Blu-ray Disc (BD) is a digital optical disc data storage format designed to supersede theDVD format.

The plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size asDVDs and CDs. Conventional (pre-BD-XL) Blu-ray Discs contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs (50 GB) being the industry standard for feature-length video discs. Triple layer discs (100 GB) and quadruple layers (128 GB) are available for BD-XL re-writer drives.[3]The name Blu-ray Disc refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be stored at a greater density than is possible with the longer-wavelength red laser used for DVDs. The major application of Blu-ray Discs is as a medium for video material such as feature films. Besides the hardware specifications, Blu-ray Disc is associated with a set of multimedia formats. Generally, these formats allow for the video and audio to be stored with greater definition than on DVD. The format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. Sony unveiled the first Blu-ray Disc prototypes in October 2000, and the first prototype player was released in April 2003 in Japan. Afterwards, it continued to be developed until its official release in June 2006. As of June 2008, more than 2,500 Blu-ray Disc titles were available in Australia and the United Kingdom, with 3,500 in the United States and Canada.[4] In Japan, as of July 2010, more than 3,300 titles have been released.[5] During the high definition optical disc format war, Blu-ray Disc competed with the HD DVDformat. Toshiba, the main company that supported HD DVD, conceded in February 2008,[6] releasing its own Blu-ray Disc player in late 2009.[7]

The Zip drive is a medium-capacity removable disk storage system that was introduced byIomega in late 1994. Originally, Zip disks launched with capacities of 100 MB, but later versions increased this to first 250 MB and then 750 MB. The format became the most popular of the super-floppy type products which filled a niche in the late 1990s portable storage market. However it was never popular enough to replace the 3.5inch floppy disk nor could ever match the storage size available on rewritable CDs and later rewritable DVDs. USB flash drives ultimately proved to be the better rewritable storage medium among the general public due to the near-ubiquity of USB ports on personal computers and soon after because of the far greater storage sizes offered. Zip drives fell out of favor for mass portable storage during the early 2000s. The Zip brand later covered internal and external CD writers known as Zip-650 or Zip-CD, which had no relation to the Zip drive.

A floppy disk, or diskette, is a disk storage medium composed of a disk of thin and flexiblemagnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic carrier lined with fabric that removes dust particles. They are read and written by a floppy disk drive (FDD). Floppy disks, initially as 8-inch (200 mm) media and later in 5.25-inch (133 mm) and 3.5-inch (90 mm) sizes, were a ubiquitous form of data storage and exchange from the mid-1970s well into the first decade of the 21st century.[1] By 2010, computer motherboards were rarely manufactured with floppy drive support; 3 12-inch floppies could be used as an external USB drive, but 5 14-inch, 8-inch, and non-standard drives could only be handled by old equipment.

While floppy disk drives still have some limited uses, especially with legacy industrial computer equipment, they have been superseded by data storage methods with much greater capacity, such as USB flash drives, portable external hard disk drives, optical discs,memory cards, and computer networks.

A magnetic stripe card is a type of card capable of storing data by modifying themagnetism of tiny iron-based magnetic particles on a band of magnetic material on the card. The magnetic stripe, sometimes called swipe card or magstripe, is read by swiping past a magnetic reading head. Magnetic recording on steel tape and wire was invented during World War II for recording audio. In the 1950s, magnetic recording of digital computer data on plastic tape coated with iron oxide was invented. In 1960 IBM used the magnetic tape idea to develop a reliable way of securing magnetic stripes to plastic cards,[1] under a contract with the US government for a security system. A number of International Organization for Standardization standards,ISO/IEC 7810, ISO/IEC 7811, ISO/IEC 7812, ISO/IEC 7813, ISO 8583, and ISO/IEC 4909, now define the physical properties of the card, including size, flexibility, location of the magstripe, magnetic characteristics, and data formats. They also provide the standards for financial cards, including the allocation of card number ranges to different card issuing institutions. Compact disc, or CD for short, is a digital optical disc data storage format. The format was originally developed to store and play back sound recordings only (CD-DA), but was later adapted for storage of data (CD-ROM). Several other formats were further derived from these, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video Compact Disc (VCD), Super Video Compact Disc (SVCD), Photo CD, PictureCD,CD-i, and Enhanced Music CD. Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982. Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres (4.7 in) and can hold up to 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or 700 MiB (actually about 703 MiB or 737 MB) of data. The Mini CDhas various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in); they are sometimes used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio or delivering device drivers. At the time of the technology's introduction it had much greater capacity than computerhard drives common at the time. The reverse is now true, with hard drives far exceeding the capacity of CDs. In 2004, worldwide sales of CD audio, CD-ROM, and CD-R reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide.[1] Compact discs are increasingly being replaced or supplemented by other forms of digital distribution and storage, such as downloading and flash drives, with audio CD sales dropping nearly 50% from their peak in 2000. [2]

