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L.APPEENIWIITA
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Technology Selection
Aspects to be considered for selection of technologies for wastewater treatment

Economical Technical Ecological Social

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Pre-initial questions
Is wastewater treatment a priority in protecting public or environmental health? Can pollution be minimised by recovery technologies or public awareness? Is treatment most feasible at centralised or decentralised facilities? Can the intrinsic value of resources in domestic sewage be recovered by reuse?
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Key factors for process selection

Wastewater production rate The characteristics of the sewer system (combined, separate, small-bore) The sources of wastewater (domestic, industrial, stormwater, infiltration) The future opportunities to minimise pollution loads The discharge standards for treated effluents The availability of local skills for design, construction and O&M Environmental conditions such as land availability, geography and climate
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Technology Selection

Wastewater Source

Treatment Objectives

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Source characteristics
Wastewater Flow Production
daily min, average, max flow temporal variations

Wastewater Pollutants
class (matter) quantity (concentration)

Location
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Wastewater in urban environment

Residential wastewater Institutional wastewater
non-treated domestic wastewater

Municipal sewage

Industrial wastewater Urban run-off

pre-treated

combined sewerage separate sewerage

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Stormwater drainage

Wastewater flows
Domestic wastewater production depends on
water supply service climate water availability

Industrial wastewater production depends on

cooling processing cleaning transportation products technological operations

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Wastewater ingredients
Major classes of wastewater contaminants

source: Metcalf & Eddy Inc., 2003

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Groups of pollutants
Group of pollutants

Toxic compounds

Suspended Solids

Organic matter
Nonbiodegradable

Inorganic matter
Heavy Metals

Pathogens microorganisms
Nitrogen & Phosphorous

Coarse

Fine

Biodegradable

Dissolved

Easy

Hard

Dissolved

Emulsions

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Treatment objectives
Effluent quality
public health protection preservation of the oxygen content in the water prevention of eutrophication prevention of sedimentation preventing toxic compounds from entering the food chains promotion of water reuse
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Effluent standards
Typical treated effluent standards

source: Ayers and Westcot, 1985; WHO, 1989

* SAR Sodium adsorption ratio

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Levels of wastewater treatment

Classification of common wastewater treatment processes

after S. Veenstra, G.J. Alaerts and M. Bijlsma, WHO/UNEP, 1997

* UASB - Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Process Selection Criteria

Process applicability Applicable flow range and flow variations Average, or typical, efficiency and performance Land availability (occupation space) Chemical requirements Inhibiting constituents Energy consumptions
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Selection criteria
Reliability of the technology Institutional manageability Financial sustainability Regulatory determinants Climatic constrains Compatibility Adaptability
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Reliability
Provide acceptable effluent under unusual conditions: ./ changing in wastewater characteristics
occasional illegal discharge variation in flow and concentrations high or low temperatures

./ troubles in operations
power failure pump failure poor maintenance
0 Easy repair and restarting
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Institutional manageability
Personal requirements
availability of professionals of appropriate level of skills providing of necessary training

Technical expertise
access to a local network of research for scientific support good quality laboratories
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Financial Factor
Capital costs Operation and maintenance costs

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Capital costs
Land acquisition Administrative costs Legal fees Engineering costs Permitting Construction costs

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Operation and maintenance

Operation and maintenance requires: Careful exhaustive planning Qualified and trained staff devoted to its assignment An extensive and operational system providing spare parts and O&M utilities A maintenance and repair schedule, crew and facility A management atmosphere that aims at ensuring a reliable service with a minimum of interruptions A substantial annual budget that is uniquely devoted to O&M and service improvement
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Operation and maintenance costs

Operator salaries, benefits and training Energy use Treatment or disposal of sludge Equipment repair and replacement Laboratory analysis

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Total costs of treatment

Typical total unit costs for wastewater treatment
Tertiary treatment Total unit cost (investment plus running costs) US$ per m3
Preliminary

Secondary treatment Primary treatment

Removal, %

based on experience gained in EU and USA (after Somlyody, 1993)

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Regulatory Factors
Effluent quality requirements
for surface water discharge

Effluent disposal requirements

for land treatment

Requirements governing the disposal of residuals

for disposal of sludge resulting from treatment

Operator certification requirements

for operators of wastewater treatment facilities

Local/regional restrictions
special requirements of local origin
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Climate
Humidity Precipitation Evaporation rates Seasonal variations Average annual temperatures Probability of flooding or elevated groundwater

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Importance of aspects
Efficiency Reliability Sludge Disposal Land Requirements Environmental Impacts Operational Costs Construction Costs Sustainability Simplicity
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Removal of suspended solids

Coarse, mediocre Grit removal Screening Sedimentation Flotation Coagulation Flocculation Fine, colloidal Depth Filtration Surface Filtration Membrane Filtration

