ACI STRUCTURAL JOURNAL

TECHNICAL PAPER

Title no. 110-S35

Two-Parameter Kinematic Theory for Shear Behavior of

Deep Beams
by Boyan I. Mihaylov, Evan C. Bentz, and Michael P. Collins
This paper presents a kinematic model for deep beams capable of
describing the deformed shape of such members in terms of just
two primary parameters. The kinematic model is combined with
equilibrium equations and stress-strain relationships to form a
theory to predict the shear strength and deformations patterns of
deep beams at shear failure. These deformation patterns include
crack widths, maximum deflections, and the complete displacement
field for the beam. The kinematic theory predicts the components
of shear strength of deep beams and how they vary with a/d ratio.
These components indicate a significant size effect for the shear
strength of deep beams, even for members with transverse reinforcement. The theory has been validated against a large number of
experimental results.
Keywords: deep beams; kinematics; shear; size effect; ultimate deformations.

INTRODUCTION
Predicting the load-deformation response of slender
beams such as those shown in Fig. 1(a) is made possible
by using the simple but very powerful hypothesis that
plane sections remain plane first demonstrated by Robert
Hooke in 16781 (Fig 1(b)). Measured deformations2,3 of
cracked slender reinforced concrete members (Fig. 1(c))
show that this hypothesis, which is the basis of the flexure
and axial load procedures of the ACI code,4 is accurate
and general for such members. Procedures for calculating
moment-curvature response based on the plane sections
hypothesis can also be extended to account for the effects
of shear.5 However, in deep beams such as transfer girders
(Fig. 1(a)), plane sections do not remain plane, shear strains
become dominant, and the pattern of deformations becomes
more complex (refer to Fig. 1(d)).2 Thus, for such members,
a different approach is required.
In deep beams, a significant portion of the shear is carried
by strut action, where compressive stresses flow directly from
the load to the supports. Because of this, the ACIcode4 recommends the use of strut-and-tie models6,7 for designing deep
beams. Many experimental and analytical studies involving
large deep beams8-22 focus primarily on studying parameters that influence shear strength while some papers suggest
improvements to the strut-and-tie method. Though the strutand-tie method is a powerful design approach, it is not always
capable of predicting the sometimes subtle influence of the
many parameters that influence the shear behavior of deep
beams. If it were possible to predict the deformation patterns
such as those shown in Fig. 1(d), then a theoretical model
using equilibrium, compatibility, and stress-strain relationships could be used to predict the shear behavior of deep
beams in an analogous way to the plane-sections theory for
flexure. It is the purpose of this paper to present such a model.
ACI Structural Journal/May-June 2013

Fig. 1Deformation patterns of slender beams and

deepbeams.
RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
The two-parameter kinematic theory presented in this
paper enables engineers to evaluate safety and assess deformations and crack widths of deep reinforced concrete beams
such as the transfer girder in Fig. 1(a).
KINEMATICS OF DEEP BEAMS
A recent Toronto experimental study involved four pairs
of large, deep, reinforced concrete beams subjected to either
monotonic or reversed cyclic shear.2,3 The tests indicated
ACI Structural Journal, V. 110, No. 3, May-June 2013.
MS No. S-2011-185.R1 received October 14, 2011, and reviewed under Institute
publication policies. Copyright 2013, American Concrete Institute. All rights
reserved, including the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the
copyright proprietors. Pertinent discussion including authors closure, if any, will be
published in the March-April 2014 ACI Structural Journal if the discussion is received
by November 1, 2013.

447

Boyan I. Mihaylov is an Assistant Professor at the University of Liege, Liege,

Belgium. He received his PhD from the ROSE School, Pavia, Italy, in 2009.
Evan C. Bentz, FACI, is an Associate Professor of Civil Engineering at the University
of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, and is Chair of ACI Committee 365, Service Life
Prediction, and a member of Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 445, Shear and Torsion.
ACI Honorary Member Michael P. Collins is a University Professor and the BahenTanenbaum Professor of Civil Engineering at the University of Toronto. He is a
member of Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 445, Shear and Torsion.

Fig. 2Shear failure of Specimen S1C. (Note: 1 mm =

0.03937 in.)
that cyclic loading does not have a significantly detrimental
effect on the shear behavior of deep beams, provided that the
longitudinal reinforcement remains elastic. For specimens
with stirrups, the measured monotonic load-displacement
curves provided an almost perfect envelope to the cyclic
response. Similar conclusions for deep beams were reported
by Alcocer and Uribe.12 The kinematic model presented in
this section is intended to form the basis of methods capable
of predicting this load-deformation envelope.
The detailed deformed shapes of the Toronto specimens
were measured at different load levels using a grid of targets.
Figure 2(a) shows Specimen S1C, which had a shear spandepth ratio (a/d) of 1.55 and was tested under reversed cyclic
loading. Measurements of crack patterns and crack widths
at failure (peak load) are shown in Fig. 2(b), while the
measured ultimate deformed shape of the beam is shown in
Fig. 2(c). The dashed line on the crack diagram depicts how
the measured longitudinal strains in the bottom reinforce448

ment varied from 2.42 103 at midspan to 1.74 103 at

the inner edge of the support. The triangles in Fig. 2(c) have
been shaded to illustrate the magnitude of strains in the web,
where black corresponds to the highest strain range.
Specimen S1C failed in shear along a crack extending
between the loading and support zones (refer to Fig. 2(a)).
The failure was brittle and occurred both with crushing of
the concrete in the vicinity of the loading plate and severe
distortions near the support plate.
It can be seen from Fig. 2(c) that the concrete above the
failure crack deformed relatively little. The cracks in this
zone were caused by the previous load reversals and closed
almost completely under the downward load. The shear
deformations were concentrated near the critical diagonal
crack whose width at failure was 3.0 mm (0.12 in.) at
middepth of the beam. The rest of the cracks caused by the
downward load had maximum widths of only 0.2 to 0.5 mm
(0.008 to 0.02 in.) and extended from the bottom of the beam
to the vicinity of the load (refer to Fig. 2(b)). This pattern
of radial cracks was associated with a curved bottom edge
of the specimen (refer to Fig. 2(c)). These observations
were used by the first author to develop a kinematic model
with only two degrees of freedom capable of describing the
deformed shape of diagonally-cracked point-loaded deep
beams subjected to single curvature.
The details of the kinematic model are shown in Fig. 3(a).
The model assumes that the critical crack extends from the
inner edge of the support to the far edge of the tributary area of
the loading plate responsible for the shear force V. The concrete
above the critical crack is modeled as a single rigid block,
while the concrete below the crack is represented by a series
of rigid radial struts (er = 0). The struts connect the loading
point to the bottom longitudinal reinforcement. The regions of
the model on each side of the critical crack are connected by
the critical loading zone (CLZ) at the top of the section, by the
bottom flexural reinforcement, and by the stirrups.
The basic assumption of the kinematic model is that, with
respect to the loading plate, the motion of the concrete block
above the critical crack can be described as a rotation about
the top of the crack and a vertical translation (Fig. 3(a)).
The rotation is proportional to the average strain in the
bottom reinforcement, et,avg, while the translation equals the
vertical displacement Dc of the critical loading zone. Thus
et,avg and Dc represent the two degrees of freedom of the
model (Fig. 3(b)). The elongation of the bottom reinforcement causes the rigid radial struts to rotate about the loading
point and the cracks to widen. The transverse displacement
in the critical loading zone is associated with both widening
and slip displacement of the critical diagonal crack. It can
be seen from Fig. 3(b) that both degrees of freedom cause
tensile strains in the transverse reinforcement. As the a/d
increases (Fig. 3(c)), the angle of the critical crack, a1,
should not be taken smaller than the angle q of the cracks
that develop in a uniform stress field. The angle q can be
calculated from the simplified Modified Compression Field
Theory (MCFT),23 or can be taken equal to 35 degrees.
Based on the aforementioned assumptions, the horizontal
and vertical displacements of all points in the beam can be
expressed from the two degrees of freedom (DOFs) as follows:
Points below the critical crack

(1)
d x ( x, z ) = e t , avg x
ACI Structural Journal/May-June 2013

e t , avg x 2
(2)
d z ( x, z ) =
hz
Points above the critical crack

(3)
d x ( x, z ) = e t , avg ( h z ) cot a

(4)
d z ( x, z ) = e t , avg x cot a + D c

These displacements are with respect to the x-z axis system

shown in Fig. 3(a). Equation (1) shows that vertical lines below
the critical crack remain vertical and translate by dx away
from the origin. Vertical lines drawn above the critical crack,
however, will rotate and, hence, plane sections do not remain
plane. The derivation of these equations is explained more
fully in the Appendix.* As Eq. (1) to (4) describe the complete
deformed shape of the member, they can be used to calculate
the strain between any two points on the surface of the beam.
The ability of the equations to predict the deformed shape of
the entire surface of a deep beam is demonstrated in Fig 2(c).
The circles plotted on the deformed shape are the predicted
locations of the targets, whereas the corners of the triangles
show the experimentally measured locations. It can be seen
that the x and z displacements of 27 out of the 28 targets are
very accurately modeled. One target was predicted to be just
above the critical crack while in the test it remained just below
the crack. For this verification, the values of the two DOFs of
the model, et,avg = 2.52 103 and Dc = 2.04 mm (0.08 in.),
were obtained by minimizing the sum of the squares of
the errors in the calculated displacements. Procedures for
predicting the values of these DOFs are discussed later in the
paper. Similar comparisons were made for the critical shear
spans of all eight specimens from the experimental study3 and
equally good agreements were found.24
In addition to predicting the deformation patterns of deep
beams, the kinematic model can also be used to estimate the
width of critical diagonal cracks. Based on Fig. 3, it can be
shown that the crack width at mid-depth is
w = D c cos a1 +

e t , min lk
2 sin a1

(5)

where the two terms of this expression are associated with

the two DOFs of the kinematic model. Quantity lk in Eq. (5)
is the length of the bottom reinforcement whose elongation
contributes to the width of the critical crack. It is assumed
that lk equals the distance between the kinks that develop in
the longitudinal bars near the support (Fig. 3) and thus

(6)
lk = l0 + d (cot a cot a1 )

l0 = 1.5 ( h d ) cot a1 smax

(7)

*
The Appendix is available at www.concrete.org in PDF format as an addendum to
the published paper. It is also available in hard copy from ACI headquarters for a fee
equal to the cost of reproduction plus handling at the time of the request.

ACI Structural Journal/May-June 2013

Fig. 3Kinematic model for deep beams.

0.28db 2.5 ( h d )
(8)
smax =
rl
d

where l0 is the length of the heavily cracked zone at the

bottom of the critical crack; smax is the spacing of the radial
cracks at the bottom of the section25; and quantity 2.5(h d)
is the approximate depth of interaction between the bottom
bars and the surrounding concrete.25
To demonstrate that Eq. (5) captures well the influence
of the various parameters on the crack width, Fig. 4 was
prepared. On the horizontal axis of the plot are the crack
widths obtained from Eq. (5) and on the vertical axis are
the widths measured in the experimental study.2,3 Quantities a1 and lk were calculated using the equations of the
kinematic model, while deformation parameters Dc and
et,min were obtained in the same manner as explained for
Fig. 2(c). Each experimental value represents the average
of two to four measurements taken along the middle third
of the widest diagonal crack. As is evident from Fig. 4, the
449

Fig. 4Predictions of kinematic model for crack widths.

Fig. 6CLZ: test results and predictions.

Fig. 5Modeling of CLZ.

predictions obtained using Eq. (5) match the experimentally
measured crack widths well.
CRITICAL LOADING ZONE
The critical loading zone (CLZ) represents a key component of the two-parameter kinematic theory (2PKT).
Figure 5(a) shows a photograph of the critical loading zone
of Specimen S1C after failure. The spalled concrete and the
orientation of the cracks in this zone indicate that it failed
due to high diagonal compressive stresses.
The approximate dimensions of the CLZ can be determined
with the help of the simple model depicted in Fig. 5(b). In
this model, the zone of concrete above the critical diagonal
crack is represented as a variable-depth elastic cantilever
fixed at one end and loaded at the other. It is assumed that
plane sections perpendicular to the bottom face of the cantilever remain plane and that the tip section is subjected to
450

uniform compressive stresses. The analysis showed that the

compressive stress along the bottom edge of the cantilever
reaches its maximum value at a distance of 1.5lb1ecosa from
the tip section and returns to the applied stress at a distance
of 3lb1ecosa from the same section. This result is used to
define a triangular critical loading zone with a bottom length
of 3lb1ecosa and a top vertex located opposite to the location
of the maximum compressive stress. A comparison between
Fig. 5(a) and 5(b) shows that the chosen geometry agrees
reasonably well with the shape of the crushed zone observed
in Specimen S1C. To obtain realistic results for specimens
loaded with very small loading plates, the effective width
of the loading plate, lb1e, should not be taken less than three
times the maximum size of coarse aggregate, ag.
Knowing the geometry of the critical loading zone, the ultimate
shear displacement Dc can be calculated by assuming values
for the average strains along the bottom and top sides of this
zone (refer to Fig. 5(c)). As the zone fails due to combined
moment and compression, the bottom strain is assumed
equal to 0.0035 and the top strain is assumed equal to zero.
Using these values, it can be shown that

Dc = 0.0105lb1ecota

(9)

The derivation of this equation is presented in theAppendix.

The appropriateness of Eq. (9) is illustrated in Fig. 6,
which shows the relationship between the shear force and the
measured shear displacement of the critical loading zones of
the eight Toronto specimens.2,3 The two vertical dashed lines
in Fig. 6 represent the predicted values of Dc at failure from
Eq. (9) for beams with a/d of 1.55 (Beams S0M/C, S1M/C)
and 2.29 (L0M/C, L1M/C). It can be seen that the experimental results agree reasonably well with the predictions.
The shear capacity of the critical loading, VCLZ, can be
derived with the help of Fig. 5(c). As shown in the figure, it
is assumed that the compressive strain e varies linearly from
zero at the edge of the loading plate to 0.0035 just above
the critical crack. The average compressive stress from this
strain profile is thus
ACI Structural Journal/May-June 2013

favg =

0
1.43 fc 0.8 , MPa
0.0035

(10)

where W0 is the area under the stress-strain curve of concrete

in uniaxial compression taken up to a strain of 0.0035. The
suggested approximate expression for favg was derived by
calculating W0 from stress-strain relationships available in
the literature.26 Considering the triangle of forces shown in
Fig. 5(c), the shear strength of the critical loading zone is
expressed as

(11)
VCLZ = kfavg blb1e sin 2 a

where k is a crack shape coefficient. This coefficient

accounts for the fact that, in slender beams, the critical diagonal crack is not straight but has an S-shape and approaches
the loading plate at a very flat angle. This results in a more
slender critical loading zone that contributes little to the
shear strength of the member. Based on comparisons with
tests, it is suggested that k equal 1 for beams with cota
2 and zero for beams with cota 2.5, with a linear transition
for intermediate values of cota.
Figure 6 also shows very high values of shear resistance at
a very small value of Dc. This shows that a significant part of
the shear in deep beams is carried by mechanisms other than
diagonal compression in the critical loading zones.
CALCULATING SHEAR STRENGTH
OF DEEPBEAMS
Detail A in Fig. 3(a) shows that, due to the displacement
Dc, the critical diagonal crack undergoes widening and a
significant slip displacement. Due to aggregate interlock,
this slip will generate significant shear stresses contributing
to the shear resistance of the member. The photograph of
Specimen S1C in Fig. 7 shows a close-up view of the region
corresponding to Detail A. It can be seen that there was a
significant slip on the critical crack, which caused visible
damage associated with aggregate interlock forces.
Detail B in Fig. 3(a) shows that the bottom longitudinal
bars in deep beams are subjected to double curvature near the
support and thus will resist shear by dowel action. The dowels
of length lk can be very effective, as at one end they push upon
the support plate and at the other end upon the concrete of
the web. The aggregate interlock and the dowel action are
included in the free body diagram in Fig. 8, which shows that
the shear resistance of deep beams can be expressed as

(12)
V = VCLZ + Vci + Vs + Vd

where VCLZ, Vci, Vs, and Vd are the shear forces resisted by the
critical loading zone, by aggregate interlock, by stirrups, and
by dowel action, respectively.
The shear resisted by aggregate interlock is expressed as27

Vci =

0.18
fc bd
24 w
0.31 +
age + 16

(13)

The effective aggregate size age equals ag for concrete

strengths less than 60 MPa (8700 psi) and zero for strengths
larger than 70 MPa (10,150 psi), with a linear transition for
intermediate strengths.23 The crack width w is calculated
from Eq. (5) using the following simplification
ACI Structural Journal/May-June 2013

Fig. 7Evidence of aggregate interlock in Specimen S1C at

ultimate load. (Note: 1 mm = 0.03937 in.)

