New Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

M A T 1 3 3 C a l c u l u s w i t h A n a l y t i c G e o m e t r y I I
Page 1
Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions
Functions can be categorized into two big groups algebraic and non-algebraic
functions. Algebraic functions: Any function constructed from polynomials using
algebraic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and taking roots). All
rational functions are algebraic.
Transcendental functions are non-algebraic functions. The following are examples of
such functions:
i. Trigonometric functions ii. Logarithmic functions
iii. Exponential functions iv. Inverse trigonometric functions
v. Hyperbolic functions vi. Inverse hyperbolic functions

In this chapter we shall study the properties, the graphs, derivatives and integrals of
each of the transcendental function.

Many functions in the field of mathematics and science are inverses of one another. As
such, we shall briefly revise the concept of inverse functions before going on to
transcendental functions.

7.1 Inverse Functions and Their Derivatives
Objectives
- Determine the inverse of a function
- Obtain the graph of the inverse function from the graph of the function
- Find the inverse function

What exactly is a function?
Functions are a tool for describing the real world in mathematical terms. A function can
be represented by an equation, a graph, a numerical table or a verbal description. In this
section we are going to get familiar with functions and function notation.


Page 2
An equation is a function if for any x in the domain of the equation, the equation yields
exactly one value of y.
The set of values that the independent variable is allowed to assume, i.e., all possible
input values, is called the domain of the function. The set of all values of f(x) as x varies
throughout the domain is called the range of the function.

Example 7.1.1: Given () and ()
find each of the following.

(a) ( )()
(b) ( )()

Notice that in this example ( )() ( )() . This usually does not happen.
However, when two compositions are both there is a relationship between the two
functions.
Consider the following evaluations.
() ()
()
)
In some way we can think of these two functions as undoing what the other did to a
number. Pairs of function that exhibit this behavior are called inverse functions.

We want to determine whether we can reverse f; that is, for any given y in R we can go
back and find the x from which it came. If such function exists it is known as inverse of f
or simply f-inverse. Important inverse functions often show up in applications.

Comments
a. A function has one and only one inverse function.
b. The inverse of f is denoted by
.
c. f( f
-1
(y)) = y and f
-1
(f(x)) = x for x e D and y e R.
d. f
-1
(y) =
1
f(y)
.
e. Domain is R and its range is D.


Page 3
A function is called one-to-one if no two values of x produce the same y. In other words,
(
) (
) whenever
.

Horizontal Line Test: The function f is one-to-one if and only if the graph of f is cut at
most once by any horizontal line.

Example 7.1.2 Determine whether each of the following is one-to-one function.

(b)


Page 4

(c)

Given two one-to-one functions ()and () if
( )() AND ( )()
then we say that () and () are inverses of each other.

() is the inverse of ()and is denoted by ()
() or we can say that () is

the inverse of ()and is denoted by ()
().

Some functions are one-to-one on their entire domain. Other functions are not but by
restricting the function to a smaller domain we create a function that is one-to-one. If f
is 1 - 1 then f has an inverse function, and conversely if f has an inverse function then f is
1 - 1.

Example 7.1.3 Sketch the graphs of the following two functions.

and

(a) Determine the domain and range of each of the functions.
(b) State the intervals on which the functions are increasing and decreasing.
(c) Which of the functions are one-to-one?
(d) Do both the functions have inverse functions?


Page 5
If f is either an increasing function or a decreasing function on the domain of f then f has
an inverse function. Why?

Example 7.1.4 Determine whether each of the following function has an inverse
function.
(a) f(x) = 3x + 5.
(b) f(x) = x - 2x + 1
2
.
(c) f(x) = x + 7x + 4x +1
5 3
.
(d) f(x) = x - 3, x 0
2
> .

Example 7.1.5 Using the functions from Example 7.1.4, find

()

if it exist.

Homework
Exercise 7.1: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 21, 23, 45a, 47

Review Questions
1. What functions have inverses? How do you know if two functions and are inverses
of one another?
2. How are the domains, ranges and graphs of functions and their inverses related?
3. How can you sometimes express the inverse of a function of as a function of ?


