4310L SIMULATION LAB VI TERM

SL.N O 1 2 3 ! % ' ) / 1 12 11 12. 13 1! 1% 1'

Name of the Experiment Study Of Pspice Rectifiers Power supp y design with regu ators "sta# e mu ti$i#rator using transistors &ono sta# e mu ti$i#rator using transistors ( ippers and ( ampers Op*amp app ications * + ,+n$erting and non* in$erting amp ifiers- summing amp ifier and difference amp ifier. Op*amp app ications * ++ ,R( phase shift osci ators- s0uare and triangu ar wa$eform generators- precision rectifiers. +nstrumentation amp ifiers "& &odu ation and 3emodu ation 4& &odu ation and 3emodu ation "S5 &odu ation and 3emodu ation 4S5 &odu ation and 3emodu ation PS5 &odu ation and 3emodu ation Sing e side P(6 ayout design using ("3 too &u ti ayer P(6 ayout design using ("3 too

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1.0 Study of Spice

Aim 7o study the features of Pspice simu ation software using simp e circuits. Soft!"#e Re$ui#ed Pspice 1.1 simu ation software.

T%eo#y I. Ope&i&' (Spice

4ind PSpice on the a programs on the start menu. Open Schematics or you can go to PSpice "83 and then c ic9 on the schematic icon :ou wi see the window as shown in 4igure 1. .

)i'u#e 1

II. *#"!i&' t%e ci#cuit A. +etti&' t%e ("#t,

7he first thing that you ha$e to do is get some or a of the parts you need. 7his can #e done #y o ( ic9ing on the ;get new parts; #utton - or o Pressing <(ontro =><- or o >oing to <3raw< and se ecting <>et New Part...<

Once this #ox is open- se ect a part that you want in your circuit. 7his can #e done #y typing in the name ,part name. or scro ing down the ist unti you find it.

)i'u#e -

"n important prere0uisite to #ui ding a schematic is the a$ai a#i ity of the necessary parts ,in the form of sym#o s. for assem# y. Schematics ha$e an extensi$e sym#o i#raries and a fu y integrated sym#o editor for creating your own sym#o s or modifying existing sym#o s. 4or the a#s you wi #e using the existing sym#o s. Some common parts are? o r * resistor o ( * capacitor o L * inductor o d * diode o >N38"N"LO> or >N38E"R7@ ** this is $ery important- you &AS7 ha$e a ground in your circuit o B"( and B3( o C2N D #ipo ar transistor o BS+N D7ransient sine $o tage source Apon se ecting your part ,you wi a so see description of the part #e ow part name and you can see the sym#o of that part when you c ic9 on "d."&ced in the a#o$e figure.- c ic9 on the p ace #utton ,you wi see the part attached to

the mouse pointer. then c ic9 where you want it p aced ,somewhere on the white page with the # ue dots.- if you need mu tip e instances of this part c ic9 again- once you ha$e se ected that part right c ic9 your mouse the part wi not #e attached to the mouse pointer. 3on;t worry a#out putting it in exact y the right p ace- it can a ways #e mo$ed ater.

+f you want to ta9e a part and c ose then you Eust se ect the part and c ic9 on p/"ce0 c/o,e. Once you ha$e a the parts you thin9 you need- c ose that #ox. :ou can a ways open it again ater if you need more or different parts. ,7he parts you ha$e se ected wi #e isted on the menu #ar for 0uic9 access.

B. (/"ci&' t%e ("#t,

:ou shou d ha$e most of the parts that you need at this point. Now- a you do is put them in the p aces that ma9e the most sense ,usua y a rectang e wor9s we for simp e circuits.. Fust se ect the part ,+t wi #ecome Red. and drag it where you want it. 7o rotate parts so that they wi fit in you circuit nice y- c ic9 on the part and press <(tr =R< ,or Edit <Rotate<.. 7o f ip them- press <(tr =4< ,or Edit <4 ip<.. +f you ha$e any parts eft o$er- Eust se ect them and press <3e ete<.

