UNIT IV

1. State Daltons law of partial pressure. Daltons law of partial pressure states the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressure exerted by individual gases if each one of them occupied separately in the total volume of the mixture at mixture temperature. P=P1+P +P!+.........P"

2. How does the Vander waals equation differ from the ideal gas equation of state 1. #ntermolecular attractive study is made. . $hape factor is considered. %hese assumptions are not made in ideal gas equation of state.

!. Distinguish "etween ideal and real gas &n ideal gas is one which strictly follows the gas laws under all conditions of temperature and pressure. #n actual practice' there is no real gas which strictly follows the gas laws over the entire range of temperature and pressure. (owever hydrogen' oxygen' nitrogen and air behave as an ideal gas under certain temperature and pressure limits.

#. $hat is meant "% &irtual e'pansion )iral or virtual expansions are only applicable to gases of low and medium densities.

%he equation of state of a pure substance is given by

P = *% + a+%, +b+%, +c+%, +d+%, +............ ./ .0 .1 .2

%he coefficient of a+%,' b+%,' c+%,' d+%,......are virial coefficients. %he virial coefficient will vanish when the pressure becomes 3ero. 4inally' the equation of state reduces to the ideal5gas equation.

(. $hat are )a'well relations

=5

=5

%hese are "nown as 6axwell relations.

7. Define *oule+Thomson ,o+effi,ient. 8oule5%homson co5efficient is defined as the change in temperature with change in pressure' "eeping the enthalpy remains constant.#t is denoted by the

-. Define ,o+effi,ient of &olume e'pansion and Isothermal ,ompressi"ilit%

.o+effi,ient of &olume e'pansions/ 9o5efficient of volume expansions is defined as the change in volume with change in temperature per unit volume "eeping the pressure constant. #t is denoted by :.

Isothermal ,ompressi"ilit%; #t is defined as the change in volume with change in pressure per unit volume by "eeping the temperature constant. #t is denoted by <.

<= 5

0. $hat is ,ompressi"ilit% fa,tor =e "now that' the perfect gas equation is pv = *%. >ut for real gas' a correction factor has to be introduced in the perfect gas equation to ta"e into account the deviation of real gas from the perfect gas equation. %his factor is "nown as compressibility factor+3, and is defined by

?=

1. $hat does ,ompressi"ilit% fa,tor signif% $hat is its &alue for an ideal gas at ,riti,al point 1. #ntermolecular attractive study is made.

. $hape factor is considered. &t critical point' the )ander waxwals equation for ideal gas. 12. gas $hat is *oule+Thomson ,o+effi,ient $h% is it 3ero for an ideal

8oule5%homson co5efficient is defined as the change in temperature with change in pressure' "eeping the enthalpy remains constant. #t is denoted by

=e "now that the equation of state as P) = *% Differentiating the above equation of state with respect to % by "eeping pressure' p constant.

#t simplifies that the 8oule5%homson co5 efficient is 3ero for ideal gas.

11.

$hat is ,lasius ,lape%ron 4quation

9lapeyron equation which involves relationship between the saturation pressure' saturation temperature' the enthalpy of evaporation and the specific volume of the two phases involved.

dt 12. State Tds equations.

%ds equations are

%ds =

%ds =

1!.

State the assumptions made in 5ineti, theor% of gases

1. %here is no intermolecular force between particles. . %he volume of the molecules is negligible in comparison with the gas. !. 1#. State Helmholt3 fun,tion

(elmholt3 function is property of a system and is given by subtracting the product of absolute temperature +%, and entropy +s, from the internal energy @.

%hat is (elmholt3 function = u5%s

1(.

State 6i""s fun,tion

Aibbs function is property of a system and is given by

A= u5%s +pv =h5%s

=here h % 5 Bnthalpy 5 %emperature

$ 5Bntropy

UNIT V 1. $hat is the differen,e "etween air ,onditioning and refrigeration

*efrigeration is the process of providing and maintaining the temperature in space below atmospheric temperature. &ir conditioning is the process of supplying sufficient volume of clean air containing a specific amount of water vapour and maintaining the predetermined atmospheric condition with in a selected enclosure.

2. Define ps%,hrometr% %he science which deals with the study of behaviour of moist air +mixture of dry air and water vapour, is "nown as psychrometry.

!. Define dr% "ul" temperature %he temperature which is measured by an ordinary thermometer is "nown as dry bulb temperature. #t is generally denoted by .

#. Define wet "ul" temperature #t is the temperature of air measured by a thermometer when its bulb is covered with wet cloth and exposed to a current rapidly moving air. #t is denoted by .

(. Define dew point temperature %he temperature at which the water vapour present in air begins to condense when the air is cooled is "nown as dew point temperature. #t is denoted by .

7. Define 8elati&e humidit% *elative humidity is the ratio of the mass of water vapour + , in a certain ,

volume of moist air at a given temperature to the mass of water vapour + in the same volume of saturated air at the same temperature. i .e ' *( +or, C =

-. Define spe,ifi, humidit%

$pecific humidity + , is the ratio of mass of water vapour+ dry air in the given in the given volume of mixture. i.e'

, to the mass of

0. Define a"solute humidit% &bsolute humidity is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour+ certain volume of moist air at a given temperature to the mass of water vapour+ , at atmospheric conditions. , in a

1. Differentiate "etween a"solute and relati&e humidit% &bsolute humidity is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapour+ certain volume of moist air at a given temperature to the mass of water vapour+ , at atmospheric conditions. , in a certain volume of moist , in the same , in a

*( is the ratio of the mass of water vapour+

air at a given temperature to the mass of water vapour+ volume of saturated air at the same temperature. 12. Define degree of saturation

Degree of saturation is the ratio of specific humidity of moist air to the specific humidity of saturated air at same temperature.

11. $hat is dew point temperature How is it related to dr% "ul" and wet "ul" temperature at the saturation ,ondition

#t is the temperature at which the water vapour present in air begins to condense when theair is cooled. 4or saturated air'the dry bulb'wet bulb and dew point temperature are all same.

12.

State Daltons law of partial pressure.

%he total pressure exerted by air and water vapour mixture is equal to the barometric pressure.

+ =here >aromertic pressure. = partial pressure of dry air. = Partial pressure of water vapour.

1!.

Define 9pparatus Dew :oint ;9D:< of ,ooling ,oil.

4or dehumidification' the cooling coil is to be "ept at a mean temperature which is below the dew point temperature+DP%, the entering air. %his temperature of the coil is called &DP temperature.

1#.

=ist down the ps%,hrometri, pro,ess. 1. $ensible heating process. . $ensible cooling process. !. (umidification process. D. Dehumidification process. E. (eating and humidification process. 7. 9ooling and dehumidification process. F. &diabatic mixing of air stream process. G. Bvaporative cooling process.

1(.

Define "%pass fa,tor;>:?< of a ,oil

%he ratio of the amount of air which does not contact the cooling coil+amount of bypassing air, to the amount of supply air is called >P4.

i.e.' >P4 =

17.

Define the humidifi,ation pro,ess.

(umidification is defined as the process of adding moisture at constant dry bulb temperature. $o' from but . $o' the humidity ratio increases