Page 6
7.2 Natural Logarithms
Objectives
- The natural logarithmic function
- The number e
- The derivative of the natural logarithmic function
- Integration of the natural logarithmic function

Even though the integrals
1
x
dx , tan x dx and sec x dx
} } }
seem simple, but these
cannot be evaluated in terms of polynomials, rational functions or trigonometric
functions. The primary purpose of this topic is to define a new function which will
enable us to evaluate these and other important integrals.

For , y log x
b
= is equivalent to x b
y
=
.

Special logarithms that arise frequently are
(i) common logarithm
, and
(ii) natural logarithm

e is an irrational number that can be expressed as
e
lim
x
1
1
x
x
=
+
+
|
\
|
.
|
.
e ~ 2.71828...


Page 7

The following is the sketch of both the common logarithm and the natural logarithm.

lim
x
ln x
+
= +

lim
x 0
ln x
=
+

Properties of the Natural Logarithm

For any positive numbers a and c and any rational number r,

(a) ln 1 = 0 (b) ln ac = ln a + ln c
(c) ln
a
c
ln a ln c = (d) ln a r ln a
r
=
(e) ln
1
c
ln c =


Page 8
Example 7.2.1: Without using a calculator or tables, solve for x.
(a) ln x 4
2
= ans:

(b) ln x ln x 30
2
+ =
ans:

(c) () ( ) ans:

(d) (
) ans: (
)

DEFINITION The natural logarithm function is given by

}
> =
x
dt , x
t
x
1
0
1
ln .

Derivatives

| |
d
dx
ln x
1
x
=
| |
d
dx
ln u
1
u
du
dx
, u 0 = >

Example 7.2.2: Find the derivative of y with respect to x.
(a) ) x ( y 4 9 ln + = ans:

(b) x y 1 ln + =

(c)
( ) | |
3
3 4 1 6 ln y + = x x ans:

(d)
3
2
2
1
1 x
ln y
+
=
x
ans:
)

(e)
( )
1 2
4 5
3
+
=
x
x
y ans:
()()

()

(f) || ans: cot x


Page 9
Integration

}
+ = C x dx
x
ln
1

}
+ = C u du
u
ln
1
where u = 0

Example 7.2.3: Evaluate the following integrals.
(a) tan x dx
}
ans: | |
(b) dx
x
x
}
ln
ans:
()

(c) x
x
x
d
5 3
2 }

ans:
|

|
(d)
}
x) dx (
x
ln cos
1
ans: ( )
(e) dx
) x - ( x
}
1
1
ans:| |

Homework
Exercise 7.2: 3, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 33, 41, 45, 49, 51, 53,
55, 65, 67

Review Questions
1. What is the domain and the range of a natural logarithm function?
2 What is logarithmic differentiation? Give an example.


Page 10

7.3 The Exponential Function
Objectives
- Definition of the natural exponential function
- Properties of the natural exponential function
- The derivative of the natural exponential function
- Integrals of the natural exponential function
- Differentiation and integration of other bases

In this topic we start of by introducing the inverse of the natural logarithm function, the
natural exponential function and its derivatives followed by exponential functions and
logarithm functions in general. We shall come across exponential functions frequently
throughout this course.

y
x
y = ln x
1
y = x
y = f
1
(x)
1


Page 11

Given the function () .
(a) Should () have an inverse function?
(b) State the domain and range of .
(c) State the domain and range of f
1
.
(d) Find the equation of the inverse function.

The natural logarithmic and natural exponential functions are inverse functions of one
another.

Problem:
(a) Show that .
(b) Simplify y, where y = e
ln x
, for x > 0.
(c) Simplify ln e
x
, for all x .

