THE GREATEST STORY NEVER TOLD.

Until Now!
Written by Albert Lynn Barcro t. E!ite! by Hi" #any $rien!" an! $ellow A%erican".
COMMON LAW COPYRIGHT OCTOBER, MCMXCIX. United States Postal Co !"i#$t %e&"'a"!, ())). All Ri#$ts Rese"*ed.
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. +.

&RE$A'E.
T$e &oo, !o' a"e a&o't to "ead is a -o. ilation in "es'lt o/ .o"e t$an +0 !ea"s o/ $a"d st'd!, 1o",, /ail'"es, and s'--esses t$at I $a*e e"sonall! e2 e"ien-ed in .! o1n /i#$t to "e#ain t$e &i"t$"i#$t le/t to .e &! .! /o"e/at$e"s. T$ose /o"e/at$e"s #a*e t$ei" "o e"t!, standin# in t$e -o..'nit!, and e*en t$ei" li*es in o"de" to lea*e to .e t$ose /"eedo.s 1$i-$ $ad ne*e" &e/o"e e2isted /o" t$e -o..on .an on t$is ea"t$. Most o/ t$e. s'//e"ed $a"ds$i s t$at 1e toda! -o'ld not e*en i.a#ine, and t$e! did it all so t$at t$ei" -$ild"en and oste"it! -o'ld $a*e /"eedo. /o"e*e".o"e. T$e #i/t t$e! le/t 's is t$e .ost 1onde"/'l and *al'a&le #i/t e*e" #i*en &! Man3 and, I $a*e no do'&t t$at it 1as ins i"ed and -oo"dinated &! t$e C"eato". T$is &oo, is dedi-ated to t$ose &"a*e .en 1$o #a*e all t$e! $ad on t$is ea"t$ in o"de" to lea*e t$e #i/t o/ /"eedo. to t$ei" des-endants. Alt$o'#$ .ost o/ t$ei" des-endants no lon#e" e*en "eali4e t$e #"eat #i/t le/t to t$e., t$e sa-"i/i-es .ade &! t$ose $e"oes 1ill /o"e*e" &e ens$"ined in t$e ''Freedoms Hall Of Fame'' as t$e /"a.e"s o/ t$e .ost 1onde"/'l s!ste. o/ #o*e"n.ent e*e" de*ised on t$is ea"t$. To t$ose .en #o all t$e "aise and -"edit /o" 1$ate*e" /"eedo. $as e2isted, o" still e2ists toda!5 It is .! /'ll intention to $ono" t$ose .en in .! a-tions and in t$ese 1"itin#s.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

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A.on# ot$e" t$in#s, t$is &oo, 1ill s$a"e 1it$ !o' t$e se-"ets 'sed &! .an! A.e"i-ans, e*en toda!, to a*oid t$e t"a s o/ t$e %ede"al Go*e"n.ent 1$i-$ $a*e la-ed .illions o/ state Citi4ens into a state o/ se"*it'de to t$e United States and all o/ its siste" -o. anies and -o6 a"ties. T$e &oo, 1ill s$o1 !o' in detail $o1 to ,no1 i/ !o' a"e eli#i&le to &e a so*e"ei#n 1it$ no in-o.e ta2es, and /e1, i/ an!, "o e"t! ta2es 7.an! o/ !o' a"e58. It 1ill s$o1 !o' $o1 to esta&lis$ a &an, a--o'nt "i#$t in !o'" $o.eto1n &an, t$at t$e IRS -annot e*en loo, at, .'-$ less sei4e. It 1ill s$o1 !o' $o1 to sto &ein# told 7and 'nis$ed i/ !o' don9t listen and a&ide &! t$e Code and "e#'lations8 1$et$e" o" not to 1ea" a seat &elt o" sto at a sto si#n in t$e .iddle o/ no1$e"e 1it$ no one else a"o'nd. It 1ill s$o1 !o' $o1 to tell t$e IRS to :#o a1a!9, and t$en .a,e t$e. do it. I/ !o' ;'ali/!, t$is &oo, 1ill -$an#e !o'" li/e so d"a.ati-all! t$at !o' 1on9t "e-o#ni4e !o'"sel/, eit$e" $!si-all! o" s i"it'all!, 1it$in si2 .ont$s a/te" !o' $a*e e. lo!ed t$e se-"ets -ontained $e"ein.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

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I $a*e not 'sed a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e" o" aid an! in-o.e ta2es sin-e +=>?, 1$en I sta"ted to lea"n t$e t"'t$ a&o't .! -o'nt"! and .! Ri#$ts. I $a*e "e-entl! lea"ned t$at I $a*e ne*e" e*en $ad a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e". I $a*e not aid a t"a//i- ti-,et in al.ost t$i"t! !ea"s 7and I9*e $ad .an! iss'ed8, and I $a*e ne*e" e*en seen t$e inside o/ a @ail. At /i"st, I /'ll! e2 e-ted to &e @ailed and dis#"a-ed, &'t I 1as so /ed ' 1it$ t$e s!ste. t$at I /"an,l! didn9t -a"e. I de-ided t$at i/ t$e! -o'ld do t$e $o""i&le t$in#s to .e 1$i-$ t$e! $ad done, t$e! .i#$t as 1ell a! /o" .! "oo. and &oa"d 1$ile t$e! 1e"e doin# it. To .! #"eat s'" "ise, not onl! did I not #o to @ail, I 1asn9t e*en -onta-ted &! .ail /o" o*e" t1o !ea"s a/te" I sto ed /ilin# t$e IRS "et'"ns. A'"in# t$at ti.e, I #at$e"ed an i..ense a.o'nt o/ in/o".ation a&o't t$e :s!ste.9 and $o1 it 1o",s. I lea"ned $o1 to -$allen#e an! -lai.s 1$i-$ t$e IRS .i#$t .a,e a#ainst .e, and $o1 to de/end a#ainst an! -"i.inal a--'sations ai.ed at .e. T$e "es'lt 1as t$at, 1$en t$e! /inall! did -o.e a/te" .e, I 1as "ead! and I 1on ti.e and a#ain. %o" se*e"al !ea"s Bt$e ea"l! +==)9s 'ntil t$e ea"l! ()))9s8, t$e IRS *i"t'all! a&andoned t$e 'se o/ -"i.inal "ose-'tions in its atte. t to /o"-e ta2 -o. lian-e a#ainst an! 1$ose de/ense is &ased ' on solid #"o'nd. T$e -o'"ts /a*o" t$e IRS in a .anne" 1$i-$ -o'ld ne*e" &e "e/e""ed to as @'sti-e, and t$e @'"! ools a"e tainted /"o. t$e o'tset. T$e /e1 -ases 1$e"e a t"'e A.e"i-an does "e*ail, t$e -o'"ts $a*e /o'nd a *e"! e//e-ti*e 1a! o/ ,ee in# t$e "es'lts /"o. t$e '&li- &! t$e si. le 'se o/ a lo! -alled a :#a# o"de"9. T$is o"de" /o"&ids an! in/o".ation a&o't a -ase /"o. &ein# "eleased /o" '&li- -ons'. tion, and /o"&ids an! o/ t$e a"ties o" atto"ne!s /"o. e*en tal,in# a&o't it. It 1as intended /o" 'se onl! d'"in# a t"ial to .aintain @'"! '"it!3 &'t, li,e so .an! ot$e" t$in#s 1$i-$ sta"ted 1it$ #ood di"e-tion, t$is #o*e"n.ent /o'nd a 1a! to "ostit'te t$e inte#"it! o/ s'-$ an o"de", and 'se it to ,ee silent /o"e*e" an!t$in# 1$i-$ .i#$t &e det"i.ental to t$e ass'.ed o1e" o/ t$e #o*e"n.ent i/ it e*e" &e-a.e '&li- ,no1led#e. T$at is "e-isel! 1$! !o' "o&a&l! -'""entl! &elie*e t$at t$e #o*e"n.ent 1ins e*e"! ta2 -ase, and t$at an!one 1$o is not a!in# t$e in-o.e ta2 1ill s'"el! 1ind ' in "ison. In a-tions s'-$ as t$e 'net$i-al Bi/ not ille#alC 'se o/ t$e #a# "'le &! %ede"al -o'"ts, "eal $o e -an &e /o'nd &! t$ose eo le 1$o a"e /i#$tin# t$e /i#$t /o" t"'t$, @'sti-e, and t$e A.e"i-an Wa!. It is *e"! $ea"tenin# to ,no1 t$at 1e $a*e &een a&le to 's$ t$is de /a-to #o*e"n.ent into a osition 1$e"e it is /o"-ed to t1ist t$e la1 in o"de" to .aintain its osition. T$is a-tion alone tells 's t$at t$e e"sons "es onsi&le /o" ,ee in# t$is #o*e"n.ent in la-e ,no1 t$at t$e! -annot &e t"'t$/'l and /o"t$-o.in#

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

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1it$ t$e A.e"i-an Peo le and $o e to .aintain t$ei" o1e". It also oints o't t$at t$ese lee-$es o/ so-iet! 1ill do an!t$in# to ,ee t$ei" o1e" o*e" t$e eo le. T$e! 1ill lie, -$eat, and e*en steal to .aintain t$e eo le9s i.a#e o/ t$ei" o1e". An!ti.e t$at t$e! a"e s'--ess/'l in te""o"i4in# o" inti.idatin# an A.e"i-an, it 1ill &e laste"ed on t$e /"ont a#e o/ e*e"! ne1s a e" in t$e -o'nt"!, and it 1ill &e t$e lead sto"! on t$e TE ne1s-asts. B't 1$en an A.e"i-an 1ins a &attle, it is sealed o// /"o. t$e '&li- li,e a -onta#io's disease. Re-entl!, at a Ne1 Yea"9s E*e a"t!, a /e1 o/ .! /"iends sta"ted as,in# ;'estions a&o't .! &elie/s on a!in# ta2es, &ein# /"ee, and A.e"i-a. A/te" a -o' le o/ $o'"s o/ dis-'ssions, one o/ .! /"iends loo,ed at .e and said, FYo' ,no1, Al, I "eall! "esent !o'. I #o o't $e"e and 1o", $a"d e*e"!da!, and I a! .! /ai" s$a"e o't o/ .! ea"nin#s. Yo' .a,e .o"e .one! t$an I do, and !o' don9t a! an!t$in#, .'-$ less !o'" /ai" s$a"e.G T$is "eall! set .e a&a-, /o" a se-ond. I ne*e" e*en t$o'#$t a&o't an! o/ .! /"iends "esentin# t$e /a-t t$at I 1as standin# ' to t$is t!"anni-al t"'st, .ani/estin# itsel/ as t$e de /a-to #o*e"n.ent. A/te" a /e1 se-onds o/ a-t'all! /eelin# s$a.e, I sta"ted #ettin# an#"!. Ho1 da"e so.eone ;'estion .! sa-"i/i-es5 I loo,ed t$is /"iend di"e-tl! in t$e e!e, and, 1it$ all t$e ot$e"s at t$e a"t! in dead silen-e, I said, FSte*e, I 1is$ !o' $adn9t said t$at. I9*e let !o' o// t$e $oo, /o" a lon# ti.e, &'t no1 !o'9*e .ade t$is e"sonal &et1een 's. M! /o"e/at$e"s, @'st li,e !o'"s, #a*e a lot to "o*ide /"eedo. /o" t$e.sel*es and t$ei" des-endants. M! G"eat G"eat G"eat G"eat G"eat G"eat G"eat G"and/at$e", Sa.'el H'ntin#ton, si#ned t$e Ae-la"ation o/ Inde enden-e. He ,ne1 1$en $e did t$at $e 1o'ld "o&a&l! s'//e" #"eat $a"ds$i s as a "es'lt. He still /ollo1ed $is &elie/s 1it$o't -on-e"n /o" $is o1n instant se-'"it!, /a*o"in# instead lon#6te". /"eedo. /o" $i.sel/ and $is o//s "in#. All o/ t$e ot$e" si#ne"s o/ t$e Ae-la"ation o/ Inde enden-e ,ne1 t$e e2t"e.e dan#e" t$e! la-ed t$e.sel*es in 1it$ t$ei" si#nat'"e and s' o"t, &'t all si#ned it an!1a!, and al.ost e*e"! one 1as eit$e" ,illed o" $ad $is "o e"t! sei4ed and died &"o,e as a "es'lt o/ t$at si#nat'"e. To t$ose .en, t$e .ost i. o"tant t$in# a .an -o'ld do 1as to deli*e" /"eedo. to $i.sel/ and $is o//s "in# as a &i"t$"i#$t. T$e! e*en 1a"ned 's t$at ete"nal *i#ilan-e 1as t$e onl! 1a! 1e -o'ld .aintain t$is 1onde"/'l #i/t. And 1$at $a*e 1e done 1it$ t$is #i/tH We $a*e a at$eti-all! #i*en it a1a! 1it$o't so .'-$ as a 1$i. e" in t$e ni#$t, 1it$o't a /i#$t3 and, &asi-all! to t$e sa.e eo le t$at o'" /o"e/at$e"s t$"e1 o't o/ -ont"ol. T"!in# to /i#$t to "e#ain little a"ts o/ t$at on-e all6 en-o. assin# /"eedo. is "eall! *e"! di//i-'lt toda!, &e-a'se o/ eo le li,e !o', Ste*e, 1$o /all

