial !cale' Typical #CT! range from 20 to 50 hor!epo)er E1503+ (;F )ith a8ailable power ta5e7off )%$2# horsepower ranging from 11 to 31 hp )117/3 5>#. C"$s are often equipped with both a mid7mounted and a standard rear %$2, especiall& those below 3' horsepower )/' 5>#. $he mid7mount %$2 shaft t&picall& rotates atFnear 2''' rpm and is t&picall& used to power mid7mount finish mowers, front7mounted snow blowers or front7 mounted rotar& brooms. $he rear %$2 is standardi6ed at 13' rpms for the <orth American mar5ets, but in some parts of the world, a dual 13'F1''' rpm %$2 is standard, and implements are available for either standard in those mar5ets. :.2.2 Ro$*crop tractor A ro)0crop tractor i! tailored !pecifically to the gro)ing of crop! gro)n in ro)!, a! in truc5 farming, and most especiall& to cultivating. Cultivating can ta5e place an&time from soon after the crop plants have sprouted until soon before the& are harvested. Several rounds of cultivating ma& be done over the season. A row7crop tractor essentiall& brings together a farm tractor and its cultivator into one machine, in the same wa& motive power has been combined into other machiner& )for e?ample, horseless carriages combined the motive power into transport vehiclesK self7propelled guns combined the artiller& tractor and its gun into one machine#. :.2.6 .arden tractors ?arden tractor! Emini tractor!F are !mall, light tractor! de!igned for u!e in dome!tic garden! and !mall e!tate!' ?arden tractor! are de!igned for cutting gra!!, !no) remo8al, and !mall property culti8ation' 2n the C'S', the term riding la)n mo)er today often i! u!ed to refer to mid0 or rear0 engined machine!' 6ront0engined tractor layout machine! de!igned primarily for cutting gra!! and light to)ing are called la)n tractor!O hea8ier0duty tractor! of !imilar !i9e are garden tractor!' ?arden tractor! are capable of mounting a )ider array of attachment! than la)n tractor!' Cnli(e la)n tractor! and rear0engined riding mo)er!, garden tractor! are po)ered by hori9ontal0cran(!haft engine! )ith a belt0dri8e to tran!a le0type tran!mi!!ion! Eu!ually of four0 or fi8e0!peed!, although !ome may al!o ha8e t)o0!peed reduction gearbo e!, dri8e0!haft!, or hydro!tatic or hydraulic dri8e!F' ?arden tractor! from ;heel $or!e, #ub #adet, Economy

43

E&o)er <ingF, Kohn Deere, Ma!!ey 6ergu!on and #a!e 2nger!oll are built in thi! manner' $&picall&, diesel7powered garden tractors are larger and heavier7dut& than gasoline7powered units and compare more similarl& to compact utilit& tractors. *isuall&, the distinction between a garden tractor and a lawn tractor is often hard to ma5e 7 generall&, garden tractors are more sturdil& built, with stronger frames, 127inch or larger wheels mounted with multiple lugs )most lawn tractors have a single bolt or clip on the hub#, heavier transa?les, and abilit& to accommodate a wide range of front, bell&, and rear mounted attachments. Table *'1 Different $&pes of $ractor with Specification

44

Cha/!er 4 ;
CONCLUSION

2ndu!trial training help! a lot to gain practical e perience of 8ariou! !mall and big topic! that )e ha8e undergone during our !tudie!' ;ith help of thi! training 2 not only got my!elf (no)n to 8ariou! machine! but al!o the acti8itie! that happen! in!ide an indu!try' 2ndu!trial training )a! a !ource of (no)ledge about the technical a!pect!' 2t )a! a good platform for achie8ing 8a!t practical (no)ledge'

A great opportunity )a! pro8ided to ha8e a loo( on ho) my future )ould be after !ometime'

%I%LIO$RA)H'

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