Example 7.3.1: Simplify each of the following. State conditions for , if any.
(i) e
ln 2

(ii) e
ln x
2

(iii) e
ln(3x+5)

Derivatives
Problem: Suppose y = e
x
. Find
dx
dy
.

| |
d
dx
e e
x x
=
| |
d
dx
e e
du
dx
u u
=


Page 12
Example 7.3.2: Differentiate each of the following with respect to .
(a)
3
1 x
e y

=
(b)
x x
e y
tan
=
(c) ( )
x
e y cos ln =
(d)
x
x
1
ln
e
e
y
+
=
(e) y xe x
3 y 2
+ = 3 10

Integration
Since
is its own derivative, it is also its own antiderivative.

e dx e C
x x
= +
}
e du e C
u u
= +
}

Example 7.3.3: Solve each of the following integrals.
(a) e dx
5x
}

(b)
}
dx
e
2
3/x
x

(c) e sec x dx
t an x 2
}

(d)
e
dx
2x
x
e +
}
3

Homework
Exercise 7.3: 1, 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 19, 21, 25, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49

Review Questions
1. What is the domain, the range and the derivative of the natural exponential function?
2. Comment on its graph.


Page 13
x log and a
a
x

The function f defined by f(x) = a
x
is called the exponential function with base a, where
a is a positive number (a > 0 and ) and x is any real number.
We avoid because we get a constant function() .

Sketch the graph of y = a
x
, a > 0.

From the graph we can state some of the properties of the exponential function.

Problem:
(a) If y = a
x
, find
dy
dx
.
(b) Solve a dx
x
}
.

| |
dx
du
a ln a a
dx
d
u u
=

C
a ln
a
du a
u
u
+ =
}

y
x
y = a
x
for 0 < a < 1
y = a
x
for a > 1
1


Page 14

Example 7.3.4: Find the derivative of with respect to .
(a)
x
y 3 =
(b) ( )
1
2 10
2
10 1
+
+ + =
x
x y
(c)
x
y
sin
2 =

(a)
}
dx
x
2
(b)
}
dx
x
2
1/x
5

(c)
}
x dx
x
sin 2
cos

If is any positive number other than 1, the function a
x
is one-to-one and has an inverse
function. We call the inverse the logarithm of x with base a and is denoted by log
a
x.

Two basic properties that are very useful in this topic are as follows.
For any number a > 0,
(i) x a
x
a
=
log
for

(ii)
x a
x
=
a
log
for x all real number

Example 7.3.5: Solve for log
a
x: x a =
x
a
log
.

Example 7.3.6: Show that | |
a x
x
dx
d
a
ln
1
log = .


Page 15

Example 7.3.7: Solve each of the following.
(a) ( )
d
dx
x log
10
2
3
2 5 +
(

(b) dx
x
x log

4
1
2
}

(c)
| |
d
dx
x
2

(d)
| |
d
dx
x
x
where x > 0

(e) ( )
| |
d
dx
x sin
tan x

Homework
Exercise 7.3: 57, 59, 61, 63, 65, 67, 71, 73, 77, 81, 87, 89, 91, 95, 97, 99, 101,
105, 111, 115, 117

Review Question
1. For the functions
and
, are there any restrictions on ? Explain.


Page 16
7.6 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Objectives
- To define the inverse trigonometric functions
- To evaluate the inverse trigonometric functions
- To differentiate the inverse trigonometric functions
- To integrate functions involving inverse trigonometric functions

Preliminaries
There are six basic trigonometric functions. Since the trigonometric functions are
periodic or repeating, none of the functions are one-to-one. As such these functions do
not have inverses. However, the domains can be restricted to obtain functions that do
have inverses.

Inverse trigonometric functions arise when we want to calculate angles from side
measurements in triangles. We shall go through inverse sine and inverse tangent in
detail.

Inverse sine function

-1

y
x
2
t

y = sin x
1
t
2


Page 17
By restricting the domain to
(
t t
2 2
, , we obtain a one-to-one function so that it has
an inverse function.