Fig. 8Shear strength components in deep beam.

T
Va
e t , min e t , max = max =
(14)
Es As Es As ( 0.9d )

where Tmax is the tension force in the flexural reinforcement

at the section with maximum bending moment.
The shear resisted by the stirrups is calculated from

Vs = rv b ( d cot a1 l0 1.5lb1e ) fv 0

(15)

where the expression in the brackets represents the length

along the shear span within which the critical crack is wide
enough to cause significant tension in the stirrups (refer to
Fig. 8). The stress in the stirrups is calculated by assuming
elastic-perfectly plastic behavior of the steel

fv = Es e v f yv

(16)

where the transverse strain at the middle of the shear span,

ev, is derived from the kinematic model

ev =

1.5D c
1
D c + 0.25e t , avg d cot 2 a1
0.9d
0.9d

(17)

Finally, the shear resisted by the dowel action of the

bottom reinforcement is calculated from
451

To avoid iterations when calculating Vmax, the expressions

for the crack width w and for the effective yield strength of
the dowels, fye, can be simplified as follows


w0 D c cos a 0
(21)

Fig. 9Predicted shear strength components for different

a/d. (Note: 1 mm = 0.03937 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi.)
Vd = nb f ye

db 3
3lk

(18)

where nb is the number of bars, and db is the bar diameter.

This expression is derived by assuming that the dowels of
length lk (Eq. (6)) work in double curvature with plastic
hinges forming at each end. The moment capacity of the
hinges is calculated with an effective yield strength fye to
account for the effect of the tension in the bars

T 2
min

f (19)
500 MPa (72.5 ksi)
ye = f y 1
f y As

For simplicity, the tension force in the reinforcement near

the support, Tmin, can be replaced by Tmax from Eq. (14). The
limit of 500 MPa (72.5 ksi) in Eq. (19) accounts approximately for the fact that the transverse displacement at the
dowel may not be sufficiently large to cause plastic hinges
in bars with high yield strength.
Equations (12) to (19) for the shear strength of deep beams
were derived under the assumption that the member fails
along the critical diagonal crack. Beams with large quantities of stirrups, however, may fail by crushing of the concrete
along a steep section near the load (sliding shear failure).
The shear Vmax corresponding to this failure mode can also
be calculated from Eq. (12) to (19), but for an appropriately
selected shorter beam. It is suggested that the length of this
beam is such that the zone of effective stirrups vanishes (refer
to Fig. 8). The angle of the critical crack, a0, for calculating
Vmax is thus derived by setting Vs from Eq. (15) equal to zero

452

d
tan a 0 =
smax + 1.5lb1e

(20)

fye0 fy 500 MPa (72.5 ksi)

(22)

Figure 9 summarizes the predicted components of shear

strength and how these components change with the a/d for
beams having the same section as that used in the experimental program.2,3 The 2PKT method has been developed
to apply to members with short shear spans where the shear
strength predicted by this method will exceed the shear
strength predicted by sectional design procedures intended
for longer spans. The sectional shear strength predictions
plotted in Fig. 9 result from the CSA sectional model28 based
on the simplified MCFT.23 It can be seen that, for this section,
the transition from deep beams to slender beams occurs at an
a/d of approximately 2.3. For slender beams, the sectional
model predicts that the concrete contribution Vci accounts
for 55% of the shear capacity. For deep beams, the concrete
contribution, Vci + VCLZ, varies from 67% when a/d is 2.3 up
to 97% at an a/d of 0.5. At this low a/d, and for this section,
the dowel force provided by the longitudinal reinforcement
accounts for the remaining 3% of the shear strength. As the
a/d increases, the angle of the critical crack will decrease,
resulting in a larger stirrup contribution Vs as more stirrup
legs cross the critical crack. At the same time, the shape of
the critical loading zone becomes more slender, reducing
both its strength VCLZ and its stiffness. The reduction in stiffness results in a wider critical crack and, thus, lower aggregate interlock contribution Vci as a/d increases.
An important motivation for the development of the
2PKT model was the need for a better understanding of
the size effect in deep beams. The question is whether very
large beams will fail at lower shear stresses than geometrically similar, smaller beams. Figure 10 compares the shear
strength predictions to the results of 12 size effect tests
by Zhang and Tan.11 Eight of the specimens were without
web reinforcement (hollow dots) and four of the specimens
contained 0.41% of stirrups (solid dots). It can be seen that
the 2PKT method captures well the size effect observed in
these tests. The components of shear resistanceVCLZ, Vd,
and Vcifor the beams without stirrups predict that the
size effect in deep beams is caused mainly by aggregate
interlock. As the member size increases, the larger critical
loading zone deforms more, causing wider diagonal cracks
that in turn result in diminishing shear stresses transferred
across the cracks. Unlike slender beams, the tests and the
2PKT indicate that the addition of a significant number of
stirrups may not eliminate the size effect in deep beams.
Figure 10 also shows that the AASHTO29 strut-and-tie
model, which does not account for the size effect, provides
an approximate lower bound to the predictions of the 2PKT
method. For these beams, the ACI strut-and-tie model,
which also neglects the size effect, produces similar predictions. With respect to the magnitude of the size effect in deep
beams, it is of interest to note that if the 2PKT predictions are
extended to d = 10 m (32 ft), the reduction of failure shear
stress compared to a laboratory-size, 500 mm (19.7 in.) deep
specimen will be 19.7% for the members with stirrups and
27.2% for the members without stirrups.
ACI Structural Journal/May-June 2013

Similar predictions to those shown in Fig. 9 and 10 were

made for a total of 434 published tests on simply supported
beams with a/d between 0.5 and 3, and the results are
summarized in Fig. 11. Also shown in this figure are the
ratios of experimental to predicted shear strengths given by
the AASHTO29 and ACI4 codes. As with the 2PKT method,

the predicted capacities for the AASHTO and ACI codes are
taken as the larger of the sectional and strut-and-tie shear
capacities. Specimen details and capacity calculation details
are given in the Appendix to this paper. The top three plots
show the ratios of experimental to predicted shear strengths as
a function of a/d, while the bottom three plots show the same
ratios as a function of the effective depth d. It can be seen
that the 2PKT method provides significantly more consistent
predictions than the two design codes across the entire range of
a/d and d values. The predictions of the AASHTO code have
a large number of conservative values for a/d between 1 and
2.5 and it is in this region that the 2PKT method provides the
most significant improvement in accuracy. Because the ACI
code does not account for the size effect in shear, there is a
clear decrease in conservatism as member depth increases.
CALCULATING ULTIMATE DEFORMATIONS
Based on the kinematic model, the deflection at the shear
failure load of deep beams can be taken as the sum of Dc and
Dt (Fig. 3), where Dc is calculated from Eq. (9), and Dt can
be expressed as


D t = e t , avg a cot a
(23)

tan a
e t , avg = e t , max ( d cot a lk ) + e t , min lk
d

(24)

While it is recommended that Eq. (14) be used in calculating et,min for strength predictions, a more precise, if somewhat more complex, expression is appropriate for deflection
calculations. Such an expression can be derived with the
help of the free body diagram in Fig. 8
Fig. 10Size effect in deep beams: theoretical predictions
and experimental results.11 (Note: 1 mm = 0.03937 in.;
1 MPa = 145 psi.)

e t , min =

Va / ( 0.9d ) ( 0.5Vs + Vd ) cot a1

Tmin
=

Es As
Es As

(25)

Fig. 11Comparison between 2PKT, AASHTO, and ACI shear provisions for 434 tests. (Note: 1 mm = 0.03937 in.)
ACI Structural Journal/May-June 2013

453

well the size effect in deep beams and predicts that this effect
can be significant even for members with transverse reinforcement. Research is currently underway to extend this theory to
a wider range of loading and support conditions.
As
a
ag
age
d
db
dbv
favg
fc
fv
fy
fye
fyv
h
k
l0
lb1
lb1e

Fig. 12Comparisons of predicted and observed deformed

shapes (displacements 30).
where V, Vs, and Vd are calculated from Eq. (12), (15), and
(18), respectively.
Having calculated Dc from Eq. (9) and et,avg from Eq. (24), the
kinematic model can be used to predict the complete deformed
shape of a deep beam. In Fig. 12, these predicted deformed
shapes are compared to the measured deformed shapes of four
of the Toronto specimens.2,3 It can be seen that the kinematic
model with only two DOFs captures the complex deformation
patterns of these beams surprisingly well.
CONCLUSIONS
The two-parameter kinematic theory (2PKT) presented in
this paper is capable of predicting the shear failure load, the
crack widths near failure, and the complete deformed shapes
of diagonally cracked point-loaded deep beams subjected
to single curvature. A key component of the 2PKT is the
modeling of the critical loading zone which is the area of
highly stressed concrete near the point of load application.
The ultimate vertical displacement of this zone is one of the
two kinematic parameters of the model, while the other is
the average tensile strain in the longitudinal reinforcement
on the flexural tension side. In addition to the kinematic
conditions, the theory includes equations for equilibrium
and stress-strain relationships for the materials. The theory
allows for the components of shear resistance of deep beams
to be evaluated at failure.
The kinematic theory has been validated using 434 tests
of simply supported deep beams covering a large range of
experimental variables. The average ratio of experimental to
predicted shear strengths for these tests is 1.10 with a coefficient of variation of 13.7%. It is shown that the 2PKT captures
454

lb2
lk
nb
P
smax
Tmax
Tmin
V
VCLZ
Vci
Vd
Vmax
Vs
w
a
a0
a1
Dc
Dt
dx
dz
et,avg
et,max
et,min
ev
q
rl
rv
W0

NOTATION

= area of longitudinal bars on flexural tension side

= shear span
= maximum size of coarse aggregate
= effective size of coarse aggregate
= effective depth of section
= diameter of bottom longitudinal bars
= diameter of stirrups
= average diagonal compressive stress in CLZ
= concrete cylinder strength
= stress in stirrups
= yield strength of bottom longitudinal bars
= effective yield strength of bottom longitudinal bars
= yield strength of stirrups
= total depth of section
= crack shape factor
= length of heavily cracked zone at bottom of critical diagonalcrack
= width of loading plate parallel to longitudinal axis of member
= effective width of loading plate parallel to longitudinal axis
ofmember
= width of support plate parallel to longitudinal axis of member
= length of dowels provided by bottom longitudinal reinforcement
= number of bottom longitudinal bars
= applied concentrated load
= distance between radial cracks along bottom edge of member
= maximum tensile force in bottom reinforcement
= minimum tensile force in bottom reinforcement
= shear force
= shear resisted by CLZ
= shear resisted by aggregate interlock
= shear resisted by dowel action
= shear force corresponding to shear failure along steep section
near load
= shear resisted by stirrups
= crack width
= angle of line extending from inner edge of support plate to far
edge of tributary area of loading plate responsible for shear
force V
= angle a of short beam used for Vmax calculations
= angle of critical diagonal crack
= shear distortion of critical loading zone
= deflection due to elongation of bottom longitudinal reinforcement
= displacement along x-axis
= displacement along z-axis
= average strain along bottom longitudinal reinforcement
= maximum strain along bottom longitudinal reinforcement
= minimum strain along bottom longitudinal reinforcement
= transverse web strain
= angle of diagonal cracks in uniform stress field
= ratio of bottom longitudinal reinforcement
= ratio of transverse reinforcement
= area under stress-strain curve of concrete in uniaxial compression up to a strain of 0.0035

REFERENCES

1. Hooke, R., Lectures de Potentia Restitutiva (Spring Explaining the

Power of Springing Bodies), printed for John Martyn Printer to The Royal
Society, at the Bell in St. Pauls Church-Yard, 1678, 24 pp.
2. Mihaylov, B. I., Behavior of Deep Reinforced Concrete Beams under
Monotonic and Reversed Cyclic Load, doctoral thesis, European School
for Advanced Studies in Reduction of Seismic Risk, Pavia, Italy, 2008,
379 pp.
3. Mihaylov, B. I.; Bentz, E. C.; and Collins, M. P., Behavior of Large
Deep Beam Subjected to Monotonic and Reversed Cyclic Shear, ACI
Structural Journal, V. 107, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2010, pp. 726-734.
4. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 473 pp.
5. Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P., Predicting the Response of
Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to Shear Using the Modified
Compression Field Theory, ACI Structural Journal, V. 85, No. 3, MayJune 1988, pp. 258-268.

ACI Structural Journal/May-June 2013

6. Collins, M. P., and Mitchell, D., A Rational Approach to Shear

DesignThe 1984 Canadian Code Provisions, ACI Journal, V. 83, No. 6,
Nov.-Dec. 1986, pp. 925-933.
7. Schlaich, J.; Schfer, K.; and Jennewein, M., Toward a Consistent
Design of Structural Concrete, PCI Journal, V. 32, No. 3, 1987, pp. 74-150.
8. Rogowsky, D. M., and MacGregor, J. G., Tests of Reinforced Concrete
Deep Beams, ACI Journal, V. 83, No. 4, July-Aug. 1986, pp. 614-623.
9. Walraven, J., and Lehwalter, N., Size Effects in Short Beams
Loaded in Shear, ACI Structural Journal, V. 91, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1994,
pp. 585-593.
10. Yang, K.-H.; Chung, H.-S.; Lee, E.-T.; and Eun, H.-C., Shear Characteristics of High-Strength Concrete Deep Beams without Shear Reinforcements, Engineering Structures, V. 25, No. 10, Aug. 2003, pp. 1343-1352.
11. Zhang, N., and Tan, K.-H., Size Effect in RC Deep Beams: Experimental Investigation and STM Verification, Engineering Structures,
V. 29, No. 12, Dec. 2007, pp. 3241-3254.
12. Alcocer, S. M., and Uribe, C. M., Monotonic and Cyclic Behavior
of Deep Beams Designed Using Strut-and-Tie Models, ACI Structural
Journal, V. 105, No. 3, May-June 2008, pp. 327-337.
13. Senturk, A. E., and Higgins, C., Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete
Deck Girder Bridge Bent Caps with 1950s Vintage Details: Laboratory
Tests, ACI Structural Journal, V. 107, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2010, pp. 534-543.
14. Senturk, A. E., and Higgins, C., Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete
Deck Girder Bridge Bent Caps with 1950s Vintage Details: Analytical
Methods, ACI Structural Journal, V. 107, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2010, pp. 544-553.
15. Birrcher, D.; Tuchscherer, R.; Huizinga, M.; Bayrak, O.; Wood, S.;
and Jirsa, J., Strength and Serviceability Design of Reinforced Concrete
Deep Beams, Report No. FHWA/TX-09/0-5253-1, Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 2009.
16. Hwang, S. J.; Wen, Y. L.; and Lee, H. J., Shear Strength Prediction
for Deep Beams, ACI Structural Journal, V. 87, No. 3, May-June 2000,
pp. 367-376.
17. Matamoros, A. B., and Wong, K. H., Design of Simply Supported
Deep Beams Using Strut-and-Tie Models, ACI Structural Journal, V. 100,
No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2003, pp. 429-437.

