Network Analysis Notes

Network Analysis
10ES34
PART A UNIT 1: Basic Concepts: Practical sources, Source transformations, Network reduction using Star Delta transformation, Loop and node analysis With linearly dependent and independent sources for DC and C networks, Concepts of super node and super mesh 7 Hours UNIT 2: Network Topolog : !raph of a network, Concept of tree and co"tree, incidence matri#, tie"set, tie"set and cut"set schedules, $ormulation of e%uili&rium e%uations in matri# form, Solution of resisti'e networks, Principle of duality" 7 Hours UNIT !: Network T#eore$s 1: Superposition, (eciprocity and )illman*s theorems % Hours UNIT &: Network T#eore$s ' II: +he'inin*s and Norton*s theorems, )a#imum Power transfer theorem % Hours PART B UNIT (: Resonant Circuits: Series and parallel resonance, fre%uency"response of series and Parallel circuits, - factor, .andwidth/ %Hours UNIT %: Transient )e#a*ior an+ initial con+itions: .eha'ior of circuit elements under switching condition and their (epresentation, e'aluation of initial and final conditions in (L, (C and (LC circuits for C and DC e#citations/ 7 Hours UNIT 7: ,aplace Trans-or$ation . Applications : Solution of networks, step, ramp and impulse responses, wa'eform Synthesis
7 Hours
UNIT /: Two port network para$eters: Definition of 0, y, h and transmission parameters, modeling with these parameters, relationship &etween parameters sets % Hours T01T B2234: 1/ 5Network Anal sis67 )/ 2/ 5an 5alken&urg, P67 8 Pearson 2ducation, 9rd 2dition/ (eprint 3443/ nd 3/ 5Networks an+ s ste$s67 (oy Choudhury, 3 edition, 344: re"print, New ge 7nternational Pu&lications/ R080R0NC0 B2234: th 1/ 7 50ngineering Circuit Anal sis67 6ayt, ;emmerly and Dur&in+)6 : 2dition, 3443 3/ 5Network anal sis an+ 4 nt#esis67 $ranklin $/ ;uo, Wiley 7nternational 2dition, th 9/ 5Anal sis o- ,inear 4 ste$s6, Da'id ;/ Cheng, Narosa Pu&lishing 6ouse, 11 reprint, 3443 </ 5Circuits6, .ruce Carlson, +homson Learning, 3444/ (eprint 3443 9uestion Paper Pattern: Student should answer $752 full %uestions out of = %uestions to &e set each carrying 34 marks, selecting at least T:2 ;uestions -ro$ eac# part/
Co*erage in t#e Te<ts:

UNIT 1: +e#t 3: 1/:, 3/9, 3/< > lso refer R1:3/<, </1 to </:, ?/9, ?/:, 14/@ +his &ook gi'es concepts of super node and super meshA UNIT 2: +e#t 3: 9/1 to 9/11 UNIT ! an+ UNIT &: +e#t 3 B/1 to B/B UNIT (: +e#t 3 =/1 to =/9 UNIT %: +e#t 1 Chapter ?, UNIT 7: +e#t 1 B/< to B/B, =/1 to =/? UNIT /: +e#t 1 11/1 to 11/
INDEX SHEET
SL.NO 1 UNIT 01 UNIT 01 UNIT 01 UNIT 01 UNIT 01 UNIT 01 UNIT 01 UNIT 01 University syllabus 1: Basic C nce!ts Assignment !estions " #: Net$ r% T ! l &y Assignment !estions " ': Net$ r% T(e re)s 1 Assignment !estions " *: Net$ r% T(e re)s " II Assignment !estions " +: ,es nant Circuits Assignment !estions " -: Transient be(avi r an. initial c n.iti ns Assignment !estions /: La!lace Trans0 r)ati n 1 A!!licati ns Assignment !estions 2: T$ ! rt net$ r% !ara)eters Assignment !estions TOPIC PAGE NO. 2-3 5-14 15-1" 1#-3" 3#-3$ 40-4" 4#-4$ 50-5# 5$-%0 %1-%$ "0-"1 "2-#3 #4-#5 #%-$5 $%-$" $#-110 111-112
Unit: 1 : Basic
C nce!ts
Hrs: 07
Syllabus of unit 1:
&ra'ti'al so!r'es( So!r'e trans)ormations( Network re*!'tion !sing Star + Delta trans)ormation( ,oo- an* no*e analysis .it/ linearly *e-en*ent an* in*e-en*ent so!r'es )or D0 an* A0 networks 0on'e-ts o) s!-er no*e an* s!-er mes/1
Recommended readings:
11 3Net$ r% Analysis45 21 E1 3an 3alken4!rg( &HI 5 &earson E*!'ation #. 3Net$ r%s an. syste)s45 6oy 0/o!*/!ry( 2 e*ition( New Age International &!4li'ations 1
3. Net$ r% t(e ry , 7anes/ 6ao. 4. 3Net$ r% analysis , 6oy 0/o!*ry.
BA4IC ,A:4:
11 8H2S ,A. IA;-0!rrent )rom A to ;
39I:
IA; <
3A;93oltage o) A w1r1t ;
: 3A; -
21 =0, i1<i4<i59i2<i3 i90
i1 i2 i3 alge4rai' s!m > Iin9-Io!t?
or iin9 iio!t
i5 31 =3, 32 @90
i4
alge4rai' s!m >3rise9 -3*ro-?
I2 < :2 < @rise9 @*ro31 :1 - E2 < I1 E1 < :3 33 < :4 I3 I4 34 6e)eren'e Dire'tion E1-E2931-32<33-349I1:1-I2:2<I3:3-I4:4
C2NN0CTI2N4
SE,IES
1
PA,ELLEL
< 3 - < 32 :1
< 3n :n
:2
<
:i5:?3
0!rrent Di@ision II9>Ai5A?I
I935:9315:19325:29--------------
39I5A9I15A19I25A29-------------
Pro)le$s
110al'!late t/e @oltages 312(323(334 in t/e network s/own in Big( i) 3a91"132<C10 34930 #0 0 3 an* 30915 -1003 wit/ 0al'!lator in 'om-leD an* *egree mo*e 312 9 -3' < 34 3 0 9 >0-15 -100 <30 #0 ? 9 45 #0 3 E < 323 9 3a-34<3' 9 3a + 312 3a 0 0 9 1"132<10i- 45 #0 9 351%1 -"4152 < 3' 334 9 34 - 3a 9 30 #0 - 1"132-10i 9 23 1211"#0 1 2 4 < 34
-
21How is '!rrent o) 10A s/are* 4y 3 im-e*an'es :192-F5G :2 9 %1"0# 2%15% an* :3 9 3 < F4 all 'onne'te* in -arallel AnsH -1 -1 -1 -1 0 : 9 A 9 >>2-5i? < >%1"0# 2%15? <>3<4i? 9 310% $155 0 0 0 391: 9 301% $155 H >2-5i? 951%# ""1"5 I1 9 35:19>301% $155 ? I2 9 3 9 >301% $1550 ? :2 0 I3 9 3 9 >301% $155 ? :2 H >%1"0# 2%15%? 9 415% -1"0 H >3<4i? 9 %112 -431%
0
31 In t/e 'ir'!it *etermine w/at @oltage m!st 4e a--lie* a'ross A; in or*er t/at a '!rrent o) 10 A may )low in t/e 'a-a'itor I1 5G %G #G 10 G
A 0
3A09 >"-#i?>10? 9 10%13 -4#1#
I2
"G
#G
I1 9 3A0 9 131%1 -$$0 5<%i I 9 I1<I2 9 10 00 <131%1 -$$0 9 1515"% -5$1%0 3 931<32 9 10%13 -4#1 < >1515"% -5$1%? >#<10i?92#$ -220
Practical s urces:
Network is a system wit/ inter'onne'te* ele'tri'al elements1 Network an* 'ir'!it are t/e same1 T/e only *i))eren'e 4eing a 'ir'!it s/all 'ontain at least one 'lose* -at/1 Ele'tri'al Elements So!r'es In*e-en*ent So!r'es 2 De-en*ant So!r'es N 1 &assi@e Elements 6 >Energy 0ons!ming Element? , >Energy storing element in a magneti' )iel*? 0 >Energy storing element in an Ele'tri' )iel*?
3oltage So!r'e >i*eal?
0!rrent So!r'e >i*eal? A A I
kiD
g@D
<k@D -
<@iD >*?
E <
>a?
>4?
>'?
>a?0!rrent 'ontrolle* '!rrent so!r'e >4? 3oltage 'ontrolle* '!rrent so!r'e >'? 3oltage 'ontrolle* @oltage so!r'e >*? 0!rrent 'ontrolle* @oltage so!r'e 2 >3al!e o) so!r'e !antity is not a))e'te* in anyway 4y a'ti@ities in t/e remin*er o) t/e 'ir'!it1? N >So!r'e I!antity is *etermine* 4y a @oltage or '!rrent eDisting at some ot/er ,o'ation in t/e 'ir'!it? T/ese a--ear in t/e eI!i@alent mo*els )or many ele'troni' *e@i'es like transistors( 8&A2&S an* integrate* 'ir'!its1
&ra'ti'e 3oltage so!r'e
2es/ >loo-?
,oo-
&ra'ti'al '!rrent so!r'e
6e)eren'e no*e
T6PES O7 NET8O,9S
Linear an. N nlinear Net$ r%s: A network is linear i) t/e -rin'i-le o) s!-er-osition /ol*s i1e i) e1>t?( r1 >t? an* e2>t?( r2 >t? are eD'itation an* res-onse -airs t/en i) eD'itation is e1 >t? < e2 >t? t/en t/e res-onse is r1 >t? < r2>t?1 T/e network not satis)ying t/is 'on*ition is nonlinear EDH- ,inear + 6esistors( In*!'tors( 0a-a'itors1 Nonlinear + Semi'on*!'tors *e@i'es like transistors( sat!rate* iron 'ore in*!'tor( 'a-a'itan'e o) a --n )!n'tion1 Passive an. active Net$ r%s: A ,inear network is -assi@e i) >i? t/e energy *eli@ere* to t/e network is nonnegati@e )or any eD'itation1 >ii? no @oltages an* '!rrents a--ear 4etween any two terminals 4e)ore any eD'itation is a--lie*1 EDam-leH- 6(, an* 01 A'ti@e networkH- Networks 'ontaining *e@i'es /a@ing internal energy +7enerators( am-li)iers an* os'illators1 Unilateral 1 Bilateral: T/e 'ir'!it( in w/i'/ @oltage '!rrent relations/i- remains !naltere* wit/ t/e re@ersal o) -olarities o) t/e so!r'e( is sai* to 4e 4ilateral1 EDH- 6( , J 0 I) 3-I relations/i-s are *i))erent wit/ t/e re@ersal o) -olarities o) t/e so!r'e( t/e 'ir'!it is sai* to 4e !nilateral1 EDH- semi'on*!'tor *io*es1
Lumped & Distributed: Elements of a circuit, which are separated physically, are known as lumped element s. Ex:! ".
element s.
Elements, which are not separa#le for analytical purposes, are known as distri#uted Ex:- transmission lines ha$in% &, , " all alon% their len%th.
'n the former care (irchhoff)s laws hold %ood #ut in the latter case *axwell)s laws are re+uired for ri%orous solution. Reciprocal: , network is said to #e reciprocal if when the locations of excitation and response are interchan%ed, the relationship #etween them remains the same.
4ource Trans-or$ation:
'n network analysis it may #e re+uired to transform a practical $olta%e source into its e+ui$alent practical current source and $ice -hese are done as explained #elow $ersa . ./ E/ a . # # fi% 2 2. 3or the same '/ .0 a .
fi% 1 "onsider a $olta%e source and a current source as shown in 3i%ure 1 and load . across the terminals a ! # in #oth the circuits, are the currents '4 E/ : s<:, Bor eI!i@alen'e9 ES 9 IS :S<:, T/ere)ore ES 9 IS : & an* :S 9 : & T/ere)ore
1
in fi% 1
and
' 4
'/ . .
in fi% 2
: - < :,
:& : &<:,
ES ES 9 :& :S Trans)ormation )rom a -ra'ti'al @oltage so!r'e to a -ra'ti'al '!rrent so!r'e eliminates a no*e1
IS 9
Trans)ormation )rom a -ra'ti'al '!rrent so!r'e to a '!rrent so!r'e eliminates a mes/1 A -ra'ti'al '!rrent so!r'e is in -arallel wit/ an im-e*an'e :- is eI!i@alent to a @oltage so!r'e Es9Is :- in series wit/ :-1 A -ra'ti'al @oltage so!r'e Es in series wit/ a im-e*an'e :s is eI!i@alent to a '!rrent so!r'e Es5:s in -arallel wit/ :s1
42URC0 4HI8TIN=:
So!r'e s/i)ting is o''asionally !se* to sim-li)y a network1 T/is sit!ation arises 4e'a!se o) t/e )a't t/an an i*eal @oltage so!r'e 'annot 4e re-la'e* 4y a '!rrent so!r'e1 ,ike wise i*eal '!rrent so!r'e 'annot 4e re-la'e* 4y a @oltage so!r'e1 ;!t s!'/ a so!r'e trans)ormation is still -ossi4le i) t/e )ollowing te'/niI!es are )allowe*1 ' :3 a :1 < E K8 8 D :2 4 :1 < D E - ' :3 :2 4
< D
< D
>a? E s/i)t o-eration
I :1 I :2 : :4 4 I :3 :1 :4 :1 :2
:2 :3 I
:4
:3 I
>4? I s/i)t o-eration
10 10
4ources wit# e;ui*alent ter$inal c#aracteristics
< 31 32 < -
< 31<32
< 31 -
< - 3 3 29 1
< @19@2
>i?Series @oltage so!r'es
>ii? &arallel @oltage so!r'es>i*eal? i1
i1
i2
i1<i2
i19i2
i1
>iii? &arallel '!rrent so!r'es
>i@?Series '!rrent so!r'es>i*eal? : :
< 3 L:
< 3 -
>@?3oltage so!r'e wit/ -arallel :
>@i?0!rrent so!r'e wit/ series : < 3 I I
< -
@iii? 3 an* I in Series
>@ii? 3 an* I in &arallel
>elta'star trans-or$ation:
A set o) star 'onne'te* >A oHr T? immittan'es 'an 4e re-la'e* 4y an eI!i@alent set o) mes/ >5 or M? 'onne'te* immittan'es or @i'e @ersa1 S!'/ a trans)ormation is o)ten ne'essary to sim-li)y -assi@e networks( t/!s a@oi*ing t/e nee* )or any mes/ or no*al analysis1 Bor eI!i@alen'e( t/e immittan'e meas!re* 4etween any two terminals !n*er s-e'i)ie* 'on*itions m!st 4e t/e same in eit/er 'ase1
:ELTA t 6 trans0 r)ati n: 0onsi*er t/ree N-'onne'te* im-e*an'es :A;( :;0 an* :0A a'ross terminals A( ; an* 01 It is reI!ire* to re-la'e t/ese 4y an eI!i@alent set :A( :; an* :0 'onne'te* in star1 A :A; 0 ; :;0 ; :; :0 :A0 A :A 0
In 5( im-e*an'e meas!re* 4etween A an* ; wit/ 0 o-en is :A; >:;0 < :0A? :A;< :;0 < :0A .it/ 0 o-en( in A( im-e*an'e meas!re* 4etween A an* ; is :A; >:;0 < :0A? Bor eI!i@alen'e :A<:; 9 : A;< :;0 < :0A :A<:;1
----------->1?
Similarly )or im-e*an'e meas!re* 4etween ; an* 0 wit/ A o-en :; < :0 9 :;0 >:0A < :A;? ----------------------------->2? :A;< :;0 < :0A Bor im-e*an'e meas!re* 4etween 0 an* A wit/ ; o-en :0A >:A; < :;0? -------------------------------->3? :0 < :A 9 :A;< :;0 < :0A A**ing >1?( >2? an* >3? 2 >:A< :; < :0? 9 :A 9 2 >:A; :;0 < :;0:0A < :0A:A;? :A;< :;0 < :0A - >:; < :0?
>:A; :;0 < :;0:0A < :0A:A;? :A;< :;0 < :0A
S!4stit!ting )or :; < :0 )rom >2? : A :A; :A 9 : 0 9 A;< :; < :0A :

0A
: A;
: A; Similarly 4y symmetry :; 9 :0 9 :A; :;0 :A; :;0 :0A :A; :O 1 3
I)
:A; 9 :;0 9 :0A 9 :O t/en :A 9 :; 9 :0 9 :A 9
6 t ; trans0 r)ati n: 0onsi*er t/ree A 'onne'te* a*mittan'e Aa( A4 an* A' a'ross t/e terminals A( ; an* 01 It is reI!ire* to re-la'e t/em 4y a set o) eI!i@alent O a*mittan'es Aa4( A4' an* A'a1
A*mittan'e meas!re* 4etween A an* ; wit/ ; J 0 s/orte* In A In O AA >A; < A0? AA< A; < A0 AA; < A0A
A AA;
AA0 0
AA 0
A;0
A;
A0
Bor eI!i@alen'e AA; < A0A 9 AA >A; < A0? AA< A; < A0
------------------------->1?
A*mittan'e 4etween ; an* 0 wit/ 0 J A s/orte* A >A0 < AA? ------------------------------------>2? A;0 < AA; 9 A ;< A A ; < A0 A*mittan'e 4etween 0 an* A wit/ A J ; s/orte* A >AA < A;? --------------------------------->3? A0A < A;0 9 A0 < A A ; < A0 AAA; < A;A0 < A0AA A**ing >1?( >2? an* >3? AA; < A;0 < A0A 9 AA< A; < A0 AA; 9 P AA A; P AA - >A;0 < A0A? s!4stit!ting )rom >3?
AA A; A ; A0 A A H A0A 9 9 A <AA ;< A H A;0 9 AA< A; < A0 AA< A; < A0 A ; 0 In terms o) im-e*an'es( :A :; < :;:0 < :0:A A < A; < A0 :A; 9 A 9 :0 AA A; :A :; < :;:0 < :0:A Similarly :;0 9 :A :A :; < :;:0 < :0:A :0A 9 :; I) :A 9 :; 9 :0 9 :A t/en :A; 9 :;0 9 :0A 9 :O 9 3:A 1
Assignment
uestions:
1A Disting!is/ t/e )ollowing wit/ s!ita4le eDam-les1 i? ,inear an* non-linear elements1 ii? Qnilateral an* trilateral elements1 iii? In*e-en*ent an* *e-en*ent so!r'es1 2? .rite t/e mes/ eI!ation )or t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Big1 1 an* *etermine mes/ '!rrents !sing mes/ analysis1
7 i& . 1
3? Esta4lis/ star + *elta relations/i- s!ita4ly 4? Qsing so!r'e trans)ormation( )in* t/e -ower *eli@ere* 4y t/eR50 3 @oltage so!r'e in t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Big1
5? Bin* t/e -ower *eli@ere* 4y t/e 5A '!rrent so!r'e in t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Big14 4y !sing t/e no*al met/o*1
:A Bor t/e network s/own in )ig1 2( *etermine t/e @oltage 3 !sing so!r'e s/i)t an* 5 or so!r'e
trans)ormation te'/niI!es only1 T/en @eri)y 4y no*e eI!ations
BA Qse mes/ '!rrent met/o* to *etermine t/e '!rrent in t/e 'a-a'itor o) %: o) t/e 4ri*ge network s/own in )ig1 51
=A Qse no*e eI!ations to *etermine w/at @al!e o) SET will 'a!se 3D to 4e Lero )or t/e network
s/own in )ig1 %1
$? 84tain t/e *elta 'onne'te* eI!i-ment o) t/e network s/own in )ig1 11
10? '? Bin* t/e @oltage a'ross t/e 'a-a'itor o) 20 : rea'tan'e o) t/e network s/own in )ig1 2( 4y re*!'ing t/e network to 'ontain one so!r'e only( 4y so!r'e trans)ormation te'/niI!es1
116 '? Qse 3 mes/ eI!ations )or t/e network s/own in )ig1 5 to *etermine 6 an* 01 s!'/ t/at
t/e '!rrent in 3<C4: is Lero 1 Take . 9 50 ra*5se'1
Unit: ! Net$ r% T ! l &y: Syllabus of unit

