Proceedings of the Eleventh (2001) hlternational Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference Stavanger, Norway, June 17-22, 2001

Copyright 2001 by The International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers ISBN 1-880653-51-6 (Set); ISBN 1-880653-53-2 (VoL I1); ISSN 1098-6189 (Set)

Parameter Study of Long Free Spans

Tore Soreide and Gunnar Paulsen
REINERTSEN Engineering ANS Trondheim, Norway

Finn Gunnar Nielsen

Norsk Hydro Research Centre Bergen, Norway

ABSTRACT The paper deals with the extension of the present design methodology for free spans into the regime of higher L/D-ratios. The paper is coupled to the Ormen Lange field development, thus major effort is given to pipelines in deeper water, for which VIV generated fatigue comes out to be the governing design control. Existing guidelines for free spans, like DNV G14, consider L/Dratios up to around 120, which for a 20-inch pipeline means span in the range of 70 m. Typical for this range of L/D-ratio is that the beam effect plays a dominant role on the natural frequencies of the pipeline. However, with spans up to 200 m as in the present study for a 20-inch pipeline, the major stiffness contribution becomes the cable effect in which the effective tension is the primary parameter. The static configuration over the free span is given as the equilibrium pattern between the net weight and the effective tension. In the case of axial restraints from the soil at the shoulders, the first half wave mode in cross-flow vibration may be suppressed due to the deflected static mode combined with the lack of axial feed-in from the shoulders. Characteristic for the major free spans is also the occurrence of a multiple of vibration modes, both cross-flow and in-line, within the excitation range for VIV. The design impact from such multi-mode response is not covered by the existing guidelines. The present paper considers the installation and operational phases of the pipeline, ending up in the static equilibrium configuration as basis for VIV analysis. Analytical formulas are presented covering the effect of axial restraint on the cross-flow natural frequencies. The discussion on VIV related natural frequencies and corresponding modes is related to practical application by implementing the design format from relevant guidelines.

KEY WORDS Pipeline free spans, hydrodynamic loads, vortex induced vibrations, cable effect, multi-mode vibration. NOMENCLATURE A Ai Ao A~ C D E f I k L L~fr m
NE NEFF NrNNER NLAY NOUTER NTRUE Pi PO q T U VIV V~ 50 ~hoop k V

~(x)
55

Vibration amplitude Inner cross-section area Outer cross-section area Steel cross-section area Coefficient, see (Eq. 4) Outer diameter of pipe Young's modulus, C-Mn steel = 207 000 MPa Natural frequency of the pipe free span Cross section moment of inertia Shoulder longitudinal stiffness (kN/m) Length of span Effective span length Mass of pipe, including content and external water Euler buckling load Effective tension Pi " Ai Lay tension P0" A0 True tension Inner pressure Outer pressure Submerged weight of pipeline per unit length Temperature Current velocity Vortex Induced Vibrations Reduced velocity Static deflection amplitude Hoop strain (due to internal overpressure) Sag parameter, see (Eq. 5) Kinematic viscosity Shape function

INTRODUCTION For development ofoil and gas fields in deeper water, oil companies are facing several locations with very irregular seabed topography. Installation of rigid pipelines within these areas might give numerous pipeline free spans with very high L/D- ratios. The Ormen Lange field introduces great challenges with respect to pipeline free spans, and a separate study has been conducted by Norsk Hydro and Reinertsen Engineering in order to investigate the possibility of allowing free spans outside the range normally covered by existing guidelines, i.e. DNV Guideline no.14. As far as design methodology for long free spans is concerned, most experience up to now is gained on shorter spans. The general formulation in DNV G14 covers longer spans, however, the application part of the guideline handles L/Dratios below 120, while the present study aims at L/D-ratios up to 350, corresponding to a 200 m long span for a 20-inch pipeline. The Ormen Lange field is located outside Mid-Norway and is developed by Norsk Hydro. Figure 1 illustrates the free span distribution for a 20-inch pipeline along a typical route at the Ormen Lange field.