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do1n and a! $o.a#e 1it$o't ;'estion to t$is .onste" t$at 1o'ld -ont"ol e*e"!t$in#. And 1$! do !o' do t$at, Ste*eH Be-a'se !o' a"e #ettin# :%a". s'&sidies9 and ot$e" :$ando'ts9 /"o. t$e s!ste. 1$i-$ 1o'ld not &e a*aila&le i/ !o' didn9t /ollo1 t$ei" e*e"! inst"'-tion 1it$o't ;'estion. So tell .e, Ste*e, 1$en a"e !o' #oin# to sta"t doin# F!o'" /ai" s$a"eG to1a"d .aintainin# t$is #"eat -o'nt"! t$at !o'" /o"e/at$e"s le/t !o'H I $o e it9s soon, &e-a'se, /"an,l!, t$e load is #ettin# "ett! $ea*! /o" .e to -a""! 1it$o't a little $el .G Needless to sa!, o'" -on*e"sation ended /ai"l! a&"' tl!, and 1e $a*en9t $ad o--asion to tal, sin-e. I oint o't t$is en-o'nte" to .a,e t$e oint t$at, e*en t$o'#$ I don9t a! in-o.e ta2es 7and se*e"al ot$e" ta2es8, I don9t $a*e a /"ee "ide eit$e". I/ !o' de-ide to /ollo1 t$e in/o".ation #i*en in t$is &oo, to !o'" o1n /"eedo., !o' 1ill /ind t$at .an! o/ !o'" /"iends 1ill &e-o.e *e"! @ealo's o/ !o'. It 1ill &e a"ti-'la"l! noti-ea&le 1it$ t$ose 1$o 1o'ld lo*e to do e2a-tl! 1$at !o' a"e doin#, &'t t$e! @'st don9t $a*e t$e #'ts. T$e! -an "ead and 'nde"stand t$at t$e! a"e "eall! not "e;'i"ed to do t$e distaste/'l t$in#s t$at t$e! do as :d'ties9 'nde" t$is #o*e"n.ent3 &'t dee do1n, in t$ei" $ea"ts, t$e! @'st ,no1 t$at t$e! 1ill :#o to @ail9 i/ t$e! don9t /ollo1 t$e inst"'-tions laid o't /o" t$e.. T$e "eall! sad t$in# is t$at t$e! a"e al"ead! in "ison o/ t$e 1o"st ,ind I sel/6i. osed. T$e! -an ne*e" es-a e it, &e-a'se t$is #o*e"n.ent $as stolen t$ei" .inds and t$ei" /"ee 1ill, and .ade -o1a"ds o't o/ t$e.3 and it 1o'ld ta,e t$e -o'"a#e o/ t$ei" /o"e/at$e"s to sei4e &a-, -ont"ol. I a. so""! to "e o"t t$at /e1 still $a*e t$at -o'"a#e. B't /o" t$ose 1$o do stand ' and sa!, FI 1ant 1$at is .ine, and I 1ant to &e /"eeG, t$e "e1a"ds a"e so #"eat t$at I -annot sta"t to .a,e !o' 'nde"stand t$e.. B't !o' 1ill a! :!o'" /ai" s$a"e9. Yo' 1ill a! it in $a*in# to e2 lain a t$o'sand ti.es o*e" 1$! A.e"i-an Citi4ens and -iti4ens o/ t$e United States a"e di//e"ent, and $o1 o'" /o"e/at$e"s ne*e" intended t$at so.e :/ede"al .onste"9 1o'ld a#ain ta,e o*e" and "'le o'" li*es. Yo' 1ill a! it 1$en !o' $a*e to /i#$t /o" t$e little t$in#s t$at t$e :sla*es9 7-iti4ens o/ t$e United States8 a"e #i*en /"eel!. B't !o' 1ill "ea t$e "e1a"ds 1$en !o' la! do1n at ni#$t ,no1in# t$at !o' a"e a /"ee Man, and t$at no ,in# o" #o*e"n.ent -an la! -lai. to !o'" &od!, so'l, o" "o e"t!, &e-a'se !o' a"e t$e :so*e"ei#n9, e2a-tl! as t$e C"eato" and !o'" /o"e/at$e"s intended t$at !o' s$o'ld &e. W$en !o' 1a,e ' and loo, at !o'"sel/ in t$e .i""o", !o' -an &e "o'd o/ t$e "e/le-tion o/ a %REE MAN3 and t$en, and onl! t$en, !o' 1ill ,no1 1$! !o'" /o"e/at$e"s 1e"e 1illin# to #i*e e*e"!t$in# so t$at !o' and !o'" -$ild"en -o'ld en@o! t$is t$in# -alled %REEAOM55

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T$is &oo, -an &e t$e /i"st ste in "e#ainin# !o'" indi*id'al /"eedo.. It is intended to #i*e !o' a t"'e and /a-t'al ste 6&!6ste a--o'nt o/ 1$e"e !o' a"e and $o1 !o' #ot t$e"e. Mo"e i. o"tant, it 1ill #i*e !o' t$e 'nde"standin# needed to "e ai" t$e da.a#e t$at it $as ta,en !o' a li/eti.e to s'//e". Read t$is &oo, li,e an inst"'-tion #'ide, -$e-, it /o" a--'"a-!, &'t do not dis-o'nt it @'st &e-a'se it .a! see. l'di-"o's to !o' "i#$t no1. I/ !o' /'ll! "esea"-$ t$e &oo, and its -ontentions, !o' 1ill /ind t$at 1$at !o' $a*e al1a!s &elie*ed to &e t"'e is, in /a-t, t$at 1$i-$ is t"'l! l'di-"o's. Yo' 1ill also dis-o*e" se-"ets, and $o1 to 'se t$e., t$at onl! a "e-io's /e1 $a*e $e"eto/o"e en@o!ed t$e &ene/its o/. Most i. o"tant, t$e "in-i als and ideas -ontained in t$is &oo, a"e t"'e, /a-t'al, and 'sa&le. I/ e. lo!ed "o e"l!, t$e! a"e -o. letel! la1/'l, and !o' -an 'se t$e. 1it$ total -on/iden-e. I CHALLENGE ANYONE TO AISPROEE ANY O% THE BASE CONTENTIONS, %ACTS, OR CONCLUSIONS GIEEN IN THIS BOOK5 Ho1e*e", !o' .'st ea-$ de-ide !o'" o1n /ate and osition in t$is 1o"ld &ased ' on t$e /a-ts 1$i-$ !o' a--'.'late. It is .! 1is$ and $o e t$at t$is &oo, #i*es !o' aid in t$at "o-ess.

'HA&TER ( ) '*T*+ENSH*&.
W$en .ost eo le 1$o -onside" t$e.sel*es A.e"i-ans a"e as,ed a&o't t$ei" -iti4ens$i , t$e! "eali4e, .a!&e /o" t$e /i"st ti.e, t$at t$e! $a*e ne*e" #i*en t$e iss'e .'-$ t$o'#$t. O$ s'"e, t$e! all ,no1 t$at t$e! a"e -iti4ens o/ t$e United States3 and, i/ 's$ed, .ost also &elie*e t$e.sel*es to &e A.e"i-ans. B't "e-io's /e1 'nde"stand 1$at -iti4ens$i "eall! is, .'-$ less $o1 it is a-$ie*ed and .aintained. Most t$in, t$at it is &esto1ed ' on t$e. 1it$o't an! d'ties o" "es onsi&ilities atta-$ed Be2-e t a!in# ta2esC, and t$at not$in# t$e! do -an a//e-t t$ei" stat's as an indi*id'al Man o" Wo.an 1it$ Ri#$ts le/t /o" t$e. &! t$ei" /o"e/at$e"s, and #'a"anteed &! t$e Constit'tion o/ t$e United States o/ A.e"i-a. I/ t$at9s 1$at !o' &elie*e, $old on to !o'" &oots, &e-a'se t$e Ea"t$ is #oin# to s$a,e 'nde" !o'" /eet. All o/ t$e ass'. tions t$at !o' $a*e .ade -on-e"nin# !o'" -iti4ens$i a"e #oin# to &e "o*en totall! 1"on#3 not &! 1o"ds, &'t &! "oo/. T$e /ollo1in# /a-ts a"e "esented to !o' as $isto"i-all! -o""e-t e*iden-e, and all 1ill &e s' o"ted &! 'n;'estiona&le e*iden-e. Not$in# in t$is e*al'ation is intended to &e dis"es e-t/'l o" de#"adin# 7and -e"tainl! not "a-ist8 to1a"d an! #"o' o/ eo le3 $o1e*e", in o"de" to ,no1 and 'nde"stand t$e t"'t$ a&o't !o'"
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. ?.

$e"ita#e and !o'" &i"t$"i#$t, !o' .'st /i"st 'nde"stand $o1 !o' #ot into t$e osition t$at !o' -'""entl! o--' !. So, 1e 1ill sta"t at t$e &e#innin#, and /ollo1 t$e -$ain o/ e*ents t$at $as led 's to t$e la-e 1$e"e 1e stand toda!. Please ,ee an o en .ind 'ntil !o' $a*e e2a.ined t$e /a-ts 1it$o't $isto"i-al "e*ision.

T$e 'nited States o/ A.e"i-a a-t'all! -a.e into &ein# on L'l! D, +??J, 1it$ t$e si#nin# o/ t$e :Ae-la"ation o/ Inde enden-e9, 1$en t$e states de-la"edM FThat these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be, Free and Independent States; that the are !bsol"ed from all !llegian#e to the $ritish Cro%n, and that all politi#al #onne#tion bet%een them and the State of &reat $ritain, is and ought to be totall dissol"edG. T$e A"ti-les o/ Con/ede"ation, a#"eed to in +??? and "ati/ied in +?>+, -"eated t$e Union o/ t$e States, and dele#ated a o"tion o/ t$ei" so*e"ei#nt! to t$is ne1 Con/ede"a-! o" Union. T$is -on/ede"ation de-la"ed t$atM F!nd that the !rti#les thereof shall be in"iolabl obser"ed b the States %e respe#ti"el represent, and that the Union shall be perpetual'()*mphasis added+ T$is Con/ede"a-! /'"t$e" de-la"ed in A"ti-le IM FThe Stile of this Confedera# shall be ,The United States of America,. G T$e +< Colonies de-la"ed t$e.sel*es to &e FFree and Independent StatesG3 and t$e Peo le 1$o -"eated t$ese FFree and Independent StatesG 1o'ld li,e1ise, o/ ne-essit!, $a*e &een /"ee and inde endent, ot$e"1ise, t$e! 1o'ld not $a*e $ad t$e a't$o"it! to ente" into s'-$ an a#"ee.ent and to $a*e -"eated a /"ee and inde endent State. T$e B"itis$ C"o1n, 1$i-$ $ad "e*io'sl! -lai.ed t$e "i#$t o/ so*e"ei#nt! o*e" t$e +< Colonies and its eo le, "e-o#ni4ed t$e inde enden-e and /"eedo. o/ t$ese States and t$e Peo le t$e"eo/ 1it$ t$e T"eat! o/ Pa"is in +?><, 1$e"ein t$e /ollo1in# ;'ote /"o. t$at do-'.ent en'n-iatesM ,His $ritanni# -a.est a#/no%ledges the said United States, "i0', 1e% Hampshire, -assa#husetts $a , Rhode Island and 2ro"iden#e 2lantations, Conne#ti#ut, 1e% 3or/, 1e% 4erse , 2enns l"ania, -ar land, 5irginia 1orth Carolina, South Carolina and &eorgia, to be free so"ereign and independent states, that he treats %ith them as su#h, and for himself, his heirs, and su##essors, relin6uishes all #laims to the go"ernment, propriet , and territorial rights of the same and e"er part thereof'(

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

>.

T$is assa#e "e "esents an a-,no1led#.ent /"o. t$e .ost o1e"/'l ea"t$l! so*e"ei#n o/ t$at ti.e, Kin# Geo"#e III o/ En#land, t$at t$e thirteen #olonies7states o/ t$e A.e"i-an Union o/ FT$e United States o/ A.e"i-aG 1e"e so*e"ei#ns o/ e;'al o1e" 1it$ t$e ,in#. Unde" t$e te".s o/ t$ei" #o*e"n.ent Bt$e A"ti-les o/ Con/ede"ation, and late" t$e Constit'tion /o" FT$e United States o/ A.e"i-aGC, t$at so*e"ei#nt! 1as e2tended /"o. :the people o/ t$ose -oloniesNstates, .eanin# t$at t$ose people 1e"e t$e so*e"ei#ns. Also, /o" /'t'"e "e/e"en-e, lease note t$at t$e thirteen #olonies a"e listed &! na.e Ba oint 1$i-$ 1ill &e-o.e e*ident as to its i. o"tan-e late" in t$e &oo,C. In o"de" to -"eate a .o"e e"/e-t Union, t$e Peo le o/ FT$e United States o/ A.e"i-aG o"dained and esta&lis$ed t$e Constit'tion /o" FT$e United States o/ A.e"i-aG, -"eatin# a Union #o*e"n.ent and dele#atin# additional o"tion o/ its so*e"ei#nt! to t$e United States. T$is Constit'tion, in A"ti-le IE Se-tion D, #'a"antees to e*e"! State in t$is Union a Re '&li-an /o". o/ Go*e"n.ent. To 'nde"stand t$e nat'"e o/ t$e o*e"all a#"ee.ent to @oin to#et$e" in a Union, 1e .'st /i"st 'nde"stand 1$at a Re '&li- is. :Re '&li-9 asM ,! #ommon%ealth; that form of go"ernment in %hi#h the administration of affairs is open to all of the #iti0ens' In another sense, it signifies the state, independentl of its form of go"ernment'( It /'"t$e" de/ines :Re '&li-an #o*e"n.ent9 as, ,! go"ernment in the republi#an form; a go"ernment of the people; a go"ernment b representati"es #hosen b the people'( In ot$e" 1o"ds, a "e '&li- is a #o*e"n.ent o/ 1$i-$ t$e Peo le a"e t$e so'"-e and o"i#in3 and in 1$i-$ t$e Peo le o1n and -ont"ol e*e"!t$in#, and t$e #o*e"n.ent se"*es at t$e -on*enien-e and &! t$e e".ission o/ t$e Peo le t$at it #o*e"ns. Hen-e t$e te". : '&li- se"*ant9 is 'sed 1$en "e/e""in# to t$e ele-ted o//i-ials. W$o a.on# !o' &elie*es t$at toda!9s oliti-ians t"'l! /it t$e .eanin# o/ : '&li- se"*ants9H Unde"standin# t$e t"'e .eanin# o/ Re '&li-, 1e -an no1 see $o1 A.e"i-a 1as /o".ed. T$e indi*id'al -olon! Citi4ens o/ t$e thirteen Colonies a-t'all! o1ned e*e"!t$in#. Re.e.&e", t$ese eo le 1e"e "e&ellin# /"o. a "e "essi*e #o*e"n.ent in 1$i-$ t$e Kin# o1ned e*e"!t$in#, and t$ei" .ain intent 1as to &e-o.e t$e :so*e"ei#n9, a osition al1a!s $eld &! t$e Kin# Bt$e Ro!al %a.il! in t$e -ase o/ En#landC o" "'le" in "e*io's #o*e"n.ents. Blac-." de/ines :so*e"ei#n9 as, ,! person, bod , or state in %hi#h independent and supreme authorit is "ested; a #hief ruler %ith supreme Blac-." Law Dictionary 7$e"eina/te" :Blac-."./ de/ines

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

=.

po%er; a /ing or other ruler in a monar#h '( It 1as t$e .ain intent o/ t$ese /i"st A.e"i-ans to ,ee /o" t$e.sel*es and t$ei" oste"it! t$e t$in#s 1$i-$ $ad "e*io'sl! &elon#ed to t$e Kin# Bo" t$e Ro!al %a.il!C, and t$ose t$in#s 1e"e *ested in t$e ,in#9s so*e"ei#nt!. And t$at is e2a-tl! 1$at t$e! did. T$e indi*id'al states "etained t$e "i#$t to dete".ine 1$o t$e /"ee in$a&itants o/ t$e states 1o'ld &e, e2-e t t$at a' e"s, *a#a&onds and /'#iti*es /"o. @'sti-e 1o'ld not &e in-l'ded. Yo' .'st "eali4e t$at, in o"de" to &e a -olon! Citi4en in t$e +< o"i#inal Colonies 7$e"eina/te" also "e/e""ed to as Fstate Citi4enG o" FA.e"i-anG8, /i"st, !o' $ad to &e o/ t$e 1$ite "a-e o/ eo le3 se-ond, !o' $ad to &e an ad'lt .ale o/ (+ !ea"s o" olde"3 and t$i"d, in .ost states !o' $ad to &e a land o1ne". T$e na.in# o/ t$ese ;'ali/i-ations is not intended to ins'lt t$e /e.ale se2 o" an! ot$e" "a-e, &'t it is ne-essa"! to 'nde"stand t$e de*elo .ent o/ t$e Citi4ens$i 1$i-$ .a! &e a*aila&le to !o'.