7ra-/ o) a
Hrs: 07
Network( 0on'e-t o) t r e e an* 0o-tree( matriD( tie-set( tie-set an* in'i*en'e 0!t-set s'/e*!les( Borm!lation 8) eI!ations in matriD )orm( Sol!tion o) resisti@e networks( eI!ili4ri!m &rin'i-le o) *!ality
11 3Net$ r% Analysis45 21 E1 3an 3alken4!rg( &HI 5 &earson E*!'ation #. 3Net$ r%s &!4li'ations 1 an. syste)s45 6oy 0/o!*/!ry( 2 e*ition( New Age International
Net work Topolog

:e0initi n:
T/e term 'ir'!it to-ology re)ers to t/e s'ien'e o) -la'ement o) elements an* is a st!*y o) t/e geometri' 'on)ig!rations1 U0ir'!it to-ology is t/e st!*y o) geometri' -ro-erties o) a 'ir'!it !se)!l )or *es'ri4ing t/e 'ir'!it 4e/a@iorU Ter)s use. in T ! l &y: T/e )ollowing terms are o)ten !se* in network to-ology Gra!(: In t/e gi@en network i) all t/e 4ran'/es are re-resente* 4y line segments t/en t/e res!lting )ig!re is 'alle* t/e gra-/ o) a network >or linear gra-/?1 T/e internal im-e*an'e o) an i*eal @oltage so!r'e is Lero an* /en'e it is re-la'e* 4y a s/ort 'ir'!it an* t/at o) an i*eal '!rrent so!r'e is in)inity an* /en'e it is re-resente* 4y an o-en 'ir'!it in t/e gra-/1 EDam-leH Network 7ra-/
No*e It is a -oint in t/e network at w/i'/ two or more 'ir'!it elements are Coine*1 In t/e gra-/ s/own 1( 2( 3 an* 4 are no*es1 Branc( < r T$i&=: It is a -at/ *ire'tly Coining two no*es1 T/ere may 4e se@eral -arallel -at/s 4etween two no*es1
Oriente. Gra!( I) *ire'tions o) '!rrents are marke* in all t/e 4ran'/es o) a gra-/ t/en it is 'alle* an oriente* >or *ire'te*? gra-/ 1 C nnecte. &ra!( A network gra-/ is 'onne'te* i) t/ere is a -at/ 4etween any two no*es 1In o!r )!rt/er *is'!ssion(let !s ass!me t/at t/e gra-/ is 'onne'te*1 Sin'e( i) it is not 'onne'te* ea'/ *isCoint -art may 4e analyse* se-arately as a 'onne'te* gra-/1 1 2
Unc nnecte. &ra!( I) t/ere is no -at/ 4etween any two no*es(t/en t/e gra-/ is 'alle* an !n'onne'te* gra-/1 1 2 4 1 2 4 3 3 5 3 5 5
Planar &ra!( A -lanar gra-/ is a gra-/ *rawn on a two *imensional -lane so t/at no two 4ran'/es interse't at -oint w/i'/ is not a no*e1 ; 0 A ; A D D E E E 0
N n !lanar &ra!( A gra-/ on a two + *imensional -lane s!'/ t/at two or more 4ran'/es interse't at a -oint ot/er t/an no*e on a gra-/1 Tree o) a gra-/ Tree is a set o) 4ran'/es wit/ all no*es not )orming any loo- or 'lose* -at/1 >E? 0ontains all t/e no*es o) t/e gi@en network or all t/e no*es o) t/e gra-/ >E? No 'lose* -at/ >E? N!m4er o) 4ran'/es in a tree 9 n-1 ( w/ere n9n!m4er o) no*es A 2 ; 0 A ; 2 4 5 % 5 D Two -ossi4le trees
0 D
7ra-/
C " tree A 0o- tree is a set o) 4ran'/es w/i'/ are remo@e* so as to )orm a tree or in ot/er wor*s( a 'o- tree is a set o) 4ran'/es w/i'/ w/en a**e* to t/e tree gi@es t/e 'om-lete gra-/1 Ea'/ 4ran'/ so remo@e* is 'alle* a link1 N!m4er o) links 9 l 9 4 + >n-1? ./ere 4 9 Total n!m4er o) 4ran'/es n 9 N!m4er o) no*es
Inci.ence >atri? In'i*en'e matriD is a matriD re-resentation to s/ow w/i'/ 4ran'/es are 'onne'te* to w/i'/ no*es an* w/at is t/eir orientation in a gi@en gra-/ >E? T/e rows o) t/e matriD re-resent t/e no*es an* t/e 'ol!mns re-resents t/e 4ran'/es o) t/e gra-/1 >E? T/e elements o) t/e in'i*en'e matriD will 4e <1( -1 or Lero >E? I) a 4ran'/ is 'onne'te* to a no*e an* its orientation is away )rom t/e no*e t/e 'orres-on*ing element is marke* <1 >E? I) a 4ran'/ is 'onne'te* to a no*e an* its orientation is towar*s t/e no*e t/en t/e 'orres-on*ing element is marke* + 1 >E? I) a 4ran'/ is not 'onne'te* to a gi@en no*e t/en t/e 'orres-on*ing element is marke* Lero1 In'i*en'e 2atriD
0om-lete In'i*en'e matriD <i=C )!lete inci.ence )atri?:
6e*!'e* in'i*en'e matriD
An in'i*en'e matriD in w/i'/ t/e s!mmation o) elements in any 'ol!mn in Lero is 'alle* a 'om-lete in'i*en'e matriD1 <ii=,e.uce. inci.ence )atri?: T/e re*!'e* in'i*en'e matriD is o4taine* )rom a 'om-lete in'i*en'e matriD 4y eliminating a row1 Hen'e t/e s!mmation o) elements in any 'ol!mn is not Lero1 EDam-le 1H 0onsi*er t/e )ollowing network an* t/e oriente* gra-/ as s/own
Network 8riente* gra-/
>E? T/ere are )o!r no*es A( ;( 0 an* D an* siD 4ran'/es 1( 2( 3( 4( 5 an* %1 Dire'tions o) '!rrents
20 20
are ar4itrarily '/osen1 >E? T/e in'i*en'e matriD is )orme* 4y taking no*es as rows an* 4ran'/es as 'ol!mns
No*es A ; 0 D
;ran'/es 1 -1 0 0 <1 2 <1 -1 0 0 3 <1 0 -1 0 4 0 -1 <1 0 5 0 <1 0 -1 % 0 0 <1 -1
& 9
-1 0 0 1
1 -1 0 0
1 0 -1 0
0 0 0 -1 1 0 1 0 1 0 -1 -1
In t/e a4o@e eDam-le t/e )o!rt/ row is negati@e o) s!m o) t/e )irst t/ree rows1 Hen'e t/e )o!rt/ 'an 4e eliminate* as we know t/at it 'an 4e o4taine* 4y negati@e s!m o) )irst t/ree rows1 As a res!lt o) t/is we get t/e re*!'e* in'i*en'e matriD1 &6 9 -1 1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 1 0 0 0 -1 1 0 1
&ro-erties o) a 'om-lete in'i*en'e matriD >E? S!m o) t/e entries o) ea'/ 'ol!mn is Lero >E? 6ank o) t/e matriD is >n-1?( w/ere n is t/e no o) no*es >E? Determinant o) a loo- o) 'om-lete in'i*en'e matriD is always Lero
EDam-le 2 H T/e in'i*en'e matriD o) a gra-/ is as s/own1 Draw t/e 'orres-on*ing gra-/1 Sol!tion H T/e s!m o) ea'/ 'ol!mn o) t/e gi@en matriD is Lero1 Hen'e it is a 'om-ete in'i*en'e matriD1
1 0 0 0 1 -1 -1 1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 1 0 0 -1 1 -1 0
N!m4er o) no*es 9 n 9 4 >say A1 ;1 0 an* D? N!m4er o) 4ran'/es 9 4 9 >say 1( 2( 3( % &re-are a ta4!lar 'ol!mn as s/own1 No*es ;ran'/es 1 2 1 -1 0 0 0 1 -1 0 3 0 1 0 -1
4( 5 an* %?
4 0 0 -1 1
5 1 0 0 -1
% -1 0 1 0
A ; 0 D
Brom t/e ta4!lar 'ol!mn( t/e entries /a@e to 4e inter-rete* as )ollowsH
Network Analysis
10ES34
Brom t/e )irst 'ol!mn t/e entries )or A an* ; are oneTs 1 Hen'e 4ran'/ 1 is 'onne'te* 4etween no*es A an* ; 1 Sin'e )or no*e A entry is <1 an* )or no*e ; it is -1( t/e '!rrent lea@es no*e A an* enters no*e ; an* so on1 Brom t/ese inter-retations t/e reI!ire* gra-/ is *rawn as s/own1 % A 1 5 D 3 ; 2 4 0
EDam-le 3H T/e in'i*en'e matriD o) a gra-/ is as s/own1 84tain t/e 'orres-on*ing gra-/ 1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 1 1 0 0 0 0 -1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 1
Sol!tionH- 7i@en in'i*en'e matriD is a re*!'e* in'i*en'e matriD as t/e s!m o) ea'/ 'ol!mn is not Lero1 Hen'e it is )irst 'on@erte* in to a 'om-lete in'i*en'e matriD 4y a**ing t/e *elete* row1 T/e elements o) ea'/ 'ol!mn o) t/e new row is )ille* !sing t/e )a't t/at s!m o) ea'/ 'ol!mn o) a 'om-lete in'i*en'e matriD is Lero1 In t/e gi@en matriD in )irst( t/ir*( )i)t/ an* t/e se@ent/ 0ol!mn t/e s!m is ma*e Lero 4y a**ing +1 in t/e new row an* t/e 'orres-on*ing no*e is E1 T/e 'om-lete in'i*en'e matriD so o4taine* an* also t/e gra-/ )or t/e matriD are as s/own1
No*es
;ran'/es 1 2 1 0 0 0 -1 1 -1 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0 -1
4 0 1 -1 0 0
5 0 0 1 0 -1 %
% 0 0 1 -1 0
" 0 0 0 1 -1
A ; 0 D E 7ra-/H
/
E
22
Tie set Analysis:

In or*er to )orm a tree )rom a network se@eral 4ran'/es nee* to 4e remo@e* so t/at t/e 'lose* loo-s o-en !-1 All s!'/ remo@e* 4ran'/es are 'alle* links an* t/ey )orm a 0o-tree1 Alternati@ely w/en a link is re-la'e* in a tree( it )orms a 'lose* loo- along wit/ )ew o) t/e tree 4ran'/es1 A '!rrent 'an )low aro!n* t/is 'lose* loo-1 T/e *ire'tion o) t/e loo- '!rrent is ass!me* to 4e t/e same as t/at o) t/e '!rrent in t/e link1 T/e tree + 4ran'/es an* t/e link t/at )orm a loo- is sai* to 'onstit!te a tie + set1 De)inition A tie + set is a set o) 4ran'/es 'ontaine* in a loo- s!'/ t/at t/e loo- /as at least one link an* t/e remain*er are twigs >tree 4ran'/es? % % L ; D 3 1 2
A 1
; 2
5 y 3
7ra-/
tree >In t/i'k lines? 0o-tree >In *otte* lines? .e see t/at 4y re-la'ing t/e links 1( 4 an* 5 t/ree loo-s are )orme* an* /en'e t/ree loo- '!rrents D( y an* L )low as s/own1 T/e relations/i-s o4taine* 4etween loo- '!rrents( tree 4ran'/es an* links 'an 4e s'/e*!le* as )ollows Tie + set s'/e*!le Tie + set 1 2 3 Tree + 4ran'/es 2( 3 1( 4 4( 5 ,ink 5 2 % oop current D y L
Tie + set matriD >;)? T/e Tie + set s'/e*!le s/own a4o@e 'an 4e arrange* in t/e )orm o) a matriD w/ere in t/e loo'!rrents 'onstit!te t/e rows an* 4ran'/es o) t/e network 'onstit!te t/e 'ol!mns Entries insi*e t/e matriD are )ille* 4y t/e )ollowing -ro'e*!re H
23 23
,et an element o) t/e tie + set matriD 4e *enote* 4y mik T/en 1 ;ran'/ = is in loo- i an* t/eir '!rrent *ire'tions are same -1 I) 4ran'/ = is in loo- i an* t/eir '!rrent *ire'tions are o--osite1 I) t/e 4ran'/ = is not in loo- i ;y )ollowing t/is -ro'e*!re we get t/e Tie + set matriD w/i'/ is s/own 4elowH ,oo;ran'/es '!rrentss 1 2 D y L 0 <1 0 <1 <1 0 mik 9
3 <1 0 0
4 0 <1 <1 8r
5 <1 0 -1
% 0 0 -1
;) 9
0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 -1
Analysis o) t/e net work 4ase* on Tie + set s'/e*!le Brom t/e tie +set s'/e*!le we make t/e )ollowing o4ser@ations1 >i? 0ol!mn wise a**ition )or ea'/ 'ol!mn gi@es t/e relation 4etween 4ran'/ an* loo- '!rrents T/at is i3 i4 9 D 9 y< L i1 i2 i5 i% 9 y 9 D<y 9 D-L 9 -L
&!tting t/e a4o@e eI!ations in matriD )orm( we get i1 i2 i3 i5 i% 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 4 0 -1 0 -1 0 L 1 1 y
In 'om-a't )orm I; 9 ; )T I,
./ere I; 9 ;ran'/ '!rrent matriD ; )T 9 Trans-ose o) t/e tie- set matriD I, 9 ,oo- '!rrent 'ol!mn matriD >ii?6ow wise a**ition )or ea'/ row gi@es t/e =3, eI!ations )or ea'/ )!n*amental loo6ow - 1 6ow - 2 6ow - 3 H H H 31 < 32 < 33 31 < 32 < 34 34 - 35 - 3% 9 0 9 0 9 0
31 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 -1 -1
35
3% ; ) 3;
32 33 34
9 0
In 'om-a't )orm
9 0
- - - >1?
./ere 3; 9 ;ran'/ @oltage 'ol!mn matriD an* ; ) 9 Tie - set matriD
5 EDam-leH Bor t/e network s/own in )ig!re( write a Tie-set s'/e*!le an* t/en )in* all t/e 4ran'/ 50 0!rrents an* @oltages 3 0 V 10 Sol!tionH T/e gra-/ an* one -ossi4le tree is s/ownH A 1 5 ; % 4 0 3 2 1 D 4 D L 3 ;ran'/ N!m4ers 3 4 0 1 0 0 1 -1
5 10 ; 5 5 D
5 y %
,oo'!rrent D y L
1 1 0 0
2 0 1 0
5 -1 1 0
% 0 -1 1
Tie set 2atriDH ;) 9 1 0 0 1 -1 1 0 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1 0
;ran'/ Im-e*en'e matriD
:;
9 0 0 0 0 0
7 8 8 8 8 8 10 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 5
:, 9
1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 1
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 -1 -1 1 0 0 -1 1
:,
20 -5 -10 -5 20 -5 -10 -5 20
,oo- EI!ations H 20 -5 -10 -5 20 -5 -10 -5 20 D y L
:, I, 9 - ;) 3s 1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 0 0 1 -1 0 0 1 -1 0 1 -50 0 0 0 0 0
9-
20D-5y-10L 950 -5D<20y-5L 9 0 -10D-5y<20L 90 Sol@ing t/e eI!ations( we get D 9 411" Am-s y 9 111" Am-s An* L 9 215 Am-s
Cut set Analysis