depicted in Figure 6. The positive effective tension for longer spans brings the VIV exciting current velocity higher up and out of the range of current distribution, while the negative NEFF for the short span has the opposite effect. Static Configuration In an attempt to come up with a numerical scheme for simulating the above effects, both phases of installation and operation have to be considered, see Figure 7. The laying operation with a given tension NLAV defines the initial configuration of the span. At bottom, the effective tension equals the horizontal lay tension at top, and the equilibrium on submerged weight defines the amplitude of initial deflection. When going into the operation phase, the interaction with soil at shoulders is established by elastic springs belbre internal pressure with axial Poisson effect as well as temperature is activated. The weight is now modified by including the content. The net effect from temperature increase and axial hoop may be a net elongation of the pipeline, which in turn increases the deflection. For a short span the equilibrium with submerged weight may then come out with a reduced effective tension in the span. However, for longer spans where cable effect is dominant in the equilibrium with net weight, we always come out with a positive effective tension. Multiple Mode Vibration By applying the scheme of fatigue control according to DNV G14, the major effect to take into consideration when going from moderate spans into longer spans with L/D-ratio above 200. is the occurrence of a multiple of vibration modes within the range of reduced velocity for VIV. The symmetric modes will be close in frequency for in-line and cross- flow responses, respectively, while [br the cross-flow asymmetric modes the sag effect may come in. especially tbr the first half wave mode. The existence of several possible vibration modes even at the same current velocity within the range of VIV excitation calls for an updating of the conventional single mode design procedure in the present guideline. As the stress ranges are mode dependent, and further the number of cycles is frequency dependent, there comes out the need for a "worst case" philosophy on the occurrence of different modes. For cross-flow vibration, two or three modes are relevant lbr L/D-ratios below 350. Since also the cross-flow generated in-line response has a major impact on fatigue, consistency must be implemented in the design procedure between the mode shapes in the two directions.

STRUCTURE BEHAVIOUR General Figure 2 depicts the excitation ranges from DNV G14 on in-line and cross-flow VIV, respectively. The excitation range for in-line lies between 1.0 and 4.5 on reduced velocity Vr, with maximum in-line amplitude of 0.15 of outer diameter. For cross-flow, the maximum amplitude is set to 1.10 of outer diameter, with excitation range from Vr = 3 to Vr = 16. Included is also cross-flow induced in-line response by 50% amplitude ratio. The probability distribution for current forms the basis for the calculation of accumulated damage. In general, due to the difference in VIV amplitude, cross-flow is the critical vibration mode. However, experience demonstrates that because of no cut-off in the fatigue curve as specified by DNV G14, the small in-line stress ranges may sum up to give a considerable contribution to fatigue damage. Figure 3 illustrates the general layout of VIV excitation as chosen in the present study. Applying the reduced velocity in Figure 2, a transformation is made into actual current velocities. For pure beam behaviour, Figure 3 describes how cross-flow vibration occurs at lower current velocities as the length of the span increases. Cable Effect on VlV The major effects implemented when going from a short span with L/D below 100 and into the longer spans are illustrated in Figure 4. While for the short span the beam load carrying behaviour is dominant, the cable effects take more over for higher L/D-ratios. The change of response characteristics is followed by the possibility for multi-mode vibration pattern within the VIV excitation range. Figure 5 illustrates the conventional design philosophy for short spans. Given the current distribution, as well as the VIV excitation ranges, the scheme of span design is now to shorten the span so as to increase the natural frequency and thereby move the excitation velocity out of the range of current distribution. Installation of mid span supports, for instance by rock dumping is one solution, as indicated in Figure 5. The effect from effective tension NEFFon the natural frequencies for similar modes for short and long spans, respectively, is further 56

SAG EFFECT Suppression of Cross-Flow Having established the static configuration for the phase of operation, Figure 8 illustrates the deflection amplitude 80 for which the effective tension in combination with deflected geometry keeps equilibrium with the submerged weight. This stage now forms the basis for the vibration analysis. The characteristics of vibration are now different foi" in-line and cross-flow motion, respectively. The major contribution to this difference is the combined influence from sag ~) and longitudinal stiffness k at shoulders, which affects the symmetric vibration modes. Based on modal shape assumption:
~(x) =

sin(--~-) L

(Eq. 1)

Fhe effect from k and 80 on the single half wave mode in cross-flow direction (vertical) comes out as:

Axial force N (kN) 337,0 337.0 337.0 609,6

Shoulder mstmint k (kN/m) 872.1 58t4.1 29070.3 5814.1

CF-I

N~ural frequencies (Hz) CF-2

CF-3

),).c/.= I _ ~ / N / ' : F F / I +

2LV m ~

NF. + :,r2 kSo 2) NI,:H., 4L NFH..