T0o%a" &aine1 En2li"03A%erican 45an6ary 789 (:;: 4NS $ebr6ary 89 (:;:/ ) 56ne <9 (<=8/

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+).

Unde"standin# 1$at a Re '&li- and a state Citi4en is, 1e -an no1 /'"t$e" 'nde"stand $o1 A.e"i-a 1as /o".ed, and 1$e"e t$e "eal o1e" 1as &esto1ed. T$e state Citi4en o1ned e*e"!t$in#, and $e intended to ,ee it t$at 1a!. He dele#ated to $is Colon! 7o" $e"eina/te" also FstateG8 t$e o1e" and @'"isdi-tion to e"/o". -e"tain /'n-tions, all -o..on la1 in nat'"e. He ,e t .ost o/ t$e "eal o1e" /o" $i.sel/ and $is oste"it!. He &asi-all! dele#ated to t$e state t$e @'"isdi-tion to ad.iniste" o*e" $i. in a /e1, *e"! li.ited, a"eas, &'t $e .aintained t$e &'l, o/ t$e o1e" /o" $i.sel/. He "eali4ed t$at in o"de" to li*e in a so-iet! 1it$ ot$e" eo le, -e"tain la1s 1o'ld $a*e to &e assed and .aintained /o" t$e "ote-tion o/ t$e indi*id'al "i#$ts o/ t$e /"ee in$a&itant 7Citi4ens8. At t$e sa.e ti.e, $e $ad no intention o/ #i*in# ' $is o1n e"sonal /"eedo.s. So, $e -"eated a s!ste. 1$e"e&! @'"isdi-tion o*e" $i. &! t$e state -o'ld &e attained onl! i/ $e /i"st &"o,e -e"tain la1s t$at 1e"e d'l! esta&lis$ed, all 'nde" t$e :Co..on La19. T$'s, t$e o1e" t$at is -'""entl! ass'.ed &! t$e #o*e"n.ent o*e" al.ost e*e"! $ase o/ o'" li*es 1as ne*e" #i*en to t$e #o*e"n.ent o*e" t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en. So t$e ;'estion t$at needs to &e ans1e"ed is, ,Ho% did the Federal and State go"ernments get the "irtuall ans1e" to. To /'ll! 'nde"stand t$e osition t$at .ost o/ !o' a"e -'""entl! in, !o' .'st also 'nde"stand t$e .eanin# o/ @'"isdi-tion. Blac-." de/ines :@'"isdi-tion9 as, ,! term of #omprehensi"e import embra#ing e"er /ind of .udi#ial a#tion9'' It is the po%er of the #ourt to de#ide a matter in #ontro"ers and presupposes the e:isten#e of a dul #onstituted #ourt %ith #ontrol o"er the sub.e#t matter and the parties9( In ot$e" 1o"ds, /o" @'"isdi-tion to &e -lai.ed, -ont"ol o*e" &ot$ t$e s'&@e-t .atte" at iss'e 7 i'e. t$e -"i.e o" da.a#e in dis 'te8, and t$e a"ties t$at a"e in*ol*ed in t$e dis 'te is ne-essa"!. As !o' 1ill lea"n late", @'"isdi-tion is a ,e! /a-to" in !o'" "i#$ts, and t$e d'ties and "e;'i"e.ents la-ed ' on !o' &! t$e #o*e"n.ent o" t$e t"'st a-tin# as t$e de fa#to #o*e"n.ent. No1 t$at !o' $a*e a &asi- ,no1led#e o/ a /e1 ,e! te".s, 1e -an e2 lo"e $o1 1e #ot 1$e"e 1e a"e toda!. %i"st, "e.e.&e" t$at all o1e" in o'" Re '&li- 1as assed /"o. t$e so*e"ei#n Peo le to t$e state. T$e state Citi4en 1as t$e :so*e"ei#n9. All '&li- "o e"t!, and, all o1e" and a't$o"it!, &elon#ed to, and 1e"e o1ned &!, $i.. He assed on a"t o/ t$at o1e" to t$e state so t$at so-iet! as un6uestioned po%er o"er all of the people %ho no% #onsider themsel"es to be #iti0ens of the United States8( T$at is t$e ;'estion 1$i-$ !o' 1ill soon ,no1 t$e

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

++.

a 1$ole -o'ld &e "ote-ted. Ho1e*e", it is i. ossi&le to #i*e a1a! all o/ !o'" o1e", &e-a'se in so doin#, !o' 1o'ld ne#ate an! o"tion t$at !o' #a*e a1a!, as t$e"e 1o'ld &e no o1e" le/t to en/o"-e t$e a-tion ta,en &! !o'. T$in, o/ a -o. an! in 1$i-$ t$e o1ne" $i"ed a e"son and #a*e $i. /'ll a't$o"it! o*e" all o e"ations 1it$in t$e -o. an!. T$e o1ne" 1o'ld still .aintain .o"e o1e" t$an $is ne1 e. lo!ee, &e-a'se i/ $e -o'ld not s' .aintain .o"e o"t $is $i"in# 1it$ o1e", $is ne1 e. lo!ee -o'ld T$is "'le a lies to t$e not -a""! o't $is .andate in t$e /a-e o/ -$allen#e. So a #ood "'le o/ t$'.& is t$at !o' .'st al1a!s o1e" t$an an!one 1$o a-ts 'nde" !o'" a't$o"it!. #o*e"n.ent as 1ell. T$e state "e-ei*es all o/ its o1e" and a't$o"it! /"o. t$e state Citi4en3

t$e"e/o"e, it .'st "e.ain se-onda"! in o1e" to t$at state Citi4en. Also, &e a1a"e t$at t$e te".s :state Citi4en9 and :A.e"i-an Citi4en9 a"e s!non!.o's, as t$e o"i#inal state Citi4ens &e-a.e t$e o"i#inal A.e"i-an Citi4ens ' on t$e /o".in# o/ t$e Union, also ,no1n as Ft$e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Peo leG3 and t$e oste"it! o/ t$ose o"i#inal Citi4ens .a,e ' t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en"!, and /o". t$e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Peo le o/ Poste"it! as t$e! e2ist toda!. %ollo1in# t$e /o"e#oin# "in-i als, 1e -an easil! 'nde"stand $o1 o'" /o"e/at$e"s esta&lis$ed t$is #o*e"n.ent. %i"st, t$e state Citi4en &esto1ed ' on t$e state -e"tain li.ited o1e"s and li.ited @'"isdi-tion. Wit$in t$ose o1e"s 1as t$e a&ilit! to .a,e and en/o"-e 1$ate*e" la1s, t"eaties, and -ont"a-ts t$at 1e"e ne-essa"! to t$e 1el/a"e o/ t$e so-iet! /o" 1$i-$ it 1as esta&lis$ed, as lon# as t$e s'&@e-t .atte" 1as t$at /o" 1$i-$ @'"isdi-tion 1as #i*en. T$e state, /ea"in# .o"e o1e"/'l nations s'-$ as En#land, %"an-e, S ain, et-., /o".ed a 'nion 1it$ t$e ot$e" +( inde endent states 'nde" 1$i-$ a -o..on de/ense a-t 1as a#"eed to. Wit$in t$e Union, t$e +< .e.&e" Re '&li-s 7$e"eina/te" FstatesG8 also a#"eed t$at t$e! 1anted to -a""! on /"ee t"ade &et1een t$e.sel*es, t$at t$e! 1o'ld $a*e a -o..on -'""en-!, a ostal de a"t.ent t$at 1o'ld se"*e t$e. all, and a .eans &! 1$i-$ "o&le.s &et1een t$e. -o'ld &e ad@'di-ated 1it$o't t$e need o/ 1a". T$e states "eali4ed t$at, as distaste/'l as it 1as to t$e. 7"e.e.&e", t$e! $ad @'st -o.e o't /"o. 'nde" a totalita"ian #o*e"n.ent8, so.e /o". o/ :/ede"al #o*e"n.ent9 1o'ld $a*e to &e esta&lis$ed to o*e"see t$ese /'n-tions, and to "o*ide /o" t$e -o..on de/ense. Ho1e*e", t$e! 1e"e all s'"e t$at t$e! didn9t 1ant t$is ne1 :.onste"9 in t$ei" o1n state, so t$e! set aside +) s;'a"e .iles o/ land /o"e*e".o"e to se"*e as t$e :Seat o/ Go*e"n.ent9. T$at a"ea is ,no1n as Was$in#ton, A.C. T$is -"eated FUnited StatesG 1as dele#ated its a't$o"it! /"o. t$e so*e"ei#n inde endent states, ,no1n also as t$e se*e"al States o/

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+(.

t$e Union, and $ad no so*e"ei#n a't$o"it! ot$e" t$an t$at 1$i-$ 1as dele#ated &! t$ese inde endent so*e"ei#n States. T$e"e/o"e, t$e idea o/ .a,in# Was$in#ton, A.C. a state o/ t$e Union is -o. letel! l'di-"o's, and -an ne*e" o--'" sin-e t$e FUnited StatesG o" Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&ia $as no so*e"ei#nt! to dele#ate ot$e" t$an t$at #i*en &! t$e se*e"al States. T$e idea is ad*an-ed onl! &! i#no"ant eo le 1$o do not 'nde"stand t$e /o'ndation o/ A.e"i-a, o" -"i.inals 1$o 1ant to 'nde".ine t$e Re '&li-. So t$e Union 1as /o".ed &! t$e "es e-ti*e inde endent states, 'nde" a't$o"it! dele#ated &! t$e state Citi4ens. T$e"e/o"e, t$e sa.e "'le .'st a l! 6 t$e states indi*id'all! and -olle-ti*el! .aintained .o"e o1e" t$an t$e ne1 %ede"al Go*e"n.ent 7$e"eina/te" FUnited StatesG8. T$e o1e"s and a't$o"it! dele#ated to t$e United States 1e"e -lea"l! delineated and de/ined, &'t in a *e"! s$o"t e"iod o/ ti.e, it &e-a.e e*ident t$at t$is Con/ede"a-! o" Union 1as ino e"a&le &e-a'se o/ its li.ited a't$o"it!3 so, t$e States set a&o't to e2 and t$is dele#ated a't$o"it! 1it$ s e-i/ili.itations la-ed ' on t$is additional dele#ation o/ a't$o"it! o/ t$e United States. Ei#$t !ea"s a/te" its /o".ation, in +?>+, FT$e United States o/ A.e"i-aG $ad a list o/ 1"itten a't$o"it! and li.itation dele#ated ' on it &! t$e inde endent States in +?>= t$"o'#$ a do-'.ent ,no1n as T0e 'on"tit6tion or >T0e Unite! State" o A%erica? 7$e"eina/te" :Constit'tion98. Wit$in t$e A"ti-les o/ Con/ede"ation and t$e Constit'tion, e*e"! o1e" #i*en to t$e United States is -lea"l! s elled o't, and t$e li.itations a"e e2a-t. T$e Constit'tion $as &een $eld to &e &ot$ a -ont"a-t and t$e S' "e.e La1 o/ t$e land &! t$e S' "e.e Co'"t. T$e -ont"a-t is a-t'all! &et1een t$e States, on &e$al/ o/ t$e state Citi4ens, and t$e United States, and it is totall! &indin# and all6 o1e"/'l. T$e 1o"din# o/ t$e Constit'tion lea*es no "oo. /o" .is'nde"standin#. %o" e2a. le, at A"ti-le IE, Se-tion D, it states, ,The United States shall guarantee to e"er State in this Union a Republi#an Form of &o"ernment, and shall prote#t ea#h of them against In"asion, and upon !ppli#ation of the ;egislature, or the *:e#uti"e 71$en t$e Le#islat'"e -annot &e -on*ened8 against domesti# "iolen#e'( %"o. t$is A"ti-le, it is -lea" t$at ea-$ State is a Re '&li- e*en a/te" t$e Union 1as /o".ed. Sin-e t$e 1o"d Re '&li- .eans a #o*e"n.ent :o/ and /o" t$e eo le9 in 1$i-$ e*e"!t$in# is o1ned and -ont"olled &! t$e eo le, it &e-o.es -lea" t$at not$in# -o'ld &e s' e"io" to t$at #o*e"n.ent e2-e t t$e eo le. T$e"e/o"e, t$e United States -o'ld not &e .o"e o1e"/'l t$an t$e se*e"al States, and t$at is #'a"anteed in t$e Constit'tion. In A"ti-le X o/ t$e A.end.ents 7T$e Bill o/ Ri#$ts8, it states, ,The po%ers not delegated to the United States b the Constitution, nor prohibited b it to the States, are

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+<.

reser"ed to the States respe#ti"el , or to the people'(

Re.e.&e", t$e Constit'tion is in /'ll e//e-t

toda! as al1a!s sin-e its in-e tion. Yet toda!, o'" alle#ed states 7STATES8 -lea"l! ta,e t$ei" o"de"s /"o. t$e United States 7UNITEA STATES8, and t$e! -ontin'all! &o1 to t$e "es'.ed a't$o"it! o/ t$e UNITEA STATES. So $o1 did t$is :s' "e.a-!9 o/ t$e %ede"al Go*e"n.ent $a enH T$at, too, !o' 1ill 'nde"stand s$o"tl!.