A '!t + set o) a gra-/ is a set o) 4ran'/es w/ose remo@al ( '!ts t/e 'onne'te* gra-/ in to two -arts s!'/ t/at t/e re-la'ement o) any one 4ran'/ o) t/e '!t set ren*ers t/e two -arts 'onne'te*1 A A 1 5 EDam-le 4 ; 3 D 4 ; D 2 % 3 0 0 Dire'te* gra-/ Two se-arate gra-/s 'reate* 4y t/e '!t set >1( 2( 5( %?
7un.a)ental cut set is a '!t + set t/at 'ontains only one tree 4ran'/ an* t/e ot/ers are links 7 r)ati n 0 7un.a)ental cut set >E? Sele't a tree >E? Sele't a tree 4ran'/ >E? Di@i*e t/e gra-/ in to two sets o) no*es 4y *rawing a *otte* line t/ro!g/ t/e sele'te* tree 4ran'/ an* a--ro-riate links w/ile a@oi*ing interr!-tion wit/ any ot/er tree + 4ran'/es1 EDam-le 1 H Bor t/e gi@en gra-/ write t/e '!t set s'/e*!le A 4 1 ; 2 % 0 T/e )!n*amental '!t +set o) t/e Sele'te* tree is s/own in )ig!re 5 3 D 4 A 1 ; 2 0 3 % 5 D
Note t/at B0S - 1 yiel*s no*e A an* t/e set o) no*es > ;( 0( D? T/e 8rientation o) t/e )!n*amental '!t + set is !s!ally ass!me* to 4e t/e same as t/e orientation o) t/e tree 4ran'/ in it( ./i'/ is s/own 4y an arrow1 ;y )ollowing t/e same -ro'e*!re t/e B0S- 2 an* B0S -3 are )orme* as s/own 4elowH
A 4 1 ; 2 % 0 B0S -2 5 3 D 4
A 1 ; 2 % 0 B0S -3 3
5 D
It s/o!l* 4e note* t/at )or ea'/ tree 4ran'/ t/ere will 4e a )!n*amental '!t + set1 Bor a gra-/ /a@ing SnT n!m4er o) no*es t/e n!m4er o) twigs is >n-1?1T/ere)ore t/ere will 4e >n-1? >n-1? )!n*amental '!t-sets1 8n'e t/e )!n*amental '!t sets are i*enti)ie* an* t/eir orientations are )iDe*( it is -ossi4le to write a s'/e*!le( known as '!t + set s'/e*!le w/i'/ gi@es t/e relation 4etween tree + 4ran'/ @oltages an* all ot/er 4ran'/ @oltages o) t/e gra-/1 ,et t/e element o) a '!t + set s'/e*!le 4e *enote* 4y
ik ik
t/en(
9 1
I) 4ran'/ = is in '!t + set I an* t/e *ire'tion o) t/e '!rrent in t/e 4ran'/ = is same as '!t + set *ire'tion1
-1 I) 4ran'/ k is in '!t + set I an* t/e *ire'tion o) t/e '!rrent in k is 8--osite to t/e '!t + set *ire'tion1 8 I) 4ran'/ is k is not in '!t + set i 0!t set S'/e*!le Tree branc( 1 v lta&e e1 e2 e3 1 A A A 1 A A A 1 "1 1 A "1 A 1 A 1 "1 # ' Branc( @ lta&es * + -
T/e elements o) t/e '!t set s'/e*!le may 4e written in t/e )orm o) a matriD known as t/e '!t set matriD1 1 0
)
0 0 1
-1 1 0
-1 0 0 1 1 -1
0 1 0 0
Analysis 0 a net$ r% usin& cut set sc(e.ule >E? 0ol!mn wise a**ition o) t/e '!t set s'/e*!le gi@es t/e relation 4etween tree 4ran'/ @oltage an* t/e 4ran'/ @oltages )or t/e a4o@e '!t t/e s'/e*!le 31 9 e1 32 9 e2 33 9 e3 34 9 - e1 < e2 35 9 - e1< e3 3% 9 e2 - e3 In matriD )orm 31 32 33 34 35 3% In 'om-a't )orm @B B C 0 @T
T
1 0 0 9 -1 -1 0
0 1 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 1 -1
e1 e2 e3
WWW1 >1?
./ere 3; 9;ran'/ @oltage 2atriD T ) 9 Trans-ose o) '!t set matriD an* 3T 9 Tree 4ran'/ @oltage matriD1 %i$en (" at each node 0 0 0
>E? &ow wise addition I 1 - I 4 - I5 9 I 2 2? ./ere
9 '!t set matriD ) I; 9 ;ran'/ '!rrent matriD 3= A=
I= >E? ,et !s 'onsi*er a network /a@ing S4T 4ran'/es1 Ea'/ o) t/e 4ran'/es /as a re-resentation as s/own in )ig!re
6e)erring to t/e )ig!re Ik 9 Ak 3k < Isk
IS=
Sin'e t/e network /as 4 4ran'/es( one s!'/ eI!ation 'o!l* 4e written )or e@ery 4ran'/ o) t/e network ie I1 9 A1 31 < Is1 I2 9 A2 32 < Is2
-----------------------------WWWWWWWWWW
I4 9 A4 34 < Is4 &!tting t/e a4o@e set o) eI!ations in a matriD )orm we get IB B 6B @B D Is WWWWWWWWW >3?
I; 9 ;ran'/ '!rrent matriD o) or*er 4D1 A; 9 A1 0 0 0 0 - - 0 A2 0 - - 0 - - - - 0 - - - A4 9 ;ran'/ a*mittan'e matriD o) or*er 4D 4
3; 9 ;ran'/ 3oltage 'ol!mn matriD o) or*er 4D1 an* I; 9 So!r'e '!rrent matriD o) or*er 4D11 S!4stit!ting >3? in >2? we get
) )
A; 3; < IS 9 A; 3; <
) IS
0 0
;!t )rom >1? we /a@e 3; 9 Hen'e eI!ation >4? 4e'omes

)
3T
A;
) 3T < A0 3T <
) IS )I S
9 9
0 0 >5?
or
A0 3T 9 )
) IS
EEEEEEEE. ) T
./ere A0 9
A;
is 'alle* '!t - set a*mittan'e matriD
Acti n Plan 0 r cut set analysis. >E? Borm t/e '!t- set matriD ) >E? 0onstr!'t t/e 4ran'/ a*mittan'e matriD A; >E? 84tain t/e '!t + set a*mittan'e matriD !sing t/e eI!ation A0 9 ) A; >E? Borm t/e =0, or eI!ili4ri!m eI!ations !sing t/e relation A0 3T 9 -
) )
IS 30 30
T/e elements o) t/e so!r'e '!rrent matriD are -ositi@e i) t/e *ire'tions o) t/e 4ran'/ '!rrent an* t/e so!r'e 'onne't atta'/e* to t/at 4ran'/ are same ot/erwise negati@e1 >E? T/e 4ran'/ @oltages are )o!n* !sing t/e matriD eI!ation 3 9 T 3 ; ) T >E? Binally t/e 4ran'/ '!rrents are )o!n* !sing t/e matriD eI!ation I 9 A 3 < IS ; ; ;
E?a)!le # H Bor t/e *ire'te* gra-/ o4tain t/e '!t set matriD A 5 % 1 D E ; 4 2 # 3 " 0 S luti n H T/e tree >marke* 4y t/i'k lines?an* t/e link >marke* 4y *o))e* lines?are as s/own1 T/e )!n*amental '!t sets are )orme* at no*es A ; 0 an* D kee-ing SET as re)eren'e no*e B's - 1 -B's - 2 -B's - 3 -B's - 4 -> 1( 5( %? >2( %( > 3( "( >4( 5( "? #? #? B0S3 0 Hen'e t/e '!t + set s'/e*!le is as )ollowsH Tree branc( 1 v lta&e e1 e2 e3 e4 1 A A A A 1 A A A A 1 A A A A 1 "1 A A 1 1 "1 A A A 1 "1 A A A 1 "1 # ' * Branc( + / # D B0S4 A 1 4 E 2 ; B0S2 B0S-1
Hen'e t/e reI!ire* '!t +set matriD
)9
1 A A A
A 1 A A
A A "1 1 A A A A A "1 1 A 1 A A A "1 1 A 1 1 A A "1
E?a)!le ': Bin* t/e 4ran'/ @oltages !sing t/e 'on'e-t o) '!t-sets 1 1 1 1@ V 1 1 1
S luti n : T/e @oltage so!r'e is trans)orme* in to an eI!i@alent '!rrent so!r'e1 It s/o!l* 4e note* t/at all t/e 'ir'!it &assi@e elements m!st 4e a*mittan'es an* t/e net work s/o!l* 'ontain only '!rrent so!r'es1 T/e gra-/ )or t/e network is s/own1 A -ossi4le tree >s/own wit/ t/i'k lines? an* 'o tree >S/own 4y *otte* lines? are s/own 1m/o B0S 1 9 B0S 2 9 B0S 3 9
3( 1( 5 4( 2( 5 1m/o %( 1( 2 1A
1m/o 1m/o
1 m/o
1m/o
0!t set s'/e*!le Tree branc( 1 v lta&e e3 e4 e% "1 A 1 A 1 "1 1 A A A 1 A "1 1 A A A 1 # Branc(es ' * + A B0S1
1 5
3
B0S2
4 #
% 2
B0S3
-1 0 1 0 -1 0 0 10 1 1 0 1 -1 0 0 0 1
A; 9
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
-1 0 1
-1 0 1 0 -1 0 A0 9 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 -1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 1 1 0 -1 0 0 0 1
3 9 -1 -1
-1 3 -1
-1 -1 3
EFuilibriu) EFuati ns
G A0 3T 9 -
IS -1 0 0 0 0 0
3 -1 -1 -1 3 -1 -1 -1 3
e3 e4 e%
-1 0 1 0 -1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 -1 0 0 0 1
3 e 3 + e4 + e% 9 - 1 -e3 < 3 e4 + e% 9 0 - e3 + e4 < 3e% 9 1 Sol@ing we get e39-0125 @olt e490 e%90125 @olt
:UALIT6 CONCEPT
Two ele'tri'al networks are *!als i) t/e mes/ eI!ations t/at '/ara'teriLe one /a@e t/e same mat/emati'al )orm as t/e no*al eI!ations o) t/e ot/er1 EDam-le 1 0onsi*er an 6-,-0 series network eD'ite* 4y a @oltage so so!r'e 3 as s/own in t/e )ig!re1 T/e eI!ation generating t/e 'ir'!it 4e/a@ior is 6i<,*i <1 Xi*t 93 WW11>1? *t 0 Big!re 1 Now 'onsi*er t/e -arallel 7-0-, network )e* 4y a 0!rrent So!r'e i is s/own in t/e )ig!re1 T/e eI!ation generating t/e 0ir'!it 4e/a@ior is 73< 0*3 <1 X@*t 9 i WW11>2? *t ,
Big!re 2
0om-aring t/e eI!ations >1? an* >2?(we get t/e similarity 4etween t/e networks o) )ig>1? an* )ig>2?1T/e sol!tion o) eI!ation >1? will 4e i*enti'al to t/e sol!tion o) eI!ation >2? w/en t/e )ollowing eD'/anges are ma*e 6 Y 7( ,Y 0( 0Y, an* 3 Yi Hen'e networks o) )ig!re >1? an* >2? are *!al to ea'/ ot/er1 Ta4le o) *!al 113oltage So!r'e 21,oo- '!rrents 31I*!'tan'es 416esistan'es 510a-a'itan'es %1 8n =3, 4asis "10lose o) swit'/ !antities 0!rrent so!r'e No*e @oltages 0a-a'itan'es 0on*!'tan'es In*!'tan'es 8n =0, 4asis 8-ening o) swit'/
NoteH8nly -lanar networks /a@e *!als1 &ro'e*!re )or *rawing *!al network T/e *!als o) -lanar networks 'o!l* 4e o4taine* 4y a gra-/i'al te'/niI!e known as t/e *ot met/o*1 T/e *ot met/o* /as t/e )ollowing -ro'e*!re1 &!t a *ot in ea'/ in*e-en*ent loo- o) t/e network1 T/ese *ots 'orres-on* to in*e-en*ent no*es in t/e *!al network1
&!t a *ot o!tsi*e t/e network1 T/is *ot 'orres-on*s to t/e re)eren'e no*e in t/e *!al network1 0onne't all internal *ots in t/e neig/4oring loo-s 4y *otte* lines '!tting t/e 'ommon 4ran'/es1 T/ese 4ran'/es t/at are '!t 4y *as/e* lines will )orm t/e 4ran'/es 'onne'ting t/e 'orres-on*ing in*e-en*ent no*es in t/e *!al network1 Foin all internal *ots to t/e eDternal *ot 4y *as/e* lines '!tting all eDternal 4ran'/es1 D!als o) t/ese 4ran'/es will )orm t/e 4ran'/es 'onne'ting t/e in*e-en*ent no*es an* t/e re)eren'e no*e1
EDam-le 1H Draw t/e eDa't *!al o) t/e ele'tri'al 'ir'!it s/own in t/e )ig!re1
3o/m 4B 4o/m 2sin%t V 1 %H 2
Sol!tionH 2ark two in*e-en*ent no*es 1 an* 2 an* a re)eren'e no*e 0as s/own in t/e )ig!re1 Foin no*e 1 an* 2 4y a *otte* line -assing t/ro!g/ t/e in*!'tan'e o) %H1t/is element will a--ear as 'a-a'itor o) % B 4etween no*e 1 an* 2 in t/e *!al1 Foin no*e 1 a n* re)eren'e no*e t/ro!g/ a *otte* line -assing t/e @oltage so!r'e o) 2sin%t @olts1 T/is will a--ear as a '!rrent so!r'e o) 2sin%t am-eres 4etween no*e1 an* re)eren'e no*e1
Foin no*e 1 an* re)eren'e no*e t/ro!g/ a *otte* line -assing t/ro!g/ 3 o/ms resistor1 T/is element a--ears as 3m/o 'on*!'tan'e 4etween no*e1 an* re)eren'e no*e in t/e *!al1 Foin no*e 2 an* re)eren'e no*e t/ro!g/ a *otte* line -assing t/ro!g/ t/e 'a-a'itor o) 4 Bara*s1 T/is element will a--ear as 4 Henry in*!'tor 4etween no*e 2 an* re)eren'e no*e in t/e *!al Foin no*e 2 an* re)eren'e no*e t/ro!g/ a *otte* line -assing t/ro!g/ t/e resistor o) 4 o/ms1 T/is element will a--ear as 4 m/o 'on*!'tan'e 4etween no*e 2 an* re)eren'e no*e1 T/e D!al network *rawn !sing t/ese -ro'e*!ral ste-s is s/own1
3%
Assignment
uestions:
1? ED-lain in'i*en'e matriD o) a network o) a network gra-/Z 7i@e s!ita4le eDam-le1 2? De)ine t/e )ollowing wit/ s!ita4le eDam-les i? &lanar an* non--lanar gra-/ ii? Twigs an* links 3? Bor t/e network s/own in Big1 # write t/e gra-/ o) t/e network an* o4tain t/e tie-set s'/e*!le 'onsi*ering F1( F2( F5 as tree 4ran'/es1 0al'!late all 4ran'/es '!rrent1
4? ED-lain 4rie)ly trees( 'otrees( an* loo-s in a gra-/ o) network wit/ s!ita4le eDam-le 5? ED-lain wit/ eDam-les t/e -rin'i-al o) *!ality %? Draw t/e oriente* gra-/ o) t/e network s/own in Big1 10 sele'ts a tree( write t/e set s'/e*!le an* o4tain eI!ili4ri!m eI!ations
3" 3"
"? Qn*er w/at 'on*itions *o yo! 'onsi*er to-ology )or network analysisZ Bor t/e gra-/ s/own in Big1 3( )or a 'o- tree >4(5(2(#?( write tie set an* '!t set matri'es1 >10?
3# 3#
#? Bor t/e network s/own in Big1 4( *raw its *!al1 .rite in intergo *i))erential )orm i? 2es/ eI!ations )or t/e gi@en network ii? No*e eI!ations )or t/e *!al1 3>t? 9 10 sin 40t1
H= ./at are *!al networksZ ./at is t/eir signi)i'an'e Z Draw t/e *!al o) t/e 'ir'!it s/own in )ig1 # 1
10? Bor t/e network s/own in Big1 5( -er)orm so!r'e s/i)ts( *raw a gra-/( sele't tree wit/ 4ran'/es 1(2 an* 3 an* o4tain tie set an* matri'es1
Unit: " Net$ r% T(e re)s 1: Syllabus of unit : S!-er-osition( 6e'i-ro'it y an* 2illmanTs t/eorems Recommended readings:
11 3Net$ r% Analysis45 21 E1 3an 3alken4!rg( &HI 5 &earson E*!'ation #. 3Net$ r%s &!4li'ations 1 an. syste)s45 6oy 0/o!*/!ry( 2 e*ition(
Hrs: 0#
New Age International
3. Net$ r% t(e ry ,
7anes/ 6ao.
4. 3Net$ r% analysis , 6oy 0/o!*ry.
NET8O,9 TIEO,E>S
2es/ '!rrent or no*e @oltage met/o*s are general met/o*s w/i'/ are a--li'a4le to any network1 A n!m4er o) sim!ltaneo!s eI!ations are to 4e set !-1 Sol@ing t/ese eI!ations( t/e res-onse in all t/e 4ran'/es o) t/e network may 4e attaine*1 ;!t in many 'ases( we reI!ire t/e res-onse in one 4ran'/ or in a small -art o) t/e network1 In s!'/ 'ases( we 'an !se network t/eorems( w/i'/ are t/e ai*es to sim-li)y t/e analysis1 To re*!'e t/e amo!nt o) work In@ol@e* 4y 'onsi*era4le amo!nt( as 'om-are* to mes/ or no*al analysis1 ,et !s *is'!ss some o) t/em1
SUPE,POSITION TIEO,E>:
T/e res-onse o) a linear network wit/ a n!m4er o) eD'itations a--lie* sim!ltaneo!sly is eI!al to t/e s!m o) t/e res-onses o) t/e network w/en ea'/ eD'itation is a--lie* in*i@i*!ally re-la'ing all ot/er eD'itations 4y t/eir internal im-e*an'es1 Here t/e eD'itation means an in*e-en*ent so!r'e1 Initial @oltage a'ross a 'a-a'itor an* t/e initial '!rrent in an in*!'tor are also treate* as in*e-en*ent so!r'es1 T/is t/eorem is a--li'a4le only to linear res-onses an* t/ere)ore -ower is not s!4Ce't to s!-er-osition1 D!ring re-la'ing o) so!r'es( *e-en*ent so!r'es are not to 4e re-la'e*1 6e-la'ing an i*eal @oltage so!r'e is 4y s/ort 'ir'!it an* re-la'ing an i*eal '!rrent so!r'e is 4y o-en 'ir'!it1 UIn any linear network 'ontaining a n!m4er o) so!r'es( t/e res-onse >'!rrent in or @oltage a'ross an element? may 4e 'al'!late* 4y s!-er-osing all t/e in*i@i*!al res-onses 'a!se* 4y ea'/ in*e-en*ent so!r'e a'ting alone( wit/ all ot/er in*e-en*ent @oltage so!r'es re-la'e* 4y s/ort 'ir'!its an* all ot/er in*e-en*ent '!rrent so!r'es re-la'e* 4y o-en 'ir'!its[1 Initial 0a-a'itor @oltages an* initial in*!'tor '!rrents( i) any( are to 4e treate* as in*e-en*ent so!r'es1 To -ro@e t/is t/eorem 'onsi*er t/e network s/own in )ig1 Ia IS IS ES Ia1
.e 'onsi*er only one-@oltage so!r'es an* only one '!rrent so!r'es )or sim-li'ity1 It is reI!ire* to 'al'!late Ia wit/ Is a'ting alone t/e 'ir'!it 4e'omes IS :1 :3 Ia1 9 :1 < :2 < :3 :4 :3 < :4 :3 < :4 9 IS :1 :3 >:1 < :2 < :3? :4 < >:1 < :2? :3 ------------------------------------>1? 40 40
Ia2 ES
wit/ ES a'ting alone Ia1 9
-E S
:4 < >:1 < :2? :3:1 < :2 < :3 -ES >:1 < :2 < :3? 9 >:1 < :2 < :3? :4 < >:1 < :2? :3 ---------------------------------------->2? NeDt 'on@erting t/e '!rrent so!r'e to @oltage so!r'e( t/e loo- eI!ations
IS :1
I1
I2
ES
I2 9
:1<:2<:3 -:3 :1<:2<:3 -:3
IS :1 -ES -:3 :3<:4 --------------------------------- >3?
IS:1:3 - ES >: 1<:2<:3? 9 >:1<:2<:3? :4 < >:1<:2? :3
Brom eI!ation >1?( >2? an* >3? Ia1 < Ia2 9 I2 9 Ia Hen'e -roo)
Reciprocit T#eore$ : 'n an initially relaxed linear network containin% one source -he ratio independent only. of the respons to excitatio is to interchan% of positio of the e the n in$ariant an e the n excitation and the response. i.e if a sin%le $olta%e source Ex in #ranch 9 produces a current the #ranch response 'y :, then the remo$al of the $olta%e source from #ranch x and its insertion in #ranch : will produce the current response 'y in #ranch 9.
/imilarly if the sin%le current #etween nodes 9 and 9) produces the source 'x $olta%e response ;y #etween nodes : and :) then the remo$al of the current source from 9 and 9) and its insertion #etween : and :) will produce the $olta%e response ;y #etween the nodes 9 and 9). <etween the excitation and the response, one is $olta%e and other 't should is current. #e noted that after the source and response are the current and the interchan%ed, other parts of the network will not $olta%es in remain the same. Proo- :
J1 J# I1 A K E J' J*
"
"onsider a network as shown in which the excitation is E and the response is ' in .4. -he readin% of the ammeter is
I1 B
E :1 < :3 > :2 < :4? :2<:3<:4
:3 :2<:3<:4
E :3
I1 9
:1 > :2<:3<:4? < :3>:2 < :4?
EEE >1?
=ext interchan%e the source and ammeter.