ACI Structural Journal/May-June 2013

18. Russo, G.; Venir, R.; and Pauletta, M., Reinforced Concrete Deep
BeamsShear Strength Model and Design Formula, ACI Structural
Journal, V. 102, No. 3, May-June 2005, pp. 429-437.
19. Tang, C. Y., and Tan, K. H., Interactive Mechanical Model for
Shear Strength of Deep Beams, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE,
V. 130, No. 10, 2004, pp. 1534-1544.
20. Park, J. W., and Kuchma, D., Strut-and-Tie Model Analysis for
Strength Prediction of Deep Beams, ACI Structural Journal, V. 104,
No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2007, pp. 657-666.
21. Uzel, A.; Podgorniak, B.; Bentz, E. C.; and Collins, M. P., Design of
Large Footings for One-Way Shear, ACI Structural Journal, V. 108, No. 2,
Mar.-Apr. 2011, pp. 131-138.
22. Hong, S. G.; Namhee, K. H.; and Jang, S. K., Deformation Capacity
of Structural Concrete in Disturbed Regions, ACI Structural Journal,
V. 108, No. 3, May-June 2011, pp. 267-275.
23. Bentz, E. C.; Vecchio, F. J.; and Collins, M. P., Simplified Modified
Compression Field Theory for Calculating Shear Strength of Reinforced
Concrete Members, ACI Structural Journal, V. 103, No. 4, July-Aug.
2006, pp. 614-624.
24. Mihaylov, B. I.; Bentz, E. C.; and Collins, M. P., A Two Degree
of Freedom Kinematic Model for Predicting the Deformations of Deep
Beams, CSCE 2nd International Engineering Mechanics and Materials
Specialty Conference, June 2011.
25. CEB-FIP Model Code 1990, Design Code, Thomas Telford,
London, 1993, 437 pp.
26. Popovics, S., A Review of Stress-Strain Relationships for Concrete,
ACI Journal, V. 67, No. 3, Mar. 1970, pp. 243-248.
27. Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P., The Modified Compression
Field Theory for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear, ACI
Journal, V. 83, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1986, pp. 219-231.
28. CSA Committee A23.3, Design of Concrete Structures, Canadian
Standards Association, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 2004, 214 pp.
29. AASHTO, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, fourth
edition, American Association of State Highway Officials, Washington,
DC, 2007, 1526 pp.

455

NOTES:

456

ACI Structural Journal/May-June 2013

34

Appendix to ACI Paper

Paper Title: A Two Parameter Kinematic Theory for the Shear Behavior of Deep Beams
Authors: Boyan I. Mihaylov, Evan C. Bentz, Michael P. Collins
Summary: This appendix provides data from 529 tests which are used to verify the proposed two
parameter kinematic theory (2PKT) and code procedures for deep beams. Worked examples of 2PKT
calculations and ACI strut-and-tie calculations are included. The derivation of some of the equations of the
2PKT method is provided.
Derivation of Eqs. (1) to (5) - terms associated with DOF t,avg
DOF t,avg
block

str
ut

1=

z= x

(h-z)

t,min

x = (h-z)

l k=l 0

t,avg

x d = d
(h-z)

x
C

x d
(h-z)

It is assumed that the displacements are small compared to the dimensions of the member.
-

Displacements of points below the critical crack

Consider point A(x,y) from strut OAB.

BC =

x
d
hz

and

x , B = t ,avg

x
d
hz

Strut rotation about point O:

=

x, B
d

= t ,avg

x
hz

Displacements of point A:
x = (h z ) = t ,avg x
z =x =

t ,avg x 2
hz

Displacements of points above the critical crack

Rotation of rigid block about point O:

block =

x,d
d

= t ,avg

d cot
= t ,avg cot
d

Displacements of a point on the rigid block:

34

35
x = block (h z ) = t ,avg (h z ) cot
x = block x = t ,avg x cot

Crack width associated with DOF t,avg

Elongation of the bottom reinforcement over length lk by the support:

l k = t ,min l k

Crack width at middepth:

w=

t ,min l k
2 sin 1

Derivation of Eq. (9)

l b1e

1
3l b

co

s
co

0.0

c =

5
03

c
s
co

e
3l b1

0.0035 3l b1e cos

= 0.0105l b1e cot
sin

Rules for selecting members for the database

- reinforced concrete (no limits on concrete strength)
- normalweight concrete
- steel reinforcement (no limits on yield strength)
- point loads, simply supported
- shear-span-to-depth ratios (a/d ratios) not larger than 3
- rectangular cross sections
- no bar cutoffs
- no axial load, no prestressing
- with and without transverse reinforcement, no fibres
- with reported important test parameters
- no anchorage failures
- no geometrical limits on member size were used.
Columns in the database
Ref. #
Number of reference from the reference list at the end of the Appendix
a/d
Shear-span-to-depth ratio
b
Cross section width
d
Member effective depth
h
Member total depth
a: M/V
Length of shear span measured from the center of the support to the center of the
loading plate
lb2
Longitudinal length of support plate
lb1
Longitudinal length of loading plate
V/P
Ratio of shear force to applied point load 1.0
Ratio of longitudinal reinforcement on flexural tension side of section
l=100As/(bd)
# bars
Number of longitudinal bars on flexural tension side of section

35

36
fy
ag
fc'
v
dbv
fyv
h
Rep. mode
Mmax/Mn
Vu
2PKT mode
2PKT Exp/Pred
AASHTO mode
AASHTO
Exp/Pred
ACI mode
ACI Exp/Pred

Yield strength of flexural tension reinforcement

Maximum specified size of course aggregate
Concrete cylinder strength at date of testing
Ratio of transverse reinforcement
Stirrups bar diameter
Yield strength of stirrups
Ratio of longitudinal web reinforcement
Reported mode of failure: F = flexure, S = shear (which includes diagonal tension,
shear compression, etc.)
Ratio of maximum observed moment to nominal moment capacity according to ACI
code
Maximum observed shear force
Predicted mode of failure by kinematic theory and CSA sectional model: F = flexural,
S = sectional shear failure by breakdown of beam action, C = crushing shear failure
of critical loading zone
Ratio of observed shear strength to predicted shear strength for members that were
reported to fail in shear and which failed with Mmax/Mn1.10
Predicted mode of failure by AASHTO code: F = flexural, S = sectional shear
failure by breakdown of beam action, C = crushing shear failure of strut in strut-andtie model
Ratio of observed shear strength to predicted shear strength for members that were
reported to fail in shear and which failed with Mmax/Mn1.10
Predicted mode of failure by ACI code: F = flexural, S = sectional shear failure by
breakdown of beam action, C = crushing shear failure of strut in strut-and-tie model
Ratio of observed shear strength to predicted shear strength for members that were
reported to fail in shear and which failed with Mmax/Mn1.10

Note: Cells in the database that are shaded contain assumed values as the original values were not provided
by the authors of the publication.
Example 2PKT calculations
The following example is given for beam 1DB100bw of Zhang and Tan specimens (#421 in database).
B

2.5(h-d)

A
slip

l k=l 0

l b1
l b1e = (V/P)l b1

CLZ

d
h

r =0

1=
B

l b2

a+ t,avg d cot

t,min

t,max

t,avg

36

37
Calculations for shear strength V:

l b1e = max (V / P )l b1 ,3a g = max[1 150,3 10] = 150mm

tan =

1000
h
=
= 1.006 = 45.17
a l b1 / 2 l b 2 / 2 + l b1e 994 150 / 2 150 / 2 + 150

1 = max[ , ] = max[45.17,35.9] = 45.17

where =35.9 was obtained from the equations of the simplified modified compression field theory
(ref. 23 in the paper).
0.9d = 0.9 904 = 813.6mm

0.9d = 0.9 904 = 813.6mm

s max =

0.28d b 2.5(h d ) 0.28 23 2.5(1000 904)

=
= 142mm
l
d
0.0120
904

(8)

l 0 = max[1.5(h d ) cot 1 , s max ] = max[1.5(1000 904) cot 45.17,142] = 143mm

(7)

l k = l 0 + d (cot cot 1 ) = 143mm

(6)

k = (5 2 cot )
f avg = 1.43 f c '

1.0
(5 2 / 1.006) = 3.01 > 1.0 k = 1.0
0

0 .8

= 1.43 28.7 0.8 = 21.0MPa

(10)

VCLZ = kf avg bl b1e sin 2 = 1.0 21.0 230 150 sin 2 45.17 / 1000 = 364.4kN

c = 0.0105lb1e cot = 0.0105 150 cot 45.17 = 1.566mm

v =

(9)

1.5 c 1.5 1.566

=
= 0.00289
0.9d
813.6

(11)

(17)

f v = min E s v , f yv = [200000 0.00289,426] = 426 MPa

(16)

Vs = v b(d cot 1 l 0 1.5l b1e ) f v = 0.0041 230(904 cot 45.17 143 1.5 150 )426 / 1000 = 213.2kN

(15)

1) Assume V = 1.2(VCLZ + V s ) 690kN

Va
690 994
=
= 843.0kN
0.9d
813.6

2)

Tmax =

3)

w = c cos 1 +

4)

Vci =

and t ,max =

Tmax
843000
=
= 0.001689
E s As 200000 2495

(14)

t ,min l k
0.001689 143
= 1.566 cos 45.17 +
= 1.27mm
2 sin 1
2 sin 45.17

(5)

0.18 f c '
0.18 28.7
bd =
230 904 / 1000 = 134.9kN
24w
24 1.27
0.31 +
0.31 +
a ge + 16
10 + 16

(13)

2
T
843000 2

min

= 5551
= fy 1
= 349.3MPa < 500 MPa
f y As
555 2495

5)

f ye

6)

Vd = nb f ye

(19)

db
233
= 6 349.3
/ 1000 = 59.4kN
3l k
3 143

37

(18)

38
V ' = VCLZ + Vci + V s + V d = 364.4 + 134.9 + 213.2 + 59.4 = 771.9kN 690kN

7)

(12)

Return to 2) with the average value of V and V; repeat steps 2) to 7) until the prediction converges to:
V = VCLZ + Vci + V s + Vd = 364.4 + 133.4 + 213.2 + 51.7 = 762kN

Calculations for Vmax:

tan 0 =

s max

d
904
=
= 2.463 0 = 67.90 > = 45.17 Vmax calculation is required
+ 1.5l b1e 142 + 1.5 150

(20)

VCLZ = 1 21.0 230 150 sin 2 67.90 / 1000 = 622.0kN

(11)

w0 = c cos 0 = (3 150 0.0035 cot 67.90) cos 67.90 = 0.24mm

(21)

Vci =

0.18 28.7
230 904 / 1000 = 376.8kN
24 0.24
0.31 +
10 + 16

(13)

l k = s max = 142mm

(6)

f y = 555MPa > 500MPa f ye 0 = 500MPa

Vd = 6 500

(22)

233
/ 1000 = 85.1kN
3 143

(18)

Vmax = 622.0 + 376.8 + 85.1 = 1084kN > V = 762kN Diagonal failure at V=762kN

(12)

Finally:
Vexp
V pred

775
= 1.02
762

Example ACI strut-and-tie calculations

The following example is given for beam 1DB100bw of Zhang and Tan specimens (#421 in database).
P

C
d

l b1

Tv

T1
a cl /2

l b2

V
tan =

a cl /2

0.9d 0.9 904

=
= 0.8185 = 39.30
a
994

h sin + v sin (90 ) = 0.0041 sin (90 39.30) = 0.0032 > 0.003 Strut strength = 0.64fc=0.6428.7=18.4

MPa
Tvy = f yv v (0.5a cl b ) = 426 0.0041 (0.5 844 230 ) / 1000 = 169.5kN

38

39
1) Assume c=0.1d=0.1904=90.4 mm
2) C = T = 0.85 28.7 (230 90.4) / 1000 = 507.2kN
3) V =
4) T1 =
=

T (d 0.5c )
507.2 (904 0.5 90.4 )
= 438.2kN
=
a cl + 0.5l b 2 + 0.5(V / P )l b1 844 + 0.5 150 + 0.5 150

V (a cl + 0.5l b 2 + 0.5(V / P)l b1 ) min Tvy , V (0.5a cl + 0.5(V / P)l b1 )

d 0.5c

438.2 (844 + 0.5 150 + 0.5 150 ) min[169.5,438.2] (0.5 844 + 0.5 150 )
= 409.1kN
904 0.5 90.4

5) tan = V / T1 = 438.2 / 409.1 = 1.071 = 46.97

6) w = l b 2 sin + 2(h d ) cos = 150 sin 46.97 + 2(1000 904 ) cos 46.97 = 241mm
D = 0.64 f c ' bw = 18.4 230 241 / 1000 = 1018kN

7)

8) V ' = D sin = 1018 sin 46.97 = 744.3kN 438.2kN

Return to 2) with a new estimate of c and repeat steps 2) to 5) until the prediction converges to
V=705 kN and =43.45.
If is smaller than 25, the strut action is neglected and the shear strength prediction is governed by
the ACI sectional model.
Finally:
Vexp
V pred

775
= 1.10
705

39

40
#

Ref.
#

Year Beam

a/d

Name

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

v
(%)

dbv

fyv

(mm) (MPa)

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

(%)

mode

Mn

(kN)