1. 1o&&ecti&' t%e 1i#cuit Now that your parts are arranged we - you; ha$e to attach them with wires. >o up to the too #ar and o se ect <3raw Gire< or o <(tr =G< or o go to <3raw< and se ect <Gire<. Gith the penci oo9ing pointer- c ic9 on one end of a part- when you mo$e your mouse around- you shou d see dotted ines appear. "ttach the other end of your wire to the next part in the circuit. Repeat this unti your circuit is comp ete y wired. +f you want to ma9e a node ,to ma9e a wire go more then one p ace.- c ic9 somewhere on the wire and then c ic9 to the part ,or the other wire.. Or you can go from the part to the wire. 7o get rid of the penci - right c ic9. +f you end up with extra dots near your parts- you pro#a# y ha$e an extra wirese ect this short wire ,it wi turn red.- then press <3e ete<. +f the wire doesn;t go the way you want ,it doesn;t oo9 the way you want.you can ma9e extra #ends in it #y c ic9ing in different p aces on the way ,each c ic9 wi form a corner..

*. 1%"&'i&' t%e N"me of t%e ("#t

:ou pro#a# y don;t want to 9eep the names (1- (2 etc.- especia y if you didn;t put the parts in the most ogica order. 7o change the name- dou# e c ic9 on the present name ,(1- or R1 or whate$er your part is.- and then a #ox wi pop up ,Edit Reference 3esignator. see 4igure 3. +n the top window- you can type in the name you want the part to ha$e.

)i'u#e 3

Note that if you dou# e c ic9 on the part or its $a ue- a different #ox wi appear.

E. 1%"&'i&' t%e V"/ue of t%e ("#t

+f you on y want to change the $a ue of the part ,if you don;t want a your resistors to #e 15 ohms.- you can dou# e c ic9 on the present $a ue and a #ox ca ed <Set "ttri#ute Ba ue< wi appear see 4igure !. 7ype in the new $a ue and press O5. Ase u for micro as in u4 H micro4arad.

)i'u#e 4 ). M"2i&' Su#e 3ou 4".e " +N*

7his is $ery important. :ou cannot do any simu ation on the circuit if you don;t ha$e a ground. +f you aren;t sure where to put it- p ace it near the negati$e side of your $o tage source.

+. Vo/t"'e "&d 1u##e&t Bu55/e,

7hese are important if you want to measure the $o tage at a point or the current going through that point. 7o add $o tage or current #u## es- go to the right side of the top too #ar and se ect <Bo tageILe$e &ar9er< ,(tr =&. or <(urrent &ar9er< . 7o get

either of these- go to <&ar9ers< and either <Bo tageILe$e &ar9er< or <(urrent &ar9er<. III.Vo/t"'e Sou#ce, A. V*1

7his is your #asic direct current $o tage source that simu ates a simp e #attery and a ows you to specify the $o tage $a ue.

B. VA1

" few things to note a#out the a ternating current source- first PSpice ta9es it to #e a sine source- so if you want to simu ate a cosine wa$e you need to add ,or su#tract. a 12J phase shift. 7here are three $a ues which PSpice wi a ow you to a ter- these #eing? o A1MA+ which is the R&S $a ue of the $o tage. o *1 which is the 3( offset $o tage o A1(4ASE which is the phase ang e of the $o tage Note that the phase ang e if eft unspecified wi #e set #y defau t to 2J 7he S+N type of source is actua y a damped sine with time de ay- phase shift and a 3( offset ,see 4igure %.. +f you want to run a transient ana ysis you need to use the BS+N see how "( wi effect your circuit o$er time. 3o not use this type of source for a phasor or fre0uency sweep ana ysis- B"( wou d #e appropriate for that.

1. VSIN

)i'u#e 6 o *1 the 3( component of the sine wa$e o A1 the "( $a ue of the sine wa$e o VO)) is the 3( offset $a ue. +t shou d #e set to Kero if you need a pure sinusoid. o V "mp/itude is the undamped amp itude of the sinusoidL i.e.- the pea9 $a ue measured from Kero if there were no 3( offset $a ue. o )RE7 is the fre0uency in @K of the sinusoid.

o T* is the time de ay in seconds. Set this to Kero for the norma sinusoid. o *) is the damping factor. " so set this to Kero for the norma sinusoid. o (4ASE is the phase ad$ance in degrees. Set this to 12 if you need a cosine wa$e form.