(11_7)(Eq. 2)

The first two terms in (Eq. 2) represent cable and bending effects, respectively', in accordance with existing DNV G14, while the additional effect from static deflection and longitudinal stiffness goes into the last term. Note that k now represents the stiffness at each shoulder. The lbrmula (Eq. 2) does not account for the axial flexibility L/EAs of the pipe span. This effect may be taken in by a modification of the end restraints. Trianta~llou et al. (1985) considers the axial restraint effects also on the higher order symmetric modes. NUMERICAL STUDIES

0.140 0.295 0.622 0.204

0.167 0.167 0.168 0.201

0.320 0.339 0.315 0.363

Table 2. Cross-flow natural frequencies. Span = 195 m. Table 2 demonstrates the dependency of cross-flow natural frequencies on both static effective axial force, as well as on shoulder stiffness. While the in-line frequencies in Table 1 regularly increase by increased tension, the first cross-flow mode shows a more irregular pattern. It emerges that the static sag deflection in combination with shoulder restraint, also is a vital parameter in addition to the geometric effect from tension itself.

Analytical estimates on natural frequencies.

To illustrate the effect of bending stiffness and sag on the natural frequency of the free span, we have computed the first natural frequency using several analytical approximations. By the first natural frequency is here meant the frequency corresponding to the first symmetric mode of oscillation. For a straight cable this corresponds to a half sine wave. As will be demonstrated in the following, this first symmetric mode of oscillation not necessarily corresponds to the lowest frequency of oscillation. The simplest approximation is the pure cable equation, without sag and bending effects, i.e. including the first term inside the parenthesis of (Eq. 2) only. This provides a lower limit for the natural frequency. By using the two first terms of (Eq. 2), the bending stiffness is included. This estimate on the natural frequency is valid for the inline response, as there is no sag effect in the in-line direction. The full (Eq. 2) is valid for moderate sag values, i.e. as long as the mode shape may be approximated by a half sine wave. The cable approximation according to Triantafyllou ignores the bending stiffness but accounts for finite sag values. The finite sag will cause the first natural mode to be different from a pure half sine mode shape deflection. I.e. forcing the mode shape to be a half sine will give a too high natural frequency. In Figure 11 the first natural frequency is computed using the different approximations discussed above. The case considered is ease four (last line) of Table 1. The length of the span is varied, and a pinned - pinned boundary condition at the ends of the span is assumed. From Figure 11, we observe that for moderate span length (L/D<100), the combined beam - cable formulation gives a good approximation of the first natural frequency. However, as L/D increases beyond 150, care must be taken while estimating the natural frequencies. Firstly, we observe that the beam effect now diminishes rapidly. I.e. the straight cable approximation and the beam - cable formulation gives asymptotically the same result. However, the sag effect becomes important for such long spans. The sag (the deflection at the mid span), 8o may for the pinned-pinned boundary condition be estimated from:

General
As part of the present study on long free spans, a systematic numerical analysis scheme has been made on the sensitivity of fatigue capacity of longer free spans to vital structure parameters as lay tension, effective tension, temperature, shoulder stiffness and sag. The numerical studies have been related to expected spans for the Ormen t,ange project. From these analyses the input for model testing on multiple mode VIV has been generated.

Finite Element Analysis, L/D=350

The present section presents a span for a 20-inch pipeline. The case of a slender pipeline is depicted through the span of 195 m, corresponding to L/D=350, for which cable effect and multiple mode bchaviour emerge. In the following some results from the finite element analyses for extremely long spans will be discussed. The combined effect of sag and axial stiffness on the beam - cable equations will be discussed from an analytical point of view Figures 9 and 10 illustrate the soil interaction effect. In Figure 9 there is no axial restraint applied to the tensioned pipe, while in Figure 10 an axial spring is introduced at each end simulating shoulder restraints. Comparing the two cases, it is seen how the first half wave mode in cross-flow, denoted CF1, moves along the current velocity axis and out of the actual current distribution. The effect on the higher cross-flow modes, as well as on in-line modes, is seen to be negligible. Natural frequencies and corresponding mode shape numbers for the span of 195 m are shown in Table 1 and 2, assuming added mass coefficient of 1.0. Axial force N (kN) 337.0 337.0 337.0 609.6 Shoulder restraint k (kN/m) 872.1 5814.1 29070.3 5814.1 Natural 9equencies(Hz) IL-2 IL-3 IL-4 IL-5

IL-1

IL-6

0.068 0.068 0.068 0.088

0.170 0.170 0.170 0.202

0.320 0.526 0.320 0 . 5 2 8 0.320 0.528 0.361 0.572

0.790 0.790 0.790 0.836

1.11 1.I1 1.11 1.16

80

qL2

Table 1. In-line natural frequencies. Span = 195 m.