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO
mode

ACI

ACI

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

1951 A1-1

2.35

203

389

457

914

89

89

0.5

3.10

321

10

24.6

0.38

9.5

331

0.87

222.5

1.03

1.03

1.24

A1-2

2.35

203

389

457

914

89

89

0.5

3.10

321

10

23.6

0.38

9.5

331

0.83

209.1

0.97

0.97

1.00

A1-3

2.35

203

389

457

914

89

89

0.5

3.10

321

10

23.4

0.38

9.5

331

0.89

222.5

1.04

1.04

1.07

A1-4

2.35

203

389

457

914

89

89

0.5

3.10

321

10

24.8

0.38

9.5

331

0.96

244.7

1.13

1.13

1.36

B1-1

1.96

203

389

457

762

89

89

3.10

321

10

23.4

0.37

9.5

331

0.93

278.8

1.18

1.27

1.23

B1-2

1.96

203

389

457

762

89

89

3.10

321

10

25.4

0.37

9.5

331

0.83

256.6

1.06

1.16

1.06

B1-3

1.96

203

389

457

762

89

89

3.10

321

10

23.7

0.37

9.5

331

0.94

284.8

1.20

1.30

1.24

B1-4

1.96

203

389

457

762

89

89

3.10

321

10

23.3

0.37

9.5

331

0.89

268.1

1.13

1.23

1.19

B1-5

1.96

203

389

457

762

89

89

3.10

321

10

24.6

0.37

9.5

331

0.79

241.4

1.00

1.10

1.02

10

B2-1

1.96

203

389

457

762

89

89

3.10

321

10

23.2

0.73

9.5

331

1.00

301.1

0.93

0.93

1.10

11

B2-2

1.96

203

389

457

762

89

89

3.10

321

10

26.3

0.73

9.5

331

1.03

322.2

0.99

0.99

1.15

12

B2-3

1.96

203

389

457

762

89

89

3.10

321

10

24.9

0.73

9.5

331

1.09

334.8

1.03

1.03

1.21

13

B6-1

1.96

203

389

457

762

89

89

3.10

321

10

42.1

0.37

9.5

331

1.10

379.3

1.32

1.48

0.99

14

C1-1

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

2.07

321

10

25.6

0.34

9.5

331

0.98

277.7

1.18

1.29

1.19

15

C1-2

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

2.07

321

10

26.3

0.34

9.5

331

1.09

311.1

1.31

1.41

1.30

16

C1-3

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

2.07

321

10

24.0

0.34

9.5

331

0.88

245.9

1.08

1.19

1.12

17

C1-4

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

2.07

321

10

29.0

0.34

9.5

331

0.99

285.9

1.15

1.22

1.09

18

C2-1

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

2.07

321

10

23.6

0.69

9.5

331

1.04

289.9

0.99

0.99

1.04

19

C2-2

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

2.07

321

10

25.0

0.69

9.5

331

1.07

301.1

1.02

1.02

1.02

20

C2-4

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

2.07

321

10

27.0

0.69

9.5

331

1.01

288.1

0.97

0.97

0.92

21

C3-1

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

2.07

321

10

14.1

0.34

9.5

331

0.93

223.6

1.21

1.21

1.44

22

C3-2

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

2.07

321

10

13.8

0.34

9.5

331

0.84

200.3

1.09

1.09

1.30

23

C3-3

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

2.07

321

10

13.9

0.34

9.5

331

0.79

188.1

1.02

1.02

1.22

24

C4-1

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

3.10

321

10

24.5

0.34

9.5

331

0.81

309.3

1.11

1.41

1.38

25

C6-2

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

3.10

321

10

45.2

0.34

9.5

331

0.97

423.8

1.20

1.24

1.07

26

C6-3

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

3.10

321

10

44.7

0.34

9.5

331

1.00

434.9

1.24

1.28

1.11

27

C6-4

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

3.10

321

10

47.6

0.34

9.5

331

0.98

428.6

1.19

1.21

1.03

28

D1-1

1.16

203

395

457

457

89

89

1.63

335

10

26.2

0.46

9.5

331

0.91

301.1

1.10

1.03

0.91

29

D1-3

1.16

203

395

457

457

89

89

1.63

335

10

24.5

0.46

9.5

331

0.78

256.6

0.97

0.92

0.83

30

D2-1

1.16

203

395

457

457

89

89

1.63

335

10

24.0

0.61

9.5

331

0.88

289.9

1.07

1.02

0.94

31

D2-2

1.16

203

395

457

457

89

89

1.63

335

10

25.9

0.61

9.5

331

0.94

312.2

1.12

1.04

0.94

32

D3-1

1.16

203

395

457

457

89

89

2.44

335

10

28.2

0.92

9.5

331

0.84

394.9

1.02

1.02

1.07

33

D4-1

1.16

203

395

457

457

89

89

1.63

335

10

23.1

1.22

9.5

331

0.96

312.2

1.01

0.75

0.92

34

D1-6

1.95

152

313

381

610

89

89

3.42

335

10

27.6

0.46

9.5

331

0.83

174.7

1.01

1.13

0.93

35

D1-7

1.95

152

313

381

610

89

89

3.42

335

10

28.0

0.46

9.5

331

0.84

179.2

1.03

1.16

0.94

36

D1-8

1.95

152

313

381

610

89

89

3.42

335

10

27.8

0.46

9.5

331

0.88

185.8

1.07

1.20

0.98

37

E1-2

2.03

152

313

381

635

89

89

3.42

321

10

30.2

0.73

9.5

331

1.10

221.8

1.09

1.09

1.05

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

41
#

Ref.
#

Year Beam

a/d

Name

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

v
(%)

dbv

fyv

(mm) (MPa)

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

(%)

mode

Mn

(kN)

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO
mode

ACI

ACI

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

38

D2-6

2.43

152

313

381

762

89

89

3.42

321

10

29.5

0.61

9.5

331

1.00

168.4

0.96

0.96

1.13

39

D2-7

2.43

152

313

381

762

89

89

3.42

321

10

28.4

0.61

9.5

331

0.95

157.3

0.90

0.90

1.06

40

D2-8

2.43

152

313

381

762

89

89

3.42

321

10

26.1

0.61

9.5

331

1.04

168.4

0.97

0.97

1.15

41

D4-1

2.43

152

313

381

762

89

89

3.42

321

10

27.4

0.49

9.5

331

1.03

168.4

1.10

1.10

1.31

42

D4-2

2.43

152

313

381

762

89

89

3.42

321

10

25.6

0.49

9.5

331

0.98

157.3

1.03

1.03

1.23

43

D4-3

2.43

152

313

381

762

89

89

3.42

321

10

22.1

0.49

9.5

331

1.11

165.1

44

D5-1

2.43

152

313

381

762

89

89

3.42

321

10

27.7

0.37

9.5

331

0.89

146.2

1.10

1.10

1.33

45

D5-2

2.43

152

313

381

762

89

89

3.42

321

10

29.0

0.37

9.5

331

0.94

157.3

1.18

1.18

1.42

46

D5-3

2.43

152

313

381

762

89

89

3.42

321

10

27.1

0.37

9.5

331

0.96

157.3

1.19

1.19

1.44

47

A0-1

2.35

203

389

457

914

89

89

0.5

0.98

370

10

21.5

0.81

89.0

1.11

1.35

1.40

48

A0-2

2.35

203

389

457

914

89

89

0.5

0.98

370

10

26.0

0.96

107.9

1.23

1.41

1.55

49

B0-1

1.96

203

389

457

762

89

89

0.98

370

10

23.6

0.91

121.0

0.99

1.26

1.79

50

B0-2

1.96

203

389

457

762

89

89

0.98

370

10

23.9

0.71

94.2

0.77

0.97

1.38

51

B0-3

1.96

203

389

457

762

89

89

0.98

370

10

23.5

0.96

128.0

1.05

1.34

1.89

52

C0-1

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

0.98

370

10

24.7

1.04

174.3

1.06

1.19

0.85

53

C0-3

1.57

203

389

457

610

89

89

0.98

370

10

23.6

1.01

166.9

1.05

1.18

0.85

54

D0-1

1.17

203

389

457

457

89

89

0.98

370

10

25.9

0.99

221.6

0.96

0.95

0.84

55

D0-3

1.17

203

389

457

457

89

89

0.98

370

10

26.0

1.00

223.2

0.96

0.95

0.84

1954 III-24a

1.52

178

533

609

813

203

203

2.72

315

25

17.8

0.78

296.5

1.09

1.70

1.56

57

III-24b

1.52

178

533

609

813

203

203

2.72

315

25

20.6

0.75

303.2

1.03

1.53

1.38

58

III-25a

1.52

178

533

609

813

203

203

3.46

313

25

24.3

0.54

267.6

0.76

1.13

1.03

59

III-25b

1.52

178

533

609

813

203

203

3.46

313

25

17.2

0.76

289.8

0.99

1.67

1.58

60

III-26a

1.52

178

533

609

813

203

203

4.25

302

25

21.7

0.88

421.1

1.18

1.94

1.83

61

III-26b

1.52

178

533

609

813

203

203

4.25

302

25

20.6

0.86

396.6

1.14

1.90

1.81

62

III-27a

1.52

178

533

609

813

203

203

2.72

315

25

21.4

0.85

347.7

1.16

1.70

1.53

63

III-27b

1.52

178

533

609

813

203

203

2.72

315

25

22.9

0.86

356.6

1.14

1.65

1.46

64

III-28a

1.52

178

533

609

813

203

203

3.46

313

25

23.3

0.62

303.2

0.89

1.34

1.22

65

III-28b

1.52

178

533

609

813

203

203

3.46

313

25

22.4

0.71

341.0

1.02

1.55

1.43

66

III-29a

1.52

178

533

609

813

203

203

4.25

302

25

21.7

0.81

389.9

1.09

1.79

1.69

67

III-29b

1.52

178

533

609

813

203

203

4.25

302

25

25.0

0.81

436.6

1.14

1.77

1.64

68

III-30

1.52

178

533

609

813

203

203

4.25

302

25

25.4

0.52

9.5

326

0.87

478.2

1.07

1.40

1.31

12.7

303

1.08

1.08

1.28

56

69

III-31

1.52

178

533

609

813

203

203

4.25

302

25

22.4

0.95

1.03

507.1

70

A1

3.06

178

262

305

800

102

102

0.5

2.17

380

25

30.3

0.57

60.1

71

A2

3.00

178

267

305

800

102

102

0.5

2.15

380

25

31.0

0.61

66.7

1.10

1.10

1.39

72

A3

2.99

178

268

305

800

102

102

0.5

2.22

380

25

31.0

0.67

75.6

1.23

1.23

1.56

73

A4

2.96

178

270

305

800

102

102

0.5

2.37

380

25

31.5

0.59

71.2

1.12

1.12

1.43

74

B1

3.00

178

267

305

800

102

102

0.5

1.62

380

25

21.2

0.70

56.3

1.16

1.16

1.44

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

42
#

Ref.
#

Year Beam

a/d

Name

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

v
(%)

dbv

fyv

(mm) (MPa)

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

(%)

mode

Mn

(kN)

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO
mode

ACI

ACI

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

75

B2

2.99

178

268

305

800

102

102

0.5

1.63

380

25

21.6

0.73

60.1

1.22

1.22

1.51

76

B3

2.96

178

270

305

800

102

102

0.5

1.60

380

25

19.2

0.69

55.6

1.17

1.17

1.46

77

B4

2.95

178

272

305

800

102

102

0.5

1.66

380

25

16.8

0.69

55.6

1.21

1.21

1.54

78

C1

2.99

178

268

305

800

102

102

0.5

0.81

380

25

6.3

0.59

20.0

0.77

0.77

0.94

79

C2

2.94

178

272

305

800

102

102

0.5

0.83

380

25

6.1

0.73

24.5

0.93

0.93

1.15

80

C3

2.93

178

273

305

800

102

102

0.5

0.80

380

25

6.9

0.68

25.4

0.93

0.93

1.12

81

C4

2.92

178

274

305

800

102

102

0.5

0.82

380

25

6.8

0.67

25.1

0.91

0.91

1.11

1957 B14-E2

1.42

305

375

410

533

356

102

0.5

0.57

450

12.7

1.53

278.0

83

B14-E4

1.45

305

368

406

533

356

102

0.5

1.24

450

28.9

1.33

511.5

84

B14-B2

1.45

305

368

406

533

356

102

0.5

1.85

450

14.6

0.97

367.0

0.99

1.90

2.17

85

B14-B4

1.45

305

368

406

533

356

102

0.5

1.85

450

26.3

0.95

500.4

0.98

1.57

1.65

86

B14-B6

1.45

305

368

406

533

356

102

0.5

1.85

450

46.8

1.35

778.4

87

B14-A4

1.47

305

362

406

533

356

102

0.5

2.50

450

22.6

0.93

511.5

0.99

1.70

1.85

88

B14-A6

1.50

305

356

406

533

356

102

0.5

3.83

450

45.4

0.97

900.7

1.07

1.52

1.53

89

B21-E2

1.90

305

375

406

711

356

102

0.5

0.57

450

11.3

1.58

211.7

90

B21-F4

1.92

305

370

406

711

356

102

0.5

1.17

450

31.4

1.68

467.6

91

B21-E4R

1.93

305

368

406

711

356

102

0.5

1.24

450

31.9

1.49

434.2

92

B21-E4

1.95

305

365

406

711

356

102

0.5

1.24

450

24.2

1.53

423.0

93

B21-B6

1.90

305

375

406

711

356

102

0.5

1.82

450

45.5

1.31

578.7

94

B21-B4

1.93

305

368

406

711

356

102

0.5

1.85

450

27.1

1.00

396.4

1.10

2.13

1.71

95

B21-B2

1.94

305

367

406

711

356

102

0.5

1.86

450

13.9

0.89

238.5

0.94

2.27

1.97

96

B21-A4

1.93

305

368

406

711

356

102

0.5

2.46

450

29.8

1.04

523.1

1.24

2.48

2.05

97

B21-A6

2.00

305

356

406

711

356

102

0.5

3.83

450

45.3

0.83

578.8

0.99

1.71

1.32

98

B28-E2

2.39

308

372

406

889

356

102

0.5

0.57

450

13.7

1.19

130.0

82

99

B28-E4

2.41

305

368

406

889

356

102

0.5

1.24

450

33.1

1.15

267.9

100

B28-B4

2.41

305

368

406

889

356

102

0.5

1.85

450

32.3

0.78

256.8

1.02

C
1.95

S
2.15

101

B28-B6

2.41

305

368

406

889

356

102

0.5

1.85

450

43.9

0.94

323.5

1.06

1.92

2.38

102

B28-B2

2.46

305

362

406

889

356

102

0.5

1.88

450

14.7

0.92

201.2

1.29

2.12

2.37

103

B28-A4

2.41

305

368

406

889

356

102

0.5

2.46

450

27.5

0.82

323.5

1.31

2.48

2.75

104

B28-A6

2.52

308

353

406

889

356

102

0.5

3.83

450

47.2

0.59

334.7

0.90

1.53

2.18

105

B40-B4

3.24

305

368

406

1194

356

102

0.5

1.85

450

34.8

0.64

157.6

106

B56-E2

4.34

305

368

406

1600

356

102

0.5

0.58

450

14.7

1.37

82.7

107

B56-E4

4.34

305

368

406

1600

356

102

0.5

1.24

450

28.4

0.88

112.1

108

B56-B6

4.31

305

372

406

1600

356

102

0.5

1.83

450

45.7

0.72

139.8

109

B56-B2

4.34

305

368

406

1600

356

102

0.5

1.85

450

14.7

0.82

103.2

110

B56-B4

4.34

305

368

406

1600

356

102

0.5

1.85

450

27.2

0.71

125.4

111

B56-A4

4.27

305

375

406

1600

356

102

0.5

2.41

450

25.0

0.67

140.9

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

43
#

Ref.
#

Year Beam

a/d

Name

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

v
(%)

dbv

fyv

(mm) (MPa)

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

(%)

mode

Mn

(kN)