DVD is a digital optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony,Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discswhile having the same dimensions

A hard disk drive (HDD)[note 2] is a data storage device used for storing and retrievingdigital information using rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. An HDD retains its data even when powered off. Data is read in a random-access manner, meaning individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order rather thansequentially. An HDD consists of one or more rigid ("hard") rapidly rotating disks (platters) with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm to read and write data to the surfaces. Introduced by IBM in 1956,[2] HDDs became the dominant secondary storage device forgeneral purpose computers by the early 1960s. Continuously improved, HDDs have maintained this position into the modern era of servers and personal computers. More than 200 companies have produced HDD units, though most current units are manufactured bySeagate, Toshiba and Western Digital. Worldwide revenues for HDD shipments are expected to reach $33 billion in 2013, a decrease of approximately 12% from $37.8 billion in 2012. The primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and performance. Capacity is specified in unit prefixes corresponding to powers of 1000: a 1-terabyte (TB) drive has a capacity of 1,000 gigabytes (GB; where 1 gigabyte = 1 billion bytes). Typically, some of an HDD's capacity is unavailable to the user because it is used by the file system and the computer operating system, and possibly inbuilt redundancy for error correction and recovery. Performance is specified by the time to move the heads to a file (Average Access Time) plus the time it takes for the file to move under its head (average latency, a function of the physical rotational speed in revolutions per minute) and the speed at which the file is transmitted (data rate). The two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3.5-inch in desktop computers and 2.5inch in laptops. HDDs are connected to systems by standard interface cables such asSATA (Serial ATA), USB or SAS (Serial attached SCSI) cables. As of 2012, the primary competing technology for secondary storage is flash memory in the form of solid-state drives (SSDs). HDDs are expected to remain the dominant medium for secondary storage due to predicted continuing advantages in recording capacity and price per unit of storage;[3][4] but SSDs are replacing HDDs where speed, power consumption and durability are more important considerations than price and capacity.[5][6]

A USB flash drive is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integratedUniversal Serial Bus (USB) interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, and physically much smaller than an optical disc. Most weigh less than 30 grams (1.1 oz).[1] As of January 2013, drives of up to 512 gigabytes (GB) are available.[2] A one-terabyte (TB) drive was unveiled at the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show and will be available during 2013.[3] Storage capacities as large as 2 TB are planned, with steady improvements in size and price per capacity expected.[4] Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending on the exact type of memory chip used, and a 10-year shelf storage time.[5][6][7] USB flash drives are often used for the same purposes for which floppy disks or CD-ROMswere used, i.e., for storage, back-up and transfer of computer files. They are smaller, faster, have thousands of times more capacity, and are more durable and reliable because they have no moving parts. Until about 2005, most desktop and laptop computers were supplied with floppy disk drives in addition to USB ports, but floppy disk drives have been abandoned due to their lower capacity compared to USB flash drives.

USB flash drives use the USB mass storage standard, supported natively by modernoperating systems such as Linux, OS X, Windows, and other Unix-like systems, as well as many BIOS boot ROMs. USB drives with USB 2.0 support can store more data and transfer faster than much larger optical disc drives like CD-RW or DVD-RW drives and can be read by many other systems such as the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, DVD players and in a number of handheld devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain, for example. The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connection allowing connection with a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfaces also exist. USB flash drives draw power from the computer via the USB connection. Some devices combine the functionality of a digital audio player with USB flash storage; they require a battery only when used to play music.