E
J1
J#
J* J' E K D
I#
=ow the readin% of the ,mmeter is :
I2 B
E > :2 < :4? < :1 :3 :1 < :3
:3 :1<:3
E :3
I2 9
:1 > :2<:3<:4? < :3>:2 < :4?
EEE >2?
3rom >16 ! >26
I1
I#
't can #e similarly #e shown for a network with current sources #y writin% node e+uations.
Trans-er I$pe+ance : -he transfer impedance #etween any two pairs of terminals of a linear passi$e network is the ratio of the $olta%e applied at one pair of terminals to the resultin% current at the other pair of terminals . ?ith this definition the reciprocity theorem can #e stated as : @nly one $alue of transfer impedance is associated with two pairs of terminals of a linear passi$e network .
:1 < E1
'
I2 :1 I1 K :2
'
I2 < E2
b .
:2
w.r.t fi%s shown 4 I2 'f E1 4 E2
E1
E2 I1 '2.
.-
the '1 n 4
>ill)anLs T(e re):

0ertain sim-le 'om4inations o) -otential an* '!rrent so!r'e eI!i@alents are o) !se 4e'a!se t/ey o))er sim-li)i'ation in sol!tions o) more eDtensi@e networks in w/i'/ 'om4inations o''!r1 2illmanTs T/eorem says t/at Ui) a n!m4er o) @oltage so!r'es wit/ internal im-e*an'es are 'onne'te* in -arallel a'ross two terminals( t/en t/e entire 'om4ination 'an 4e re-la'e* 4y a single @oltage so!r'e in series wit/ single im-e*an'e[1 T/e single @oltage is t/e ratio S!m o) t/e -ro*!'t o) in*i@i*!al @oltage so!r'es an* t/eir series a*mittan'es S!m o) all series a*mittan'es an* t/e single series im-e*an'e is t/e re'i-ro'al o) s!m o) all series a*mittan'es1 E1 E2 E3 :1 :2 :3
En
:n
,et E1( E2WWWW1En 4e t/e @oltage so!r'es an* :1( :2WWWWWWW:n are t/eir res-e'ti@e im-e*an'es1 All t/ese are 'onne'te* 4etween A J ; wit/ A915:( a''or*ing to 2illmanTs T/eorem( t/e single @oltage so!r'e t/at re-la'es all t/ese 4etween A J ; is n EA; 9P E= A=
=91
n P A=
=91
An*
T/e single im-e*an'e is
: 9
1 n P A=
=91
&roo)H Trans)orm ea'/ @oltage into its eI!i@alent '!rrent so!r'e1 T/en t/e 'ir'!it is as in Big1 E15:1 :1 ; E25:2 :2 A
En5:n :n
.it/ A915: t/e 'ir'!it is sim-li)ie* as E1 A1<E2 A2 <WWW11EnAn9 PE=A= ; A
A1< A2 <WWW11An9 PA= ./i'/ is a single '!rrent so!r'e in series wit/ a single a*mittan'eZ 6etrans)orming t/is into t/e eI!i@alent @oltage so!r'e
PEA PA A <
:9 15A ;
T/e t/eorem 'an 4e state* as UI) a n!m4er o) '!rrent so!r'es wit/ t/eir -arallel a*mittan'es are 'onne'te* in series 4etween terminals A an* ;( t/en t/ey 'an 4e re-la'e* 4y a single '!rrent so!r'e in -arallel wit/ a single a*mittan'e1 T/e single '!rrent so!r'e is t/e ratio S!m o) -ro*!'ts o) in*i@i*!al '!rrent so!r'es an* t/eir im-e*an'es S!m o) all s/!nt im-e*an'es An* t/e single s/!nt a*mittan'e is t/e re'i-ro'al o) t/e s!m o) all s/!nt im-e*an'es1 ,et I1( I2( WWWWW11In 4e t/e n n!m4er o) '!rrent so!r'es an* A1(A2WW11An 4e t/eir res-e'ti@e s/!nt a*mittan'es 'onne'te* in series 4etween A J ;1 T/en a''or*ing to 2illmanTs T/eorem t/ey 'an 4e re-la'e* 4y single '!rrent I A; in -arallel wit/ a single a*mittan'e A A; w/ere IA;9 PI=:= P := An* AA;9 1 P := A I1 A1 ; < I15A1 9 I1:1<I2:2WW < A1 < I25A2 A2 < In5An I AB AI % J% AJ% An I2 A2 In An A ;
Trans)orm ea'/ '!rrent so!r'e into its eI!i@alent @oltage so!r'e to get t/e 'ir'!it as in )ig
:1<:2<WWW11
6etrans)orming to eI!i@alent '!rrent so!r'e
6AB 1 AJ %
Assignment
uestions :
1? Bin* t/e 'on*ition )or maDim!m -ower trans)er in t/e )ollowing network ty-e A0 So!r'e( 'om-leD so!r'e im-e*an'e an* 'om-leD loa* im-e*an'e 4!t only loa* resistan'e @arying1 2? In t/e 'ir'!it s/own in )ig 110 )in* t/e loa* 'onne'te* at A; )or w/i'/ t/e -ower trans)erre* will 4e maDim!m1 Also )in* maDim!m -ower
3? In t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Big1 111 Bin* 3D an* -ro@e re'i-ro'ity t/eorem1
4? = Determine t/e '!rrent t/ro!g/ 2: resister o) t/e network s/own in Big1 &rin'i-le
!sing s!-er-osition
5? State 2illmanTs t/eorem( !sing t/e same 'al'!late '!rrent t/ro!g/ t/e loa* in t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Big1
"? 0al'!late t/e '!rrent I s/own in )ig1 1$ !sing 2illmanTs t/eorem
#? state an* eD-lain i? 6e'i-ro'ity t/eorem ii? 2illmannTs t/eorem1 Qsing s!-er-osition t/eorem( o4tain t/e res-onse I )or t/e network s/own in Big1121
$? Qse millmanTs t/eorem to *etermine t/e @oltage 3s o) t/e network s/own in Big1% 7i@en t/at 0 0 0 E6 9 230 B 0 3( EA 9 230 B -120 3( an* E; 9 230 B120 3
Unit: $ Net$ r% T(e re)s " II : Syllabus of unit :
Hrs: 0#
T/e@ininTs an* NortonTs t/eorems\ 2aDim!m &ower trans)er t/eorem
11 3Net$ r% Analysis45 21 E1 3an 3alken4!rg( &HI 5 &earson E*!'ation #. 3Net$ r%s an. Syste)s45 6oy &!4li'ations 1 0/o!*/!ry( 2 e*itions( New Age International
T#e*inin?s an+ Norton?s T#eore$s:

'f we are interested in the solution of the current or $olta%e of a small part of the network, it is con$enient from the computational point of $iew to simplify the network, except that small part in +uestion, #y a simple -his is achie$ed #y -he$inin)s -heorem or e+ui$alent. =orton)s theorem.
T#e*inin?s T#eore$ :
'f two linear networks one * with passi$e elements and sources and the other = with passi$e elements only and there is no ma%netic couplin% #etween * and =, are connected to%ether at terminals , and <, then with respect to terminals , and <, the network * can #e replaced #y an e+ui$alent network comprisin% a sin%le $olta%e source in series with a sin%l impedanc -he sin%l ;olta% sourc is the @pe circui ;olta% acros the e e. e e e n t e s terminals , and < and sin%le series impedance is the impedance of the network * as $iewed from , and < with independent $olta%e sources short circuited and independent current sources open circuited. Cependent sources if any are to #e retained. ,rran%e the networks * and = such that = is the part of the network where response is re+uired.
A
>
.
B
-o pro$e this theorem, consider
the circuit shown in 3i%.
:1 <
E1
:2 <
E2
:,
:4
< K
IS
50 50
/uppos the re+uire respons is curren ' in . . "onnecte #etween and <. e d e the t d , ,ccordin% to -he$inin)s theorem the followin% steps are in$ol$ed to calculate ' /tep 1: &emo$ . measur the ope circui $olta% acros ,<. -his is e and e n t e s also -he$inin)s $olta%e and is denoted as ;-D
:1 <
E1
called as
:2
E2 A ;
1 1
<
:s K
IS
E1+ I S : S
3TH 9 3A; 9 E 1
:1<: 2 < : S E E26 >E1
:1 < E2
>.1E. 2 E . /6 F > E1F ' / . / 6 .1 .1E. 2 E .

/
;-D
4 ;,<
/tep 2: -o o#tain the sin%le impedance as $iewed from , replace the network in and <, 3i%. replacin the source -his sin%l impedanc is -he$inin) 'mpedanc and is % s. e e called s e denoted #y .-D
:1 < K A :S ; :2
: TH
:1 >: 2 < : S?
:1<: 2 < : S
Ste- 3 H
?rite the the$inin)s network and re introduce .

:TH
3TH
:,
T/en t/e '!rrent in :, is I, 9
3TH :TH < :,
> E1 < E2? > :1<: 2 < : S ? + > E1+ I S: S ? :1 :1<: 2 < : S
:1>: 2 < : S? :1<: 2 < : S
< :,
> E1 < E2? > :1<: 2 < : S ? + > E1+ I S: S ? :1 :1>: 2 < : S? < :2 >:1<: 2 < : S?
-o $erify the correctness of this, write loop e+uations for the network to find the current in . > E1 < E2? > E1 - IS :s? :1<: , :1 :1 :1<: 2 < : S :1 :1<: 2 < : S
> E1 < E2? > :1<: 2 < : S ? + > E1+ I S: S ? :1 >: 1 < : ,? >:1<: 2 < : S? + :1 2 > E1 < E2? > :1<: 2 < : S ? + > E1+ I S: S ? :1 :1>: 2 < : S? < :2 >:1<: 2 < : S?
%orton&s '(eorem :)
:1 <
E1
:2 <
I1
E2
I2
:5 K
IS
:,
-he -he$inin e+ui$alen consists of $olta% sourc and serie impedanc . 'f the s t a e e a s e circuit is transformed to its e+ui$alent current source, we %et =ortons -hus e+ui$alent. =orton)s theorem is the dual of the -he$inin)s theorem. 'f two linear networks, one * with passi$e elements and sources and the other = with passi$e elements only and with no ma%netic couplin% #etween * and =, are connected to%ether at terminals , and <, -hen with respect to terminals , and <, the network * can #e replaced #y a sin%le current source in parallel with a sin%le -he impedance. sin%le curren sourc is shor circui curren in ,< and the sin%l impedanc is the t e the t t t e e impedance of the network * as $iewed from , and < with independent sources #ein% replaced #y their internal impedances -he proof of the =orton)s theorem is simple "onsider the same network that is considered for the -he$inin)s -heorem and for the same response. Ste- 1H S/ort t/e terminals A an* ; an* meas!re t/e s/ort 'ir'!it '!rrent in A;( t/is is NortonTs '!rrent so!r'e1 :1 :2 E1 < E2 < :s
IN9Is'9E1<E2 < E2<IS:S
:1 :2<:S 9>E1 < E2?>:2 < :S ?<>E2 <IS :S ?:1 :1 >:2<:S ? Ste- 2H T/is is t/e same as in t/e 'ase o) t/e@ninTs t/eorem Ste- 3H write t/e Nortons eI!i@alent an* reintro*!'e :, A :n ; T/en t/e '!rrent in :, is I,9IN1 :n :n< :, >E1<E2?>:2 <:s?<>E2<Is:s?:1 1 :1 >:2 <:s? :1>:2 <:s? :1 <:2<:s :1>:2 <:s ? < :, :1 <:2 <:s >E1<E2?>:2 <:s?<>E2<Is:s?:1 :1 >:2 <:s? <:,>:1 <:2<:s ? >E1<E2? > :1 <:2 <:s? - >E1 -Is:s?:1 :1 >:2 <:s? < :, >:1<:2<:s? :
9 9
3eri)i'ation is to 4e *one as in T/e@ininTs T/eorem Determination o) T/e@ininTs or NortonTs eI!i@alent w/en *e-en*ent so!r'es are -resent Sin'e I,9 3TH 9 IN 1:TH : TH <:, : TH <:, :TH 'an also 4e *etermine* as :TH
93TH 9 o1' @oltage a'ross A; IN s1' '!rrent in A;
./en network 'ontains 4ot/ *e-en*ent an* in*e-en*ent So!r'es1 It is 'on@enient to *etermine :TH 4y )in*ing 4ot/ t/e o-en 'ir'!it @oltage an* s/ort 'ir'!it '!rrent I) t/e network 'ontains only *e-en*ent so!r'es 4ot/ 3TH an* IN are Lero in t/e a4sen'e o) in*e-en*ent so!r'es1 T/en a--ly a 'onstant @oltage so!r'e >or res!ltant so!r'e? an* t/e ratio o) @oltage to '!rrent gi@es t/e :TH 1 Howe@er t/ere 'annot 4e an in*e-en*ent so!r'e ie( 3TH or I N in t/e eI!i@alent network1
>a?i)u) Trans0er T(e re):"

./en a linear network 'ontaining so!r'es an* -assi@e elements is 'onne'te* at terminals A an* ; to a -assi@e linear network( maDim!m -ower is trans)erre* to t/e -assi@e network w/en its im-e*an'e 4e'omes t/e 'om-leD 'onC!gate o) t/e T/e@ininTs im-e*an'e o) t/e so!r'e 'ontaining network as @iewe* )rom t/e terminals A an* ;1 Big re-resents a network wit/ so!r'es re-la'e* 4y its T/e@ininTs eI!i@alent o) so!r'e o) ETH @olts an* im-e*an'e :s( 'onne'te* to a -assi@e network o) im-e*an'e L at terminals A J ;1 .it/ :s 96s<FXs an* L96<FX( T/e -roo) o) t/e t/eorem is as )ollows 0!rrent in t/e 'ir'!it is I9 ETH >1? 2 2 ] >6s<6? <>Xs<X? :s < ET/ 4 -ower *eli@ere* to t/e loa* is &9I26 9 E
2 T/ 2
a :
16
>2?
> 6s<6? <>Xs<X?
As & 9 X>6(X? an* sin'e & is maDim!m w/en *&90 .e /a@e *&9 ^& 1*6 < ^& 1*X ^6 ^X &ower is maDim!m w/en ^& 90 an* ^& 90 sim!ltaneo!sly ^6 ^X 2 2 ^& 9 >6s<6? <>Xs<X? +6_2>6s<6?` 90 2 ^6 D 2 2 ie( >6s<6? <>Xs<X? +26_2>6s<6?` 90 >4?
>3?
^& 9 +96_2>Xs<X?` 9 2 0 ^X D ie 26>Xs<X?90 >5? Brom >5? we /a@e X9 -Xs >%? 2 S!4stit!ting in >4? >6s<6? 926>6s<6?( ie( 6s<69 26 ie ( 696s
Alternati@ely as & 99 E6 2 2 >6s<6? <>Xs<X? 9 9 ie &9)>:(a? *& 9 )or &maD ^& 9 0 9 _:s <: <2 : :s 0os> a-as?` 0os a -: 0os a _2:<2:s 0os> a-as?` ^: 2 2 2 ie :s <: 92 : <2: :s 0os> a-as?1 8r b : b9b :s b >#?
2 2
E : 0osa
2
>6s<:0os
a?2<>Xs<:Sina?2 2 E : 0osa 2 2 :s <: <2::s0os>a-as?