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO

ACI

ACI

mode

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

S

112

B56-A6

4.50

308

356

406

1600

356

102

0.5

3.79

450

39.9

0.63

181.1

113

B70-B2

5.35

305

365

406

1956

356

102

0.5

1.86

450

16.3

0.84

93.1

114

B70-A4

5.31

305

368

406

1956

356

102

0.5

2.46

450

27.2

0.77

136.4

115

B70-A6

5.50

305

356

406

1956

356

102

0.5

3.83

450

45.0

0.72

182.1

116

B84-B4

6.36

305

363

406

2311

356

102

0.5

1.88

450

27.2

0.97

116.4

117

B113-B4

8.34

305

365

406

3048

356

102

0.5

1.86

450

32.6

1.18

111.6

1962 1

1.00

190

270

320

270

75

100

2.07

465

30

32.4

0.95

388.5

1.19

1.28

1.33

119

1.48

190

270

320

400

75

100

2.07

465

30

32.4

0.95

260.0

1.14

1.52

1.20

120

2.00

190

270

320

540

75

100

2.07

465

30

32.4

0.72

147.2

0.91

1.46

2.63

1963 I-1

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

3.05

267

25

25.4

0.88

312.9

1.24

1.77

1.66

122

I-2

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

3.05

267

25

23.0

0.89

310.7

1.28

1.91

1.82

123

II-3

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

1.88

466

25

21.9

0.72

261.8

1.16

1.80

1.61

124

II-4

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

1.88

466

25

26.4

0.82

312.9

1.27

1.83

1.60

125

III-5

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

1.85

490

25

25.7

0.74

288.5

1.18

1.73

1.51

126

III-6

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

1.85

490

25

25.6

0.75

290.7

1.19

1.75

1.53

127

IV-7

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

1.86

443

25

24.1

0.82

290.8

1.26

1.84

1.62

128

IV-8

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

1.86

443

25

24.9

0.85

304.0

1.30

1.88

1.64

129

V-9

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

1.16

698

25

23.1

0.66

224.0

1.08

1.60

1.31

130

V-10

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

1.16

698

25

27.0

0.74

268.4

1.19

1.70

1.34

131

VI-11

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

1.17

698

25

25.4

0.63

224.0

1.02

1.49

1.19

132

VI-12

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

1.17

698

25

25.7

0.75

268.4

1.22

1.76

1.41

133

V-13

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

0.75

712

25

22.4

0.90

222.4

1.23

1.80

1.34

134

V-14

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

0.75

712

25

26.7

0.88

224.0

1.12

1.59

1.13

135

VI-15

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

0.75

712

25

25.5

0.71

179.5

0.92

1.31

0.95

136

VI-16

1.51

203

403

457

610

89

89

0.75

712

25

22.8

0.76

188.6

1.03

1.50

1.11

137

IIIa-17

3.78

203

403

457

1524

89

89

2.54

505

25

29.2

0.45

88.1

138

IIIa-18

3.78

203

403

457

1524

89

89

2.54

505

25

25.2

0.47

80.7

139

Va-19

3.78

203

403

457

1524

89

89

0.93

694

25

23.5

0.54

63.3

140

Va-20

3.78

203

403

457

1524

89

89

0.93

694

25

25.6

0.55

65.9

141

VIb-21

2.84

203

403

457

1143

89

89

0.84

707

25

26.1

0.48

71.4

1.03

1.03

1.02

142

VIb-22

2.84

203

403

457

1143

89

89

0.84

707

25

25.8

0.42

62.4

0.90

0.90

0.89

143

VIb-23

2.84

203

403

457

1143

89

89

0.84

707

25

30.6

0.49

75.1

1.03

1.03

0.99

144

VIa-24

3.78

203

403

457

1524

89

89

0.47

696

25

26.3

0.83

54.5

118

121

145

3.78

203

403

457

1524

89

89

0.47

696

25

25.8

0.76

49.9

1979 69

1.00

155

542

610

543

229

229

2.67

373

19

27.4

0.89

585.0

1.15

1.38

1.60

147

67

1.03

157

528

610

543

152

152

2.75

407

19

30.3

0.78

548.0

1.26

1.32

1.53

148

72

1.98

152

549

610

1087

152

152

2.71

384

19

24.8

0.60

196.9

1.13

1.92

2.27

146

VIa-25

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

44
#

Ref.
#

Year Beam

a/d

Name

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

v
(%)

dbv

fyv

(mm) (MPa)

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

(%)

mode

Mn

(kN)

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO
mode

ACI

ACI

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

149

61

2.00

156

542

610

1085

64

76

2.75

349

19

26.8

0.51

163.3

1.08

1.61

1.82

150

65

2.46

150

552

610

1359

152

152

2.82

374

19

27.0

0.41

112.4

1.17

1.17

1.32

151

76

2.62

152

518

610

1359

64

64

2.87

372

19

30.8

0.45

114.8

1.20

1.20

1.36

152

71

2.99

155

544

610

1628

229

229

2.41

373

19

27.4

0.50

102.1

1.12

1.12

1.24

153

75

3.11

152

524

610

1631

152

152

2.84

367

19

27.3

0.52

107.9

154

74

3.12

152

523

610

1631

152

152

2.84

366

19

27.2

0.52

107.7

1982 SD-1

1.56

200

900

1000

1400

300

200

0.5

1.89

12

498

19

33.5

0.5

11.3

529

1.06

967.5

SD-2

1.62

200

863

1000

1400

300

200

0.5

1.97

12

498

19

29.3

0.5

11.3

529

1.15

967.5

155

156
157

SD-3

1.70

200

825

1000

1400

300

200

0.5

2.06

12

498

19

28.0

0.5

11.3

529

1.07

840.0

158

SD-4

1.78

200

788

1000

1400

300

200

0.5

2.16

12

498

19

27.4

0.5

11.3

529

1.14

840.0

159

1.21

S
S
1.31

S
1.24

1.34

C
1.24

1.10

1982 0A0-44

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

20.5

0.72

139.5

1.02

1.18

1.36

160

0A0-48

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

20.9

0.69

136.1

0.98

1.13

1.30

161

1A1-10

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

18.7

0.28

6.4

460

0.23

0.87

161.2

1.23

1.39

1.36

162

1A2-11

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

18.0

0.28

6.4

460

0.45

0.82

148.3

1.16

1.31

1.30

163

1A3-12

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

16.1

0.28

6.4

460

0.68

0.86

141.2

1.18

1.37

1.38

164

1A4-51

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

20.5

0.28

6.4

460

0.68

0.88

170.9

1.24

1.36

1.32

165

1A6-37

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

21.1

0.28

6.4

460

0.91

0.94

184.1

1.31

1.44

1.38

166

2A1-38

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

21.7

0.63

6.4

460

0.23

0.88

174.5

1.21

1.25

1.24

167

2A3-39

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.8

0.63

6.4

460

0.45

0.89

170.6

1.24

1.25

1.32

168

2A4-40

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

20.3

0.63

6.4

460

0.68

0.88

171.9

1.23

1.26

1.29

169

2A6-41

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.1

0.63

6.4

460

0.91

0.85

161.9

1.19

1.21

1.29

170

3A1-42

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

18.4

1.25

6.4

460

0.23

0.88

161.0

1.14

1.18

1.26

171

3A3-43

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.2

1.25

6.4

460

0.45

0.91

172.7

1.19

1.23

1.30

172

3A4-45

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

20.8

1.25

6.4

460

0.68

0.91

178.6

1.17

1.20

1.25

173

3A6-46

1.00

102

305

356

305

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.9

1.25

6.4

460

0.91

0.87

168.1

1.13

1.17

1.22

174

0B0-49

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

21.7

0.91

149.0

1.24

1.56

1.56

175

1B1-01

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

22.1

0.24

6.4

460

0.23

0.89

147.5

1.15

1.39

1.20

176

1B3-29

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

20.1

0.24

6.4

460

0.45

0.89

143.6

1.18

1.45

1.27

177

1B4-30

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

20.8

0.24

6.4

460

0.68

0.86

140.3

1.13

1.38

1.20

178

1B6-31

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.5

0.24

6.4

460

0.91

0.96

153.4

1.28

1.59

1.40

179

2B1-05

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.2

0.42

6.4

460

0.23

0.82

129.0

1.05

1.24

1.16

180

2B3-0.6

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.0

0.42

6.4

460

0.45

0.84

131.2

1.07

1.27

1.19

181

2B4-07

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

17.5

0.42

6.4

460

0.68

0.86

126.1

1.07

1.23

1.23

182

2B4-52

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

21.8

0.42

6.4

460

0.68

0.91

149.9

1.14

1.34

1.20

183

2B6-32

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.8

0.42

6.4

460

0.91

0.91

145.2

1.16

1.40

1.27

184

3B1-08

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

16.2

0.63

6.4

460

0.23

0.95

130.8

1.00

1.15

1.18

185

3B1-36

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

20.4

0.77

6.4

460

0.23

0.99

159.0

1.06

1.11

1.27

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

45
#

Ref.
#

Year Beam

a/d

Name

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

v
(%)

dbv

fyv

(mm) (MPa)

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

(%)

mode

Mn

(kN)

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO
mode

ACI

ACI

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

186

3B3-33

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.0

0.77

6.4

460

0.45

1.01

158.4

1.10

1.19

1.30

187

3B4-34

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.2

0.77

6.4

460

0.68

0.98

155.0

1.07

1.15

1.27

188

3B6-35

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

20.7

0.77

6.4

460

0.91

1.03

166.1

1.10

1.15

1.32

189

4B1-09

1.21

102

305

356

368

102

102

1.94

422

13

17.1

1.25

6.4

460

0.23

1.07

153.5

1.14

1.28

1.33

190

0C0-50

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

20.7

0.89

115.7

1.23

1.76

1.52

191

1C1-14

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.2

0.18

6.4

460

0.23

0.94

119.0

1.18

1.65

1.56

192

1C3-02

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

21.9

0.18

6.4

460

0.45

0.93

123.4

1.15

1.56

1.19

193

1C4-15

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

22.7

0.18

6.4

460

0.68

0.98

131.0

1.20

1.61

1.22

194

1C6-16

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

21.8

0.18

6.4

460

0.91

0.92

122.3

1.14

1.55

1.19

195

2C1-17

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.9

0.31

6.4

460

0.23

0.96

124.1

1.14

1.45

1.26

196

2C3-03

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.2

0.31

6.4

460

0.45

0.81

103.6

0.96

1.22

1.09

197

2C3-27

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.3

0.31

6.4

460

0.45

0.90

115.3

1.07

1.35

1.20

198

2C4-18

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

20.4

0.31

6.4

460

0.68

0.96

124.6

1.12

1.45

1.23

199

2C6-19

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

20.8

0.31

6.4

460

0.91

0.95

124.1

1.11

1.44

1.21

200

3C1-20

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

21.0

0.56

6.4

460

0.23

1.08

141.5

1.12

1.15

1.28

201

3C3-21

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

16.5

0.56

6.4

460

0.45

1.11

125.0

202

3C4-22

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

18.3

0.56

6.4

460

0.68

1.05

127.7

1.05

1.05

1.27

203

3C6-23

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.0

0.56

6.4

460

0.91

1.09

137.2

1.13

1.13

1.35

204

4C1-24

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.6

0.77

6.4

460

0.23

1.14

146.6

205

4C3-04

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

18.5

0.63

6.4

460

0.45

1.04

128.6

206

4C3-28

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.2

0.77

6.4

460

0.45

1.20

152.4

207

4C4-25

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

18.5

0.77

6.4

460

0.68

1.24

152.6

208

4C6-26

1.50

102

305

356

457

102

102

1.94

422

13

21.2

0.77

6.4

460

0.91

1.21

159.5

209

0D0-47

2.08

102

305

356

635

102

102

1.94

422

13

19.5

0.80

73.4

210

4D1-13

2.08

102

305

356

635

102

102

1.94

422

13

16.1

0.42

6.4

460

0.23

1.11

87.4

6.0

570

1.01

602.0

1.17

699.0

0.09

1.17

700.0

0.09

1.17

700.0

1.32

303.0

1.30

354.0

0.18

0.83

226.0

1.28

348.0

F
S

211

1986 BM1/1.0 T1

1.05

200

950

1000

1000

300

200

0.5

0.95

380

10

26.1

0.15

212

BM1/1.0 T2

1.05

200

950

1000

1000

300

200

0.5

0.95

380

10

26.1

213

BM2/1.0 T1

1.05

200

950

1000

1000

300

200

0.5

0.95

380

10

26.8

214

BM2/1.0

1.05

200

950

1000

1000

300

200

0.5

0.95

380

10

26.8

0.15

215

BM1/1.5 T1

1.87

200

535

600

1000

300

200

0.5

1.12

380

10

42.4

216

BM1/1.5 T2

1.87

200

535

600

1000

300

200

0.5

1.12

455

10

42.4

0.19

217

BM2/1.5 T1

1.87

200

535

600

1000

300

200

0.5

1.12

455

10

42.4

218

BM2/1.5 T2

1.87

200

535

600

1000

300

200

0.5

1.12

455

10

42.4

0.19

219

BM1/2.0 T1

2.20

200

455

500

1000

200

200

0.5

0.88

455

10

43.2

220

BM1/2.0 T2

2.20

200

455

500

1000

200

200

0.5

0.88

455

10

43.2

0.14

221

BM2/2.0 T1

2.20

200

455

500

1000

200

200

0.5

0.88

455

10

43.2

222

BM2/2.0 T2

2.20

200

455

500

1000

200

200

0.5

0.88

455

10

43.2

0.14

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

6.0

6.0

570

570

F
0.98

1.24

S
0.99

0.72

1.19

1.46

F
0.90

570

0.18
0

1.13

177.0

6.0

570

1.27

199.0

0.21

1.18

185.0

0.21

1.30

204.0

570

2.71

6.0

6.0

1.17

S
2.14

F
1.09

0.55

46
#

223

Ref.

Year Beam

Name

10

a/d

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

v
(%)

dbv

fyv

(mm) (MPa)

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

(%)

mode

Mn

(kN)