Disadvantages of CCE System

It's main Disadvantages is that "grading system" because for example students that score between 90 and 100 will get an A* grade. Who is scoring 90 marks and 99 marks respectively will still both attain an A* No one can Judge who is deserve 90 who is deserve 100. Students will take studies casually and secondary. Major problem a percentile mark has been introduced by the board. Assistment and other co curriculum activities is too much time consuming and expensive assignments and projects. Student are busy completes lots of project work, they haven't sufficient reading time.
CCE initiate by regularly assessment of a student all over not at the end of any term. Comprehensive means takes all round development of a child's personality. Evaluation can understand by a child will be assessed not only in terms of his knowledge about a subject but his participation in other activities also.It is a systematic determination of a subject's merit, worth and significance, using criteria governed by a set of standards it can assist an organization to assess any aim, realizable concept or proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision-making.By these system student become more active.If any student do not wish CBSE exam in Class X by the Board, he/she can join schools and institutions affiliated to any Boards. He/she can carried out by the school exam. Students shall following School base internal assessment. CBSE also provides facility that question papers & marking system prepared by the CBSE Board. After that the CBSE will collect mark sheets and grades from institution/schools, then classes IX and X for assessments of all Scholastic as well as Co-scholastic areas for which arrangements are being made. students measures, by testing and feedback given by teachers. Some Good and identifiable features of CCE are academic year divided into two terms Academic year divided into two terms. First term is starts with April to September and second term is starts with October to March. According to CCE System student

performs various school based assessments. In this system student's score grades which will be depend on his/her assignments, extra curricular activities. The grading system isA1 is for 9.1-10.0, A2 is for 8.1-9.0, B1 is for 7.1-8.0, B2 is for 6.1-7.0, C1 is for5.16.0, C2 is for 4.1-5.0, D is for 3.1-4.0, E1 is for 2.1-3.0, E2 is for1.1-2.0. Why we Need CCE System in India According to department of education CCE helps reducing stress of student .By these system student can develop their aptitude as well as academic performance. These system aim is all over development of student's personality. Due to globalization department of education focus on development of all over personality and skill. Reduce the workload on students and improve his/her over all skills. Advantages of CCE System The Main advantage of CCE system is reduce stress on. Student can complete project or Formative and Summative Assessment . The CCE system also focuses on develop student's personality which helps student identify in global. He can take decisions what is wrong and what is right. By these CCE System there are no pressure for students to become highly academic because they aim to encourage individuals to choose subjects based on their interests while retaining the importance of academia. They aim to make the students feel more relaxed so they improve on their academic ability without feeling under pressure.

A solid-state drive (SSD) (also known as a solid-state disk [1][2][3] or electronic disk,[4]though it contains no actual "disk" of any kind, nor motors to "drive" the disks) is a data storage device using integrated circuit assemblies as memory to store data persistently. SSD technology uses electronic interfaces compatible with traditional block input/output (I/O) hard disk drives, thus permitting simple replacement in common applications.[5] Also, new I/O interfaces like SATA Express are created to keep up with speed advancements in SSD technology. SSDs have no moving mechanical components. This distinguishes them from traditionalelectromechanical magnetic disks such as hard disk drives (HDDs) or floppy disks, which contain spinning disks and movable read/write heads.[6] Compared with electromechanical disks, SSDs are typically more resistant to physical shock, run more quietly, have loweraccess time, and less latency.[7] However, while the price of SSDs has continued to decline in 2012,[8] SSDs are still about 7 to 8 times more expensive per unit of storage than HDDs. As of 2010, most SSDs use NAND-based flash memory, which retains data without power. For applications requiring fast access, but not necessarily data persistence after power loss, SSDs may be constructed from random-access memory (RAM). Such devices may employ separate power sources, such as batteries, to maintain data after power loss.[5] Hybrid drives or solid state hybrid drives (SSHD)[9][10] combine the features of SSDs and HDDs in the same unit, containing a large hard disk drive and an SSD cache to improve performance of frequently accessed data. These devices may offer near-SSD performance for many applications.