Note:
1. Inverse sine function is denoted by sin
1
.
2.
| |
D : 1, 1
f
1
R
f
(
1
2 2
: ,
t t

3. sin(sin x) x , if 1 x 1
1
= s s .
sin (sin y) y , if
1
= s s
t t
2 2
y .
4. x y
1
sin
= if and only if x = sin y for 1 1 s s x and

2 2
t t
s s y .

Example 7.6.1: Evaluate each of the following and give your answer in terms of .
(a) sin
|
\
|
.
|
1
1
2
ans:

(b) sin
|
\
|
.
|
1
1
2

ans:

(c) sin sin
|
\
|
.
|
1
6
t
ans:

(d) sin sin
|
\
|
.
|
1
3
2
t

ans:

Evaluating an inverse trigonometric function is the same as asking what angle did we
substitute into the sine function to get x. The restrictions on y given above are there to
make sure that we get a consistent answer out of the inverse sine. We know that there
are in fact an infinite number of angles that will work and we want a consistent value
when we work with inverse sine. When using the range of angles above gives all
possible values of the sine function exactly once.


Page 18

Example 7.6.2: Simplify the expression cos(sin x)
1
.

Inverse tangent function

Note:
1. Inverse tangent function is denoted by tan
1
.
2. ( ) D
f
: , + R
f

|
\
|
.
|
1
2 2
: ,
t t

3. tan(tan
1
x) = x , if < < + x .
tan
1
(tan y) = y , if < <
t t
2 2
y .
4. y = tan
1
x if and only if x = tan y for < < + x and < <
t t
2 2
y .
5.

y
x
2
t

t
2

y = tan x
t
2

y
x
t
2

y = tan
1
x


Page 19
Example 7.6.3: Calculate tan ( )
1
3 .

Example 7.6.4: Simplify sec (tan x)
2 1
.

Other Inverse Trigonometric Functions
i. y = cos
1
x if and only if x = cos y if 0 s s y t and s s 1 1 x .
ii. y = cot
1
x if and only if x = cot y if 0 < < y t and < < + x .
iii. y = csc
1
x if and only if x = csc y if y e
|
.
|

|
\
(
t t
2
0
2
, 0 , and
( | | ) x e + , 1 1, .
iv. y = sec
1
x if and only if x = sec y if y e
|
.
|

|
\
(
0
2 2
, ,
t t
t and
( | | ) + , , 1 1 .

Example 7.6.5: Without using a calculator, calculate
(a) sin cos 2
2
3
1
|
\
|
.
|
(b)
( )
cos tan 2
1
x

Derivatives
Problem: Suppose x y
1
sin
= . Find
dx
dy
.


Page 20

Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(1) | | 1
1
1
sin
2
1
<
u ,
dx
du
u
u
dx
d

(2) | | 1
1
1
cos
2
1
<
u ,
dx
du
u
u
dx
d

(3) | |
dx
du
u
u
dx
d

2
1
1
1
tan
+
=

(4) | |
dx
du
u
u
dx
d

2
1
1
1
cot
+
=

(5) | | 1
1
1
sec
2
1
>
u ,
dx
du
u u
u
dx
d

(6) | | 1
1
1
csc
2
1
>
u ,
dx
du
u u
u
dx
d

Example 7.6.6: Find the derivative of y with respect to x. Simplify your answer where
possible.
(a) ) ( sin
3 1
x y

=
(b) ) ( sin
1
x x y

=
(c)
y e
x
=

sec ( )
1


Page 21

(d) x x y
1 1
tan 10 cos 4

=
(e) y
x
x
=

+
|
\
|
.
|
tan
1
1
1

Identities
1.

2.

3.