^& 1*: < ^& 1*a 90 ^: â
>"?
t/en wit/ ^& 9 0 9 _:s <: <2 : :s 0os>a-as?`:>-Sina?-:0osa _:S <: 2: :s Sin>a-as?`
2 2 2 2
â >:s <: Sina 92: :s _0osa Sin >a-as? - Sina 0os >a-as?`
2 2?
9 - 2: :s Sinas S!4stit!ting >#? in >$? 2 :s Sina 9 -2 :s Sinas

2
>$?
a 9 :s -as
a 9 - as
E))i'ien'y o) &ower Trans)erH .it/ 6s962 , an* Xs9 - X, S!4stit!ting in >1? 2 & ,maD 9E TH6 9 E TH 2 >26? 46 2 2 an* t/e -ower s!--lie* is &s 9 E TH 26 9 E TH 2 >26? 26 2 T/en ctra 9 &, 9 E TH 46 9 1 9 50d 2 &s E TH 26 2
T/is means to transmit maDim!m -ower to t/e loa* 50d -ower generate* is t/e loss1 S!'/ a low e))i'ien'y 'annot 4e -ermitte* in -ower systems in@ol@ing large 4lo'ks o) -ower w/ere 6, is @ery large 'om-are* to 6s1 T/ere)ore 'onstant @oltage -ower systems are not *esigne* to o-erate on t/e 4asis o) maDim!m -ower trans)er1 Howe@er in 'omm!ni'ation systems t/e -ower to 4e /an*le* is small as t/ese systems are low '!rrent 'ir'!its1 T/!s im-e*an'e mat'/ing is 'onsi*era4le )a'tor in 'omm!ni'ation networks1 Howe@er 4etween 6 J X i) eit/er 6 or X is restri'te* an* 4etween : an* restri'te* t/e 'on*itions )or 2aD & is state* as )ollows
e i) eit/er b:b or e is
0ase >i? H- 6 o) : is @arie* kee-ing X 'onstant wit/ 6 only 3aria4le( 'on*itions )or maD -ower trans)er is >6s<6?2<>Xs<X?2 + 26>6s<6?90 2 2 2 2 6s < 6 < 26s6<>Xs<X? -26s6-26 90 2 2 2 6 9 6s <>Xs<X? 69 6s >Xs X? 0ase >ii?H- I) : 'ontains only 6 ie( D90 t/en )rom t/e eIn *eri@e* a4o@e 69b:sb1 6s 2 Xs 2 0ase >iii?H- I) b:b is @arie* kee-ing - 'onstant t/en )rom >#? b:b9b:sb 0ase >i@?H- I) b:b is 'onstant 4!t - is @arie* 2 2 T/en )rom eIn >$? >: <:s ? Sin - 9-2: :s Sin-s Sin- 9 -2::s Sin -s 2 2 >: <:s ? T/en -ower trans)er to loa* may 4e 'al'!late* 4y s!4stit!ting )or 6 an* X )or s-e'i)ie* 'on*ition1 Bor eDam-le Bor 'ase>ii? &maD is gi@en 4y &maD 9 E26 2 2 >6s<6? <>Xs<X? 2 99 E :s 9 E2:s 2 2 2 2 2 >6s<:s? <Xs 6s <26s:s<:s <Xs 9 E 2>:s<6s?
2
2 2
>ie 6s <Xs 9 :s ?
Assignment
uestions:
1? State an* eD-lain s!-er-osition t/eorem an* NortonTs t/eorem 2? 84tain t/e T/e@eninTs eI!i@alent o) network s/own in Big1 4etween terminals X an* A1
3? 84tain t/e T/e@eninTs an* NortonTs eI!i@alent 'ir'!its a'ross terminals A an* ; )or t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Big1 41
*= ? In t/e 'ir'!it o) Big1 " o4tain I 4y T/e@eninTs t/eorem
5? state an* -ro@e T/e@eninTs t/eorem %? Bin* T/e@eninTs eI!i@alent 'ir'!it a'ross A; !sing 2illmanTs t/eorem an* )in* t/e '!rrent t/ro!g/ t/e loa* >5<C5? : s/own in Big1 #1
/= 0al'!late T/e@eninTs eI!i@alent 'ir'!it a'ross A; )or t/e network s/own in )ig1 $1
Unit: *: ,es nant Circuits:
Hrs: 0#
Syllabus of unit : Series an* -arallel resonan'e( )reI!en'y res-onse o) series an* &arallel 'ir'!its( ;an*wi*t/1 Recommended readings:
11 3Net$ r% Analysis45 21 E1 3an 3alken4!rg( &HI 5 &earson E*!'ation #. 3Net$ r%s &!4li'ations 1 an. Syste)s45 6oy 0/o!*/!ry( 2 e*ition(
+)a'tor(
New Age International
%0 %0
,es nant Circuits

6esonan'e is an im-ortant -/enomenon w/i'/ may o''!r in 'ir'!its 'ontaining 4ot/ in*!'tors an* 'a-a'itors1 In a two terminal ele'tri'al network 'ontaining at least one in*!'tor an* one 'a-a'itor( we *e)ine resonan'e as t/e 'on*ition( w/i'/ eDists w/en t/e in-!t im-e*an'e o) t/e network is -!rely resisti@e1 In ot/er wor*s a network is in resonan'e w/en t/e @oltage an* '!rrent at t/e network in -!t terminals are in -/ase1 6esonan'e 'on*ition is a'/ie@e* eit/er 4y kee-ing in*!'tor an* 'a-a'itor same an* @arying )reI!en'y or 4y kee-ing t/e )reI!en'y same an* @arying in*!'tor an* 'a-a'itor1 St!*y o) resonan'e is @ery !se)!l in t/e area o) 'omm!ni'ation1 T/e a4ility o) a ra*io re'ei@er to sele't t/e 'orre't )reI!en'y transmitte* 4y a 4roa* 'asting station an* to eliminate )reI!en'ies )rom ot/er stations is 4ase* on t/e -rin'i-le o) resonan'e1 T/e resonan'e 'ir'!its 'an 4e 'lassi)ie* in to two 'ategories Series + 6esonan'e 0ir'!its1 &arallel + 6esonan'e 0ir'!its1 11Series 6esonan'e 0ir'!it 6 , 0
A series resonan'e 'ir'!it is one in w/i'/ a 'oil an* a 'a-a'itan'e are 'onne'te* in series a'ross an alternating I @oltage o) @arying )reI!en'y as s/own in )ig!re1 3 T/e res-onse SIT o) t/e 'ir'!it is *e-en*ent on t/e im-e*an'e o) t/e 'ir'!it( ./ere :9 6 <CX, - CX0 an* I9 3 5 L at any @al!e o) )reI!en'y .e /a@e X, an* X0
92M), 9 1 2M)0
X, @aries as ) X0 @aries in@ersely as )
In ot/er wor*s( 4y @arying t/e )reI!en'y it is -ossi4le to rea'/ a -oint w/ere X, 9 X0 1 In t/at 'ase : 9 6 an* /en'e 'ir'!it will 4e !n*er resonan'e1 Hen'e t/e series A101 'ir'!it is to 4e !n*er resonan'e( w/en in*!'ti@e rea'tan'e o) t/e 'ir'!it is eI!al to t/e 'a-a'iti@e rea'tan'e1 T/e )reI!en'y at w/i'/ t/e resonan'e o''!rs is 'alle* as resonant )reI!en'y > )r? ED-ression )or 6esonant BreI!en'y > )r ? At resonan'e X, 9 X0
Salient 7eatures 0 ,es nant circuit >E? At resonan'e X, 9 X0 >E? At resonan'e : 9 6 i1e1 im-e*an'e is minim!m an* /en'e I 9 3 : >E? T/e '!rrent at resonan'e >Ir? is in -/ase wit/ t/e @oltage >E? T/e 'ir'!it -ower )a'tor is !nity >E? 3oltage a'ross t/e 'a-a'itor is eI!al an* o--osite to t/e @oltage a'ross t/e in*!'tor1
is maDim!m
BreI!en'y res-onse o) a series resonan'e 'ir'!it Bor a 6-,-0 Series 0ir'!it t/e '!rrent SIT is gi@en 4y I9
6 < C >X,- X0? At resonan'e X, 9 X0 an* /en'e t/e '!rrent at resonan'e >Ir? is gi@en 4y Ir 9 356 At o)) resonan'e )reI!en'ies sin'e t/e im-e*an'e o) t/e 'ir'!it in'reases t/e '!rrent in t/e 'ir'!it will re*!'e1 At )reI!en'ies ) ./ere )f )r ( t/e im-e*an'e is going to 4e more in*!'ti@e1 Similarly at )reI!en'ies ) g )r t/e 'ir'!it im-e*an'e is going to 4e more 'a-a'iti@e1 T/!s t/e resonan'e '!r@e will 4e as s/own in )ig!re1
I Ir
X' f Xl X l f X'
)r
Cuali0y 0act r < r C 0act r=:
Anot/er )eat!re o) a resonant 'ir'!it is t/e + rise o) @oltage a'ross t/e resonating elements1 I) 3 is t/e a--lie* @oltage a'ross a series resonan'e 'ir'!it at resonan'e( Ir 9 36 Any 'ir'!it res-onse( w/i'/ is )reI!en'y *e-en*ent( /as 'ertain limitations1 T/e o!t-!t res-onse *!ring limite* 4an* o) )reI!en'ies only will 4e in t/e !se)!l range1 I) t/e o!t-!t -ower is eI!al to
or more t/an /al) o) t/e maDim!m -ower o!t-!t t/at 4an* o) )reI!en'ies is 'onsi*ere* to 4e t/e !se)!l 4an*1 I) I r is t/e maDim!m '!rrent at resonan'e t/en &ower at resonan'e 9 &maD 9 I2 r 6 0onsi*er t/e )reI!en'y res-onse '/ara'tersti' o) a series resonant 'ir'!it as s/own in )ig!re
Ir 01"0" Ir
)reI B1 Br B2
In t/e )ig!re it is seen t/at t/ere are two )reI!en'ies w/ere t/e o!t-!t -ower is /al) o) t/e maDim!m -ower1 T/ese )reI!en'ies are 'alle* as /al) -ower -oints )1 an* )2 A )reI!en'y )1 w/i'/ is 4elow )r w/ere -ower is /al) o) maDim!m -ower is 'alle* as lower /al) -ower )reI!en'y >or lower '!t + o)) )reI!en'y?1 Similarly )reI!en'y )2 w/i'/ is a4o@e )r is 0alle* !--er /al) -ower )reI!en'y >or !--er 0!t-o)) )reI!en'y? T/e 4an* o) )reI!en'ies 4etween )2 an* )1 are sai* to 4e !se)!l 4an* o) )reI!en'ies sin'e *!ring t/ese )reI!en'ies o) o-eration t/e o!t-!t -ower in t/e 'ir'!it is more t/an /al) o) t/e maDim!m -ower1 T/!s t/eir 4an* o) )reI!en'ies is 'alle* as ;an*wi*t/1 i1e ;an* wi*t/ 9;1. 9 )2 - )1
Selectivity :
Sele'ti@ity is a !se)!l '/ara'teristi' o) t/e resonant 'ir'!it1 Sele'ti@ity is *e)ine* as t/e ratio o) 4an* wi*t/ to resonant )reI!en'y Sele'ti@ity 9 )2- )1 )r It 'an 4e seen t/at sele'ti@ity is t/e re'i-ro'al o) !ality )a'tor1 Hen'e larger t/e @al!e o) Smaller will 4e t/e sele'ti@ity1 T/e Sele'ti@ity o) a resonant 'ir'!it *e-en*s on /ow s/ar- t/e o!t-!t is 'ontaine* wit/ in limite* 4an* o) )reI!en'ies1 T/e 'ir'!it is sai* to 4e /ig/ly sele'ti@e i) t/e resonan'e '!r@e )alls @ery s/ar-ly at o)) resonant )reI!en'ies1
6elation 4etween 6esonant )reI!en'y an* '!t-o)) )reI!en'ies ,et )r 4e t/e resonant )reI!en'y o) a series resonant 'ir'!it 'onsisting o) 6(, an* 0 elements 1Brom t/e 0/ara'teristi' it is seen t/at at 4ot/ /al) )reI!en'ies )2 an* )1 t/e o!t-!t '!rrent is 01"0" Io w/i'/ means t/at t/e magnit!*e o) t/e im-e*an'e is same at t/ese -oints1 At lower '!t-o)) )reI!en'y )1 )1 Ir 01"0"Ir
)r
)2
6esonan'e 4y @arying In*!'tan'e 6esonan'e in 6,0 series 'ir'!it 'an also 4e o4taine* 4y @arying resonating 'ir'!it elements1 ,et !s 'onsi*er a 'ir'!it w/ere in in*!'tan'e is @arie* as s/own in )ig!re1 6 , 0 Ir
01"0"Ir 3( ) HL a
Parallel ,es nance

A -arallel resonant 'ir'!it is one in w/i'/ a 'oil an* a 'a-a'itan'e are 'onne'te* in -arallel a'ross a @aria4le )reI!en'y A101 S!--ly1 T/e res-onse o) a -arallel resonant 'ir'!it is somew/at *i))erent )rom t/at o) a series resonant 'ir'!it1 I)!e.ance at res nance .e know t/at at resonan'e t/e s!s'e-ti@e -art o) t/e a*mittan'e is Lero1 Hen'e A0 9 6 2 2 2 6 <h0 ,
;!t 6 <h0 2 ,
9 ,50
So A0 9 605, or :o 9 ,560 ./ere :o is 'alle* t/e *ynami' resistan'e1 ./en 'oil resistan'e 6 is small( *ynami' resistan'e o) t/e -arallel 'ir'!it 4e'omes /ig/1 Hen'e t/e '!rrent at resonan'e is minim!m1 Hen'e t/is ty-e o) 'ir'!it is 'alle* reCe'tor 'ir'!it1
8re;uenc response c#aracterisitics

T/e )reI!en'y res-onse '!r@e o) a -arallel resonant 'ir'!it is as s/own in t/e )ig!re1 .e )in* t/at '!rrent is minim!m at resonan'e1 T/e /al) +-ower -oints are gi@en 4y t/e -oints at w/i'/ t/e '!rrent is ]2 Ir 1Brom t/e a4o@e '/ara'teristi' it is 'lear t/at t/e '/ara'teristi' is eDa'tly o--osite to t/at o) series resonant1 I
2Ir
Ir BreI!en'y )1 )r )2
Cuality 0act r < C"0act r= T/e I!ality )a'tor o) a -arallel resonant 'ir'!it is *e)ine* as t/e '!rrent magni)i'ation 9 0!rrent t/ro!g/ 'a-a'itan'e at resonan'e Total 0!rrent at resonan'e 9 I00 5 I0 9 3 5 >15 .00? 3 5 :0 9 :0.00 9 >, 5 60? .00 9 .0, 5 6 Hen'e t/e eD-ression )or t/e - )a'tor )or 4ot/ series an* -arallel resonant 'ir'!it are t/e same Also Ban. $i.t(B 0A M C
II A c il an. a Practical Ca!acit r in !arallel 0onsi*er a -arallel resonant 'ir'!it in w/i'/ t/e resistan'e o) t/e 'a-a'itan'e is also 'onsi*ere* Im-e*an'e o) t/e 'oil 9 :, 9 6, < C ., A, 9 1 5 :, 9 15 6,<C ., 9 6, + C ., 5 6,2 <.2 ,2 I Im-e*an'e o) t/e 0a-a'itor 9 :0 9 60 + C 5 .0 9 60 < C 5 .0 6' <15. 0 T/ere)ore total a*mittan'e 9 A9A,<A0 9 > 6, + C ., 5 6,
2 2 2
IL IC
,L
NL
,C @
NC
2 <.2 ,? < 6 0 < C 5 .0
6' <15. 0
At resonan'e t/e s!s'e-tan'e -art o) t/e total a*mittan'e is Lero( w/i'/ gi@es 15.00 .0 , B 2 2 2 60 < 15. 00 6,2 <.2 0,2
2 15,0 i 6,2 <.2 0,j 9 . 2 0i60 2 < 15. 2 002 j
2 2 >60 + ,50? 9 6 , 5 ,0 + 15 0
9 15,0>6, + ,50? < 60 + ,50?

2
.0 9 15] ,0
6,2 + ,50 2 ] > 60 + ,50?

#
0A B
1 #/ O LC
< ,L LMC=
# < , C LMC=
At 6esonan'e t/e a*mittan'e is -!rely 'on*!'ti@e gi@en 4y
A0 9
6, 6, 2 <. 20,2
<
60 602 < 15.2 002
E?a)!le 1 H Determine t/e @al!e o) 60 in t/e S/own in )ig!re to yiel* 6esonan'e Sol!tionH ,et :, 4e t/e im-e*an'e o) t/e in*!'ti@e 4ran'/ t/en :, 9 10< C 10 A, 9 15 >10 <C 10? 9 10 + C 10 9 10- C 20 2 2 10 <10 200 ,et :0 4e t/e im-e*an'e o) t/e 'a-a'iti@e 4ran'/ t/en :0 9 60 + C 2 A0 9 1 60 + C 2 9 60 + C 2 60 < 4
2
60
10
-C2
C10
Total a*mittan'e o) t/e 'ir'!it 9 A 9 A, < A0 Bor t/e 'ir'!it !n*er 6esonan'e t/e S!s'e-tan'e -art is Lero > 25 60 < 4? - >10 5 200? 9 0 60 9 3% ,C B - ()s
2 2
25 Answer
25 mH
E?a)!le #: An Im-e*an'e 'oil o) 25 o/ms 6esistan'e an* 25 mH in*!'tan'e is 'onne'te* in -arallel wit/ a @aria4le 'a-a'itor1 Bor w/at @al!e o) 0a-a'itor will t/e 'ir'!it resonate1I) $0 @olts(400 HL so!r'e is !se*( w/at will 4e t/e line 0!rrent !n*er t/ese 'on*itions Sol!tionH .0 9 2/)0 9 2/> 400? h0
2
0 $0 3olts(400HL
9 1 ,0
6 ,
2 2
%131% D 10 9 1
,0
1 ,0
9 h0 < 6 2 , % 9 %131% D 10 < 252 5 >25 D 10-3?2 % 9 "131% D 10 09 514%" 0B :0 9 ,560 9 >25 D 10-3?5 25 D 514%" D 10-% 9 1#21#$ o/ms I0 9 305 :0 9 $05 1#21#$ 9 014$2 am-ere
Assignment
uestions:
1? ED-lain -arallel resonan'e Z Deri@e t/e 'on*ition )or -arallel resonan'e w/en 6, 'onne'te* -arallel to 60 1 2? S/ow t/at resonant )reI!en'y o) series resonan'e 'ir'!it is eI!al to t/e geometri' mean o) two /al) -ower )reI!en'ies1 3? In t/e 'ir'!it gi@en 4elow in Big1 21( an in*!'tan'e o) 011 H /a@ing a o) 5 is in -arallel wit/ a 'a-a'itor1 Determine t/e @al!e o) 'a-a'itan'e an* 'oil resistan'e at resonant )reI!en'y o) 500 ra*5sa'1
4? In t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Big1 22( *etermine t/e 'om-lete sol!tion )or t/e '!rrent w/en t/e swit'/ S is 'lose* at t 9 01 A--lie* @oltage is 3 >t? 9 400 'os 500< 6esistan'e 6 9 15:( in*!'tan'e , 9 012H an* 'a-a'itan'e 0 9 3 B1
5? In t/e 'ir'!it s/own in )ig1 23 t/e swit'/ S is mo@e* )rom a to 4 at t 9 01 Bin* @al!es o) i( at t 9 0 i) 6 9 1:( , 9 1H( '9 011 B an* 39100 31 Ass!me stea*ily state is a'/ie@e* w/en = is at SaT1
<
%? A series resonant 'ir'!it in'l!*es 1 GB 'a-a'itor an* a resistan'e o) 1%:Z I) t/e 4an* .i*t/ is a 500 ra*5se'( *etermine i? ii? an* iii? , "? A two 4ran'/ antiresonant 'ir'!it 'ontains , 9 014H an* 0 9 40GB1 6esonan'e is to 4e a'/ie@e* 4y @ariation o) 6, an* 601 0al'!late t/e resonan'e )reI!en'y )or t/e )ollowing 'asesH i? 6, 9 120:( 60 9 #0:
ii? iii?
6, 9 #0:( 60 9 0 6, 9 60 9 100:
"0 "0
Unit: # Transient be(avi r an. initial c n.iti ns
Hrs: 07
Syllabus of unit : ;e/a@ior o) 'ir'!it elements !n*er swit'/ing 'on*ition an* t/eir 6e-resentation( e@al!ation o) initial an* )inal 'on*itions in 6,( 60 an* 6,0 'ir'!its )or A0 an* D0 eD'itations1 Recommended readings:
Ele'tri'al 'ir'!its are 'onne'te* to s!--ly 4y 'losing t/e swit'/ an* *is'onne'te* )rom t/e s!--ly 4y o-ening t/e swit'/1 T/is swit'/ing o-eration will '/ange t/e '!rrent an* @oltage in t/e *e@i'e1 A -!rely resisti@e *e@i'e will allow instantaneo!s '/ange in '!rrent an* @oltage1 An in*!'ti@e *e@i'e will not allow s!**en '/ange in '!rrent or *elay t/e '/ange in '!rrent1 A 'a-a'iti@e *e@i'e will not allow s!**en '/ange in @oltage or *elay t/e '/ange in @oltage1 Hen'e w/en swit'/ing o-eration is -er)orme* in in*!'ti@e or 'a-a'iti@e *e@i'e t/e '!rrent an* @oltage in t/e *e@i'e will take a 'ertain time to '/ange )rom -reswit'/ing @al!e to stea*y @al!e a)ter swit'/ing1 T/is st!*y o) swit'/ing 'on*ition in network is 'alle* transient analysis1 T/e state >or 'on*ition? o) t/e '!rrent )rom t/e instant o) swit'/ing to attainment o) stea*y state is 'alle* transient state or transient1 T/e '!rrent an* @oltage o) 'ir'!it elements *!ring transient -erio* is 'alle* transient res-onse1 T/e transient may also o''!r *!e to @ariation in 'ir'!it elements1 Transient analysis is an !se)!l tool in ele'tri'al engineering )or analysis o) swit'/ing 'on*itions in 0ir'!it 4reakers( 6elays( 7enerators et'1 It is also !se)!l )or t/e analysis o) )a!lty 'on*itions in ele'tri'al *e@i'es1 Transient analysis is also !se)!l )or analyLing swit'/ing 0on*itions in analog an* *igital Ele'troni' *e@i'es1
,"L Series circuit transient:

0onsi*er T/e 6-, series 'ir'!it s/own in t/e )ig1 Swit'/ = is 'lose* at t901 6e)erring to t/e 'ir'!it( 4alan'e eI!ation !sing =
6 i>t?
5 t
( t t
ldi
t90
i =ir'/o))Ts law 'an 4e written as dt Taking ,a-la'e Trans)orm we get 5 s 7 s u ( LHS7 s i 4 I s Ass!ming t/ere is no store* energy in t/e in*!'tor I>0?90 5 s (7 s LS7 s s
7s
5 s S( SL
J K K 5 s 1 L O L M K S ( NK S P LS KQ R T K U
7 s . S S ( L 5 s L 5 s
( M N S P .S LS R T M( N
&!t s90
P S RLT
5 s ( -!t . 5 s ( V 7 s W Y S ( L M N .P S R L T L ( 5 s
X 5 s X1 1 (Y ( S Y X S L[ Z T/ere)ore Taking in@erse ,a-la'e we get 5V X1 e (X Z

N P M S(W t RLT Y
i t
Y [
T/e eI!ation 'learly in*i'ates transient nat!re o) '!rrent( w/i'/ is also s/own in )ig!re1 L ./ere ( T!ne 'onstant o) t/e 'ir'!it( w/i'/ is *enote* 4y : gi@en in se'on*s1 C W 5V t i t X1 e Y (X Y[ Z Hen'e 5 5 &!tting t9L we get i>L? 9 01%32 ( ./ere ( 9 stea*y state '!rrent1 Hen'e Time 'onstant )or an 6-, series '!rrent 'ir'!it is *e)ine* as t/e time taken 4y t/e 'ir'!it to rea'/ %312d o) its )inal stea*y @al!e1 6-0 series 'ir'!it Transient
0onsi*er t/e 60 'ir'!it s/own1 ,et t/e swit'/ 4e 'lose* at t901 .riting t/e 4alan'e eI!ation !sing =ir'/o))Ts @oltage law ( 1 i( \i dt c Taking ,a-la'e trans)orm( we get ' t - 4 W Y s [ ,et !s ass!me t/at t/ere is no store* energy in t/e 'ir'!it1 5 s S 7s( Hen'e - o 5 s s 7 s ( 90 7 s CS 1 J 7 s L( O Q CS U 1 V7 s X c Zs
M N P S 5 s 1 P S 7 s 1 S ( PS S P (C T R Taking ,a-la'e in@erse we get it 5 t

T
M 1 N P St (C R
1 ? t/e time 'onstant o) t/e 'ir'!it1 T/e sket'/ o) transient '!rrent is s/own in )ig!re ./ere (C 1 ? (C in t/e '!rrent eI!ation we get &!tting 5 i>L? 9 013%" ( Hen'e time 'onstant o) 60 series '!rrent 'an 4e *e)ine* as t/e time taken 4y '!rrent transient to )all to 3%1"d o) its initial @al!e1
EDam-le 1H
In t/e 'ir'!it s/own in )ig!re t/e swit'/ S=T is mo@e* )rom -osition 1 to -osition 2 at time t 9 01 T/e stea*y state '!rrent /a@ing 4een -re@io!sly esta4lis/e* in 6-, 'ir'!it1 Bin* t/e '!rrent i>t? a)ter swit'/ing1 Sol!tionH Brom t/e gi@en *ata t/e 'ir'!it is !n*er stea*y state w/en swit'/ = is in -osition 1 !n*er stea*y 14 state 'on*ition in*!'tan'e is a s/ort an* /en'e i>0? 9 14 9 1 Am-1
./en t/e 'ir'!it is swit'/e* to -osition 2( t/is 1 Am- '!rrent 'onstit!te* t/e store* energy in t/e 'oil1 .riting t/e 4alan'e eI!ation )or -osition 2 we get Taking ,a-la'e trans)ormation 347 s <]s 7 s i 4 ^ 4 347 s <]s 7 s 1^ < 1 7 s < s ? s ? taking in@erse ,a-la'e we get i t ?t e 34i < di dt 4
EDam-le 2H
A series 6-0 'ir'!it is s/own in )ig!re1 T/e 'a-a'itor /as an initial '/arge o) #00k0o!lom4s on its -lates( at t/e time t/e swit'/ is 'lose*1 Bin* t/e res!lting '!rrent transient1 Sol!tionH Brom t/e *ata gi@en I>0? 9 .riting t/e 4alan'e eI!ation we get 1 144 14i t \ i>tAdt sA : ]7>sA S sAX14 Y Z S 144 ? <4S 14 J 94 7>sAL O <S S Q U 1344 1344 7>sA : : M N <4S 14 P S 14 S <4 P <4 S R T 94 7>sA S 3?444 Taking In@erse ,a-la'e we get i>tA 3?444 t 94e
:
=44 : u 14
->4A^
:
14
144
=44 u 14D < u 14

:
<S [ 344
EDam-le3H Bor t/e 'ir'!it s/own in )ig!re t/e relay 'oil is a*C!ste* to o-erate at a '!rrent o) 5 Am-s1 Swit'/ = is 'lose* at t 9 0 an* t/e relay is )o!n* to o-erate at t 9 0134" se'on*s1 Bin* t/e @al!e o) in*!'tan'e S,T o) t/e relay1 SolnH .riting t/e 4alan'e eI!ation )or t/e relay 'ir'!it di dt A--lying ,a-la'e trans)ormation 5>tA (i>tA L 5> s A (7>SA LS]7>SA i>4A^ S Sin'e t/ere is no mention o) initial 14 7>sA 7>sALS Hen'e S 14 7>SAHSL 1I S 14 14 L 7>sA 1 S S 1 SL M N SP S S L R T M 14 P S 1N S .S L LT R A910 ;9 -10 1 S L Taking In@erse ,a-la'e we get
t
'!rrent in t/e 'oil i>0? 90
. M PS R 1N S LT
7>SA 14
14
i>tA 14 14e L T/e relay o-erates at t 9 0134" se'on*s w/en t/e '!rrent @al!e rea'/es 5A1 Hen'e ? 14 14e
4/9<B L 4/9<B L
14e
14
e Sol@ing t/e eI!ation we get ,9015H
4/90? 9 0 ./en t/e swit'/ is 'lose* at t 9 0
I1 >t?l50 9 10 73 >tA u B4 14 1 144 u \

:
i3dt
14
Taking ,a-la'e )or 4ot/ t/e eI!ations 4/3 14 71>SA >1A ?4S ? 1 73 > sA 14 73 >SA uB4 c S ? 7 3 >S A 14 B473 >sA : 144 u 14 s ? 1 1 14 1 73>SA E >3A < 9 B4S 14 Bs 14 B S 1<3/=: Taking in@erse ,a-la'e )or eI!ation >1? an* >2? I1 >t? 9012 A 1 1<3/=: t 73 >tA e B Total '!rrent )rom t/e 4attery i>t? 9I1 < I2 1 1<3/=:t i>tA 4/3 e B w/en t/is '!rrent rea'/es 500 mA 1 1<3/=: t ?44 u 14 4/3 e 9 B Sol@ing we get t 9 511$ l 10-3 Se'on*s1
6-,-0 Series Transient 'ir'!itH
Ass!ming Lero initial 'on*itions w/en swit'/ = is 'lose* t/e 4alan'e* eI!ation is gi@en 4y di 1 idt dt C \ Taking ,a-la'e trans)ormation we get 5> sA 1>sA( LS7>sA 7>sA s CS 1 W V 7>sAX( SL Y Z CS [ 5>sA 5> sA L 7>sA 1 ( 1 3 S>( SL A S S CS L LC T/e time res-onse o) t/e 'ir'!it *e-en*s on t/e -oles or roots o) t/e '/ara'teristi' eI!ation ( 1 3 S S 4 L LC 5 i( L 6oots o) t/e '/ara'teristi' eI!ation are gi@en 4y
r( S1,S 3
M <u 1 P (N S L RLT LC 3 P (S M N 3L R T
3
S1,S3
r ( 3L
1 LC
Intial c n.iti ns:

T/e reason )or st!*ying initial an* )inal 'on*itions in a network is to e@al!ate t/e ar4itrary 'onstants t/at a--ear in t/e general sol!tion o) t/e *i))erential eI!ations written )or t/e network1 In t/is '/a-ter we 'on'entrate on )in*ing t/e '/ange in sele'te* @aria4les in a 'ir'!it w/en a swit'/ is t/rown )rom o-en to 'lose* or @i'e @ersa -osition1 time o) t/rowing t/e swit'/
&lease note t/at t 9 0 in*i'ates t/e t 9 0- in*i'ates time imme*iately 4e)ore t/rowing t/e swit'/ an*
t 90< in*i'ates time imme*iately a)ter t/rowing t/e swit'/1 .e are @ery m!'/ intereste* in t/e '/ange in '!rrents an* @oltages o) energy storage elements >in*!'tor an* 'a-a'itor? a)ter t/e swit'/ is t/rown sin'e t/ese @aria4les along wit/ t/e so!r'es will *i'tate t/e 'ir'!it 4e/a@ior )or t f 01 Initial 'on*itions in a network *e-en* on t/e -ast /istory o) t/e 'ir'!it >4e)ore t9 0-? an* str!'t!re o) t/e network at t 9 0<1&ast /istory will s/ow !- in t/e )orm o) 'a-a'itor @oltages an* in*!'tor '!rrents1 Initial an* )inal 'on*itions in elements T(e resist r: T/e 'a!se e))e't relation )or t/e i*eal resistor is gi@en 4y @ 9 6i1 Brom t/is eI!ation we )in* t/at t/e '!rrent t/ro!g/ a resistor will '/ange instantaneo!sly( i) t/e @oltage '/anges instantaneo!sly1Similarly @oltage will '/ange instantaneo!sly i) '!rrent '/anges instantaneo!sly1
T(e in.uct r : Initial 'on*ition T/e swit'/ is 'lose* at t9 0 @
t T/e eD-ression )or '!rrent t/ro!g/ t/e in*!'tor is gi@en 4y i>t? 9 1 X@ *t , -m 0t 9 15, X @*t < 15, X @*t -m t 09 i>0-? < 15, X @*t 0&!tting t 9 0< 00<? 9 i >0-? < 15, X @*L 0i >0<? 9 i >0-? T/e a4o@e eI!ation in*i'ates t/at t/e '!rrent in an in*!'tor 'an not '/ange instantaneo!sly1 Hen'e i) i >0-? 90( t/en i>0<? 9 01 T/is means t/at at t 9 0< in*!'tor will a't as an o-en 'ir'!it( in*e-en*ent o) @oltage a'ross t/e terminals1 , 810
I) i >0-? 9 I0 >i1 e1 i) a resi*!al '!rrent is -resent? t/en i >0<? 9 I0 ( meaning t/at an in*!'tor at t 9 0< 'an 4e t/o!g/t o) as a '!rrent so!r'e o) I0 w/i'/ is as s/own
#0 #0
I0 , Binal >or stea*y state? 'on*ition
II IA
T/e )inal +'on*ition eI!i@alent 'ir'!it o) an in*!'tor is *eri@e* )rom t/e 4asi' relation s/i- 3 9 , *i5 *t Qn*er stea*y state 'on*ition *i 9 0 w/i'/ means @ 9 o an* /en'e , a'ts as a s/ort S10 at t 9 m > )inal or stea*y state? I0 , S10 At t9 m IA
T(e ca!acit r T/e swit'/ is 'lose* at t 9 0 1 T/e eD-ression At t90 Bor @oltage a'ross t/e 'a-a'itor is gi@en 4y t i>t? 0 @ @ 9 15 0 X i *t -m 0t @>t? 9 15 0 X i *t < 15 0 X i *t -m 0&!tting t9 0< 0< @>0< ? 9 @>0-? < 150 X i *t 03>0<? 9 3 >0-? w/i'/ means t/at t/e @oltage a'ross t/e 'a-a'itor 'an not '/ange instantaneo!sly1 I) 3>o-? 9 o t/en 3 >o<? 9 o in*i'ating t/at t/e 0a-a'itor a'ts as a s/ort at t90< 0 S10 at t90<
309
050
-< 30
Binal >or stea*y state ? 'on*ition
T/e )inal-'on*ition eI!i@alent network is *etermine* )rom t/e 4asi' relations/ii 9 0 *@5*t Qn*er stea*y state 'on*ition *@ 5 *t 9 0 w/i'/ means at t9 m t/e 0a-a'itor a'ts as a o-en 'ir'!it1 0 810 30 < 30 -< 810
Assignment
uestions:
1? Esta4lis/ t/e -ro'e*!re )or e@al!ating initial 'on*itions wit/ s!ita4le eDam-les1 2? = In t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Big1 20 39103( 69 10:( ,91H( 09 100B( an* 3090 1 )in* i>0<?( >0<? an* >0<? it swit'/ = is 'lose* at t901
3? = Bin* i>t? )or t/e )ollowing network s/own in Big1 21 i) i) t/e swit'/ S=T is o-ene* at t9 0( 4e)ore t/at t/e 'ir'!it /as attaine* stea*y state 'on*ition 1
*= 6 9 1:( , 9 1H an* 0 9 152B are in series wit/ a swit'/ a'ross 0 23 is a--lie* to t/e 'ir'!it1 At < t 9 0 t/e swit'/ is in 'lose* -osition1 At t 9 0 t/e swit'/ is o-ene*1 Bin* at t 9 0 ( t/e @oltage a'ross t/e swit'/( its )irst an* se'on* *eri@ati@es1 5? A 'oil o) 6 9 1000: an* , 9 1 H is 'onne'te* to a *1'1 @oltage o) 1003 t/ro!g/ a '/angeo@er swit'/1 At t 9 ( t/e swit'/ 'onne'ts a 'a-a'itor o) 0 9 011kB in series wit/ t/e 'oil( eD'l!*ing t/e @oltage1 Sol@e )or i( i? B>s? 9 ii? B>s? 9 iii? B>s? 9 "? ./y *o we nee* to st!*y initial 'on*itionZ .rite t/e eI!i@alent )rom o) t/e elements in terms o) t/e initial 'on*ition o) t/e element an* in t/e 'oil all at t 9 0 1
<
A6 Qse initial an* )inal @al!e t/eorems( w/ere t/ey a--ly( to )in* )>0? an* )>f? )or t/e )ollowing H
#? A -arallel 6-, 'ir'!it is energiLe* 4y a '!rrent so!r'e o) 1 A1 t/e swit'/ a'ross t/e so!r'e is 2 < o-ene* at t901 Sol@e )or 3( D@ an* D @ all at t90 i) 69100: an* ,91H1 $? Determine t/e T/e@eninTs eI!i@alent 3a4>S? an* :a4>S? )or t/e network on Big112 )or Lero initial 'on*itions1
1A= Bor t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Big1 15 t/e swit'/ is o-ene* at t901 I) , 9 H( 791m/o( 0 91B an* 391@( )in* t/e no*e @oltages @1>t? an* @2>t?
Unit: 7 La!lace Trans0 r)ati n 1 A!!licati ns : Syllabus of unit :
Hrs: 07
Sol!tion o) networks( ste-( ram- an* im-!lse res-onses( wa@e)orm Synt/esis
LAPLACE T,ANS7O,>ATION:
,a-la'e trans)orm is a @ery !se)!l an* -ower)!l tool in 'ir'!it analysis1Integro-*i))erential eI!ations 0an 4e trans)orme* in to alge4rai' eI!ations !sing t/e te'/niI!e o) ,a-la'e trans)ormation an* 'om-lete sol!tion in@ol@iong 4ot/ nat!ral res-onse an* )or'e* res-onse is o4taine* in one ste:e0initi n 0 La!lace Trans0 r): ,et )>t? 4e a )!n'tion o) time1 Ass!ming t/e @al!e o) )!n'tion to 4e Lero )or tg0( t/e ,a-la'e trans)orm o) )>t? is gi@en as m , i) >t?j 9 B>S? 9 X )>t? e-St *t 0 )>t? is a )!n'tion in time-*omain an* B>S? is a )!n'tion in 'om-leD )reI!en'y *omain1 0om-leD )reI!en'y SST is gi@en 4y S9 n <C. Brom t/e a4o@e it is o4@io!s t/at ,a-la'e trans)ormation '/anges a )!n'tion in time *omain into a )!n'tion in )reI!en'y *omain1 Im-ortant -ro-erties o) ,a-la'e trans)orm Linearity Pr !erty: I) ,_)1>t? `9 B1>S? An* ,_ )2>t? `9B2>S? T/en , _a1 )1>t? `< a2 )2>t?`9 a1 B1>S?< a2 B2>S? m &roo)H , _a1 )1>t? `< a2 )2>t?`9X _a1 )1>t? `< a2 )2>t? è-St *t 0 m m 9 a1 X )1>t? e-St *t <a2 X )2>t? e-St *t 0 9 a1 B1>S? < a2 B2 >S?
Ti)e"S(i0tin& Pr !erty: I) ,_ D>t? ` 9 X>S? t/en )or any real n!m4er t0 ,_ D>t- t0? !>t- t0?`9 e-to S X>S?
u<t" t =
t 9 to m &roo)H ,et ,_ D>t-to? !>t- to? ` 9 X D>t- t0? !>t- t0?è-St *t 0 Sin'e !>t- to?9 1 `tft0 0 `tgt0 m
time
.e get , i D>t-t0? !>t-to?j 9 X D>t- t0?e-St *t to ,et t9t0 < o *t 9 *o As t t0 o 0 As t m o m m Hen'e we get , _ D>t-t0? !>t-to?`9 X D>o? e-S >o < t0? *o 0 m 9 e-Sto X D>o? e-S o *o 0 9 X> S? e-Sto 7reFuency". )ain s(i0tin& !r !erty I) ,_D>t?`9 X>S? t/en ,_eSot D>t? `9 X>S-So? m &roo)H ,_eSot D>t? `9 X eSot D>t? e-St *t 0 m 9 X D>t? e-> S-So?t 0 9 X> S- S0? *. Ti)e"Scalin& Pr !erty I) ,i D>t? j 9 X>S? t/en , i D>at? j 9 15a X> S5a? m , i D>at? j 9 X D>at? e-St *t 0 &!t at9 o a *t 9 * o m Hen'e , iD >at?j 9 X 15a D>o? e- So 5 a * o 0 m Hen'e , iD >at?j 9 15a X D>o? e- So 5 a * o 0 , iD >at?j 9 15 a X>S5 a?
&roo)H
+. Ti)e":i00erentiati n Pr !erty I) ,iD >t?j 9 X>S? , i*D5*tj 9 S X>S? + D >0? &roo)H ,et y>t? 9 *D5*t m T/en ,iy >t?j 9 A>S? 9 X y>t? e-St *t 0 m 9 X >*D5*t? e-St *t 0 m m 9 i e-st D>t? j - X D>t? _ -se-St`*t 0 0 m 9 i D>m? + D>0? j < s X D>t? e-St *t 0 A>S?9 SX>S? + D>0? i1e1 ,i*D5*tj 9 S X>S? + D>0?
-. Ti)e"inte&rati n Pr !erty m Bor a 0a!sal signal D>t? ( i) y>t? 9 X D>o? * o ./ere So Sis a *!mmy @aria4le o) St R 0 T/en ,i y>t?j 9A>S? 9 X>S? S m &roo) ,_ D>t? `9 X>S? 9 X D>t? e-St *t 0 Di@i*ing 4ot/ si*es 4y S yiel*s m X>S?9 X D>t? e-St *t S 0 Sm m m 9 e-St X D>t?*t - X iX D>t? e-St>-s? *tj S 0 0 S m 9 e-St y>t? - X y>t? e-St >-s? *t S 0 S 9 e-St y>t? - A>S? S X>s?9 A>S? S T/ere)ore A>S? 9 X>S? S
as e-St y>t? 90 at t9m S
/. Ti)e"Peri .icity Pr !erty
D>t?
time T D1>t? 2T 3T 4T
0 D2>t?
T D3>t?
2T
2T
3T
,et !s 'onsi*er a B!n'tion D>t? t/at is -erio*i' as s/own in )ig!re1T/e )!n'tion D>t? 'an 4e re-resente* as t/e s!m o) time-s/i)te* )!n'tions as s/own in )ig!re1 Hen'e D>t? 9 D1>t? < D2>t? < D3>t? < WWWWWWW ./ere D2>t? 9 D1>t- T? !>t-T? D3>t? 9 D1>t- 2T? !>t-2T? WWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWWWWW an* so on Hen'e D>t? 9 D1>t? < D1>t- T? !>t-T?< D1>t- 2T? !>t-2T? < WWWWWW11 ./ere D1>t? is t/e wa@e)orm *es'ri4e* o@er t/e )irst -erio* o) D>t?1 Taking ,a-la'e trans)ormation on 4ot/ si*es o) t/e a4o@e eI!ation we get X>s? 9 X1>s? < X1>s? e-TS < X1>s? e-2TS < X1>s? e-3TS < WWWWWW
9 X1>s?i1< e-TS < e-2TS <e-3TS < WWWWWWj ;!t 1< a2 <a3 < a4 < WWWWWWWW119 1 1-a Hen'e we get X>S? 9 X1>S? 1 1- e-TS Bor ag 1
Initial value T(e re):