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO
mode

ACI

ACI

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

1988 N220-l

2.99

400

190

220

569

100

100

1.20

433

20

34.2

0.86

103.6

1.20

1.20

224

N350-l

2.81

400

313

350

880

100

100

1.20

436

20

34.2

0.75

158.0

1.17

1.17

1.26

225

N485-l

2.72

400

440

485

1195

100

100

1.20

385

20

34.2

0.68

187.5

1.04

1.04

1.06

226

N960-l

2.57

400

889

960

2289

100

100

1.20

385

20

34.2

0.62

366.6

1.18

1.18

1.03

227

N220-h

2.99

400

190

220

569

100

100

2.00

433

20

34.2

0.66

122.7

1.21

1.21

1.54

228

N350-h

2.81

400

313

350

880

100

100

2.00

436

20

34.2

0.54

178.6

1.13

1.13

1.36

229

N485-h

2.72

400

440

485

1195

100

100

2.00

385

20

34.2

0.50

215.4

1.02

1.02

1.16

230

N960-h

2.57

400

889

960

2289

100

100

2.00

10

385

20

34.2

0.42

386.1

1.08

1.08

1.03

231

H220-l

2.99

400

190

220

569

100

100

1.20

433

10

58.6

0.85

105.9

1.07

1.07

1.09

232

H350-l

2.81

400

313

350

880

100

100

1.20

436

10

58.6

0.71

157.3

1.03

1.03

0.98

233

H485-l

2.72

400

440

485

1195

100

100

1.20

385

10

58.6

0.70

198.5

0.98

0.98

0.88

234

H960-l

2.57

400

889

960

2289

100

100

1.20

385

10

58.6

0.52

316.7

0.94

0.94

0.69

235

H220-h

2.99

400

190

220

569

100

100

2.00

433

10

58.6

0.67

135.3

1.15

1.15

1.34

236

H350-h

2.81

400

313

350

880

100

100

2.00

436

10

58.6

0.54

189.6

1.05

1.05

1.13

237

H485-h

2.72

400

440

485

1195

100

100

2.00

385

10

58.6

0.43

199.0

0.84

0.84

0.84

238

2.57

400

889

960

2289

100

100

2.00

10

385

10

58.6

0.34

337.4

0.87

0.87

0.71

1994 V011

1.00

250

360

400

360

90

90

0.5

1.13

420

16.1

0.64

226.0

1.06

1.04

1.30

240

V012

1.00

250

360

400

360

90

90

0.5

1.13

420

21.8

0.86

322.0

1.29

1.16

1.37

241

V013

1.00

250

360

400

360

90

90

0.5

1.13

420

22.1

0.92

344.0

1.37

1.22

1.44

242

V014

1.00

250

360

400

360

90

90

0.5

1.13

420

24.3

1.12

425.0

243

V021

1.00

250

360

400

360

90

90

0.5

1.13

420

16

13.9

0.64

220.0

1.04

1.14

1.47

244

V023

1.00

250

360

400

360

90

90

0.5

1.13

420

16

20.1

0.94

347.0

1.35

1.33

1.60

245

V024

1.00

250

360

400

360

90

90

0.5

1.13

420

16

25.2

1.04

396.0

1.37

1.27

1.46

246

V031

1.00

250

360

400

360

90

90

0.5

1.13

420

32

20.0

0.88

323.0

1.02

1.24

1.50

247

V032

1.00

250

360

400

360

90

90

0.5

1.13

420

32

18.2

0.88

318.0

1.06

1.32

1.62

248

V033

1.00

250

360

400

360

90

90

0.5

1.13

420

32

19.8

0.67

246.0

0.78

0.96

1.15

249

V034

1.00

250

360

400

360

90

90

0.5

1.13

420

32

26.4

1.14

437.0

239

H960-h

1.37

11

250

V711

1.00

250

160

200

160

40

40

0.5

1.52

420

16

18.1

0.82

165.0

1.07

1.07

1.22

251

V022

1.00

250

360

400

360

90

90

0.5

1.13

420

16

19.9

0.73

270.0

1.06

1.04

1.26

252

V511

1.00

250

560

600

560

140

140

0.5

1.12

420

16

19.8

0.62

350.0

0.94

1.00

1.26

253

V411

1.00

250

740

800

740

185

185

0.5

1.10

420

16

19.4

0.50

365.0

0.79

0.78

0.97

254

V211

1.00

250

930

1000

930

233

233

0.5

1.08

420

16

20.0

0.55

505.0

0.90

0.85

1.06

255

V711/4

1.00

250

160

200

160

40

40

0.5

1.50

420

16

19.6

0.13

4.0

420

1.01

207.0

1.28

1.24

1.40

256

V711/4

1.00

250

360

400

360

90

90

0.5

1.13

420

16

18.2

0.13

6.0

420

0.87

317.0

1.25

1.27

1.58

257

V511/4

1.01

250

560

600

565

140

140

0.5

1.12

420

16

18.7

0.14

8.0

420

0.84

465.0

1.19

1.34

1.72

258

V411/4

0.97

250

760

800

740

190

190

0.5

0.78

420

16

17.0

0.17

10.0

420

0.82

467.0

1.00

1.15

1.48

259

V711/4

1.00

250

160

200

160

40

40

0.5

1.50

420

16

18.3

0.28

6.0

420

1.03

207.0

1.33

1.27

1.48

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

47
#

Ref.
#

Year Beam

a/d

Name

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

v
(%)

dbv

fyv

(mm) (MPa)

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

(%)

mode

Mn

(kN)

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO
mode

ACI

ACI

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

260

V022/3

1.00

250

360

400

360

90

90

0.5

1.13

420

16

19.6

0.35

10.0

420

1.03

380.0

1.36

1.36

1.71

261

V511/3

1.01

250

560

600

565

140

140

0.5

1.12

420

16

21.3

0.33

10.0

420

1.02

580.0

1.28

1.43

1.81

262

V411/3

0.97

250

760

800

740

190

190

0.5

0.78

420

16

19.8

0.33

14.0

420

1.15

665.0

263

12

1998 S1-1

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

63.6

0.16

5.0

569

0.70

228.3

0.97

0.99

1.48

264

S1-2

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

63.6

0.16

5.0

569

0.64

208.3

0.89

0.90

1.35

265

S1-3

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

63.6

0.16

5.0

569

0.63

206.1

0.88

0.89

1.34

266

S1-4

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

63.6

0.16

5.0

569

0.85

277.9

1.18

1.20

1.80

267

S1-5

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

63.6

0.16

5.0

569

0.78

253.3

1.08

1.09

1.64

268

S1-6

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

63.6

0.16

5.0

569

0.69

224.1

0.96

0.97

1.45

269

S2-1

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

72.5

0.11

5.0

569

0.78

260.3

1.09

1.12

1.83

270

S2-2

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

72.5

0.13

5.0

569

0.70

232.5

0.97

0.97

1.56

271

S2-3

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

72.5

0.16

5.0

569

0.76

253.3

1.04

1.01

1.58

272

S2-4

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

72.5

0.16

5.0

569

0.66

219.4

0.90

0.88

1.37

273

S2-5

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

72.5

0.21

5.0

569

0.85

282.1

1.13

1.05

1.60

274

S2-6

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

72.5

0.26

5.0

569

1.08

359.0

275

S3-1

2.49

250

297

350

740

100

100

1.66

450

67.4

0.10

4.0

632

1.01

209.2

1.11

1.06

1.53

276

S3-2

2.49

250

297

350

740

100

100

1.66

450

67.4

0.10

4.0

632

0.86

178.0

0.95

0.90

1.31

277

S3-3

2.49

250

293

350

730

100

100

2.79

452

67.4

0.10

4.0

632

0.69

228.6

0.98

1.02

1.63

278

S3-4

2.49

250

293

350

730

100

100

2.79

452

67.4

0.10

4.0

632

0.53

174.9

0.75

0.78

1.24

279

S3-5

2.51

250

287

350

720

100

100

3.85

442

67.4

0.10

4.0

632

0.72

296.6

1.13

1.23

2.07

280

S3-6

2.51

250

287

350

720

100

100

3.85

442

67.4

0.10

4.0

632

0.68

282.9

1.08

1.18

1.97

281

S4-1

2.48

250

524

600

1300

100

100

3.12

452

87.3

0.16

5.0

569

0.52

354.0

0.91

0.81

1.15

282

S4-2

2.50

250

428

500

1070

100

100

3.07

433

87.3

0.16

5.0

569

1.11

572.8

283

S4-3

2.50

250

332

400

830

100

100

2.97

450

87.3

0.16

5.0

569

0.60

243.4

0.81

0.76

1.25

284

S4-4

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

87.3

0.16

5.0

569

0.76

258.1

0.96

0.92

1.52

285

S4-5

2.50

250

236

300

590

100

100

3.12

442

87.3

0.16

5.0

569

1.09

321.1

286

S4-6

2.53

250

198

250

500

100

100

2.79

442

87.3

0.16

5.0

569

0.92

202.9

287

S5-1

3.01

250

292

350

880

100

100

2.80

452

89.4

0.16

5.0

569

0.86

241.7

C
0.73

S
0.95

1.76

288

S5-2

2.74

250

292

350

800

100

100

2.80

452

89.4

0.16

5.0

569

0.84

259.9

1.26

1.03

1.53

289

S5-3

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

89.4

0.16

5.0

569

0.72

243.8

0.90

0.86

1.42

290

S5-4

1.99

250

292

350

580

100

100

2.80

452

89.4

0.16

5.0

569

1.12

476.7

291

S5-5

1.75

250

292

350

510

100

100

2.80

452

89.4

0.16

5.0

569

1.18

573.4

292

S5-6

1.51

250

292

350

440

100

100

2.80

452

89.4

0.16

5.0

569

1.15

647.7

293

S7-1

3.49

250

278

350

970

100

100

0.5

4.73

433

74.8

0.11

5.0

569

0.64

217.2

294

S7-2

3.49

250

278

350

970

100

100

0.5

4.73

433

74.8

0.13

5.0

569

0.60

205.4

295

S7-3

3.49

250

278

350

970

100

100

0.5

4.73

433

74.8

0.16

5.0

569

0.72

246.5

296

S7-4

3.49

250

278

350

970

100

100

0.5

4.73

433

74.8

0.20

5.0

569

0.80

273.6

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

48
#

Ref.
#

Year Beam

a/d

Name

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

v
(%)

dbv

fyv

(mm) (MPa)

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

(%)

mode

Mn

(kN)

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO

ACI

ACI

mode

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

S

297

S7-5

3.49

250

278

350

970

100

100

0.5

4.73

433

74.8

0.22

5.0

569

0.89

304.4

298

S7-6

3.49

250

278

350

970

100

100

0.5

4.73

433

74.8

0.26

5.0

569

0.91

310.6

299

S8-1

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

74.6

0.11

5.0

569

0.82

272.1

1.12

1.15

1.91

300

S8-2

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

74.6

0.13

5.0

569

0.75

250.9

1.03

1.03

1.69

301

S8-3

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

74.6

0.16

5.0

569

0.93

309.6

1.25

1.22

1.91

302

S8-4

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

74.6

0.16

5.0

569

0.80

265.8

1.07

1.04

1.64

303

S8-5

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

74.6

0.20

5.0

569

0.87

289.2

1.15

1.08

1.66

304

S8-6

2.50

250

292

350

730

100

100

2.80

452

74.6

0.22

5.0

569

0.00

0.85

283.9

1.12

1.02

1.56

2.92

300

925

1000

2700

152

152

0.5

0.76

550

10

37.2

0.52

192.0

1.05

1.05

0.69

305

13

1998 BN100

306

BN50

3.00

300

450

500

1350

152

152

0.5

0.81

490

10

37.2

0.78

132.0

1.17

1.17

0.97

307

BN25

3.00

300

225

250

675

76

76

0.5

0.89

437

10

37.2

0.89

73.0

1.11

1.11

1.06

308

BN12.5

3.07

300

110

125

338

38

38

0.5

0.91

458

10

37.2

0.96

40.0

309

14

310
311

2.86

300

1890

2000

5400

292

150

0.5

0.74

457

10

33.6

YB2000/4

2.86

300

1890

2000

5400

292

150

0.5

0.74

457

10

36.4

0.07

12.7

468

0.40

255.0

0.95

0.95

0.47

1.06

674.0

1.02

1.02

0.92

2000 DF-1

2.33

500

1000

1090

2325

200

150

0.5

0.42

600

20

21.0

0.85

429.0

1.43

1.62

1.14

312

DF-2

2.33

500

1000

1090

2325

200

150

0.5

0.42

600

20

18.4

0.63

315.0

1.12

1.25

0.89

313

DF-2R

2.33

500

1000

1090

2325

200

150

0.5

0.42

600

20

18.4

0.76

378.0

1.34

1.49

1.07

314

DF-3

2.33

500

1000

1090

2325

200

150

0.5

0.42

600

20

18.4

0.66

329.0

1.17

1.30

0.93

315

DF-4

2.33

500

1000

1090

2325

200

150

0.5

0.60

10

600

20

25.5

0.55

387.0

1.04

1.22

0.92

316

DF-5

2.33

500

996

1090

2325

200

150

0.5

0.66

12

600

20

25.5

0.50

381.0

1.01

1.17

0.90

317

DF-6

2.20

500

1000

1090

2200

300

200

0.5

0.98

600

20

21.0

0.69

771.0

1.58

2.18

1.92

318

DF-7

2.33

500

1000

1090

2325

200

150

0.5

0.98

600

20

20.6

0.41

435.0

1.13

1.27

1.10

319

DF-8

2.33

500

1000

1090

2325

600

150

0.5

0.98

600

20

22.4

0.50

531.0

0.95

1.46

1.28

320

DF-8R

2.33

500

1000

1090

2325

600

150

0.5

0.98

600

20

22.4

0.54

579.0

1.03

1.59

1.40

321

DF-9

2.33

500

1000

1090

2325

200

150

0.5

0.98

600

20

31.7

0.47

532.0

1.12

1.33

1.10

322

DF-10

2.33

500

1000

1090

2325

200

150

0.5

0.98

600

20

31.7

0.47

524.0

1.10

1.31

1.09

323

DF-10R

2.33

500

1000

1090

2325

200

150

0.5

0.98

600

20

31.7

0.54

605.0

1.27

1.51

1.26

324

DF-11

2.00

250

1000

1090

2000

200

150

0.5

0.84

600

20

19.5

0.62

330.0

1.34

1.96

1.35

325

DF-13

1.50

250

1000

1090

1500

200

150

0.5

0.84

600

20

20.3

0.77

550.0

1.49

1.87

1.68

326

DF-14

1.75

250

1000

1090

1750

200

150

0.5

0.84

600

20

19.5

0.67

409.0

1.31

1.89

1.48

327

DF-15

1.82

250

962

1090

1750

200

150

0.5

1.75

600

20

20.3

0.40

330.0

0.94

1.17

0.93

328

DF-16

1.43

250

1000

1090

1425

200

150

0.5

0.84

600

20

20.3

0.50

380.0

0.98

1.19

1.11

0.53

160

935

1000

500

100

100

0.90

804

19

31.4

0.33

582.1

0.93

1.04

1.72
1.77

329

15

2000 YB2000/0

16

2003 L5-100

330

L5-75

0.55

160

685

750

375

100

100

1.05

804

19

31.4

0.42

596.8

1.12

1.11

331

L5-60

0.54

160

555

600

300

100

100

0.97

804

19

31.4

0.49

535.1

1.10

1.17

1.82

332

L5-60R

0.54

160

555

600

300

100

100

0.97

804

19

31.4

0.44

479.2

0.99

1.05

1.63

333

L5-40

0.56

160

355

400

200

100

100

1.01

804

19

31.4

0.64

446.9

1.13

1.12

1.54

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

49
#

Ref.
#

Year Beam

a/d

Name

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

v
(%)

dbv

fyv

(mm) (MPa)

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

(%)

mode

Mn

(kN)