Note that the norma usage of this source type is to set VO))- T* and *) to Kero as this wi gi$e you a ;nice; sine wa$e.

*. V(ULSE

7he BPALSE is often used for a transient simu ation of a circuit where we want to ma9e it act i9e a s0uare wa$e source. +t shou d ne$er #e used in a fre0uency response study #ecause PSpice assumes it is in the time domainand therefore your pro#e p ot wi gi$e you inaccurate resu ts. 3etai s of BPALSE are ,see 4igure '.? o *1 the 3( component of the wa$e. o A1 the "( component of the wa$e. o V1 is the $a ue when the pu se is not <on.< So for a s0uare wa$e- the $a ue when the wa$e is ; ow;. 7his can #e Kero or negati$e as re0uired. 4or a pu sed current source- the units wou d #e <amps< instead of <$o ts.< o V- is the $a ue when the pu se is fu y turned ;on;. 7his can a so #e Kero or negati$e. ,O#$ious y- B1 and B2 shou d not #e e0ua .. "gain- the units wou d #e <amps< if this were a current pu se. o T* is the time de ay. 7he defau t units are seconds. 7he time de ay may #e Kero- #ut not negati$e. o TR is the rise time of the pu se. PSpice a ows this $a ue to #e Kero- #ut Kero rise time may cause con$ergence pro# ems in some transient ana ysis simu ations. 7he defau t units are seconds. o T) is the fa time in seconds of the pu se. o T8 is the pu se width. 7his is the time in seconds that the pu se is fu y on. o (ER is the period and is the tota time in seconds of the pu se. 7his is a $ery important source for us #ecause we do a ot of wor9 on with the s0uare wa$e on the wa$e generator to see how $arious components and circuits respond to it.

)i'u#e 9 IV. A&"/y,i, Me&u

)i'u#e : 7o open the ana ysis menu c ic9 on the #utton.

A. *1 S!eep

7he 3( sweep a ows you to do $arious different sweeps of your circuit to see how it responds to $arious conditions. 4or a o o o o the possi# e sweeps$o tagecurrenttemperature- and parameter and g o#a

:ou need to specify a start $a ue- an end $a ue- and the num#er of points you wish to ca cu ate.

4or examp e you can sweep your circuit o$er a $o tage range from 2 to 12 $o ts. 7he main two sweeps that wi #e most important to us at this stage are the $o tage sweep and the current sweep. 4or these two- you need to indicate to PSpice what component you wish to sweep- for examp e B1 or B2. "nother exce ent feature of the 3( sweep in PSpice- is the a#i ity to do a nested sweep. " nested sweep a ows you to run two simu taneous sweeps to see how changes in two different 3( sources wi affect your circuit. Once you;$e fi ed in the main sweep menu- c ic9 on the nested sweep #utton and choose the second type of source to sweep and name it- a so specifying the start and end $a ues. ,Note? +n some $ersions of PSpice you need to c ic9 on e&"5/e &e,ted ,!eep.. "gain you can choose Linear- Octa$e or 3ecade- #ut a so you can indicate your own ist of $a ues- examp e? 1B- 12B- 22B. *O NOT separate the $a ues with commas.

B. Bi", (oi&t *et"i/

7his is a simp e- #ut incredi# y usefu sweep. +t wi not aunch Pro#e and so gi$e you nothing to p ot. 6ut #y c ic9ing on e&"5/e 5i", cu##e&t di,p/"y or e&"5/e 5i", .o/t"'e di,p/"y- this wi indicate the $o tage and current at certain points within the circuit.