We 1ill no1 loo, at e2a-tl! 1$at $a ened in t$e /"a.in# o/ t$e United States. %i"st, t$e a"t! 1it$ all t$e o1e" 7t$e so*e"ei#n 6 state Citi4en8 assed on a o"tion o/ $is o1e" to t$e state. T$en t$e state assed on a o"tion o/ its o1e" to t$e United States. I/ 1e .ade a -$a"t s$o1in# t$e o1e" st"'-t'"e, it 1o'ld loo, so.et$in# li,e t$isM state Citi4en I %i"st 1it$ 'nli.ited o1e" .

so*e"ei#n 6 Ae"i*es $is o1e" /"o. t$e C"eato", so'"-e o/ all o1e".

state 6 Se-ond 1it$ li.ited o1e" dele#ated &! t$e Peo le.
Ae"i*es its o1e" di"e-tl! /"o. t$e so*e"ei#n 6 state Citi4en.

United States I Li.ited o1e" dele#ated &! states.

Ae"i*es its o1e" /"o. t$e states. T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. +D.

As !o' -an see /"o. t$is -$a"t, all o1e" /lo1s /"o. t$e state Citi4en. T$is -$a"t -an also &e 'sed to 'nde"stand t$e Ri#$ts "ote-ted &! t$e Constit'tion. T$e Constit'tion is a -ont"a-t 1$i-$ in*ol*es t$ese t$"ee le*els o/ a"ties. It is a-t'all! #"anted &! t$e States 1it$ t$e e".ission o/ t$e state Citi4ens, and it -lea"l! li.ited t$e o1e" o/ t$e United States, 1$ile "ese"*in# and #'a"anteein# .assi*e Ri#$ts /o" t$e state Citi4ens. Most i. o"tant to "e.e.&e" is t$at onl! t$ese t$"ee a"ties a"e in-l'ded in t$e Constit'tion. T$is /a-t 1ill &e-o.e *e"! i. o"tant to !o' as 1e /ollo1 t$e "o#"ession o/ t$e o1e" #"a& &! t$e United States o/ t$e ne2t ()) !ea"s. T$"o'#$ it all, !o' .'st "e.e.&e" t$at t$e Constit'tion $as "e.ained in /'ll /o"-e /o" t$e so*e"ei#n, state Citi4en, and it $as a-t'all! -$an#ed *e"! little in its -ontent o*e" t$e s an o/ ti.e sin-e its si#nin#. No1 t$at 1e 'nde"stand $o1 t$e United States 1as /o".ed, let9s /ollo1 t$"o'#$ to see $o1 t$e st"'-t'"e $as -$an#ed o*e" t$e last (() !ea"s. %o" t$e /i"st >) o" so !ea"s, e*e"!t$in# "e.ained "ett! .'-$ t$e sa.e as it sta"ted. T$e state Citi4ens o/ t$e ti.e 'nde"stood t$ei" o1e", and t$e! ,ne1 t$at t$e United States 1as t$e"e to se"*e t$e.. T$e @'"isdi-tion t$at t$e United States $ad o*e" t$e state Citi4ens a"ose onl! ' on t$e &"ea,in# o/ one o/ t$e -onstit'tionall! assed la1s 'nde" 1$i-$ a state Citi4en #"anted @'"isdi-tion to t$e State o" to t$e United States in o"de" t$at t$ose la1s .i#$t &e en/o"-ed /o" t$e o*e"all #ood o/ t$e so-iet!. T$ose la1s all "e;'i"ed t$at a-t'al da.a#e to anot$e" a"t! o" $is "o e"t! &e done &! t$e o//endin# a"t!, 1it$ intent, &e/o"e an! @'"isdi-tion o*e" t$e state Citi4en 1as &esto1ed. T$at9s "i#$t, 1it$ intent. Not a sin#le -"i.e -o'ld &e -o..itted a--identall!. Wit$o't intent, t$e .atte" 1o'ld &e -i*il in nat'"e. Toda!, t$at is not t$e -ase, as t$e"e a"e a n'.&e" o/ :o//enses9 1$i-$ $a*e -"i.inal e//e-t and 'nis$.ent t$at -an o--'" 1it$o't an! intent on t$e alle#ed o//ende"9s a"t. T$e"e a"e also n'.e"o's :-"i.es9 toda! t$at do not in*ol*e da.a#e o/ an! ,ind. T$is e2 lains 1$!, in ''the land of the free,'' one in /i*e A.e"i-ans $a*e &een in-a"-e"ated. T$atOs ()P o/ o'" o 'lation3 and one o't o/ e*e"! one6$'nd"ed eo le in t$is -o'nt"! a"e -'""entl! in-a"-e"ated. T$ese statisti-s a"e not onl! t$e $i#$est in t$e 1o"ld, &'t t$e! a"e also t$e $i#$est in t$e "e-o"ded $isto"! o/ t$is lanet. A'"in# t$at ea"l! e"iod o/ ti.e, t$e state Citi4ens 'nde"stood t$at t$e! 1e"e at t$e to o/ t$e : e-,in# o"de"9, and t$e te". : '&li- se"*ant9 t"'l! a lied to t$e ele-ted o//i-ials 1$o se"*ed in t$e #o*e"n.ent. Also note t$at t$e"e 1e"e *e"! /e1 -a"ee" oliti-ians d'"in# t$at e"iod, and .ost 1$o se"*ed 1e"e #ood Citi4ens /"o. t$e -o..'nit! 1$o #a*e a /e1 !ea"s o/ t$ei" li/e to &ette" t$ei" -o'nt"!. A /a" -"! /"o. t$e o1e" -"a4ed oliti-ians 1e /ind "'nnin# t$e United States #o*e"n.ent toda!.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+0.

Toda!9s oliti-ians a"e aid .o"e t$an o*e" ==P o/ t$e eo le 1$o. t$e! '" o"t to se"*e, not e*en -o'ntin# t$ei" e",s, and a *e"! la"#e e"-enta#e o/ t$e. do not e*en ,no1 1$at it9s li,e to .a,e a li*in# in t$e :"eal 1o"ld9. Ei"t'all! all 'se t$ei" o1e" /o" t$ei" o1n e"sonal #ain. Aid !o' e*e" 1onde" $o1 a .an -an #o to Was$in#ton &"o,e o" 1it$ *e"! little .one!3 sta! t$e"e /o" t1ent! !ea"s d"a1in# a sala"! t$at 1o'ld &a"el! a! t$ei" e2 enses in t$ei" ' &eat li/est!le3 t$en "eti"e and lea*e Was$in#ton a .'lti.illionai"eH T$at s-ena"io is not an e2-e tion3 it9s t$e "'le /o" t$ose 1$o #o to Was$in#ton &"o,e. And /o" t$ose 1$o $ad .one! 1$en t$e! too, o//i-e, did !o' e*e" $ea" o/ one losin# an! o/ $is .one! 1$ile $e 1as :se"*in#9 $is -o'nt"!H

T$e s!ste. esta&lis$ed &! t$e /o'ndin# /at$e"s 1o",ed *e"! 1ell and *i"t'all! 1it$o't in-ident 'ntil t$e ti.e o/ t$e Ci*il Wa". At t$at ti.e, t$e"e 1as a *e"! 'net$i-al -ondition in t$is -o'nt"! -alled sla*e"!. Sla*es 1e"e not le#al eo le3 t$e! $ad no Ri#$ts, &'t onl! 1$ate*e" "i*ile#es t$ei" o1ne"s sa1 /it to #"ant t$e. on an indi*id'al &asis. In s$o"t, t$ese eo le 1e"e le#all! not$in# .o"e t$an "o e"t!. Lin-oln t"ied to /"ee t$e sla*es 1it$ t$e E.an-i ation P"o-la.ation, &'t t$e s' "e.e Co'"t "'led t$at e//o"t to &e 'n-onstit'tional, statin# t$at !o' -o'ld not /"ee anot$e" .an9s "o e"t!. So, at t$e end o/ t$e Ci*il Wa", an in-"edi&le sit'ation a"ose. T$e sla*es a-t'all! "e.ained sla*es. T$at9s "i#$t3 in /a-t, t$e! &e-a.e so.et$in# -alled :&o'nt!9. Bo'nt! is 1$at a -on;'e"in# nation sei4es /"o. a -on;'e"ed nation. T$e sla*es a-t'all! &e-a.e t$e "o e"t! o/ t$e United States as "es'lt o/ its *i-to"! in t$e Ci*il Wa". 7He"e it s$o'ld &e noted t$at t$e Ci*il Wa" 1as &et1een t$e United States and t$e Con/ede"a-!, not t$e FNo"t$G and t$e FSo't$G8. T$e United States, as t$ei" ne1 o1ne", allo1ed t$e sla*es to sta"t a-tin# li,e /"ee .en3 &'t, in /a-t, t$e! 1e"e not. T$e! $ad no standin# in t$e so-iet!, and a&'ses 1e"e -o..on. %inall! "eali4in# t$e "o&le. and t$e li#$t o/ t$e sla*es, t$e
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. +J.

United States .ana#ed to ass t$e T$i"teent$ A.end.ent to t$e Constit'tion in +>J?, t1o /'ll !ea"s a/te" t$e end o/ t$e Ci*il Wa". T$at A.end.ent stated, ,1either sla"er nor in"oluntar ser"itude, e:#ept as a punishment for a #rime %hereof the part shall ha"e been dul #on"i#ted, shall e:ist %ithin the United States, or an pla#e sub.e#t to their .urisdi#tion'( So sla*e"! 1as /o"e*e" ended in t$is -o'nt"!. Un/o"t'natel!, t$e /o".e" sla*e9s 1oes 1e"e not, &e-a'se si. l! /"eein# t$e. did not -"eate an! ne1 -iti4ens. So al.ost a /'ll !ea" late", in +>J>, a/te" .an! .o"e a&'ses to t$e /o".e" sla*es, t$e United States 1as /o"-ed to ass t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent to t$e Constit'tion in o"de" to a//o"d t$e /o".e" sla*es ade;'ate "ote-tion and "i*ile#es 1it$ 1$i-$ to li*e t$ei" li*es. T$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent states, ,!ll persons born or naturali0ed in the United States, and sub.e#t to the .urisdi#tion thereof, are #iti0ens of the United States, and of the State %herein the reside9(' So a ne1 t! e o/ -iti4ens$i 1as &o"n 6 t$at o/ a :-iti4en o/ t$e United States9 I o", a -iti4en o/ t$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&ia, as t$e t1o a"e s!non!.o's 6 'nde" t$e a't$o"it! o/, and '"s'ant to, t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent. No1 as, !o'"sel/, o*e" 1$o. did t$e United States $a*e @'"isdi-tionH Ce"tainl! not t$e state Citi4ens 7'nless t$e! $ad -o..itted a -"i.e 'nde" 1$i-$ li.ited @'"isdi-tion 1as #"anted, and t$en onl! to t$e e2tent t$at t$e a"ti-'la" -"i.e 1as in*ol*ed8. T$e onl! eo le o/ t$at e"iod o*e" 1$o. t$e United States $ad @'"isdi-tion 1e"e t$e /o".e" sal*es o" i..i#"ants /"o. ot$e" -o'nt"ies, 1$o so'#$t -iti4ens$i 3 &e-a'se no state Citi4ens$i 1as a*aila&le to t$ose e"sons. T$e state Citi4ens 1e"e in no 1a! a//e-ted &! t$is ne1 -iti4ens$i . T$e S' "e.e Co'"t o/ t$e United States statedM ,The rights of Citi0ens of the States, as su#h, are not under #onsideration in the fourteenth amendment' The stand as the did before the adoption of the fourteenth amendment, and are full guaranteed b other pro"isions'( 7see U.S. *. Ant$on!8.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+?.

T$e /ollo1in# -ase la1 $e"ein -ited "e "esents a//i".ation o/ t$ese t1o -lasses o/ -iti4en"!M *l/ " <il/ins is a +Dt$6A.end.ent -ase3 t$e -on-e t Bdenoted &! 'se o/ t$e te". ''secondclass citizen''C is t"'e -on-e"nin# all /ede"al -iti4ens. In ot$e" 1o"ds, all /ede"al -iti4ens .'st &e, &! t$ei" *e"! de/inition, a e"son 1$o is Q-o. letel! s'&@e-tQ to t$e @'"isdi-tion o/ t$e /ede"al #o*e"n.ent Bs'-$ as a -iti4en o/ t$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&iaC. Ei"t'all! an! le#al -on-e t stated &! t$e -o'"ts -on-e"nin# a +Dt$6A.end.ent -iti4en is o e"ati*e ' on all /ede"al -iti4ens. "The persons declared to be citizens are, 'All persons born or naturalized in the United States [i.e. former slaves and immigrants and sub!ect to the !urisdiction thereof.' The evident meaning of these last "ords is not merel# sub!ect in some respect or degree to the !urisdiction of the United States, but completel# sub!ect..." *l/ " <il/ins, ++( U. S. =D, +)+, +)( 7+>>D83 "The privileges and immunities clause of the $%th Amendment protects ver# fe" rights because it neither incorporates the &ill of 'ights nor protects all rights of individual citizens. =See Slaughter House #ases, >? U' S' )@A <all'+ ?A, B@ ;' *d' ?CD )@>E?+F (nstead, this provision protects onl# those rights peculiar to being a citizen of the federal government) it does not protect those rights "hich relate to state citizenship." 4ones " Temmer, ><= %. S' . +((J "...the first eight amendments have uniforml# been held not to be protected from state action b# the privilege and immunities clause [of the $%th Amendment ." Hague " CIO, <)? U. S. D=J, 0() Eol'.e () o/ Co" 's L'"is Se-'nd'. at +?0>M "The United States *overnment is a foreign corporation "ith respect to a state." 1'3' " re -erriam, <J N.E. 0)0, +D+ N.Y. D?=3 a//i".ed +J S. Ct. +)?<3 D+ L. Ed. (>?. CaseM <6)> CR )>= N Petition and -$allen#e to @'"isdi-tion <. "There are, then, under our republican form of government, t"o classes of citizens) one of the United States and one of the state.'' &ardina " $oard of Registrars of 4efferson Count , +J) Ala. +003 D> So. ?>> 7+=)=8 "The governments of the United States and of each state of the several states are distinct from one another. The rights of a citizen under one ma# be +uite different from those "hich he has under the other.'' Colgate " Har"e , (=J U. S. D)D3 0J S. Ct. (0( 7+=<08 "...rights of national citizenship as distinct from the fundamental or natural rights inherent in state citizenship.'' -adden " Gentu#/ , <)= U. S. ><, >D L. Ed. 0=) 7+=D)8 "(t is +uite clear, then, that there is a citizenship of the United States, and a citizenship of a state, "hich are distinct from each other and "hich depend upon different characteristics or circumstances in the individual.'' SlaughterHHouse Cases,
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. +>.