Integrals of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

(1) 1 sin
1
1
1
2
u c, u du
u
< + =
}

(2)
}
+ =
+

c u du
u
1
2
tan
1
1

(3) 1 sec
1
1
1
2
> + =
}

u c, u du
u u

(a)
}
+
dx
e
e
x
x
2
1

(b)
}
1 9
2
x x
dx

(c)
}

dx
x
2
4 9
1


Page 22
(d)
}
+
dx
x x x 3 4 ) 2 (
1
2

(e)
}

dx
x x 1
1

Homework
Exercise 7.6: 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 47, 49, 55, 57, 59, 65, 67,
71, 75, 77, 79, 81, 87, 89


Page 23
Graphs of trigonometric functions

1. y = tan x

2. y = cot x

-
-
- -
- -
2
t

t
2
t t t 2
2
3t

1
1
-
-
-
-
- -
-
-
- -
t 2
2
3t

t
2
t

2
t t t 2
2
3t

2
4
2
4
2
5t

2
5t

x
y
y
x


Page 24

3. y = csc x

4. y = sec x

1
1
y = sec x y = cos x
y = sec x
t 2
2
3t

t
2
t

2
t
t
2
3t

t 2
2
3t

t 2
t
2
t
t
2
3t

2
t

1
1
y = csc x
y = sin x
t 2
y = csc x
x
y
y
x


Page 25
7.8 Hyperbolic Functions
Objectives
- Define Hyperbolic functions
- Differentiation and integration of hyperbolic functions
- Inverse hyperbolic functions
- Differentiation and integration of inverse hyperbolic functions

Many of the advanced application of calculus involve certain combinations of e
x
and e
x
.
These combinations are called the hyperbolic functions. The hyperbolic functions and
their inverses are used to solve a variety of problems in the physical sciences and
engineering.

Definition
The hyperbolic sine function, denoted by sinh, and the hyperbolic cosine function,
denoted by cosh, are defined by

2
sinh
x x
e e
x

= and
2
cosh
x x
e e
x

+
=

for every real number x.
Note: We pronounce sinh x and cosh x as sinch x and kosh x, respectively.


Page 26
Other hyperbolic functions
hyperbolic tangent : tanh x
sinh x
cosh x
e e
e e
x x
x x
= =

+

hyperbolic cotangent: coth x
cosh x
sinh x
e e
e e
, x 0
x x
x x
= =
+

hyperbolic secant : sech x
1
cosh x
2
e e
x x
= =
+

hyperbolic cosecant : csch x
1
sinh x
2
e e
, x 0
x x
= =

Note: We pronounce the four functions as tansh x, cotansh x, setch x.
The following are graphs of three main hyperbolic functions.


Page 27

The graphs of the remaining three hyperbolic functions are given at the end of this
topic.

Many identities for the hyperbolic functions are similar to the identities for
trigonometric functions. Any differences which occur usually involve signs of the terms.
(1) 1 sinh cosh
2 2
= x x
(2) x h x
2 2
sec tanh 1 =
(3) x h x
2 2
csc 1 coth =
(4) x x x cosh sinh 2 2 sinh =
(5) cosh 2x x x
2 2
sinh cosh + =
1 sinh 2
2
+ = x
1 cosh 2
2
= x
(6) x x) ( cosh cosh =
(7) x x) ( sinh sinh =

In each case it is sufficient to express the hyperbolic functions in terms of exponential
functions and show that one side of the equation can be transformed into the other.

Derivatives
Because the hyperbolic functions are defined in terms of exponential functions finding their
derivatives is fairly simple.


Page 28
Problem : Suppose y = sinh x. Find
dy
dx
.

To find the derivatives of and we use the definition and quotient rule. For
the remaining functions we can use the results obtained together with the quotient
rule.

Derivatives of Hyperbolic Functions

(1) | |
dx
du
u u
dx
d
cosh sinh =

(2) | |
dx
du
u u
dx
d
sinh cosh =

(3) | |
dx
du
u h u
dx
d
2
sec tanh =

(4) | |
dx
du
u h u
d
d
2
csc coth =

(5) | |
dx
du
u h u h u
dx
d
tanh sec sec =

(6) | |
dx
du
u h u h u
dx
d
coth csc csc =

Example 7.7.1: Find the derivative of y with respect to x for each of the following.
(a)
( )
y x = + cosh
2
1
(b) y = tanh(sin x)
(c) y x = sinh ( )
2
3 1