1. T#"&,ie&t 7he transient ana ysis is pro#a# y the most important ana ysis you can run in PSpice- and it computes $arious $a ues of your circuit o$er time

(hoose A&"/y,i, and se ect Setup from the menu #ar- or c ic9 on the Setup "na ysis #utton in the too #ar. 7he "na ysis Setup dia og #ox opens. ( ic9 on the T#"&,ie&t #utton in the "na ysis Setup dia og #ox. 7he 7ransient dia og #ox opens. 7wo $ery important parameters in the transient ana ysis are ,see 4igure/.? o p#i&t ,tep o )i&"/ time.

)i'u#e ;

7he ratio of fi&"/ time p#i&t ,tep ,5eep print step at east 1I122th of the fina time. determines how many ca cu ations PSpice must ma9e to p ot a wa$e form. PSpice a ways defau ts the start time to Kero seconds and going unti it reaches the user defined fina time. +t is incredi# y important that you thin9 a#out what print step you shou d use #efore running the simu ation- if you ma9e the print step too sma the pro#e screen wi #e c uttered with unnecessary points ma9ing it hard to read- and ta9ing extreme amounts of time for PSpice to ca cu ate. @owe$er- at the opposite side of that coin is the pro# em that if you set the print step too high you might miss important phenomenon that are occurring o$er $ery short periods of time in the circuit. 7herefore p ay with step time to see what wor9s #est for your circuit. :ou can set a step cei ing which wi imit the siKe of each inter$a - thus increasing ca cu ation speed. "nother handy feature is the 4ourier ana ysiswhich a ows you to specify your fundamenta fre0uency and the num#er of harmonics you wish to see on the p ot. PSpice defau ts to the 1th harmonic un ess you specify otherwise- #ut this sti wi a ow you to decompose a s0uare wa$e to see it;s components with sufficient detai .

V. (#o5e A. Befo#e you do t%e (#o5e

:ou ha$e to ha$e your circuit proper y drawn and sa$ed.

7here must not #e any f oating parts on your page ,i.e. unattached de$ices.. :ou shou d ma9e sure that a parts ha$e the $a ues that you want. 7here are no extra wires. +t is $ery important that you ha$e a ground on your circuit. &a9e sure that you ha$e done the "na ysis Setup and that on y the things you want are ena# ed.

B. To St"#t t%e (#o5e

( ic9 on the Simu ate #utton on the too #ar 411..

,or "na ysis- Simu ate- or

+t wi chec9 to ma9e sure you don;t ha$e any errors. +f you do ha$e errorscorrect them. 7hen a new window wi pop up. @ere is where you can do your graphs.

1. +#"p%i&' +f you don;t ha$e any errors- you shou d get a window with a # ac9 #ac9ground to pop up. +f you did ha$e errors- in the #ottom- eft hand side- it wi say what your errors were ,these may #e difficu t to understand- so go 7o <Biew * Output 4i e<..

*. Addi&'<*e/eti&' T#"ce,

PSpice wi automatica y put some traces in. :ou wi change them. >o to 7race * "dd 7race or want.

pro#a# y want to

on the too #ar. 7hen se ect a the traces you

7o de ete traces- se ect them on the #ottom of the graph and push 3e ete.

E. )i&di&' (oi&t, 7here are (ursor #uttons that a ow you to find the maximum or minimum or Eust a point on the ine. 7hese are ocated on the too #ar ,to the right.. Se ect which cur$e you want to oo9 at and then se ect <7ogg e (ursor< 7hen you can find the max- min- the s ope- or the re ati$e max or min , find re ati$e max.. . is

VI. Me",u#i&' *1 A&"/y,i, +f you want to measure 3( e$e s you can use two parts to $iew these e$e s. 7hese parts are p aced on the schematic drawing the same way any other part is p aced. B+EGPO+N7 is a $o tage $iewing point- which wi show the $a ue after the circuit is simu ated. :ou p ace B+EGPO+N7 on a node. +PRO6E is a current pro#e- which wi show the $a ue after the circuit is simu ated. :ou

need to put this part #etween two parts- so that current f owing in that #ranch can #e measured. +f you ha$e measurements that are time*$arying ,i.e. a sinusoid. then you need to run Pro#e.

Re,u/t 7hus the features of Pspice simu ation software are studied.