>< U. S. 7+J Wall.8 <J3 (+ L. Ed. <=D 7+>?<8 ",e have in our political s#stem a government of the United States and a government of each of the several States. -ach one of these governments is distinct from the others, and each has citizens of its o"n..." United States " Crui/shan/, =( U. S. 0D( 7+>?08 "There is a difference bet"een privileges and immunities belonging to the citizens of the United States as such, and those belonging to the citizens of each state as such.'' Ruhstrat " 2eople, 0? N.E. D+.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+=.

In s$o"t, state Citi4ens 1e"e so*e"ei#ns 1it$ "i#$ts #'a"anteed and "ote-ted &! t$e Constit'tion. T$is ne1 -lass o/ -iti4en 1as not so*e"ei#n. In /a-t, t$e! 1e"e still s'&se"*ient to t$e -"eato" o/ t$ei" ne1 stat's, t$e United States3 and, t$e"e/o"e, &e-a.e a :s'&@e-t9 o/ t$e United States. Be-a'se t$e United States 1as t$e #i*e" o/ t$is ne1 -iti4ens$i , it -o'ld onl! #i*e &ased on t$e o1e" t$at $ad &een dele#ated to it /"o. t$e states. T$e"e/o"e, it did not $a*e t$e o1e" to #"ant so*e"ei#n state Citi4ens$i &e-a'se t$e United States $ad no so*e"ei#nt! in and o/ itsel/3 t$e"e/o"e, its o1e" did not e;'al t$at o/ t$e so*e"ei#n 6 state Citi4en, o" e*en t$e state, /o" t$at .atte". It 1o'ld &e si. l! i. ossi&le /o" t$e United States to -"eate a -iti4en .o"e o1e"/'l t$an itsel/3 so t$is ne1 entit! -alled a :-iti4en o/ t$e United States9 Bno1 "e/e""ed to as QUNITEA STATES CITIRENOOC o--' ied a osition o/ o1e" one "'n# &elo1 t$e United States, its #"anto". To &ette" 'nde"stand t$is s-ena"io, i.a#ine t$at t$e o1ne" o/ a -o. an! $i"ed a "esident to "'n $is -o. an!. T$e "esident in t'"n $i"ed a *i-e6 "esident to $andle a s$a"e o/ t$e "es onsi&ilities. T$e *i-e6 "esident t$en $i"ed a s' e"*iso" to "'n a o"tion o/ t$e -o. an!. Co'ld t$e s' e"*iso" &e #i*en eno'#$ o1e" &! t$e *i-e6 "esident to /i"e o" o*e""'le t$e o1ne" o/ t$e -o. an!H O/ -o'"se not, &e-a'se neit$e" t$e "esident no" t$e *i-e6 "esident $ad t$at .'-$ o1e". So no1 t$e o1e" -$a"t loo,s li,e t$isM state Citi4en I %i"st 1it$ 'nli.ited o1e" .

so*e"ei#n 6 Ae"i*es $is o1e" /"o. t$e C"eato", so'"-e o/ all o1e".

state 6 Se-ond in

o1e".

Ae"i*es its o1e" di"e-tl! /"o. t$e so*e"ei#n 6 state Citi4en.

United States 6 Less o1e"/'l t$an t$e state.

Ae"i*es its o1e" /"o. t$e se*e"al states.

-iti4en o/ t$e United States 6 No Constit'tional Ri#$ts.

Ae"i*es its o1e" /"o. t$e United States Go*e"n.ent.

Re.e.&e" t$at t$e Constit'tion is a -ont"a-t &et1een t$"ee a"ties 6 t$e state Citi4ens, t$e states, and t$e United States 6 1it$ t$e "in-i al '" ose &ein# to "o*ide #'a"antees and "ote-tion o/ Ri#$ts to t$e state Citi4ens &! d"asti-all! li.itin# t$e o1e"s o/ t$e United States. T$e"e/o"e, it -o*e"s t$e /i"st t$"ee le*els o/ t$is -$a"t3 &'t t$e -iti4en o/ t$e United States is on t$e /o'"t$ le*el, and is o'tside o/ t$e -ont"a-t itsel/. T$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent a-t'all! .a,es t$at *e"! -lea". At no oint does it e*en '" o"t to #i*e Constit'tional Ri#$ts to t$e -iti4ens o/ t$e United States. In /a-t, it does ;'ite

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

().

t$e o

osite. It states 1it$in t$e A.end.ent itsel/ 1$at "i*ile#es and i..'nities it &esto1s ' on

t$e -iti4ens o/ t$e United States. It states, ,91o State shall ma/e or enfor#e an la% %hi#h shall abridge the pri"ileges or immunities of #iti0ens of the United States; nor shall an State depri"e an person of life, libert , or propert , %ithout due pro#ess of la%; nor den to an person %ithin its .urisdi#tion the e6ual prote#tion of the la%s9(' Aidn9t t$e state Citi4en 7so*e"ei#n8 al"ead! $a*e e*e"!t$in# "e/e""ed to $e"e in t$e /o". o/ God6#i*en Ri#$ts, and not .e"e "i*ile#es and i..'nities #"anted &! t$e United StatesH Wo'ld it not $a*e &een .'-$ easie" to si. l! sa! t$at t$is ne1 -iti4en $ad /'ll Constit'tional o1e", "at$e" t$an to delineate t$e e2a-t "i*ile#es and i..'nities $e 1as #i*enH O/ -o'"se it 1o'ld $a*e, &'t t$e /a-t is t$at t$is ne1 -iti4en did not $a*e all t$e o1e"s and Ri#$ts #'a"anteed &! t$e Constit'tion, &e-a'se t$e United States did not $a*e t$e o1e" to dele#ate 'nto t$ese ne1 F-iti4ensG .o"e o1e" t$an it 1as #i*en, e*en i/ it $ad 1anted to. To do so 1o'ld $a*e &een to -"eate so.et$in# .o"e o1e"/'l t$an itsel/, and t$at is i. ossi&le. So in e//e-t, t$e -iti4en o/ t$e United States is not a Citi4en at all in "ealit!, &'t .e"el! a s'&@e-t o/ t$e #o*e"n.ent 1$i-$ -"eated it. T$e! $a*e 1$ate*e" "i*ile#es and i..'nities 1$i-$ t$at #o*e"n.ent -$ooses to &esto1 ' on t$e., and t$at #o*e"n.ent $as t$e a't$o"it! to -$an#e t$ose "i*ile#es and i..'nities at its o1n dis-"etion. T$e state Citi4ens o/ t$at ti.e ,ne1 all t$ese /a-ts, and it 1as -o..on ,no1led#e t$at t1o -lasses o/ -iti4ens$i e2isted in t$is -o'nt"!. T$e"e 1as t$e F/i"st -lassG o/ Citi4ens, ,no1n as A.e"i-ans, 1$o $ad in$e"ent, 'naliena&le Ri#$ts #i*en &! t$e C"eato" and #'a"anteed &! t$e Constit'tion. T$e"e 1as also t$e Fse-ond -lassG o/ -iti4ens, ,no1n as -iti4ens o/ t$e United States, 1$o $ad onl! 1$ate*e" "i*ile#es and i..'nities t$at t$e United States -$ose to #i*e t$e.. T$is /a-t 1as -o..on ,no1led#e 'ntil 1ell into t$e T1entiet$ Cent'"!, and .an! -o'"t -ases -an &e /o'nd 1$i-$ add"ess t$e t1o -lasses o/ -iti4ens$i in A.e"i-a. Wit$in t$e "o*isions o/ t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent, t$e "i#$t to d'e "o-ess and e;'al "ote-tion 1as assed to t$e -iti4en o/ t$e United States. Re#"etta&l!, t$e "i#$t to d'e "o-ess and e;'al "ote-tion to t$e -iti4en o/ t$e United States $as &een 'sed to -on*ol'te t$e iss'e o/ t$e di//e"en-es &et1een t$e -lasses o/ -iti4ens$i . A'e "o-ess is -ontained 1it$in t$e %o'"t$, a"t o/ t$e %i/t$, a"t o/ t$e Si2t$, and a"t o/ t$e Ei#$t$ A"ti-les o/ A.end.ent to t$e Constit'tion 7T$e Bill o/ Ri#$ts8. T$ese Ri#$ts $ad "e*io'sl! &een "ese"*ed to t$e state Citi4en3 $o1e*e", 1it$ t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent, t$e -iti4en o/ t$e United States 1as #'a"anteed t$ese s e-i/i- "i#$ts 'nde" t$e Constit'tion as a "es'lt o/ t$e "o*isions o/ t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent. T$e"e/o"e, 1$en t$e t"'st
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. (+.

-o'"ts 7so.et$in# !o' 1ill lea"n a&o't late", 1$i-$ in-l'des *i"t'all! all o/ t$e -o'"ts t$at !o' $a*e "e*io'sl! -onside"ed #o*e"n.ent -o'"ts8 .a,e "'lin#s a//e-tin# o" "elatin# to d'e "o-ess, it is 's'all! -on/'sed 1it$ Constit'tional Ri#$ts o/ t$e state Citi4en3 1$en, in /a-t, it is not$in# .o"e t$an a /'l/ill.ent o/ t$e "o*isions o/ t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent. T$e t"'e "es'lt is t$at t$e %i"st, Se-ond, T$i"d, a"t o/ t$e %i/t$, a"t o/ t$e Si2t$, all o/ t$e Se*ent$, a"t o/ t$e Ei#$t$, t$e Nint$, and t$e Tent$ A"ti-les o/ A.end.ent to t$e Constit'tion 7T$e Bill o/ Ri#$ts8 a"e not "o*ided /o" t$e 'se o/ t$e -iti4ens o/ t$e United States. E*e" 1onde" $o1 !o'" #'n o1ne"s$i is "est"i-ted e*en t$o'#$ t$e Se-ond A.end.ent to t$e Bill o/ Ri#$ts /o"&ids it. No1 !o' ,no1. T$e se-ond A.end.ent does not a l! to -iti4ens o/ t$e United States, and t$e "est"i-tions to #'n o1ne"s$i and 'se a l! onl! to -iti4ens o/ t$e United States. At t$is oint, it is i. o"tant to 'nde"stand a /a-t 1$i-$ .an! .a! /ind distaste/'l and not #orre#t'( T$e /o'ndation o/ FA.e"i-a,G as a nation, is t$e :Ae-la"ation o/

Fpoliti#all

Inde enden-e93 and t$e"e 1as no nation o/ eo le o" so-iet! ,no1n as FA.e"i-aG "io" to +??J. Onl! a B"itis$ Colon! sittin# ' on t$e No"t$ A.e"i-an Continent. T$e Continent o/ No"t$ A.e"i-a, li,e t$e Continent o/ So't$ A.e"i-a, 1as onl! a #eo#"a $i-al lo-ation, not a -o'nt"! 1it$ Citi4ens. T$is 1ill &e "eall! 'n o 'la", &'t I still .'st tell !o' t$at t$e No"t$ A.e"i-an Indians, 1$o "e/e" to t$e.sel*es as FNati*e A.e"i-ans,G a"e not FA.e"i-an Citi4ensG at all, as 1e 'se t$e te". in "elation to -iti4ens$i . T$e! a"e :nati*es9 o/ t$e No"t$ A.e"i-an Continent, &'t t$e! $a*e no standin# as A.e"i-an Citi4ens, &e-a'se t$e! 1e"e still se a"ate nations /"o. t$ose 1$i-$ /o".ed FT$e United States o/ A.e"i-aG in +??J3 and, t$e! late" &e-a.e de/eated nations, 1it$ A.e"i-a &ein# t$e :-on;'e"in#9 nation. Late", &! a-t o/ Con#"ess, t$e! &e-a.e :-iti4ens o/ t$e United States9, &'t not$in# e*e" .ade t$e. a"t o/ t$e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Peo le. E*en .o"e 'n o 'la", and a /a-t 1$i-$ .a! #et .e a--'sed o/ &ein# "a-ist /o" si. l! statin# t$e t"'t$, is t$e /a-t t$at t$e"e a"e no :Bla-, A.e"i-ans9 7.eanin# &la-, eo le 1$o a"e Oso*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Citi4ensO8, &e-a'se t$ei" onl! &asis o/ -iti4ens$i is t$at o/ a -iti4en o/ t$e United States. Not$in# e*e" &esto1ed an! ot$e" -iti4ens$i on t$e &la-, eo le in A.e"i-a. Li,e1ise, none o/ t$e eo le 1$o a"e nat'"ali4ed into t$is -o'nt"! as -iti4ens o/ t$e United States 1ill e*e" &e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-ans, &e-a'se t$e"e is no o1e" a*aila&le to t$e. 1$i-$ 1ill -"eate t$at stat's. T$e! 1ill "e.ain -iti4ens o/ t$e United States. To &ette" 'nde"stand t$is :-iti4en o/ t$e United States9, 1e -an loo, at old En#land 7t$e #o*e"n.ent