T/e Initial -@al!e t/eorem allows !s to )in* t/e initial @al!e D>0? *ire'tly )rom t/e ,a-la'e Trans)orm X>S?1I) D >t? is a 'as!al signal( t/en D>0? 9 ,im S X>S? S m &roo)H .E /a@e , *D>t? 9 S X>S? +D>0? *t m X >*D5*t? e-St *t 0
9 S X>S? +D>0?
Taking ,imit on 4ot/ si*es as S m (we get m ,im X >*D5*t? e-St *t 9 ,im S X>S? +D>0? S m 0 S m Hen'e 0 9 ,im S X>S? -D>0? S m Binal 3al!e t/eorem T/e )inal @al!e t/eorem allows !s to )in* t/e @al!e o) D>m? *ire'tly )rom its ,a-la'e Trans)ormation X>S? I) D>t? is a 'as!al signal( ,im D>t? 9,im S X>S? t m S 0 &roo)H .e /a@e , *D>t? 9 S X>S? +D>0? *t m X >*D5*t? e-St *t 9 S X>S? +D>0? 0 Taking t/e limits S 0 on 4ot/ si*es we get( or ,im S X>S? 9 D>0? S m
m $0 $0
,im i S X>S? -D>t?j 9 ,im X >*D5*t? e-St *t S 0 S 0 m X >*D5*t? ,im e-St *t 0 S 0 m 9 X >*D5*t? *t 9 0 D>t? 0
9 S X>S? +D>0? m
,im S X>S? +D>0? 9 D>m ? +D>0? S 0 D>m? 9 ,im S X>S? S 0
Inverse La!lace Trans0 r)ati n:

T/e in@erse ,a-la'e Trans)orm o) X>S? is *e)ine* 4y an integral o-eration wit/ res-e't to 3aria4le SST as )ollows n<m D >t? 9 15 2/ X X>S? eSt *s WWWWW>1? n-m Sin'e SST is a 'om-leD I!antity t/e sol!tion reI!ires a knowle*ge o) 'om-leD @aria4les1 In 8t/er wor*s t/e e@al!ation o) integral in eI!ation >1? reI!ires t/e !se o) 'onto!r integration In t/e 'om-leD -lane( t/is is @ery *i))i'!lt1 Hen'e we will a@oi* !sing eI!ation>1? to 'om-!te In@erse ,a-la'e trans)orm1 .e go )or in*ire't met/o*s to get t/e in@erse ,a-la'e trans)orm o) T/e gi@en )!n'tion( w/i'/ are -artial + Bra'tion met/o* 0on@ol!tion integral met/o* &artial + Bra'tion met/o*H In many sit!ations(t/e ,a-la'e trans)orm 'an 4e eD-resse* in t/e )orm X>S? 9 &>S? WWWWWWW>2? >S? ./ere &>S?9 4mSm < 4m-1Sm-1< 4m-2Sm-2 WWWWWW11< 40 >S?9 an Sn < an-1 Sn-1 < an-2 Sn-2 <WWWWWW11< a0 T/e )!n'tion X>S? as *e)ine* 4y eI!ation >2? is sai* to 4e rational )!n'tion o) SST( sin'e It is a ratio o) two -olynomials1 T/e *enominator >S? 'an 4e )a'tore* in to linear )a'tors1 A -artial )ra'tion eD-ansion allows a stri'tly -ro-er rational )!n'tion &>S? to 4e eD-resse* >S? As a )a'tor o) terms w/ose n!merators are 'onstants an* w/ose *enominator 'orres-on*s to ,inear or a 'om4ination o) linear an* re-eate* )a'tors1 T/is in t!rn allows !s to relate s!'/ terms To t/eir 'orres-on*ing in@erse ,a-la'e trans)orm1 Bor -er)orming -artial )ra'tion te'/niI!e on X>S? t/e )!n'tion X>S? /as to meet t/e )ollowing 'on*itions1 i? X>S? m!st 4e a -ro-er )ra'tion i1e1 mg n 1 ./en X>S? is im-ro-er we 'an !se long *i@ision
to re*!'e it to -ro-er )ra'tion1 ii? >S? s/o!l* 4e in t/e )a'tore* )orm1 0on@ol!tion-integral met/o*H I) , _ D>t? ` 9 X>S? , _ />t? ` 9 H>S? T/en , _ D>t? E />t? `9 X>s? H>S? ./ere SE S is t/e 'on@ol!tion o) two )!n'tions gi@en 4y m D>t? E />t? 9 X D > o? /> t-o ? * o -m
T(ree
i)! rtant Sin&ularity 0uncti ns:
T/e t/ree im-ortant sing!larity )!n'tions em-loye* in 'ir'!it analysis are t/e !nit ste- )!n'tion !>t? t/e *elta )!n'tion _>t? t/e ram- )!n'tion r>t? T/ey are 'alle* Sing!larity )!n'tions 4e'a!se t/ey are eit/er not )inite or t/ey *o not -osess )inite *eri@ati@e e@eryw/ere1 ! >t? Unit ste! 0uncti n: T/e Qnit-ste- )!n'tion is *e)ine* as !>t? 9 0 tg 0 91 tf0 T/e ste- )!n'tion 'an /a@e a *is'ontin!iy Bor eDam-le in seI!ential swit'/ing 1T/e !nit Ste- )!n'tion t/at o''!rs at t9a is eD-resse* as !>t-a? w/i'/ is eD-resse* as !>t-a? !> t-a ? 9 0 >t-a ?g 0 9 1 >t-a?f 0 t .e !se ste- )!n'tion to re-resent an a4r!-t '/ange in @oltage or '!rrent ( like t/e '/anges t/at 8''!r in t/e 'ir'!it o) 'ontrol engineering an* *igital systems1 m
,a-la'e trans)ormation o) !nit ste- )!n'tion is gi@en 4y , _ !> t? ` 9 X e-St *t 0 9 - 15 S i e-m - e0 j 9 1 S m Similarly ,_ ! >t-a? ` 9 X ! > t-a? e-St *t a m 9 -91 e-St 9 1 e- a S S a S I)!ulse 0uncti n: T/e *eri@ati@e o) t/e !nit ste- )!n'tion is t/e !nit im-!lse )!n'tion _>t? i1e1 _>t? 9 *5*t _ !>t? ` 9 0 tg 0 _>t? 91 t90 90 tf0
T/e !nit im-!lse may 4e @is!aliLe* as @ery s/ort *!ration -!lse o) !nit area T/is may 4e eD-resse* mat/emati'ally as 0< X _>t? *t 9 1 0./ere t9 0- in*i'ates t/e time C!st 4e)ore t90 an* t90< *enotes t/e time F!st a)ter t901 Sin'e t/e area !n*er t/e !nit im-!lse is !nity( it is -ra'ti'e to write S1T 4esi*e t/e arrow1 ./en t/e im-!lse /as a strengt/ ot/er t/an !nity t/e area o) t/e im-!lse )!n'tion is eI!al to its strengt/1 Sin'e _>t? 9 *5*t _ !>t? ` , _ _>t? ` 9 , i*5*t _ !>t? `j 9 S X 1 5 S 9 1 ,a)! 0uncti n: Integrating t/e !nit ste- )!n'tion res!lts in t/e !nit ram- )!n'tion r>t? t r >t? 9 X ! >o ? *o 9 t ! > t? r>t? -m 90 tg0 9t tf0 In general a ram- is a )!n'tion t/at '/anges at a 0onstant rate1 A *elaye* ram- )!n'tion is s/own in )ig!re 2at/emati'ally it is *es'ri4e* as )ollows
r>t-t0 ? 9 0
tg 0 r >t- t0 ?
9 t + t0 t f 0 ,a-la'e trans)ormation o) a ram- )!n'tion is gi@en 4y t , _ r > t ? ` 9 , i X ! > t ? *t j 0 t0 9 1 5 S X 1 5 S 9 1 5 S2 , _ r > t + t 0 ? ` 9 1 5 S X 1 5 S e-t0S 9 1 e- toS t
Assignment
uestions:
1? 84tain t/e ,a-la'e trans)orm o) a -erio*i' )!n'tion wit/ a s!ita4le eDam-le wa@e )orm1 Also )in* t/e ,a-la'e trans)orm o) t/e )ollowing wa@e )orm s/own in Big1
$? = State an* -ro@e 'on@ol!tion t/eorem1 Qsing t/e same )in* )>t? w/en B>s? 9 10? Qsing ,a-la'e trans)orm *etermine t/e '!rrent in t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Big1 25 w/en t/e swit'/ S is 'lose* at t90 1 Ass!me Lero initial 'on*ition 1
11? Bin* t/e ,a-la'e trans)orm o) i? `>t? ii? t iii? e-at i@? sin w t @?!>t? 12? 84tain t/e ,a-la'e trans)orm o) sawtoot/ wa@e)orm in t/e Big1
13? Bin* t/e ,a-la'e in@erse o)
!sing 'on@ol!tion integral
14? State an* -ro@e >i? initial @al!e t/eorem an* >ii? )inal @al!e t/eorem as a--lie* to , trans)orm1 ./at are t/e limitations o) ea'/ t/eoremZ #? 84tain t/e ,a-la'e trans)orm o) a )!ll wa@e re'ti)ie* sine wa@e o) am-lit!*e 1 an* -erio* 3 se's1
$? T/e '!rrent )!n'tion i>t? s/own in )ig1 10 is im-resse* on a 'a-a'itor 01 w/at s/o!l* 4e t/e strengt/ A o) t/e im-!lse so t/at t/e @oltage a'ross t/e 0 4e'omes Lero )or t f 5se's1
1A= In t/e 'ir'!it s/own in )ig1 11( t/e swit'/ is o-ene* at t 9 0( wit/ 3 9 13( 0 9 1B , 9 q H( 7 9 1 )in* t/e no*e @oltages 31>t? an* 32>t? 4y , trans)orm met/o*1
11+ = T/e swit'/ in t/e network o) Big1 1" o-en at t901 !se ,a-la'e trans)ormation analysis to
*etermine t/e @olt age a'ross t/e 'a-a' it or ) or t p 01
Unit: , T$ ! rt net$ r% !ara)eters : Syllabus of unit :
Hrs: 0#
De)inition o) L( y( / an* transmission -arameters( mo*eling wit/ t/ese -arameters( relations/i- 4etween -arameters sets1
T:2 P2RT PARA@0T0R4:

< -
i1 1 31 i 1 2
<
i1 31 i1 Network
i2
<
Network
-
32
-
Network
i2 Two -ort 2!lti -ort
8ne -ort
PO,T:" &air o) terminals at w/i'/ an ele'tri'al signal enters or lea@es a network1 One ! rt net$ r%H- Network /a@ing only one -ort1 EDH Domesti' a--lian'es( 2otor( 7enerator( T/e@ininTs or Norton networks T$ ! rt net$ r%H- Network /a@ing an in-!t -ort an* an o!t-!t -ort1 EDH Am-li)iers( Transistors( 'omm!ni'ation 'ir'!its( &ower Transmission J *istri4!tion lines Bilters( atten!ators (trans)ormers et' 2ulti ! rt net$ r%H-Network /a@ing more t/an two -orts1
EDH &owerTransmission lines ( Distri4!tions ,ines( 0omm!ni'ation lines1

Two -ort networks a't as 4!il*ing 4lo'ks o) ele'tri'al or ele'troni' 'ir'!its s!'/ as ele'troni' systems( 'omm!ni'ation 'ir'!its( 'ontrol systems an* transmission J *istri4!tion systems1 A one -ort or two -ort network 'an 4e 'onne'te* wit/ anot/er two -ort network eit/er in 'as'a*e( series or in -arallel1 In T/e@inins 8r Nortons networks ( we are not intereste* in t/e *etaile* working o) a maCor -art o) t/e network1 Similarly it is not ne'essary to know t/e inner working o) t/e two -ort network 4!t 4y meas!ring t/e @oltages an* '!rrents at in-!t an* at o!t-!t -ort( t/e network 'an 4e '/ara'teriLe* wit/ a set o) -arameters to -re*i't /ow a two -ort network intera't wit/ ot/er networks1 8)ten t/e 'ir'!it 4etween t/e two -orts is /ig/ly 'om-leD T/e two -ort -arameters -ro@i*e a s/ort/an* met/o* )or analyLing t/e in-!t-o!t-!t -ro-erties o) two -orts wit/o!t /a@ing to *eal *ire'tly wit/ t/e /ig/ly 'om-leD 'ir'!it internal to t/e two -ort1 T/ese networks are linear an* -assi@e an* may 'ontain 'ontrolle* so!r'es 4!t not in*e-en*ent so!r'es1insi*e11 ./ile *e)ining two -ort -arameters we -!t t/e 'on*ition t/at one o) t/e -orts is eit/er o-en 'ir'!ite* or s/ort 'ir'!ite*1 In t/ese networks t/ere are )o!r @aria4les 31( I1 an* 32( I2 1 Two o) t/em are eD-resse* in terms o) t/e ot/er two( *e)ine two -ort -arameters1
Network Analysis
10ES34
7 ur i)! rtant Para)eters Sl1 No1 11 21 31 41 &arameters L &arameters y -arameters / -arameters t -arameters De-en*ent 3aria4le 31( 32 I1( I2 31( I2 31 ( I1 In*e-en*ent 3aria4le I1( I2 31( 32 I1( 32 32 ( I2 EI!ations VV1 W XV Y Z 2[ V I1 W XI Y Z 2[ V31 W X I Y Z 2[ VV1 W X IY Z 1[ V z11 z12 W V I 1 W X z YX Y Z 21 z 22 [ Z I 2 [ V y11 y12 W VV1 W X y YX Y Z 21 y 22 [ ZV2 [ V / 11 / 12 W VI1 W X / YX Y Z 21 / 22 [ Z32 [ V A B W VV 2 W X C DY X I Y Z [ Z 2[
DEBINITI8NS <1= J !ara)eters < !en circuit i)!e.ance !ara)eters= 319 L11I1 < L12I2 329 L21I1 < L22I2 z11 z 21 V9
1
I1 V9
2
I2 9 0 I2 9 0
z12 z 22
V9
1
I2 V9
2
I1 9 0 I1 9 0
I1 Bor L11 an* L21 - o!t-!t -ort o-ene* L12 an* L22 - in-!t -ort o-ene*
I2 Hen'e t/e name o-en 'ir'!it im-e*an'e -arameters
EI!i@alent networks in terms o) 'ontrolle* so!r'es \ Network >i? I1 L11 < 31 K Network >ii? < L12I2 < L21I1
L22
I2 < 32 K
;y writing
31 9 >L11 + L12? I1 < L12 >I1 < I2? 32 9 >L21 + L12? I1 < >L22 + L12? I2 < L12 >I1 < I2? L11 + L12 < I1 De-t1o)3E1EE(SF;I T L22 + L12 >L21 + L12?I1 < I2 <
Network Analysis
L12
10ES34 32
$$
T/e L -arameters sim-li)y t/e -ro4lem o) o4taining t/e '/ara'teristi's o) two 2 -ort networks 'onne'te* in series <#= y !ara)eters I19 y1131 < y1232 I29 y2131 < y2232 y11 y21
9 1
V1 I2 9 0
9 2
y12 y22
I1 V2
9 2
I1 9 0 I1 9 0
I I2 9 0
V1 Bor y11 an* y21 - -ort 2 is s/orte* L12 an* L22 - -ort 1 is s/orte*
V2 Hen'e t/ey are 'alle* s/ort 'ir'!it a*mittan'e -arameters
EFuivalent net$ r%s in ter)s 0 c ntr lle. s urces I1 < y1232 31 y11 y2131 y22 I2 < 32
>ii? 4y writing I1 9 >y11 < y12? 31 - y12 >31 < 32? I2 9 >y21 + y12? 31 < >y22 < y12? 32 - y12 >32 + 31?
+ y12 < >y21 < y12?31 31 y11 < y12 y22 < y12 < 32
T/e y -arameters are @ery !se)!l to know t/e '/ara'teristi's o) two 2 -ort Networks 'onne'te* in -arallel
100 1001
H )ri+ para$eters:'
319 /11 I1 < /12 32 I2 9 /21 I1 < /22 32 h11 h22 V9
1
I1
9 2
32 9 0 32 9 0
h12 h22
9 1
V I1 9 0 I1 9 0
V2
9 2
I1
V2
EFuivalent Net$ r% in ter)s 0 c ntr lle. s urcesG I1 < 31 /1232 /11 < /21I1 /22 I2 < 32
&arameter @al!es )or 4i-olar C!n'tion transistors are 'ommonly I!ote* In terms o) / -arameters
Trans$ission or ABC> para$eters