57

Here q is the submerged weight of the pipeline per unit length and:

other end is instrumented for axial force measurement. At the active end, the arm of the pretension regulator governs the axial stiffness. As indicated in Figure 13, four different spans were modelled, namely L = 4.7m, 7.0m, 9.0m and finally 11.4m. By the model scale of 17.05, these spans in full-scale range from 80 m to 195 m, thereby representing Leer/D-ratios from 100 to 350. The shortest span is close to the length up to which DNV G14 presently is applicable. The variation of the span is practically solved in the model set up by adding support points along the two end parts of the 11.4 m span. The boundary condition simulated for the shorter free spans is thereby closer to a partially clamped end condition, while for the 11.4m span, rotationally free end supports are simulated.

,/,,~H,

~t E1

(Eq. 4)

As the sag of the span increases, the natural frequency based upon (Eq. 2) may overestimate the frequency, as this approach assumes a half-sine deflection, which may not be a valid approximation. If the axial stiffness is high, the symmetric eigen-modes will be suppressed as the axial deflection of the pipeline is restricted. However, if the axial stiffness is low, either due to low shoulder (soil) stiffness or interaction with neighbouring spans, the symmetric sine-shaped first mode may still exist. The case of high shoulder stiffness is illustrated in Figure 12, corresponding to case three of Table 1. For large sag and axial stiffness values, the natural frequency of the single half wave (first symmetric mode) may be higher than the frequency of the two half wave (first anti symmetric mode). The anti symmetric modes are not affected by the sag. For a pure cable, the combined effect of sag and axial stiffness on the natural frequency is expressed through the parameter ~, which is given as:

Test Results
In the following a few examples are given on the measured dynamic response of a very long free span were multimodal response can be expected. The results are preliminary, as the analyses are not yet completed. The example presented corresponds to case four in Table 1 and 2. In Figure 14, the in-line results for a case with a low current velocity is shown. The velocity corresponds to 0.2 m/see in full scale. We observe a small in-line VIV response at the second in-line mode (ref. Table 1). This frequency corresponds to a reduced velocity of 1.8. The first in-line mode has a reduced velocity of 4.2. We should thus expect this mode to be outside the in-line excitation range. No in-line response is observed at this frequency. The cross-flow response for the current velocity of 0.2 m/see is illustrated in Figure 15. We observe response at the frequency corresponding first cross-flow frequency. Indeed, there are two modes of oscillation at almost the same frequency in this case. The response is, however, one order of magnitude less than the in-line response. The small response at f=0.08 Hz, seems to be related to a coupling to the in-line response at this frequency. In Figures 16 and 17 the responses at a current velocity of 0.7 m/see is shown. The spectra of the responses depend now on position along the span. This demonstrates that higher modes of response are involved. Figures 16 and 17 show the responses close to L/4. In Figure 16 the in-line response is shown. We now observe that the inline response has shifted to about 0.45Hz. This seems to be crossflow induced in-line response, as the dominating cross-flow response occurs at about 0.22Hz, Figure 17. From Figure 17 we also observe that higher modes have a significant response. Work remain to analyse these responses to identify if they are natural modes directly excited by VIV, or if they are related to coupling effects between inline and cross-flow response. A close examination of the peak frequencies of response reveals that the natural frequencies seem to increase as the reduced velocity increases. This seems to be related to two phenomena: As the velocity increases, the drag on the span increases and thus the effective tension increases, causing higher natural frequencies. Secondly, experience from 2D tests has shown that in the lock-in range of reduced velocity, the added mass of the cylinder may be significantly reduced, also causing an increase in natural frequency. These effects will be investigated in more detail in the ongoing work.

qL .[. k NEFF ~2NEFF

(Eq. 5)