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/"o. 1$i-$ o'" /o"e/at$e"s "e&elled8. Unde" En#lis$ la1, t$e Kin# 1as t$e So*e"ei#n. 7Note $e"e t$at 1$en t$e Kin# "e/e""ed to $i.sel/ as :So*e"ei#n9, $e 'sed a -a ital lette" /o" t$e 1o"d :So*e"ei#n9, &e-a'se $e &elie*ed $i.sel/ to &e s' "e.e to all. W$en o'" /o'ndin# /at$e"s "e/e""ed to t$e.sel*es as :so*e"ei#n9, t$e! 'sed a lo1e" -ase lette" :s9, &e-a'se t$e! &elie*ed t$at t$e C"eato" 1as t$e S' "e.e So*e"ei#n.8 T$e"e 1e"e a-t'all! t$"ee -lasses o/ -o..on e"sons 'nde" t$e Kin#. %i"st, t$e"e 1e"e :/"ee.en9. T$ese .en 1e"e /"ee in all "es e-ts e2-e t 1$e"e t$e Kin# o" $is assi#ns 7t$e lo"ds and lando1ne"s, also ,no1n as no&le.en8 1e"e -on-e"ned. T$e! -o'ld 1o", at t$ei" -$osen "o/ession, li*e 1$e"e t$e! 1anted, and t"a*el as t$e! leased. All 'nless t$e Kin# o&@e-ted, in 1$i-$ -ase t$e Kin#9s 1is$es 1e"e ' $eld, "e#a"dless o/ 1$at t$ose 1is$es 1e"e. T$e! -o'ld Fo1nG B'seC "o e"t!, s'&@e-t, o/ -o'"se, to t$e /a-t t$at t$e Kin# a-t'all! o1ned e*e"!t$in#. W$at t$is .eant, in "ealit!, is t$at t$ese eo le onl! o1ned t$e 'se o/ said "o e"t!, and t$e ta2 le*ied &! t$e Kin# 1as a-t'all! a /ee /o" 'sin# t$e Kin#9s "o e"t!. o/ t$e e"iod. He 1as &o"n into $is "ole, and -o'ld not es-a e it. Last, t$e"e 1as t$e :indent'"ed se"*ant9. Ne2t, t$e :se"/ 9 1as t$e sla*e He di//e"ed /"o. t$e sla*e in

A.e"i-a onl! in t$at $e 1as /o"e*e" &o'nd to t$e land and t$e lo"d o/ t$at land, "at$e" t$an to an a&sol'te .aste". T$is 1as a :/"ee.an9 1$o -ont"a-ted into se"*it'de /o" a a"ti-'la" e"iod o/ ti.e in "et'"n /o" so.et$in# 1$i-$ $e 1anted o" needed. Man! o/ o'" /o"e/at$e"s aid t$ei" 7and t$ei" /a.ilies98 1a! to A.e"i-a &! se"*in# as an indent'"ed se"*ant /o" a e"iod o/ ti.e. T$e :-iti4en o/ t$e United States9 a-t'all! is *e"! -lose in -a a-it! and stat's to t$e :/"ee.an9 o/ old En#land. T$at stat's is e2a-tl! 1$at .ost o/ o'" /o"e/at$e"s 1e"e &e/o"e t$e! /led /"o. En#land to A.e"i-a, so t$is is o&*io'sl! not 1$at t$e /o'ndin# /at$e"s en*isioned an A.e"i-an as. B't, .a,e a -o. a"ison and !o' .a! &e s$o-,ed. %i"st, let9s -o. a"e "o e"t! "i#$ts. T$e /"ee.an -o'ld o1n t$e 'se o/ "o e"t! s'&@e-t to t$e Kin#9s ta2 and $is 1$i.s. Toda!, a -iti4en o/ t$e United States -an o1n "o e"t! s'&@e-t to t$e ta2 and 1$i.s o/ t$e United States 7!o' 1ill lea"n a little late" t$at t$e :States9, as t$e! e2ist toda!, a"e a-t'all! @'st an e2tension o/ t$e %ede"al Go*e"n.ent8. In essen-e, !o' do not o1n land o" "o e"t!, &'t onl! t$e 'se o/ t$at land o" "o e"t!. Ot$e"1ise, i/ !o' 1e"e t$e :so*e"ei#n9, no&od! -o'ld ta2 so.et$in# !o' o1ned and ta,e it /"o. !o' i/ !o' /ailed to a! t$e ta2. L'st i.a#ine so.eone t"!in# to ta2 t$e Kin# and ta,e $is land. Let9s 'se !o'" $o.e as an e2a. le. Ass'.in# !o' o1n !o'" $o.e and it is totall! aid o//, does it &elon# to !o'H O/ -o'"se not. I/ it

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did, and !o' 1e"e t$e so*e"ei#n, no one -o'ld ta,e it a1a! /"o. !o' &e-a'se !o' didnOt a! t$e "ent on it 7 "o e"t! ta28. As it is, .an! o/ t$e olde" -iti4ens o/ t$e United States a"e a!in# .o"e ta2es on t$ei" $o.es toda! t$an t$e a!.ents 1e"e &a-, in t$e +=0)9s and +=J)9s 1$en t$e! 1e"e a!in# /o" t$e $o.e. I/ t$e! don9t o" -an9t a! t$ose $i#$ ta2es, t$e! lose t$ei" $o.e. Aoes t$at so'nd li,e t$e! o1n t$e $o.e to !o'H So'nds li,e t$e Kin#9s /"ee.en to .e. And 1$at a&o't a :1$i.9 o/ t$e #o*e"n.ent to steal t$at landH "o@e-tH W$at i/ t$e #o*e"n.ent de-ides it needs t$at land /o" so.e Blac-." Law Dictionary de/ines it as, ,the Aid !o' e*e" $ea" o/ :e.inent do.ain9H

po%er to ta/e pri"ate propert for publi# use b the state, muni#ipalities, and pri"ate persons or #orporations authori0ed to e:er#ise fun#tions of publi# #hara#ter'( T$is o1e" #"anted to t$e state &! t$e %i/t$ A.end.ent $as &een totall! .is'sed &! t$e #o*e"n.ent, and $as &een 'sed to 'nis$ e"sons 1$o. t$e #o*e"n.ent $ad a *endetta a#ainst. T$in, a&o't t$e /a-t t$at, i/ a -e"tain ,ind o/ "at is /o'nd on !o'" land, !o'" land -an &e sei4ed /o" t$e #ood o/ t$e "at. T$at9s "i#$t, and it a-t'all! $a ened li,e t$at in Cali/o"nia a /e1 !ea"s a#o 1$en a :"a"e9 ,an#a"oo "at 1as /o'nd dead on a .an9s "o e"t!. So, 1$o $as .o"e "i#$ts, a "at o" a -iti4en o/ t$e United StatesH T$is .an9s 7a -iti4en o/ t$e United States8 land 1as sei4ed, and $e 1as i. "isoned /o" &ein# s's e-t o/ ,illin# t$e "at. So'nds li,e a Kin#9s o1e" to .e, and t$e Kin# .'st $a*e -lose ties to "ats.

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L'st to &e *e"! s'"e t$at !o' don9t "eall! &elie*e !o' a-t'all! o1n an!t$in# as a -iti4en o/ t$e United States, let9s tal, a&o't one .o"e a"ea o/ o1ne"s$i 3 !o'" -a". Ao !o' o1n !o'" -a"H I/ it is aid /o", do !o' $a*e t$e o"i#inal titleH T$e ans1e" is, FnoG, !o' do not. I ,no1 t$at .an! o/ !o' t$in, !o' o1n !o'" -a" and t$at !o' $a*e t$e title, &'t !o'9"e 1"on#. Get o't !o'" :title9 and loo, it o*e". Yo' 1ill see t$at at t$e to o/ it a"e t$e 1o"ds, FCe"ti/i-ate o/ Title.G Blac-." de/ines F-e"ti/i-ateG as, ,! %ritten assuran#e, or offi#ial representation, that some a#t has or has not been done, or some e"ent o##urred, or some legal formalit has been #omplied %ith9'(' In lain lan#'a#e, t$is do-'.ent at 1$i-$ !o' a"e loo,in# sa!s t$at t$e"e is an :o"i#inal title9 o/ o1ne"s$i on !o'" -a", and !o' o&*io'sl! don9t $a*e it. T$e one 1$o does $a*e it o1ns t$e -a". T$at 1o'ld, o/ -o'"se, &e t$e State. T$e do-'.ent 1$i-$ !o' $old si. l! -e"ti/ies t$at do-'.ent as a t"'e and -o""e-t -o ! o/ t$e o"i#inal. %'"t$e".o"e, t$e"e is no 1a! /o" !o' to #et t$e o"i#inal title. T$at9s &e-a'se -iti4ens o/ t$e United States a"e ne*e" allo1ed to o1n "o e"t!, &'t onl! to 'se it as t$e Kin# 7#o*e"n.ent8 sees /it. Is t$is &e#innin# to so'nd .o"e li,e old En#land to !o' !etH B't, $o1 did !o', t$e so*e"ei#n 1it$ all o/ t$e God6#i*en %"eedo. and Ri#$ts le/t to !o' &! !o'" /o"e/at$e"s, 1$i-$ a"e #'a"anteed and "ote-ted &! t$e Constit'tion, #et $e"eH In a late" -$a te", I 1ill e2 lain t$e .one! s-a. 1$i-$ leads to t$e osition des-"i&ed a&o*e. Kee "eadin#5 In t$e +=<)9s, t$e l'st /o" o1e" at t$e %ede"al le*el "ea-$ed a ne1 $i#$. T$e o. o's /at -ats "'nnin# t$e United States Go*e"n.ent at t$at ti.e 1e"e *e"! 't o// &! t$e /a-t t$at t$e! 1e"e :se"*ants9 to a &'n-$ o/ d'.& /a".e"s and la&o"e"s. T$e! &elie*ed t$at t$e! 1e"e t$e elite, and t$at t$ei" o1e" s$o'ld &e 'n;'estioned. T$e! loo,ed a"o'nd and "eali4ed t$at t$e"e did e2ist a -lass o/ eo le to 1$o. t$e! did se"*e as *i"t'al ,in#s and ;'eens. T$at -lass 1as t$ose 1$o 1e"e -iti4ens o/ t$e United States '"s'ant to t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent. %o" t$e., t$e %ede"al #o*e"n.ent "'led as a &ene*olent .ona"-$, "aisin# t$e. /"o. t$e d"e#s o/ so-iet! to a osition 1$e"e t$e! -o'ld e2ist as -iti4ens. T$e! 1e"e a-t'all! :s'&@e-ts9 'nde" t$at #o*e"n.ent, t$'s t$e lo1e" -ase :-9 in t$e s ellin# o/ -iti4en is al1a!s 'sed, e*en toda!. 7Be a1a"e t$at t$e s ellin# and t$e 'se o/ e2a-t lan#'a#e is *e"! i. o"tant in a #o*e"n.ent 1$i-$ e2t"a-ts its o1e" t$"o'#$ lies and de-eit, as does t$e United States. Re.e.&e" t$at t$e 1o"d :Citi4en9 is al1a!s s elled 1it$ a -a ital :C9 1$en "e/e""in# to an A.e"i-an Citi4en, &e-a'se $e is t$e so*e"ei#n.8 %o" t$ese s'&@e-ts, an! /a*o" 1as "e-ei*ed as a &lessin# /"o. $ea*en.

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In +=<0, t$e United States assed t$e So-ial Se-'"it! A-t, desi#ned es e-iall! /o" t$ese s'&@e-ts. A/te" all, t$ese 1e"e t$e 1a"ds o/ t$e State, t$ose 1$o $ad &een ta,en o't o/ sla*e"! and -a"ed /o" &! t$e &ene*olent .aste", &e-a'se it 1as &elie*ed t$at t$e! -o'ld not /end /o" t$e.sel*es.

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A'e to t$e eliteOs o"-$est"ation o/ a de "essed e-ono.! 7t$e Ae "ession8, A.e"i-an Citi4ens &e#an to 1ant t$e sa.e e",s and &ene/its t$at 1e"e desi#ned /o" t$e se-ond6-lass -iti4ens as a .eans to #i*e t$e. so.e -$an-e o/ attainin# a de#"ee o/ se-'"it! and $a iness.

T$e United States Go*e"n.ent o//i-ials "eali4ed t$at t$is 1as t$e *e$i-le t$"o'#$ 1$i-$ t$e! -o'ld #ain -ont"ol o*e" t$e so*e"ei#ns 1$o $ad "'led o*e" t$e. /o" so lon#. T$e! si. l! said, ,Come on in, ta/e our number, and be one of our sub.e#ts, and ou #an ha"e e"er thing that %e gi"e our other sub.e#ts'( B! t$e .illions, A.e"i-an Citi4ens -a.e /o"t$ to ta,e a So-ial Se-'"it! N'.&e", and, in e//e-t, sa! t$at t$e! no lon#e" 1is$ed to &e a so*e"ei#n, &'t t$at t$e! 1is$ed to &e ta,en -a"e o/ and "'led o*e" instead.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