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Sedimentation aspects
The design of the settling tank is based on several factors:
influent TSS concentration effluent TSS concentration surface loading detention time sludge generation
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Flotation
Advantage
+ Grease and light solids to the top and grit and heavy solids settling to the bottom are all removed in one unit + Decreased space requirements and tank size due to high overflow rate and short detention period + Odour nuisance is minimized because of presence of dissolved oxygen in the effluent

Disadvantage
- Higher capital costs tanks to additional equipment - Less efficiency of removal - The pressure type has high power requirements, which increase operating costs - The vacuum type requires a relatively expensive airtight structure - More skilled maintenance is required

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Primary treatment
Remove:
sand grit fibers, floating objects suspended particles

Physicochemical processes is applied for

enhance removal efficiency adjust the pH remove any toxic or inhibitory compounds

Efficiency:
approximately 50-75 per cent of suspended matter 30-50 % of BOD 15-25 % of Kjeldahl-N and total P

Moderate cost
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Removal of organic dissolved solids

Biodegradable Lagoons Activated Sludge Treatment Aeration Wet Combustion Oxidation Ditch Trickling Filtration Anaerobic Digestion Rotated Biological Contactors Ozonation Non-biodegradable Adsorption (Carbon) Reverse Osmosis Chemical Precipitation Chemical Oxidation Electrodialysis Distillation

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Secondary treatment
Classification of secondary treatment technology:

source: S. Veenstra, G.J. Alaerts and M. Bijlsma, WHO/UNEP, 1997

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Anaerobic treatment
Advantage Disadvantage
+ Low sludge production - Low removal efficiency + Effective for concentrated - Effective only at high sewage of organic contaminants sewage temperature + Processing at high hydraulic - Applicable only for highly loading rate biodegradable contaminants + Reliability of power supply + Effluent have higher potential for reuse (contains N,P,K) + Local potential for selling biogas
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Aerobic treatment
Mechanised Use equipment to accelerate the conversion process High removal efficiency of biodegradable contaminants Need for disinfection increase treatment cost and operational complexity Requirement of skilled personnel for regular supply
o o o o

Non-mechanised Low cost High land requirement Less removal efficiency Longer retention time

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Bio-film and suspended growth processes

Comparative analysis of the performance of the trickling filter and the activated sludge process for secondary wastewater treatment (not including BOD removal in primary treatment steps)
Bio-film based Suspended growth

source: S. Veenstra, G.J. Alaerts and M. Bijlsma, WHO/UNEP, 1997

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Removal of inorganic dissolved solids

Evaporation Dialysis Electroflotation Electrodialysis Ion Exchange Reverse Osmosis Chemical Precipitation Distillation
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Examples of physicochemical processes

Chemical oxidation with, for example, O2, O3 or Cl2 (cyanide removal and oxidation of refractory organic compounds). Chemical reduction (for example, H2S assisted conversion of Cr (VI) into Cr (III)). Desorption (stripping) (NH3 and odorous gas removal). Adsorption on activated carbon (removal of refractory organics and heavy metals). Ultra- and micro-filtration (separation of colloidal and dissolved compounds).
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Physicochemical treatment
Advantage Disadvantage

+ Compact technology with low area needs + Good removal of micro-pollutants and P + Fast start-up + Insensitivity to toxic compounds

- Chemical dosing is labour intensive due to fluctuating sewage load and composition - Generation of chemical sludges - High unit cost per m3 of water treated

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Membrane Filtration
Application + Relative small volume of primarily two contaminants + One component is quite valuable + Components are enough different in molecular s + Non-corrosive to membranes Limitation Life of membrane Loss in flux rate Small amount of effluent Limited type of materials which can be removed

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

Evaporation
Application Limitation

+ High solids content + Non-corrosive and non-scale-forming waste + Inexpensive source of heating is available

- Requires source of energy input - Wastewater should be very high in solids content

Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009

References
Water Pollution Control A Guide to the Use of Water Quality Management Principles, 1997 WHO/UNEP Chapter 3 Technology Selection, S. Veenstra, G.J. Alaerts and M. Bijlsma Planning and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs: An Integrated Approach to Eutrophication, 2001, John M. Melack (Editor) Wastewater Engineering: treatment and reuse, 2003, Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. 4th ed., editors: Tchobanoglous, G., Burton F.L., Stensel H.D Industrial and hazardous waste treatment, 1991, Environmental Engineering Series, Van Nostrand Reihold, New York, Nemerow, N.L., Dasgupta, A. Water and Wastewater Technology, 1998, Prentice Hall India Private Ltd. 3rd ed., Hammer, M.J., Hammer, M.J., Jr. Introduction to Environmental Management, 1988, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, Hansen, S.J. and S.E. Jorgensen.
Process Selection in wastewater treatment Nairobi, 03/08/2009