Page 29

Integral formulas for hyperbolic functions

(1) sinh u du =
}

(2) cosh u du =
}

(3) sech u du
2
}
=

(4) csch u du
2
=
}

(5) sech u tanh u du =
}

(6) csch u coth u du =
}

(a)
}
x dx x cosh sinh
5

(b)
}
x dx tanh
(c) dx
h x
e
x
}
sec
sinh

Homework
Exercise 7.7: 13, 15, 19, 21, 43, 45, 47, 49, 53, 55, 59


Page 30

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
The inverse of the six hyperbolic functions are very useful in integration.

Inverse hyperbolic sine function
Since the hyperbolic sine function is continuous and increasing for all x, it has an
inverse function.
(a) Inverse hyperbolic sine is denoted by sinh
1
.
(b) D
f
1
: R
f
1
:
(c) x y
1
sinh
= if any only if x = sinh y.

(d) Since sinh x is defined in terms of e , sinh x
x 1
can be expressed in terms of the
natural logarithmic function.
(e) Find | | x
dx
d
1
sinh
.

Results
(a) ( ) < < + + =
x , 1 ln sinh
2 1
x x x
(b) ( ) 1 x , 1 ln cosh
2 1
> + =
x x x
(c) tanh ln
=
+
<
1
1
2
1
1
1 x
x
x
x ,
(d) sec ln h x
x
x
x
=
+
< s
1
2
1 1
0 1 ,
(e) csc ln h x
x
x
x
= +
+
|
\
|
.
|
|
=
1
2
1 1
0 , x
(f) coth ln
=
+
>
1
1
2
1
1
1 x
x
x
x ,


Page 31
Derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
(a) | |
dx
du
u
u
dx
d
2
1
1
1
sinh
+
=

(b) | | 1 ,
1
1
cosh
2
1
>
u
dx
du
u
u
dx
d

(c) | | 1 ,
dx
du
1
1
tanh
2
1
<
u
u
u
dx
d

(d) | | 1 ,
dx
du
1
1
coth
2
1
>
u
u
u
dx
d

(e) | | 1 0 ,
dx
du
1
1
sec
2
1
< <
u
u u
u h
dx
d

(f) | | 0 ,
dx
du
1
1
csc
2
1
=
+
=
u
u u
u h
dx
d

Example 7.7.3: Find the derivative of y with respect to x for each of the following.
(a) y =

sinh
1
(tan x)
(b) y x
x
=
|
\
|
.
|
sinh
1
1

(c) y x =
tanh ( )
1 2
1


Page 32
Integrals leading to inverse hyperbolic functions
(a)
1
1
2
1
+
= +
}

u
u c du sinh
(b)
1
1
2
1
u
du u c
= +
}
cosh
(c)
1
1
2
=
+ <
+ >

}
u
du
tanh u c if u 1
coth u c if u 1
1
1

(d)
1
1
0 1
2
1
u u
du h u c u
= + < <
}
sec ,
(e)
1
1
0
2
1
u u
du h u c
+
= + =
}
csc , u

(a)
}
+
dx
x 1 x
1

(b)
dx
x 1 9
2
+
}

(c)
( )
}
+
dx
x x
2
ln 1
1

(d)
1
x 1 x
dx
6
+
}

Homework
Exercise 7.7 25, 27, 31, 33, 67, 71, 73

Chapter 7 Practice Exercises
13, 21, 25, 27, 29, 31, 35, 41, 49, 55, 57, 63, 69, 73, 75, 77, 79, 81

New Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

New Chapter 7 Transcendental Functions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

M A T 1 3 3 C a l c u l u s w i t h A n a l y t i c G e o m e t r y I I

find each of the following.

() or we can say that () is

is its own derivative, it is also its own antiderivative.

, are there any restrictions on ? Explain.

= if and only if x = sin y for 1 1 s s x and

= if any only if x = sinh y.

You might also like