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T$e F&ene*olentG #o*e"n.ent a#"eed t$at it -o'ld do a &ette" @o& o/ "'nnin# t$ei" li*es t$an t$e! 1e"e doin#, so it a--e ted t$e so*e"ei#nsO "e;'est to sell t$e.sel*es into 1$at a.o'nted to *ol'nta"! se"*it'de, .'-$ li,e t$e indent'"ed se"*ants o/ old En#land. Re.e.&e" t$at t$e T$i"teent$ A.end.ent /o"&ade sla*e"! and in*ol'nta"! se"*it'de, &'t it did not e*en .ention *ol'nta"! se"*it'de. Re.e.&e" t$at t$e Ri#$ts #'a"anteed to A.e"i-an Citi4ens &! t$e Constit'tion -annot &e &o'#$t, sold, t"aded, ta,en a1a!, o" e*en #i*en a1a!3 $o1e*e", 1e -an -ont"a-t to set t$e. aside /o" a e"iod o/ ti.e in o"de" to /'l/ill a -ont"a-t'al a#"ee.ent 1it$ anot$e" a"t!. Re.e.&e" t$at .an! o/ t$e o"i#inal A.e"i-ans andNo" t$ei" /a.ilies -a.e to t$is -o'nt"! 'nde" *ol'nta"! se"*it'de -ont"a-ts as :indent'"ed se"*ants9. T$e #o*e"n.ent o//i-ials 1e"e -a"e/'l not to oint o't to t$e A.e"i-an Citi4ens 1$at t$ei" a-tions a-t'all! entailed, &e-a'se t$e! ,ne1 t$at /e1, i/ an!, ,ne1 t$e "i-e t$at 1o'ld &e aid /o" t$e &ene/its "e-ei*ed. B't, t$e"e is one #ood t$in# a&o't *ol'nta"! se"*it'de 6 t$e"e $as to &e a 1a! o't o" it 1o'ld &e-o.e in*ol'nta"!, and, t$e"e/o"e, 'n-onstit'tional. Yo' 1ill lea"n $o1 i. o"tant t$is little :/la19 is late" in t$is 1"itin#. T$is enti"e s-ena"io is easil! "o*en &! a la1 ena-ted &! Con#"ess in +=JD. It 1as -alled t$e Ci*il Ri#$ts A-t o/ +=JD. Man! o/ !o' 1ill still "e.e.&e" t$e e//e-ts o/ t$at la1. It -$an#ed .an! o/ t$e 1a!s in 1$i-$ t$e 1$ite .an dealt, asso-iated, and li*ed 1it$ t$e &la-, .an. Until t$at ti.e, it 1as not onl! -o..on ,no1led#e t$at t$e &la-, .an 1as a se-ond6-lass -iti4en, $e 1as t"eated li,e one. He -o'ld not d"in, o't o/ t$e sa.e 1ate" /o'ntains, #o to t$e sa.e s-$ools, #o to t$e sa.e -$'"-$es, eat in t$e sa.e "esta'"ants, andNo" 'se t$e sa.e "est"oo.s as t$e 1$ite .an, @'st to na.e a /e1 o/ $is "est"i-tions. Yet $e $ad &een a -iti4en o/ t$e United States /o" al.ost +)) !ea"s at t$at ti.e. On t$e ot$e" $and, t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en #ained not$in# /"o. t$e Ci*il Ri#$ts A-t o/ +=JD, &e-a'se $e al"ead! $ad e*e"!t$in# it o//e"ed, and .o"e, 1$i-$ is #'a"anteed to $i. in t$e Constit'tion as Ri#$ts. Un/o"t'natel!, t$e Ci*il Ri#$ts A-t o/ +=JD did not .a,e t$e -lasses o/ -iti4ens$i e;'al, it onl! .ade t$e. a ea" e;'al. T$e t"'t$ is t$at it onl! &esto1ed .o"e "i*ile#es and i..'nities ' on t$e -iti4en o/ t$e United States, &'t still o//e"ed no t"'e Ri#$ts to t$at e"son. :Ci*il "i#$ts9 a"e not God6 #i*en Ri#$ts at all, &'t si. l! .an6.ade "i*ile#es &esto1ed ' on s'&@e-ts o/ t$e United States3 all o/ 1$i-$ -o'ld &e -$an#ed o" -o. letel! ta,en a1a! at t$e 1$i. o/ t$e #"anto", t$e United States. B't it did $a*e a .o"e de.oni- and e*il e//e-t and '" ose t$an an! "e*io's :la19 6 it .ade t$e
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. (>.

-iti4en o/ t$e United States a ea" to &e s!non!.o's 1it$ t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en, t$e"e&! settin# t$e sta#e to e" et'ate t$e A.e"i-an Citi4ensO /o"/eit'"e o/ $is &i"t$"i#$t t$"o'#$ o't"i#$t t"i-,e"! and de-eit. Sadl!, toda!, /e1 A.e"i-ans e*en ,no1 1$at t$ei" &i"t$"i#$t is, and .ost 1ill a"#'e t$at t$e! $a*e not #i*en ' an! o/ t$ei" Ri#$ts. T$e /a-t is t$at .ost A.e"i-ans $a*e al"ead! #i*en ' all o/ t$ei" Ri#$ts t$"o'#$ -ont"a-t, and t$e ti.e to "e-lai. t$e. is #"o1in# 1oe/'ll! s$o"t. T$is 1"itin# is a last dit-$ e//o"t to #i*e t$e ,no1led#e to t$ose 1$o 1is$ to "e#ain t$ei" &i"t$"i#$t t$e a&ilit! and ,no1led#e to do so &e/o"e t$at &i"t$"i#$t is /o"e*e" lost. Wit$ t$e loss o/ t$at &i"t$"i#$t, one -o'ld also lose $is .o"tal, and ossi&l! i..o"tal, so'l. T$e -$oi-e is si. le 6 do !o' 1ant to &e a -iti4en o/ t$e United States, 1$e"e&! !o' "e.ain a s'&@e-t to t$e 1$i. o/ t$e #o*e"n.ent, o" do !o' 1ant to &e an A.e"i-an Citi4en, a so*e"ei#n, 1it$ all t$e o1e"s le/t to !o' &! !o'" /o"e/at$e"s as t$e #"eatest #i/t t$at -an &e #i*en on t$is ea"t$ and in t$is li/eH Ma,e it 1isel!. T$e -$oi-e -an still &e !o'"s.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

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Conside" t$e stat's o/ a -iti4en o/ t$e United States. He is "'led &! -odes and "e#'lations -"eated &! &'"ea'-"ats 1$o a"e s' osedl! '&li- se"*ants. Most o/ t$ese F"'lesG a"e ne*e" e*en *oted on, &'t a"e la-ed into Fla1G &! an o//i-ial 1$o 1asn9t e*en ele-ted to o//i-e. T$e -iti4en o/ t$e United States is not so*e"ei#n &e-a'se $e -annot o1n t$e land. Instead, $e -an ne#otiate /o" t$e 'se o/ land /o" 1$i-$ $e a!s a la"#e /ee to &e#in, and -ontin'es to a! a lesse" /ee 7ta28 /o" as lon# as $e 1ants to 'se t$e land. He $as t$e sa.e set o/ "'les /o" all $is "o e"t!, e*en t$o'#$ $e "o&a&l! doesn9t "eali4e it. No1, t$in, a&o't it. Ho1 does $e di//e" /"o. t$e -lass o/ F/"ee.enG t$at .ost o/ o'" /o"e/at$e"s 1e"e &e/o"e -o.in# to A.e"i-a /"o. En#landH I s'&.it t$at t$e Kin#9s total di-tato"ial o1e" o*e" e*e"! iss'e $as &een eli.inated, o" at least "ed'-ed so.e1$at3 &'t, ot$e" t$an t$at, t$e"e is *e"! little di//e"en-e. We ,no1 t$at so*e"ei#nt! e2ists so.e1$e"e in t$is -o'nt"!. It $as to. So.eone o1ns t$e land. Is it FWe t$e Peo leG 1$o o1n t$e landH I/ not, 1$oH T$e #o*e"n.ent 1o'ld $a*e !o' &elie*e t$at it o1ns t$e land3 ot$e"1ise, it -o'ld not le*! ta2es a#ainst it. S$o1 .e an! la-e 1$e"e so*e"ei#nt! 1as e*e" ta,en /"o. FWe t$e Peo le.G S$o1 .e an! la-e 1$e"e FWe t$e Peo leG e*e" t'"ned o*e" so*e"ei#nt! to t$e #o*e"n.ent, o" an!&od! else e2-e t t$ei" Poste"it!. Yo' -an9t do eit$e", &e-a'se neit$e" $a ened. T$e t"'t$ is t$at not$in# $a ened to t$e so*e"ei#ns o" t$e so*e"ei#nt!. It is e2a-tl! 1$e"e o'" %o"e/at$e"s la-ed it I in t$e $ands o/ t$ei" Poste"it!5 Not$in# e*e" $a ened to -$an#e t$at. W$at did $a en 1as t$at a #"o' o/ non6 "od'-ti*e t$ie*es and -on6 a"tists /i#'"ed o't a 1a! to steal all t$e o1e" le/t &! &i"t$"i#$t to t$e Poste"it! o/ t$e %o'ndin# %at$e"s. T$e! /o'nd a 1a! to -ont"a-t'all! o&li#ate t$e t"'e so*e"ei#ns to a li/e o/ se"*it'de 'nde" t$e.. B't t$e! $a*e !et to /ind a 1a! to a-t'all! steal t$at so*e"ei#nt! /"o. its "i#$t/'l o1ne"s, t$e A.e"i-an Citi4ens, t$at is, on-e t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en ,no1s 1$o $e is and t$e o1e" $e ossesses. We see e*iden-e o/ t$e #o*e"n.ent9s ta-ti-s e*e"! da! in t$e ne1s. %o" e2a. le, t$in, a&o't F$ate -"i.es le#islation.G Aoes t$at #i*e !o' "eason to sto and t$in,.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

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T$e te". F$ate -"i.esG is a "od'-t o/ t$e #o*e"n.ent9s atte. ts to tell 's t$at 1e a"e all t$e sa.e, and an!one 1$o t$in,s ot$e"1ise s$o'ld &e a*oided, "idi-'led and 'nis$ed. He -e"tainl! s$o'ld not &e asso-iated 1it$. And t$is enti"e idea "elates &a-, to 1$atH Ra-ial di//e"en-es. Isn9t t$at t$e &asis /o" all F$ate -"i.esG le#islationH Hasn9t t$e #o*e"n.ent s ent t$e last D) !ea"s, and &illions ' on &illions o/ dolla"s t"!in# to -on*in-e I to &"ain1as$ I 's all into &elie*in# t$at t$e"e a"e no di//e"en-es &et1een 'sH T$e! tal, a&o't t$e -olo" o/ one9s s,in, and t"! to .a,e !o' &elie*e t$at t$e iss'e is a i#.entation in t$e s,in. T$is ta-ti- ,ee s .ost A.e"i-ans /"o. e*en loo,in# at t$e "eal iss'es. Hasn9t t$e #o*e"n.ent, t$"o'#$ its *i"t'al total -ont"ol o/ t$e .edia, de.oni4ed e*e"!t$in# and e*e"!&od! t$at e*en s'##ested t$at t$e"e .i#$t &e a di//e"en-e &et1een eo le &ased on 1$o t$e! a"e and 1$e"e t$e! -o.e /"o.H Ma,e no .ista,e a&o't it. It is not t$e Bla-, .an, t$e Me2i-an, t$e Asian, no" an! ot$e" "a-e o/ eo le t$at t$e #o*e"n.ent is inte"ested in "ote-tin# 1it$ t$is F$ate -"i.esG le#islation. It is t$e #o*e"n.ent9s $old on t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en t$at it 1is$es to "ote-t and solidi/!. B! de.oni4in# e*e"!&od! 1$o e*en .entions t$at t$e"e .i#$t &e so.e di//e"en-es &et1een eo le, it ,ee s t$e #"eat .a@o"it! o/ A.e"i-an Citi4ens, 1$o $a*e &een de/"a'ded into se"*it'de t$"o'#$ -ont"a-t as a -iti4en o/ t$e United States, /"o. sea"-$in# /o" t$e t"'t$ o/ t$ei" Bi"t$"i#$t /o" /ea" o/ &ein# -alled a &i#ot, "a-ist, o" $ate .on#e". An!one 1$o 1ants to tal, a&o't di//e"en-es &et1een eo le 1ill i..ediatel! &e t$"o1n into one o/ t$ose -ate#o"ies3 e*en t$o'#$ t$e iss'e is stat's, not "a-e. We .'st all 'nde"stand t$at all t$is ado a&o't "a-is. and &i#ot"! $as al.ost not$in# to do 1it$ "a-e. It $as e*e"!t$in# to do 1it$ stat's. It $as to do 1it$ in$e"itan-e. It $as to do 1it$ linea#e. B't t$e onl! t$in# a&o't "a-e t$at it $as to do 1it$ is t$at t$e"e 1e"e no &la-, si#ne"s on t$e Ae-la"ation o/ Inde enden-e o" t$e Constit'tion. T$e"e 1e"eNa"e no &la-, state Citi4ens. To state t$at /a-t .a,es .e no .o"e a "a-ist t$an to sa! t$at .! %at$e" 1as 1$ite. It9s si. l! a /a-t, &'t it $as &een de.oni4ed to t$e oint t$at .ost don9t da"e e*en a "oa-$ t$e iss'e. T$at9s &! desi#n, and it9s $o1 *i"t'all! all state Citi4ens $a*e &een led into se"*it'de &! t$ose 1$o s$o'ld &e o'" '&li- se"*ants.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

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W$atOs e*en .o"e in-"edi&le is $o1 t$e &la-, .an $as &een ,e t in a e" et'al state o/ se"*it'de t$"o'#$o't t$e !ea"s. T$e "eal t"a#ed! lies in t$e /a-t t$at t$e &la-, .an, and all ot$e" .ino"ities in t$is -o'nt"!, $a*e &een $eld do1n and ,e t in a state o/ sla*e"! &! t$ose 1$o 1e"e -lai.in# to #i*e t$e. /"eedo.. It 1as ne*e" t$e lan o/ t$is #o*e"n.ent to /"ee t$e &la-, .an. It 1as t$e lan o/ t$is #o*e"n.ent to 'se t$e &la-, .an as a a1n, &! la-in# t$e so*e"ei#n in a state o/ se"*it'de "i#$t alon# side t$e &la-, .an, and t$en sell t$e idea 'nde" t$e la&el o/ Fe;'alit!.G T$e #o*e"n.ent $as done t$is &! insistin# t$at e*e"!&od! is e;'al, and t$at 1e .'st all ,do our fair share( and ,follo% the rules .ust li/e e"er bod else has to'( T$e 'nde"l!in# idea is t$at 1e s$o'ld "eadil! a--e t t$at t$e #o*e"n.ent is all6 o1e"/'l and &ene*olent, and &elie*e t$at it is al1a!s a-tin# in t$e &est inte"est o/ t$e Peo le. I/ !o' &elie*e t$at, !o'9"e 1astin# !o'" ti.e "eadin# t$is &oo,. In all t$e -i*il "i#$ts .a"-$es o/ t$e J)9s and ?)9s, did !o' e*e" $ea" e*en one &la-, .an de.and to &e-o.e an A.e"i-an Citi4enH Aid !o' e*e" $ea" e*en one &la-, .an de.and to &e-o.e a so*e"ei#nH I/ !o' did, I .issed it. W$at I $ea"d 1as Ma"tin L't$e" Kin# statin# t$at all .en a"e -"eated e;'al and s$o'ld &e t"eated e;'al. He -ontin'all! insisted t$at all .en s$o'ld 1al, to#et$e" as one. W$at $e ne*e" said 1as t$at all .en s$o'ld &e so*e"ei#n I ne*e" on-e did I $ea" t$at. He eit$e" didn9t 'nde"stand t$e iss'es, o" $e 1asn9t a-tin# in t$e &est inte"est o/ $is o1n eo le. Be-a'se, 1$at $as al"ead! -o.e to ass is al.ost e2a-tl! 1$at $e as,ed /o". Toda!, al.ost all .en a"e no1 e;'al. T$e! a"e all sla*es to t$e #o*e"n.ent5 To t$is da!, I $a*e ne*e" $ea"d e*en one &la-, leade" de.and so*e"ei#nt! o" A.e"i-an Citi4ens$i . T$e da! t$at &la-, .en .a"-$ on Was$in#ton de.andin# to &e so*e"ei#ns, and de.andin# t$at t$e Constit'tion &e -$an#ed to in-l'de t$e. as A.e"i-an Citi4ens, t$at9s t$e /ine da! t$at I 1ill .a"-$ &! t$ei" side. All .en s$o'ld &e "e-o#ni4ed as so*e"ei#n 'nde" GodOs la13 $o1e*e", so lon# as t$e #o*e"n.entOs .ain /o-'s is to -"eate Fe;'alit!G &! &"in#in# .! stat's do1n to t$at o/ O-iti4en o/ t$e United StatesO 'nde" t$e #'ise o/ &ein# Fe;'al,G I 1ill /i#$t 1it$ .! last &"eat$ to "etain .! stat's as so*e"ei#n3 and i/ t$at .eans 1e -an9t &e e;'al, so &e it5

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

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* yo6 are "ati" ie! wit0 t0e lot in li e t0at t0e Unite! State" 0a" @lanne! or yo69 t0en t0ere i" no nee! to rea! t0e re"t o t0i" boo-. Ho1e*e", i/ !o' 1ant t$e t"'e /"eedo. t$at 1as le/t to !o' as an A.e"i-an Citi4en, "ead on. B't ,no1 t$at t$e"e a"e "es onsi&ilities asso-iated 1it$ t$at /"eedo. t$at .an! o/ !o' $a*e ne*e" /a-ed3 and, to &e /"ee !o' .'st /a-e t$e.. %"eedo. is not /o" -o1a"ds 6 %"eedo. is /o" t$e &"a*e at $ea"t. Let t$e -o1a"ds "e.ain s'&@e-ts, and "a! /o" t$e. t$at t$e United States "e.ains at least a /ai"l! &ene*olent .aste".