319 A32 - ;I2 I1 9 032 - DI2 C A I2 9 0 V 9 1 V2
9 1
B V1
32 9 0 I
2
I2 9 0 D
32 9 0 I1 I
V2
As t/e name in*i'ates t/e maCor !se o) t/ese -arameters arise in transmission ,ine analysis an* w/en two 2 -orts are 'onne'te* in 'as'a*e
(elationship &etween two port parameters:"

6elations/i- 4etween *i))erent two -ort -arameters 'an 4e o4taine* as )ollows1 Brom t/e gi@en set o) two -ort -arameters( rearrange t/e eI!ations 'olle'ting terms o) *e-en*ent @aria4les o) new set o) -arameters to t/e le)t1 T/en )orm matriD eI!ations an* )rom matriD mani-!lations o4tain t/e new set in terms o) t/e gi@en set1 >i? 6elations/i- 4etween L an* y -arameters )or D -arameters i3j9iLjiIj t/en
]I ^ ]z ^
]V ^
V z11 X Z z21 z12 W VV1 W X Y z22 Y [ ZV2 [
1
V I1 W XI Y Z 2[
1 V z 22 X 5 z ZY z 21 V y11 X Z y 21 V z 22 y12 W X5 z Y X z y 22 [ X
21
z12 W VV1 W YX z11 [ ZV2 [ 5 Y Y z11 Y 5 z Y[

z
w/ere OL 9 L11 L22 + L12L21
z12 W
XZ 5 similarly Z V z11 Xz z12 W Y
1 V y 22 X
y12 W Y y 22 [
21
z 22 [ 5 y Z y 21
>ii? 6elations/i- 4etween i y j an* i / j Brom I1 y11V1 y12V2 I2 6earranging y 21V1 y 21V1
2
y 22V2 I1 I y12V2 y 22V2
y11V1
0 W VV1 V1 y12 W V I 1 W W X YX Y YX Y Xy 1 I 0 y Z 21 [Z Z 22 [ ZV2 [ 1 2[ y12 W V I 1 W VV1 W V y11 0 W V1 aX Y X YX Y Y IX 1 y 22 [ ZV2 [ Z 2[ Z [ y 21 Z0 1V 1 0 W y12 W V I 1 W V1 X YX X Y y11 Z y 21 y11 y 22Y [ [ ZV2 [ Z0 1V 1 y12 W V I1 W X Y X Yy y y11 Z y 21 y12 y V 21 11 22 [ Z 2 [ V1 y12 W X V h11 h12 W y Y V I1 W y 11 Y X 11 Y X Y 5 X X y h h y X 21 22 [ 11 Z 21 Z
V y11
y11
ZV2
[ Y
>iii? To ED-ress T--arameters in terms o) /-&arametersH EI!ations )or T--arameters( ;1 4 ,;2-<'2 '1 4 ";2-C'2 EI!ations )or /--arameters( ;1 4 h11'1 E h12;2 >26
>1 6
'2 4 h21'1E h22;2 22;2 h22;2
6e arranging EI!ation >2? 31 - /11I1 9 /1232 - /21I1 9 /2232 -I2
;y a similar -ro'e*!re( t/e relations/i- 4etween any two sets o) -arameters 'an 4e esta4lis/e*1 T/e )ollowing ta4le gi@es s!'/ relations/i-sH
6 z 22 QyR y11 y21 y 22 5 QPR

y
P z12
z
I 1
z
T h12 h11 5
h
y12 y22 y12 5 y 11 5 y12 y11 5

y y
5 5
5 z11 5 z12 z 22
h11 h21
D B
5 B
z 21
z
z11 z 21
h11 h11 5h h12 h22 h22 h21 h22 1 h22 h12 h22
h
1 AB B A C 1 C B D 5t C D C 5t D
y21 5y 1 y11 y 21 y11 y

22
Q(R
5 z 22 z 22 z11 z 21 1 z 21
z12 z 22 1 z 22 5 z z 21 z 22 z 21 h11 h21 5 h21 h22 h21 h21
z 21
1 CD D h11
y11 1 y 21
QtR
y 21 5 y11 y 21
h21 1
A C
B D
y 21
082&QTATI8NS 8B T.8 &86T &A6A2ETE6SH A1 ;y *ire't met/o* i1e1 !sing *e)initions Bor L -arameters( o-en o!t-!t -ort >I290? )in* 31 J 32 in terms o) I1 4y eI!ations 0al'!late :119315I1 J:219325I11 8-en in-!t -ort >I190? )in* 31 J 32 in terms o) I210al'!late :129315I2 J:229325I2 Similar -ro'e*!re may 4e )ollowe* )or y -arameters 4y s/ort 'ir'!iting t/e -orts / J t -arameters may 4e o4taine* 4y a 'om4ination o) t/e a4o@e -ro'e*!res1
;1
L an* y -arametersH;y no*e J mes/ eI!ations in stan*ar* )orm
Bor a re'i-ro'al network >-assi@e wit/o!t 'ontrolle* so!r'es? wit/ only two '!rrent So!r'es at in-!t an* o!t-!t no*es(t/e no*e eI!ations are I19A1131<A1232<A1333<--------- <A1n 3n I29A2131<A2232<A2333<--------- <A2n 3n 0 9A3131<A3232<A3333<--------- <A3n 3n -------------------------------------------------0 9 An131 <An2 32 <An3 33---------<Ann3n t/en 31 511 I 5 1 32
1
5 I 5 2 5 I 5 2
21
w/ere 5 is t/e *et er min ent o) t/e A matriD1
512 I 5
22
51'o)a'tor o) A o) 5 1C
C
0om-aring t/ese wit/ t/e L -arameter eI!ations1 we /a@e L11 51

1
L 22
5
22
L12
5
21
L 21
5 12 5
Similarly )or s!'/ networks( t/e loo- eI!ations wit/ @oltage so!r'es only at -ort 1 an* 2 V1
m m
Z 11 I 1 Z 21 I 1 Z m1 I 1 D11
Z 12 I 2
1111111111 1111111111 11111111111
Z 1m I Z2 Z mm I m
V2 I mO
Z 22 I 2 Z m2I 2 D21 D D22 D
O T/en I1 I V2
D D12 D
V1
V2 V
2
w/ere D is t/e *eterminant o) t/e : matriD an* DiC is t/e 'o-)a'tor o) t/e element :iC o) : matriD 1'om-aring t/ese wit/ iyj eI!ations T/!s we /a@e y11 D11 D y 22 D22 D y12 D12 D y 22 D22 D
Alternati@e met/o*s Bor
L t/e mes/ -ara eI!ations meter are s
V1
m m
Z 11 I 1 Z 21 I 1 Z m1 I 1
Z 12 I 2
1111111111 1111111111 11111111111
Z 1m I Z2 Z mm I m
V2 I mO
Z 22 I 2 Z m2I 2
;y matriD -artitioning t/e a4o@e eI!ations 'an 4e written as
V 31 W X Y 3 : X 2Y X0Y X Y X 0Y Z [
:12 V :11 X : 22 X 21 : : 32 X 31 X X: : Z n1 n 2
:1n W V I1 W : YX Y I 2nY X 2Y : 3n Y X I 3 Y YX Y Y XI Y : nn [ Z n[
V 31 W V 2 X3 Y X X 2Y X X8Y X X Y X
X 8Y Z [ V 3 1W X Y Z32 [ Similarly )or A -arameters
&
N W V I1 W YX Y Y XI 2 Y Y XI 3 Y YX Y YX Y ZI 2 [ N Y
1 1
]2
VI W & X
ZI 2 [
01 ;y re*!'ing t/e network >'ontaining -assi@e elements only? to single T or D 4y T-D trans)ormations I) t/e network is re*!'e* to a T network as s/own I2 T/en :2 :1 < < 31 :1 : 3 I1 : 3 I 2 31 I1 :3 I2 32 32 L11 L12 : 3 I1 :1 :3 :2 :3 I 2 L 22 :2 :3 )rom w/i'/ L 21 L13
I) t/e network is 4ro!g/t to r network as s/own I1 I2 T/en A3 < >ET,ICAL CON:ITIONS
A t$ ! rt is sai. t be sy))etrical i0 t(e ! rts can be interc(an&e. $it( ut c(an&in& t(e ! rt v lta&e an. currents..
i1e1
i)
31 I1 I 2
32 I 2 I1
a L11
L 22
;y !sing t/e relations/i- 4etween L an* ot/er -arameters we 'an o4tain t/e 'on*itions )or Symmetry in terms o) ot/er -arameters1 As L119L22( in terms o) y we /a@e y119L125*L J y229L15*L( a y11By##.
In terms o) / -arameters as L1195/5/22 J L22915/22 we /a@e 5(B(11(##" (1#(#1 B 1. In terms o) t -arameters as L19A50 J L229D50 t/e 'on*ition is AB:
,eci!r city c n.iti n in ter)s 0 t$ ! rt !ara)eters I1 < 3 K < 3 1 Big 1 Bor t/e two networks s/own )or Big 1 Big 2 Brom L -arameters 31
2
I2 N < 32 Ia I4
I1 < 31 Big 2 N
I2
< K3
31 9 3 32 9 3
I2 9 -Ia I1 9 -I4
32 9 0 31 9 0
0on*ition )or re'i-ro'ity is Ia 9 I4 L11I1 L 21I1

2
L12 I L 22 I L12 3 5 L
we /a@e )rom )ig>1? 3 8 L11I1 L 21 I1 L12 I a L 22 I a
32 a Ia
L 3 21 5 L
Brom )ig>2? 8 3
2
L11I 4 L 21I 4
L12 I 2 L12 I
I4
L 213 5L
L12 L 21
t/en )or I a
I4
Bor re'i-ro'ity wit/ L129L21( In terms o) y -arameters L129 y1255y In terms o) t -arameters L1295t50
J L219-y2155y 'on*ition is
y1#B y#1
In terms o) / -arameters L129 /125/22 J L219 - /215/22 t/e 'on*ition is (1#B " (#1 J L219150 t/e 'on*ition is 5tBA: " BCB1
Para)eters Con+ition -or 6e'i-ro'ity Symmetry
P y ( t
P1#BP## y1#By## (1#B "(#1

A:"BCB1
P11B P## y11By## (11.(##"(1#.(#1B1

DD
CA4CA>0 C2NN0CTI2N:'
<
I1
31
< I1a 31a -
I2a< Na 32a -
< -
I14 314 N4
I24
< 32a
I2
<
<
I1
<
I2 32
32
31
-
Assignment
1? ED-lain : an* A -arameters wit/ eI!i@alent 'ir'!it Also eD-ress :- -arameters in terms o) A + -arameters1 2? Bin* t/e /- -arameters o) t/e network s/own in Big1 7i@e its eI!i@alent 'ir'!it
uestions:
'=
Bin* A -arameters )or t/e network s/own in )ig1
4? Bin* t/e transmission or general -arameters )or t/e 'ir'!it s/own in Big
5? De)ine y an* L -arameters1 Deri@e relations/i- s!'/ t/at y -arameters eD-resse* in terms o) L -arameters an* L -arameters eD-resse* in terms o) y -arameters %? De)ine / an* T -arameters an* *eri@e eD-ressions )or i/j in terms o) iTj1
d6
Bin*
an*
)or t/e two -ort network s/own in )ig1 131
110 1101
,+ Bor t/e network s/own in )ig114 o4tain t/e o1'1 im-e*an'e -arameters
-+
Bin*
an*
)or t/e two -ort network s/own in )ig1 13

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Network Analysis

Co*erage in t#e Te<ts:

3. Net$ r% t(e ry , 7anes/ 6ao. 4. 3Net$ r% analysis , 6oy 0/o!*ry.

11 8H2S ,A. IA;-0!rrent )rom A to ;

21 =0, i1<i4<i59i2<i3 i90

i1 i2 i3 alge4rai' s!m > Iin9-Io!t?

alge4rai' s!m >3rise9 -3*ro-?

3oltage Di@ision 3i9>:i5:?3

0!rrent Di@ision II9>Ai5A?I

3A09 >"-#i?>10? 9 10%13 -4#1#

3oltage So!r'e >i*eal?

0!rrent So!r'e >i*eal? A A I

&ra'ti'e 3oltage so!r'e

&ra'ti'al '!rrent so!r'e

>a? E s/i)t o-eration

>4? I s/i)t o-eration

4ources wit# e;ui*alent ter$inal c#aracteristics

>i?Series @oltage so!r'es

>ii? &arallel @oltage so!r'es>i*eal? i1

>iii? &arallel '!rrent so!r'es

>i@?Series '!rrent so!r'es>i*eal? : :

>@?3oltage so!r'e wit/ -arallel :

>@i?0!rrent so!r'e wit/ series : < 3 I I

< I 3 >@iii? 3 an* I in Series

>@ii? 3 an* I in &arallel

S!4stit!ting )or :; < :0 )rom >2? : A :A; :A 9 : 0 9 A;< :; < :0A :

: A; Similarly 4y symmetry :; 9 :0 9 :A; :;0 :A; :;0 :0A :A; :O 1 3

:A; 9 :;0 9 :0A 9 :O t/en :A 9 :; 9 :0 9 :A 9

trans)ormation te'/niI!es only1 T/en @eri)y 4y no*e eI!ations

$? 84tain t/e *elta 'onne'te* eI!i-ment o) t/e network s/own in )ig1 11

t/e '!rrent in 3<C4: is Lero 1 Take . 9 50 ra*5se'1

Unit: ! Net$ r% T ! l &y: Syllabus of unit

3. Net$ r% t(e ry , 7anes/ 6ao. 4. 3Net$ r% analysis , 6oy 0/o!*ry.

Net work Topolog

0om-lete In'i*en'e matriD <i=C )!lete inci.ence )atri?:

6e*!'e* in'i*en'e matriD

Network 8riente* gra-/

;ran'/es 1 -1 0 0 <1 2 <1 -1 0 0 3 <1 0 -1 0 4 0 -1 <1 0 5 0 <1 0 -1 % 0 0 <1 -1

Brom t/e ta4!lar 'ol!mn( t/e entries /a@e to 4e inter-rete* as )ollowsH

Tie set Analysis:

&!tting t/e a4o@e eI!ations in matriD )orm( we get i1 i2 i3 i5 i% 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 4 0 -1 0 -1 0 L 1 1 y

./ere 3; 9 ;ran'/ @oltage 'ol!mn matriD an* ; ) 9 Tie - set matriD

Tie set 2atriDH ;) 9 1 0 0 1 -1 1 0 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1 0

;ran'/ Im-e*en'e matriD

,oo- EI!ations H 20 -5 -10 -5 20 -5 -10 -5 20 D y L

Cut set Analysis

9 '!t set matriD ) I; 9 ;ran'/ '!rrent matriD 3= A=

6e)erring to t/e )ig!re Ik 9 Ak 3k < Isk

I; 9 ;ran'/ '!rrent matriD o) or*er 4D1 A; 9 A1 0 0 0 0 - - 0 A2 0 - - 0 - - - - 0 - - - A4 9 ;ran'/ a*mittan'e matriD o) or*er 4D 4

;!t )rom >1? we /a@e 3; 9 Hen'e eI!ation >4? 4e'omes

is 'alle* '!t - set a*mittan'e matriD

Hen'e t/e reI!ire* '!t +set matriD

A A "1 1 A A A A A "1 1 A 1 A A A "1 1 A 1 1 A A "1

3o/m 4B 4o/m 2sin%t V 1 %H 2

New Age International

4. 3Net$ r% analysis , 6oy 0/o!*ry.

wit/ ES a'ting alone Ia1 9

:1<:2<:3 -:3 :1<:2<:3 -:3

IS :1 -ES -:3 :3<:4 --------------------------------- >3?

IS:1:3 - ES >: 1<:2<:3? 9 >:1<:2<:3? :4 < >:1<:2? :3

E :1 < :3 > :2 < :4? :2<:3<:4

=ext interchan%e the source and ammeter.

=ow the readin% of the ,mmeter is :

$? 84tain t/e elta 'onne'te eI!i-ment o) t/e network s/own in )ig1 11

6e!'e in'i*en'e matriD

I; 9 ;ran'/ '!rrent matriD o) orer 4D1 A; 9 A1 0 0 0 0 - - 0 A2 0 - - 0 - - - - 0 - - - A4 9 ;ran'/ amittan'e matriD o) or*er 4D 4

At 6esonan'e t/e amittan'e is -!rely 'on!'ti@e gi@en 4y

T(e in.uct r : Initial 'onition T/e swit'/ is 'lose at t9 0 @

I0 , Binal >or steay state? 'onition

Binal >or steay state ? 'onition