Here the axial stiffness of the pipeline is to be included in the shoulder stiffness, k. As L--~ 0% the symmetric modes of oscillation shifts to higher frequencies, while the anti- symmetric modes are not affected by X. According to Triantafyllou, the frequency of the first symmetric mode becomes higher than the first anti-symmetric mode for X > 2n. The frequency of the second symmetric mode becomes higher than the second anti-symmetric mode for L > 47t. The effect of frequency shift is illustrated in Table 3, where the frequencies for X = 0 and ~.---~oo for the cases three and four of Table 1 and 2 are given. Comparing the values of Table 3 with Figures 11 and 12, we observe that f~ from the L = 0 case corresponds to the cable solution with no sag and thus represents the first in-line natural frequency, fl for k--~ ov is close to the first natural frequency in cross-flow direction as obtained by the finite sag approach. In Figures 11 and 12 the natural frequencies as given in Table 1 and 2 are included. We observe the good correspondence between the analytical and numerical results for the first in-line and cross-flow natural mode. In addition we observe the large amount of higher harmonics.

(Eq. 5)
k=0 X=0

NEFF (kN) 337 337 610 610

f~ (sym) 0.061 0.183 0.082 0.246

f~

f3

f~

(asym) [ [ ( s y m ) (asym) 0.122 0.183 0.244 0.122 0.305 0.244 0.164 0.246 0.328 0.164 0.410 0.328

f, (sym) 0.305 0.426 0.410 0.574

Table 3. Natural frequencies for zero and infinite k values. L/D = 350. Cable assumption. MODEL TESTS

Test Arrangement
Figure 13 shows the test set-up. A truss girder of length 12m serves as the support structure for the pipe. At one end there is the mechanism for pretension and axial stiffness variation, while the

58

~-

CONCLUSION

The present paper has highlighted the need for an extension of existing design guidelines on VIV induced fatigue into regimes of higher L/D-ratios. As the structure stiffness goes from beam dominated and into cable behaviour, also the implementation of multiple modes must be given special attention. As part of the Ormen Lange field development, a systematic study on VIV response for long free spans has been carried out, involving numerical analysis, as well as laboratory tests. Consistency between the two different approaches has to be verified. It is concluded that there is a realistic potential for modifcation of existing guidelines in order to allow longer spans for rigid pipelines, thereby reducing free span intervention work.

NO
1-

CF~I,-.------.~, C F I ~

CFI~'"-~

0.5-

O-

o~

0.4

o.e

o.0

1.2 U I,~t'm"'

Figure 3. VIV excitation in terms of current velocity. FIGURES

Typical Free Span Distribution, 20*inch pipeline

182 162 14.2
122
40 4. . . . . . . . . j
......

SHORT SPAN L/Ds 1 0 0 ,.....

. . . , ... .

DEAM BENAVIOUR SINGLE EXISTING HALF WAVE DNV-

GOVERNING MODE

014

~ ~

10.2 8.2 62 42 22, 0.2

30

:'..

".,*:"

LONG SPAN IdD ~ 2 0 0

130

230
Span Length

330 [m]

430

530

CABLE DOMINATEDIBENAVIOUR MULTIPLE MODE EXCITATION NOT COVERED BY EXISTING DNV G 1 4

Figure 1. Typical free span distribution for the Ormen Lange field.

Figure 4. Major parameters for short and long spans.

A/D

1o21"

A/D t.1 CURRENT~ DISTR.

CF1 Ib

0.8" 0.6" 0,40.2"

ROCKDUMPING

A/D

SPAN REOUCTION

10

12

14
U

16

VR = . . . .
DNV Guidelines No. 14

f'D
O.1s r ~ / , , ~ ~. ~ ~ U(n~s)

Figure 2. VIV requirements according to DNV Guidelines No. 14. Figure 5. Design philosophy for conventional spans.

59

SHORT

SPAN

LONG

SPAN

, k f (H=) L AID
N=~,< 0 I~F >0 CF1

C F ~

CF3o ~ . J ~ - ' e

,~,

~
0.5

e--~../-..j,

"~"~" ~
0.2 0.4

~"'--'~'-~~~r'--'-r~n,
0.6 0.S 1 1.2 U

(m/s)

Figure 6. Effect from NEF F o n VIV excitation regime. Figure 9. VIV excitation, tensioned cable and no restraint. Span = 195m. NEFF=610 kN. k =0 kN/m.
N~v

AID
N m "N~I +p,A, INky

CWRRS~T
O.5

.......