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO
mode

ACI

ACI

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

334

L10-100

1.07

160

935

1000

1000

100

100

0.90

804

19

31.4

0.62

543.9

1.36

1.72

335

L10-75

1.09

160

685

750

750

100

100

1.05

804

19

31.4

0.38

271.5

0.80

0.93

0.99

336

L10-75R

1.09

160

685

750

750

100

100

1.05

804

19

31.4

0.47

330.3

0.98

1.14

1.20

337

L10-60

1.08

160

555

600

600

100

100

0.97

804

19

31.4

0.69

375.3

1.22

1.59

1.67

338

L10-40

1.13

160

355

400

400

100

100

1.01

804

19

31.4

0.55

192.1

0.78

0.99

0.90

339

L10-40R

1.13

160

355

400

400

100

100

1.01

804

19

31.4

0.90

311.6

1.26

1.61

1.45

340

UH5-100

0.53

160

935

1000

500

100

100

0.90

804

19

78.5

0.54

1029.0

1.10

0.89

1.22

341

UH5-75

0.55

160

685

750

375

100

100

1.05

804

19

78.5

0.64

1010.4

1.21

0.93

1.20

342

UH5-60

0.54

160

555

600

300

100

100

0.97

804

19

78.5

0.68

823.2

1.05

0.90

1.12

343

UH5-40

0.56

160

355

400

200

100

100

1.01

804

19

78.5

0.95

733.0

1.08

0.95

1.01

344

UH10-100

1.07

160

935

1000

1000

100

100

0.90

804

19

78.5

0.80

769.3

1.36

1.23

1.10

345

UH10-75

1.09

160

685

750

750

100

100

1.05

804

19

78.5

0.43

338.1

0.67

0.59

0.49

346

UH10-75R

1.09

160

685

750

750

100

100

1.05

804

19

78.5

0.46

360.6

0.71

0.63

0.53

1.22

1.24

1.02

347

UH10-60

1.08

160

555

600

600

100

100

0.97

804

19

78.5

0.95

573.3

348

UH10-40

1.06

160

355

400

375

100

100

1.01

804

19

78.5

1.22

498.8

UH10-40R

349

1.94

1.06

160

355

400

375

100

100

1.01

804

19

78.5

0.94

385.1

0.87

0.95

2005 1

0.50

300

400

450

200

100

100

2.14

458

10

23.2

0.49

853.0

1.14

1.21

2.01

351

0.50

300

400

450

200

100

100

2.14

458

10

23.2

0.21

6.0

370

0.47

821.0

1.10

1.16

1.93

352

0.50

300

400

450

200

100

100

2.14

458

10

23.2

0.48

10.0

388

0.48

833.0

1.12

1.18

1.96

353

0.50

300

400

450

200

100

100

2.14

458

10

23.2

0.84

13.0

368

0.50

869.0

1.16

1.23

1.63

354

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

458

10

29.0

0.67

632.0

1.12

1.25

1.49

355

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

458

10

29.1

0.21

6.0

370

0.78

731.0

1.26

1.39

1.68

356

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

458

10

29.2

0.48

10.0

388

0.79

750.0

1.23

1.35

1.36

357

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

458

10

29.3

0.84

13.0

368

0.85

804.0

1.26

1.38

1.42

358

1.50

300

400

450

600

100

100

2.14

458

10

22.9

0.49

284.0

0.80

1.24

1.14

359

10

1.50

300

400

450

600

100

100

2.14

458

10

22.5

0.21

6.0

370

0.82

464.0

1.15

1.74

1.73

360

11

1.50

300

400

450

600

100

100

2.14

458

10

23.0

0.48

10.0

388

0.85

491.0

1.03

1.23

1.37

361

12

1.50

300

400

450

600

100

100

2.14

458

10

23.5

0.84

13.0

368

0.97

570.0

1.02

1.04

1.15

362

13

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

458

10

32.0

0.69

661.0

1.11

1.20

1.41

363

14

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

458

10

32.0

0.21

6.0

370

0.78

751.0

1.23

1.32

1.57

364

15

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

458

10

32.0

0.48

10.0

388

0.80

774.0

1.22

1.30

1.28

365

16

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

458

10

32.0

0.84

13.0

368

0.88

849.0

1.28

1.36

1.38

366

17

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

458

10

31.3

0.21

6.0

370

0.59

570.0

0.94

1.02

1.22

367

18

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

458

10

31.5

0.48

10.0

388

0.80

773.0

1.22

1.31

1.30

368

19

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

458

10

31.8

0.84

13.0

368

0.79

756.0

1.14

1.22

1.23

369

20

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

702

10

24.3

0.48

10.0

952

0.74

665.0

0.98

1.01

1.35

370

21

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

702

10

26.9

0.84

13.0

1051

0.68

661.0

0.92

0.91

1.14

350

17

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

0.69

50
#

Ref.
#

Year Beam

a/d

Name

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

dbv

fyv

(%)

(mm) (MPa)

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

(%)

mode

Mn

(kN)

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO
mode

ACI

ACI

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

371

22

1.50

300

400

450

600

100

100

2.14

702

10

26.2

0.48

10.0

952

0.84

537.0

0.76

0.76

372

23

1.50

300

400

450

600

100

100

2.14

702

10

26.3

0.84

13.0

1051

0.88

566.0

0.80

0.80

1.05

373

24

0.50

300

400

450

200

100

100

2.14

702

10

79.9

0.61

1958.0

1.24

0.94

1.34

374

25

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

702

10

76.4

0.88

1403.0

1.39

1.30

1.25

375

26

1.50

300

400

450

600

100

100

2.14

702

10

78.3

0.85

904.0

1.30

1.48

1.06

376

27

2.00

300

400

450

800

100

100

2.14

702

10

77.8

0.94

752.0

1.59

2.07

4.16

377

28

0.75

300

400

450

300

100

100

2.14

458

10

25.5

0.48

10.0

388

0.53

647.0

1.01

1.00

1.19

378

29

0.75

300

400

450

300

100

100

2.14

458

10

26.2

0.84

13.0

368

0.54

666.0

1.02

0.99

1.18

379

30

0.75

300

400

450

300

100

100

2.14

458

10

26.4

0.88

16.0

389

0.57

701.0

1.07

1.03

1.23

380

31

2.00

300

400

450

800

100

100

2.14

702

10

26.6

0.48

10.0

388

0.86

416.0

0.96

1.06

1.18

381

32

2.00

300

400

450

800

100

100

2.14

702

10

27.4

0.84

13.0

368

0.89

440.0

0.82

0.82

0.89

382

33

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

458

10

24.7

0.95

10.0

388

0.72

647.0

1.01

1.01

1.21

383

34

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

458

10

24.8

0.95

19.0

375

0.66

598.0

0.96

0.96

1.12

384

35

0.50

300

400

450

200

100

100

0.42

1330

10

25.3

0.50

588.0

0.98

1.01

1.27

385

36

0.50

300

400

450

200

100

100

0.42

1330

10

24.5

0.48

10.0

388

0.47

539.0

0.92

0.94

1.20

386

37

0.50

300

400

450

200

100

100

0.42

1330

10

25.8

0.84

13.0

368

0.47

554.0

0.91

0.92

0.93

387

38

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

0.42

1330

10

25.2

0.61

358.0

0.92

1.16

0.97

388

39

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

0.42

1330

10

25.4

0.48

0.81

470.0

1.20

1.32

0.97

389

40

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

0.42

1330

10

25.9

0.84

13.0

368

0.80

470.0

1.18

1.21

0.93

390

41

2.50

300

400

450

1000

100

100

2.14

750

10

20.6

0.48

10.0

388

1.02

324.0

0.89

0.89

0.99

391

42

2.50

300

400

450

1000

100

100

2.14

750

10

21.4

0.84

13.0

368

1.15

376.0

392

45

2.50

300

400

450

1000

100

100

2.14

750

10

97.2

0.50

345.0

1.37

1.25

393

46

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

750

10

97.5

0.21

6.0

957

0.71

1243.0

1.02

0.93

0.86

394

47

1.00

300

400

450

400

100

100

2.14

750

10

96.3

0.48

10.0

953

0.75

1300.0

1.03

0.93

0.72

395

48

1.50

300

400

450

600

100

100

2.14

750

10

94.5

0.21

6.0

957

0.81

932.0

1.02

1.15

0.86

396

49

1.50

300

400

450

600

100

100

2.14

750

10

94.2

0.48

10.0

953

0.85

980.0

0.95

1.05

0.70

397

L6

1.00

200

1000

1050

1000

200

200

0.40

1016

10

31.2

0.29

10.0

389

0.89

665.0

0.96

1.39

1.35

398

L7

1.00

400

2000

2100

2000

400

400

0.40

1016

10

30.5

0.29

19.0

375

0.86

2584.0

1.01

1.38

1.34

399

18

10.0

388

1.14

F
1.96

2005 B-2

0.50

240

400

475

200

100

100

2.02

376

20

36.2

0.61

775.0

1.02

0.78

1.25

400

B-3

0.50

240

400

475

200

100

100

2.02

376

20

36.2

0.4

6.0

376

0.60

768.0

1.01

0.77

1.24

401

B-4

0.50

240

400

475

200

100

100

2.02

376

20

31.3

0.8

10.0

376

0.78

975.5

1.40

1.09

1.45

402

B-6

1.00

240

400

475

400

100

100

2.02

376

20

31.3

0.84

525.0

1.13

1.05

1.15

1.23

1.12

1.26

403

B-7

1.00

240

400

475

400

100

100

2.02

376

20

31.3

0.4

6.0

376

0.94

590.5

404

B-8

1.00

240

400

475

400

100

100

2.02

376

20

37.8

0.8

10.0

376

1.17

750.5

405

B-10-1

1.50

240

400

475

600

100

100

2.02

376

20

29.2

0.75

308.0

1.01

1.15

0.94

406

B-10-2

1.50

240

400

475

600

100

100

2.02

376

20

23.0

0.90

351.5

1.31

1.60

1.37

407

B-11

1.50

240

400

475

600

100

100

2.02

376

20

29.2

0.4

1.24

512.5

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

6.0

376

51
#

Ref.
#

Year Beam

a/d

Name

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

dbv

fyv

(%)

(mm) (MPa)
10.0

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

mode

Mn

(kN)

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO
mode

ACI

ACI

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

408

B-12

1.50

240

400

475

600

100

100

2.02

376

20

31.3

0.8

1.39

580.5

409

B-10.3-1

1.50

360

600

675

900

150

150

2.11

388

20

37.8

0.95

980.0

1.34

1.57

410

B-10.3-2

1.50

360

600

675

900

150

150

2.11

372

20

31.2

0.93

893.5

1.38

1.68

1.46

411

B-13-1

1.50

480

800

905

1200

200

200

2.07

10

398

20

31.6

0.84

1492.5

1.33

1.53

1.31

412

B-13-2

1.50

480

800

905

1200

200

200

2.07

10

398

20

24.0

0.67

1128.5

1.17

1.46

1.31

413

B-14

1.50

600

1000

1105

1500

250

250

2.04

14

398

20

31.0

0.72

1984.5

1.20

1.46

1.29

F
1.32

B-17

1.50

600

1000

1105

1500

250

250

2.04

14

398

20

28.7

0.4

415

B15

1.50

720

1200

1305

1800

300

300

1.99

18

402

20

27.0

416

B-16

1.50

840

1400

1505

2100

350

350

2.05

18

394

20

27.3

417

B-18

1.50

840

1400

1505

2100

350

350

2.05

18

398

20

23.5

0.4

16.0

398

2007 1DB35bw

1.10

80

313

350

344

53

53

1.25

455

10

25.9

0.4

6.0

426

419

1DB50bw

1.10

115

454

500

499

75

75

1.28

520

10

27.4

0.39

6.0

426

0.69

186.5

420

1DB70bw

1.10

160

642

700

706

105

105

1.22

522

10

28.3

0.45

8.0

426

0.83

427.0

421

1DB100bw

1.10

230

904

1000

994

150

150

1.20

555

10

28.7

0.41

10.0

426

0.71

775.0

422

2DB35

1.10

80

314

350

345

53

53

1.25

469

10

27.4

0.73

85.0

423

2DB50

1.10

80

459

500

505

75

75

1.18

520

10

32.4

0.75

135.5

424

2DB70

1.10

80

650

700

715

105

105

1.33

520

10

24.8

0.57

155.5

1.10

1.38

1.63

425

2DB100

1.10

80

926

1000

1019

150

150

1.30

520

10

30.6

0.61

241.5

1.20

1.25

1.41

19

398

414

418

13.0

376

h
(%)

0.96

2607.0

1.18

1.41

1.32

0.71

2695.0

1.27

1.66

1.54

0.57

2987.5

1.03

1.41

1.33

0.83

4198.0

1.03

1.18

1.37

0.88

99.5

1.02

1.27

1.22

0.92

1.17

1.13

1.07

1.34

1.35

1.02

1.16

1.10

1.05

1.22

1.32

1.12

1.32

1.42

426

3DB35b

1.10

80

314

350

345

53

53

1.25

469

10

27.4

0.73

85.0

1.05

1.22

1.32

427

3DB50b

1.10

115

454

500

499

75

75

1.28

520

10

28.3

0.61

167.0

1.02

1.19

1.30

428

3DB70b

1.10

160

642

700

706

105

105

1.22

522

10

28.7

0.70

360.5

1.20

1.36

1.51

429

3DB100b

1.10

230

904

1000

994

150

150

1.20

555

10

29.3

0.61

672.0

1.16

1.16

1.24
0.61

430

2007 L-10N1

2.89

300

1400

1510

4050

150

150

0.5

0.83

452

10

38.4

0.52

265.0

1.09

1.09

431

20

L-10N2

2.89

300

1400

1510

4050

150

150

0.5

0.83

452

10

40.3

0.47

242.0

0.98

0.98

0.55

432

L-10H

2.89

300

1400

1510

4050

150

150

0.5

0.83

452

10

73.6

0.45

240.0

1.05

0.76

0.42

433

L-10HS

2.89

300

1400

1510

4050

150

150

0.5

1.33

452

10

71.2

0.10

0.86

710.0

0.95

0.95

0.93

434

L-20N1

2.89

300

1400

1510

4050

150

150

0.5

0.83

452

19

31.4

0.52

265.0

1.02

1.02

0.68

435

L-20N2

2.89

300

1400

1510

4050

150

150

0.5

0.83

452

19

33.2

0.52

266.0

1.01

1.01

0.66

436

L-40N1

2.89

300

1400

1510

4050

150

150

0.5

0.83

452

38

28.1

0.48

242.0

0.91

0.91

0.65

437

L-40N2

2.89

300

1400

1510

4050

150

150

0.5

0.83

452

38

28.5

0.57

288.0

1.08

1.08

0.77

438

L-50N1

2.89

300

1400

1510

4050

150

150

0.5

0.83

452

51

41.0

0.53

272.0

0.90

0.90

0.61

439

L-50N2

2.89

300

1400

1510

4050

150

150

0.5

0.83

452

51

40.1

0.58

298.0

1.00

1.00

0.68

440

L-50N2R

2.89

300

1400

1510

4050

150

150

0.5

0.83

452

51

40.1

0.63

323.0

1.08

1.08

0.73

441

S-10N1

2.89

122

280

330

810

30

30

0.5

0.83

494

10

41.9

0.80

36.6

1.12

1.12

1.00

442

S-10N2

2.89

122

280

330

810

30

30

0.5

0.83

494

10

41.9

0.84

38.3

1.18

1.18

1.05

443

S-10H

2.89

122

280

330

810

30

30

0.5

0.83

494

10

77.3

0.80

37.7

1.15

0.88

0.81

444

S-10HS

2.89

122

280

330

810

30

30

0.5

1.34

506

10

77.3

0.10

0.87

66.3

1.07

0.96

1.07

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

9.5

5.0

494

496

52
#

Ref.
#

Year Beam

a/d

Name

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

v
(%)

dbv

fyv

(mm) (MPa)

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

(%)

mode

Mn

(kN)