. . . . .

aummm~ Nm Nm N m - N ~ +peA.-pIA q

wuo~

,N~ ,N~

>0 ~0

LO~IO SPAN uHowr SpAN

0 0.2 0.4 o.s o.e

1.z

" (m/s) ~

Figure 7. Laying and operation phases.

Figure 10. VIV excitation, tensioned cable and shoulder restraints Span = 195 m NEFF=610 kN. k =5814 kN/m.

1. 0.9. ' N~,lw| ql .

~..

0.8 ;
o.7i ....

"~ ... ~ .,,. ~* ....

Sagging c~;bJe(Triantaf'~iou) Cable w/o s a g Equalion 2 Equation 2 w/o b e a m e f f e c t Equation 2 w/o s a g e f f e c t FEM vaJues, IL FEM values, CF
" "

-~-.i " 7 ~

..

. .

" . .

. .

. ,

, .

. .

". :.
.

". . .

-,

. .

" -

. ,

0,6 .

-I.

4-

0.5-

N=F~ N~u = + Nountx * N = ~ HIFp = IIUI.IRRIUM |QUIVALIB4T IFO ROll N~u I = F~JIIQN F O R C E 1 Nt~ N~

0.3:

.-

0.2i . . . . .

o.11
t N ~ N r n = k,~o: 00

:':= ~i-~...
50 100 150 " 200 LID 250 360 350 400

Figure 8. Effect from longitudinal soil stiffness on natural frequencies.

Figure 11. Natural frequency of free span as function of span length. Computed according to various approximations. Tension and stiffness values according to case four of Table 1.

60

1 0.9 0.8 o.7 0.6

iI

Saggifig c al~Je"(Tfi anta Jyllou) Cable w/o sag E~Jation 2 .. EqJJa~On2 w/o beam effect ... Equation 2 wlo sag effect . FEM values, IL FEM values, CF

. . . .

xl0 ..

Spectrum, toO= 7.8522e-011 .... -r ...... T.........

P
i

"G

~o.5 "--- 0,4

l
---..::: .......
100 -1"~>0 200 L/D 250 360" "3,~0 " ~-0-(}"-

0.3 0.2 0.1 00

~o.~t
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Frequency (1/sec) 0.7" 0.8 0.9

Figure 12. Natural frequency of free span as function of span length. Computed according to various approximations. Tension and stiffness values according to case three of Table 1.

Figure 15. Spectrum of measured cross-flow curvature close to the end of the free span. Full scale current velocity 0.2 m/sec. Case four of Table 1 (L/D=350).

x 104

Spectrum, toO= 4.8809e-008

~" A X I A l . S T I F F N E S S

PiPE

PRElrlENSlON

2.5 / 2

REGUtJkTO~t 11413 12000

Mr=ASUREMEWr

.... ? X ~ ~
"L

A
= 4.7m. 7 . 0 m . 9.0m, t t . 4 m

~
A1.5

LEI,~O : lOO, tso~ ~oo, ~SO

Figure 13. Test arrangement.

x I 0 "s Spectrum, toO= 1.1354e-009

0.5

i
0.1

0.2

,A

0.3

0.4

0.5

01.6

0.7

0.8

Frequency (I/see)

A
0.9

i
4

Figure 16. Spectrum of measured in-line curvature close to the end of the free span. Full scale current velocity 0.7 m/sec. Case four of Table 1 (L/D=350).

\
C

0.1

--0.2

0.3

0.4 0.5 0.6 Frequency (l/see)

0 7

0 8

0.9

Figure 14. Spectrum of measured in-line curvature close to the end of the free span. Full scale current velocity 0.2 m/sec. Case four of Table I (L/D=350).

61

x 10"~ 2.5

Spectrum, toO= 1.1297e-008

1.5

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

Frequency(llsec)

Figure 17. Spectrum of measured cross-flow curvature close to the end of the free span. Full scale current velocity 0.7 m/sec. Case four of Table 1 (L/D=350). REFERENCES DNV Guidelines-No. 14. "Free Spanning Pipelines", June 1998. Paulsen, G., Soreide, T.H., and Nielsen F.G. "Submerged Floating Pipeline in Deep Water", ISOPE 2000-HM-05. Seattle 2000. Triantafyllou, M.S., Bliek, A. and Shin, H. "Dynamic analysis as a tool for open-sea mooring system design". SNAME annual meeting New York, Nov 1985.

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