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO
mode

ACI

ACI

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

445

S-20N1

2.89

122

280

330

810

30

30

0.5

0.83

494

19

39.2

0.86

39.1

1.17

1.17

1.10

446

S-20N2

2.89

122

280

330

810

30

30

0.5

0.83

494

19

38.1

0.84

38.2

1.15

1.15

1.09

447

S-40N1

2.89

122

280

330

810

30

30

0.5

0.83

494

38

29.1

0.94

41.8

1.35

1.35

1.36

448

S-40N2

2.89

122

280

330

810

30

30

0.5

0.83

494

38

29.1

0.79

34.9

1.13

1.13

1.13

449

S-50N1

2.89

122

280

330

810

30

30

0.5

0.83

494

51

43.5

0.84

38.5

1.09

1.09

1.03

450

S-50N2

2.89

122

280

330

810

30

30

0.5

0.83

494

51

43.5

0.89

40.6

1.15

1.15

1.09

2008 MS1-1

1.20

300

501

607

600

200

200

0.52

838

10

46.0

0.333

11.3

420

0.25

1.21

626.0

452

MS1-2

1.19

300

503

607

600

200

200

1.13

870

10

44.0

0.333

11.3

420

0.45

0.99

1071.0

453

MS1-3

1.19

300

506

607

600

200

200

2.29

880

10

44.0

0.333

11.3

420

0.45

0.96

1373.5

454

MS2-2

1.79

300

503

607

900

200

200

1.13

870

10

47.0

0.333

11.3

420

0.45

0.98

716.0

455

MS2-3

1.78

300

506

607

900

200

200

2.29

880

10

43.0

0.333

11.3

420

0.45

1.09

1027.5

456

MS3-2

2.39

300

503

607

1200

200

200

1.13

870

10

48.0

0.444

11.3

420

0.45

1.06

577.0

451

457

21

22

C
1.22

F
1.35

C
1.34

1.70

1.05

1.40

150

428

500

600

150

150

1.24

484

10

41.2

0.35

10.0

328

1.00

250.1

1.40

150

428

500

600

150

150

0.83

1.24

484

10

41.2

0.35

10.0

328

1.22

305.6

459

0.60/0.60/5P

1.40

150

428

500

600

150

150

0.73

1.24

484

10

41.2

0.35

10.0

328

1.02

256.8

460

0.45/0.75/P

1.75

150

428

500

750

150

150

0.83

1.24

484

10

41.2

0.35

10.0

328

1.19

240.1

461

0.30/0.90/P

2.10

150

428

500

900

150

150

0.67

1.24

484

10

41.2

0.35

10.0

328

1.24

207.3

462

0.30/0.90/5P

0.70

150

428

500

300

150

150

0.93

1.24

484

10

41.2

0.35

10.0

328

0.91

458.1

463

0.75/0.75/P

1.42

160

527

600

750

150

150

0.98

1.43

495

10

38.3

0.42

8.0

369

1.14

424.5

464

0.75/0.75/2P

1.42

160

527

600

750

150

150

0.83

1.43

495

10

38.3

0.42

8.0

369

1.06

396.6

465

0.75/0.75/4P

1.42

160

527

600

750

150

150

0.75

1.43

495

10

38.3

0.42

8.0

369

1.18

440.1

466

0.75/0.75/6P

1.42

160

527

600

750

150

150

0.71

1.43

495

10

38.3

0.42

8.0

369

0.82

307.2

0.90

0.94

0.68

467

0.45/1.05/P

1.99

160

527

600

1050

150

150

0.73

1.43

495

10

38.3

0.42

8.0

369

1.09

291.8

1.11

1.24

0.82

1.06

1.01

1.14

468

0.45/1.05/2P

0.85

160

527

600

450

150

150

1.02

1.43

495

10

38.3

0.42

8.0

369

0.89

552.7

469

0.30/1.20/P

2.28

160

527

600

1200

150

150

0.59

1.43

495

10

38.3

0.42

8.0

369

1.14

266.5

0.99

C
0.77

0.60/0.60/2P

458

2009 0.60/0.60/P

0.94

F
0.89

0.93

0.71

S
0.78

C
1.12

0.71

F
0.87

F
F

0.88

F
1.23

0.88

0.57

160

527

600

300

150

150

1.43

495

10

38.3

0.42

8.0

369

0.71

665.4

1.02

0.87

1.22

2009 I-03-2

1.84

533

978

1118

1799

508

406

0.72

2.29

42

503

19

36.1

0.29

12.7

462

0.33

0.95

2531.0

1.19

1.49

1.02

472

I-03-4

1.84

533

978

1118

1799

508

406

0.72

2.29

42

503

19

36.8

0.3

9.5

503

0.33

1.10

2922.5

1.34

1.66

1.14

473

I-02-2

1.84

533

978

1118

1799

508

406

0.72

2.29

42

503

19

27.2

0.2

12.7

462

0.2

0.85

2019.5

1.18

1.54

1.29

474

I-02-4

1.84

533

978

1118

1799

508

406

0.72

2.29

42

503

19

28.7

0.21

9.5

503

0.2

0.96

2348.7

1.30

1.69

1.41

475

II-03-CCC2021

1.84

533

980

1067

1804

508

254

0.72

2.31

12

441

19

22.7

0.31

15.9

448

0.45

1.08

2224.1

1.32

1.51

1.86

476

II-02-CCC1021

1.84

533

980

1067

1804

254

254

0.72

2.31

12

476

19

31.9

0.2

15.9

462

0.19

0.59

1463.5

0.93

1.15

1.18

477

II-03-CCT1021

1.84

533

980

1067

1804

914

254

0.72

2.31

12

455

19

30.4

0.31

15.9

490

0.45

1.19

2829.1

478

II-03-CCT0507

1.84

533

980

1067

1804

914

127

0.72

2.31

12

455

19

29.0

0.31

15.9

490

0.45

1.13

2660.0

479

II-02-CCT0507

1.84

533

980

1067

1804

914

127

0.72

2.31

12

476

19

21.5

0.2

15.9

441

0.19

0.90

1783.7

1.04

1.50

480

II-02-CCT0521

1.84

533

980

1067

1804

508

127

0.72

2.31

12

476

19

32.7

0.2

15.9

462

0.19

1.01

2526.6

1.42

1.96

2.44

481

III-1.85-00

1.84

533

980

1067

1804

508

406

0.72

2.31

12

455

19

21.9

0.81

1623.6

1.22

2.19

1.76

470
471

0.30/1.20/2P
23

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

C
S
1.84

53
#

Ref.
#

Year Beam

a/d

Name

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

v
(%)

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

(mm) (MPa)

(%)

mode

Mn

(kN)

dbv

fyv

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO
mode

ACI

ACI

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

482

III-2.5-00

2.47

533

980

1067

2422

508

406

0.63

2.31

12

455

19

22.1

0.24

364.8

0.63

0.80

0.76

483

III-1.85-02

1.84

533

980

1067

1804

508

406

0.72

2.31

12

476

19

28.3

0.2

15.9

441

0.19

0.90

2170.7

1.19

1.78

1.61

484

III-1.85-025

1.84

533

980

1067

1804

508

406

0.72

2.31

12

476

19

28.3

0.24

15.9

441

0.14

0.95

2295.3

1.22

1.73

1.67

485

III-1.85-03

1.84

533

980

1067

1804

508

406

0.72

2.31

12

476

19

34.4

0.29

15.9

441

0.29

0.72

1832.7

0.87

1.23

0.92

486

III-1.85-01

1.84

533

980

1067

1804

508

406

0.72

2.31

12

476

19

34.5

0.1

12.7

434

0.14

0.48

1214.4

0.64

0.99

0.79

487

III-1.85-03b

1.84

533

980

1067

1804

508

406

0.72

2.31

12

476

19

22.8

0.31

12.7

427

0.29

1.02

2095.1

1.17

1.46

1.51

488

III-1.85-02b

1.84

533

980

1067

1804

508

406

0.72

2.31

12

476

19

22.8

0.2

12.7

427

0.19

1.01

2081.8

1.25

1.80

1.88

489

III-1.2-02

1.20

533

980

1067

1177

508

406

0.82

2.31

12

455

19

28.3

0.2

12.7

414

0.19

1.05

3763.2

1.35

1.82

1.98

490

III-1.2-03

1.20

533

980

1067

1177

508

406

0.82

2.31

12

455

19

29.1

0.31

15.9

469

0.29

1.02

3687.6

1.27

1.68

1.52

491

III-2.5-02

2.49

533

980

1067

2441

508

406

0.62

2.31

12

455

19

31.9

0.2

12.7

427

0.19

0.74

1325.6

1.13

1.13

1.34

492

III-2.5-03

2.49

533

980

1067

2441

508

406

0.62

2.31

12

455

19

34.7

0.31

15.9

448

0.29

1.27

2295.3

493

IV-2175-1.85-02

1.85

533

1750

1905

3238

737

406

0.50

2.37

22

469

19

34.0

0.21

12.7

455

0.19

0.75

3394.0

1.23

1.45

1.47

494

IV-2175-1.85-03

1.85

533

1750

1905

3238

737

406

0.50

2.37

22

469

19

34.0

0.31

15.9

455

0.29

0.83

3745.4

1.21

1.33

1.29

495

IV-2175-2.5-02

2.50

533

1750

1905

4375

610

406

0.33

2.37

22

469

19

34.5

0.21

15.9

441

0.21

0.67

2268.6

1.04

1.04

1.17

496

IV-2175-1.2-02

1.20

533

1750

1905

2100

610

406

0.68

2.37

22

469

19

34.5

0.21

15.9

441

0.21

0.78

5440.2

1.41

1.51

1.76

497

IV-2123-1.85-03

1.85

533

495

584

916

419

406

0.86

2.32

12

455

19

28.7

0.3

12.7

455

0.3

1.24

1463.5

498

IV-2123-1.85-02

1.85

533

495

584

916

419

406

0.86

2.32

12

455

19

29.1

0.2

9.5

558

0.17

1.30

1543.5

499

IV-2123-2.5-02

2.50

533

495

584

1238

394

406

0.81

2.32

12

448

19

31.5

0.2

9.5

400

0.17

0.81

716.2

500

IV-2123-1.2-02

1.20

533

495

584

594

457

406

0.91

2.32

12

448

19

31.9

0.2

9.5

400

0.17

1.42

2633.3

501

M-03-4-CCC2436

1.85

914

1016

1219

1880

610

406

0.71

2.93

27

462

19

28.3

0.31

15.9

421

0.27

1.11

5017.6

502

M-03-4-CCC0812

1.85

914

1016

1219

1880

203

406

0.71

2.93

27

448

19

20.7

0.31

15.9

434

0.27

1.18

4136.8

503

M-09-4-CCC2436

1.85

914

1016

1219

1880

610

406

0.71

2.93

27

462

19

28.3

0.86

15.9

421

0.27

1.39

6294.2

504

M-02-4-CCC2436

1.85

914

1016

1219

1880

610

406

0.71

2.93

27

448

19

19.3

0.22

12.7

434

0.22

1.48

4901.9

M-03-2-CCC2436

1.85

914

1016

1219

1880

610

406

0.71

2.93

27

469

19

33.8

0.31

22.2

427

0.27

0.95

4875.3

0.50

100

400

450

200

100

100

0.8

1.13

400

10

45.2

1.09

371.2

1.22

0.94

505
506

24

2010 BML-0-0

0.81

1.23

1.45

C
C

1.34

507

BML-85-85

0.50

100

400

450

200

100

100

0.8

1.13

400

10

40.8

0.2

3.3

260

0.20

1.06

359.2

1.26

0.98

1.44

508

BML-68-83

0.50

100

400

450

200

100

100

0.8

1.13

400

10

43.2

0.25

3.3

260

0.21

1.09

371.2

1.26

0.97

1.12

509

BML-57-57

0.50

100

400

450

200

100

100

0.8

1.13

400

10

37.7

0.3

3.3

260

0.30

1.04

348.8

1.29

1.01

1.20

510

BML-57-0

0.50

100

400

450

200

100

100

0.8

1.13

400

10

40.5

0.3

3.3

260

0.98

331.2

1.17

0.90

1.34

511

BML-0-57

0.50

100

400

450

200

100

100

0.8

1.13

400

10

39.3

0.30

1.03

348.8

1.25

0.98

1.45

512

BML-0-36

0.50

100

400

450

200

100

100

0.8

1.13

400

10

38.9

0.48

1.07

360.0

1.30

1.02

1.51

513

BML-26-0

0.50

100

400

450

200

100

100

0.8

1.13

400

10

43.2

0.66

0.89

303.2

1.03

0.79

0.91

514

BML-0-50

0.50

100

400

450

200

100

100

0.8

1.13

400

10

44.8

515

BML-53-100

0.50

100

400

450

200

100

100

0.8

1.13

400

10

44.9

0.32

BM-125-125

516
517
518

25

3.3

260

0
0.34

1.06

360.0

1.19

0.91

1.31

3.3

260

0.17

1.04

354.4

1.17

0.90

1.03
1.64

0.50

100

400

450

200

100

100

0.8

1.13

400

10

36.3

0.2

4.0

440

0.20

1.09

365.6

1.38

1.09

2010 D6.A4.G60#5S

1.37

406

1778

1829

2438

203*

610

0.56**

490

25

26.7

0.444

16.0

429

0.74 2253.0

0.94

1.33

1.12

D6.A4.G40#4S

1.37

406

1778

1829

2438

203

610

0.56

470

25

26.2

0.286

13.0

348

0.61

1.04

1.34

1.20

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

1809.0

54
#

Ref.
#

Year Beam

a/d

Name

(mm) (mm) (mm)

a: M/V
(mm)

lb1

lb2

V/P

(mm) (mm)

(%)

bars

fy

ag

fc '

(MPa) (mm) (MPa)

v
(%)

dbv

fyv

(mm) (MPa)

Rep.

Mmax

Vu

(%)

mode

Mn

(kN)

2PKT

2PKT

mode Exp/Pred

AASHTO AASHTO
mode

ACI

ACI

Exp/Pred mode Exp/Pred

519

D6.A2.G60#5S

1.37

406

1778

1829

2438

203

610

0.28

470

25

27.5

0.444

16.0

429

0.59

1754.0

520

D6.A2.G40#4S

1.37

406

1778

1829

2438

203

610

0.28

478

25

24.4

0.286

13.0

346

0.44

1307.0

0.84

1.18

0.92

521

D4.A2.G40#4S

2.09

406

1168

1219

2438

203

610

0.42

469

25

25.2

0.286

13.0

349

0.63

922.0

0.99

1.34

0.99
0.75

522

26

2010 S0M

1.55

400

1095

1200

1700

300

150

0.5

0.70

652

20

34.2

0.61

721.0

0.88

1.01

523

S0C

1.55

400

1095

1200

1700

300

150

0.5

0.70

652

20

34.2

0.98

1162.0

1.42

1.62

1.21

524

L0M

2.28

400

1095

1200

2500

300

150

0.5

0.70

652

20

29.1

0.52

416.0

1.02

1.35

1.05

525

L0C

2.28

400

1095

1200

2500

300

150

0.5

0.70

652

20

29.1

0.62

492.0

1.21

1.59

1.24

526

S1M

1.55

400

1095

1200

1700

300

150

0.5

0.70

652

20

33.0

0.10

9.5

490

0.80

941.0

0.97

1.17

0.96

527

S1C

1.55

400

1095

1200

1700

300

150

0.5

0.70

652

20

33.0

0.10

9.5

490

0.80

943.0

0.97

1.17

0.96

528

L1M

2.28

400

1095

1200

2500

300

150

0.5

0.70

652

20

37.8

0.10

9.5

490

0.82

663.0

1.04

1.09

0.78

529

L1C

2.28

400

1095

1200

2500

300

150

0.5

0.70

652

20

37.8

0.10

9.5

490

0.79

642.0

1.01

1.06

0.75

# of beams

For the specimens by Senturk and Higgins25 which had indirect loading and bar cut-offs:
*- Taken as the distance between the end bars of hanger reinforcement within the width of the transverse members loading the test specimen
**- Based on the bars anchored in the support zone
- Considering the bottom longitudinal bars in the section with maximum bending moment

Conversion Factors: 25.4 mm = 1 in.; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 kN = 225 lbs.

434

434

434

Avg=

1.10

1.25

1.30

COV=

13.7%

24.6%

29.0%

55
References

1.

Clark, A.P., Diagonal tension in reinforced concrete beams, ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 48, No. 10, Oct.
1951, pp. 145-156.

2.

Moody, K.G., Viest, I.M., Elstner, R.C., and Hognestad, E., Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams
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3.

Morrow, J., and Viest, I.M., Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Frame Members Without Web
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4.

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5.

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6.

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7.

Lee, D., An experimental investigation in the effects of detailing on the shear behaviour of deep beams,
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8.

Smith, K.N., and Vantsiotis, A.S., Shear Strength of Deep Beams, ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 79, No. 3,
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9.

Rogowsky, D.M., and MacGregor, J.G., Tests of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams, ACI Journal
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10. Ghannoum, W.M., Size effect on shear strength of reinforced concrete beams, Masters Thesis, Department
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56
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