'HA&TER 7 3 OUR #ONEY SYSTE#.

Unde"standin# o'" .one! s!ste. is anot$e" ne-essa"! ste in "eali4in# t$e 'n&elie*a&le osition t$at A.e"i-ans $a*e &een "ele#ated to. To 'nde"stand $o1 o'" .one! s!ste. 1o",s, 1e need to #o to its &e#innin#s and /ollo1 its de*elo .ent t$"o'#$ t$e !ea"s. T$e .one! s!ste. toda! is a-t'all! a -'""en-! s!ste. onl!, and does not "e "esent t"'e 1o"t$. Blac-." #i*es t$e de/inition o/ :.one!9 as, ,In usual and ordinar a##eptan#e it means #oins and paper #urren# used as #ir#ulating mediums of e:#hange, and does not embra#e notes, bonds, e"iden#es of debt, or other personal or real estate'( Yo' 1ill soon lea"n t$at t$e :%ede"al Rese"*e Notes9 t$at 1e -'""entl! 'se as :.one!9 do not /it t$is de/inition. T$e .one! s!ste. o/ toda! a-t'all! sta"ted 1it$ o'" o"i#inal &an,in# s!ste.. $el It 1as desi#ned to

eo le "ote-t t$ei" assets 1it$o't $a*in# to "is, t$ei" li*es on a dail! &asis. Ea"l! in t$e

/o".ation o/ t$is -o'nt"!, t$e li/e o/ a 1ealt$! e"son -o'ld &e *e"! $a4a"do's. Let9s sa! t$at !o' $ad dis-o*e"ed #old, t$'s &e-o.in# *e"! "i-$. W$e"e 1o'ld !o' #o to "ote-t !o'" 1ealt$H Man! t"ied to ,ee it -lose at $and, t$e"e&! t"!in# to e"sonall! "ote-t it /"o. t$ose 1$o 1o'ld steal it. T$is .et$od "o*ed to &e *e"! 'nsatis/a-to"! in t$at .an! 1ealt$! eo le &e-a.e :dead &"o,e9 1$en t$ie*es and ,ille"s /o'nd t$e.. So, alon# -a.e t$e &an,s, 1$i-$, 1it$ #o*e"n.ent a "o*al and s' e"*ision, #a*e eo le a *e"! *ia&le alte"nati*e to &ein# "o&&ed andNo" ,illed &! t$ose see,in# to "elie*e t$e. o/ t$ei" 1ealt$. T$e o"i#inal s!ste. 1as not onl! needed &! t$e eo le o/ t$at da!, it 1as '"e and si. le in its nat'"e. Ta,e t$e e"son 1$o :st"'-, it "i-$9 in #old. He -o'ld &"in# $is #old to a &an,. T$e &an, 1o'ld ta,e t$e #old and iss'e $i. a -e"ti/i-ate #'a"anteein# to #i*e $i. &a-, t$e #old at an! ti.e in t$e /'t'"e t$at $e 1anted it. B! doin# so, $e -o'ld "ote-t $is #old and
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. <<.

$is li/e, and $e -o'ld still en@o! t$e &ene/its o/ $is 1ealt$. %o" t$is se"*i-e, t$e &an, 1o'ld -$a"#e a s.all e"-enta#e o" /ee, and e*e"!&od! 1as $a !. T$is s!ste. 1o",ed *e"! 1ell /o" .an! !ea"s. B't at so.e oint !ea"s late", t$e #o*e"n.ent "eali4ed a *e"! inte"estin# ano.al! $ad de*elo ed. It see.ed t$at, alt$o'#$ t$e #old 1as a*aila&le to t$e de osito"s at an! ti.e, no&od! e*e" -a.e &a-, to -lai. t$ei" #old. Instead, t$e! 1e"e all si. l! t"adin# t$ese :-e"ti/i-ates9 iss'ed &! t$e &an,s, t$'s -"eatin# : a e" .one!9 o" :-'""en-!9. T$ese -e"ti/i-ates "o*ed to &e .'-$ easie" to -a""!, to $ide, and to deal 1it$ in #ene"al t$an $ea*!, &'l,! #old. Bette" still, e*e"!one 1o'ld a--e t t$ese -e"ti/i-ates as .one! &e-a'se t$e! ,ne1 t$e #old 1as sittin# in t$e &an, 1aitin# to &e "e-lai.ed. T$'s, t$e -'""ent attit'de to1a"d t$e 1o"t$ o/ : a e" .one!9 1as &e#'n. At t$is oint, it is *e"! i. o"tant to "eali4e t$e "eal nat'"e o/ -'""en-! o" .one!. It is not$in# .o"e t$an a .eans &! 1$i-$ a e"son -an sto"e $is la&o" and .ate"ials /o" 'se at a /'t'"e date. Let9s sa! t$at !o' a"e a e"son 1it$ not$in# e2-e t !o'" a&ilit! to &'ild $o'ses. Yo' t"ade !o'" la&o" to &'ild a /"iend a $o'se /o" so.et$in# t$at $e $as 1$i-$ !o' need o" -an 'se. B't 1$at i/ !o'" /"iend is a -andlesti-, .a,e", and !o' don9t need an! -andlesti-,sH In o"de" /o" !o' to &'ild $i. a $o'se, $e 1o'ld $a*e to /ind so.eone 1$o needed eno'#$ -andlesti-,s to a! /o" t$e $o'se, and 1$o also $ad so.et$in# 1$i-$ !o' needed in o"de" to #et !o' to &'ild $i. a $o'se. It -o'ld "o*e to &e *e"! di//i-'lt to /ind eno'#$ eo le 1$o needed -andlesti-,s and $ad so.et$in# t$at !o' needed to a! !o' /o" &'ildin# $is $o'se. So t$at9s 1$e"e .one! -o.es in. Mone! is a la-e 7o" *e$i-le8 1$e"e !o' -an sto"e !o'" la&o" /o" /'t'"e 'se. Instead o/ $a*in# to /ind se*e"al di//e"ent eo le 1$o need !o'" a"ti-'la" se"*i-e, and 1$o $a*e so.et$in# t$at !o' need "i#$t t$en, ea-$ 1o",e" si. l! sto"es $is la&o" in t$ese -e"ti/i-ates, a--e ted &! t$e so-iet! in 1$i-$ $e li*es, ,e t at *ia&le sto"a#e /a-ilities 7&an,s8 /o" 'se at a /'t'"e ti.e. T$e -andlesti-, .a,e" t$en si. l! -olle-ts eno'#$ o/ t$e la&o" -e"ti/i-ates /"o. eo le 1$o need $is -andlesti-,s to a! !o' /o" &'ildin# $is $o'se. Yo' -an t$en 'se t$e -e"ti/i-ates to &'! 1$ate*e" !o' 1ant instead o/ sea"-$in# /o" so.eone 1$o needs one a"ti-'la" se"*i-e. It is "eall! a 1onde"/'l and in#enio's .et$od /o" allo1in# ea-$ e"son to 'se $is e"sonal s,ills and la&o" to e2-$an#e /o" t$e t$in#s $e 1ants and needs. Un/o"t'natel!, t$is s!ste. $ad a /la1. It 1as 'sed to sto"e t"'e 1ealt$, 1$i-$ e;'ates to t$e la&o" o/ an indi*id'al. Basi-all!, all la&o" done is la-ed into a &i# ool /o" t$e 'se o/ an!one 1$o $as esta&lis$ed -"edit 1it$in t$at ool &! la-in# $is la&o" into t$e ool. T$e ool is &a-,ed &! #oldNsil*e". Conse;'entl!, t$e onl! eo le 1$o s$o'ld &e 'sin# t$e ool a"e t$ose 1$o $a*e la-ed t"'e *al'e into t$e ool3 i'e' la&o" andNo" #oldNsil*e".

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

<D.

Ho1e*e", t$at9s not t$e 1a! it9s 1o",in#.

So.eti.e in t$e ea"l! to .id +>))9s, t$e United States

Go*e"n.ent dis-o*e"ed a 1a! to steal a o"tion o/ all t$e la&o" and 1ealt$ t$at A.e"i-ans "o*ided.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

<0.

T$e &an,s "eali4ed t$at no&od! e*e" -a.e &a-, to -lai. an! o/ t$e #old 1$i-$ &a-,ed t$e -e"ti/i-ates. Instead, t$e! 1e"e e2-$an#in# t$e -e"ti/i-ates /o" 1$at t$e! 1anted. t$at it 1o'ld &e *e"! si. le to "int .o"e -e"ti/i-ates 1it$o't an! #old to &a-, t$e.. 1$en in a-t'alit!, t$e! "e "esented neit$e". It &e-a.e -lea" B! doin# so,

t$e #o*e"n.ent -o'ld s end t$e ne1 -e"ti/i-ates e2a-tl! li,e t$e! "e "esented #oldNsil*e" o" la&o", In /a-t, t$is a-tion 1as not$in# .o"e t$an a .eans &! 1$i-$ to steal a o"tion o/ all t$e 1ealt$ and la&o" e"/o".ed &! A.e"i-ans on an on#oin# &asis. It 1o",s li,e t$is. Let9s sa! t$at !o' la-ed !o'" la&o" into t$is ool 71$i-$, &! t$e 1a!, !o' $a*e8. To totall! 'nde"stand t$is

B! doin# so, !o' a-t'all! :&o'#$t into9 t$e o*e"all 1o"t$ o/ t$e ool. .et$od o/ t$e/t, let9s @'st tal, a&o't t$e #old in t$e ool. Let9s sa! t$at t$e"e is S+))).)) 1o"t$ o/ #old in t$e ool. S+)).)), and !o' 1e"e aid &! -e"ti/i-ates /"o. t$e ool. o/ t$e ool, so !o' #et +)P o/ t$e -e"ti/i-ates in t$e ool.

Let9s sa! t$at !o' #a*e la&o" e;'al to At t$at oint, !o' o1n +)P o/ t$e 1o"t$ T$en so.e&od! -o.es alon# and "ints S'ddenl!,

anot$e" S+))).)) 1o"t$ o/ -e"ti/i-ates on t$e ool 1it$o't addin# an! #old to t$e ot. la&o" is no1 "edee.a&le /o" onl! S0).)) in "eal *al'e.

t$e -e"ti/i-ates 1$i-$ !o' ossess a"e 1o"t$ onl! 0P o/ t$e ne1 ool, and !o'" S+)).)) 1o"t$ o/

T$e #o*e"n.ent $as na.ed t$is t! e o/ t$e/t :in/lation9, &e-a'se t$e! -an9t tell !o' 1$at reall $a ened. T$e! don9t de-"ease !o'" S+)).)) *al'e, t$e! @'st in-"ease t$e -ost o/ all t$e ot$e" T$is "o-ess is e2a-tl! 1$at $a ened to t$e #old and sil*e" la&o"6d"i*en "od'-ts in t$e ool t$at !o' .i#$t 1ant to '"-$ase &! @'st eno'#$ to -o*e" 1$at t$e #o*e"n.ent $as stolen /"o. t$e ool. sil*e" into t$e ool. %o" e*e"! S+,))),))).)) 1o"t$ o/ #old $eld in t$e United States T"eas'"!, t$e #o*e"n.ent "inted S(,))),))).)) 7o" .o"e8 1o"t$ o/ -e"ti/i-ates, e//e-ti*el! stealin# at least 0)P o/ t$e *al'e o/ t$at #old3 and, t$e"e&!, 0)P o/ t$e la&o" 1$i-$ 1as /'nded and sa*ed in t$ese -e"ti/i-ates. deal /o" t$e #o*e"n.ent, &'t a "eal .rip-off/ /o" t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en. Not a &ad -e"ti/i-ates 1$en t$e #o*e"n.ent sta"ted "intin# e2t"a -e"ti/i-ates 1it$o't la-in# an! ne1 #old o"

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

<J.

5. &. #or2an

T$e United States Go*e"n.ent -ontin'ed t$is .et$od o/ t$e/t 1ell into t$e T1entiet$ Cent'"!. In +=+<, Con#"ess -"eated t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,, a #o*e"n.ent instit'tion desi#ned to $andle "e#'lations /o" "i*ate &an,in#, and to $el ,ee in/lation and de/lation in line. Re.e.&e", in A"ti-le I, Se-tion > o/ t$e Constit'tion, it states, ,The Congress shall ha"e the 2o%er9To #oin -one , regulate the "alue thereof,9(' Note t$at Con#"ess does not $a*e t$e o1e" to assi#n t$e o1e" to -oin .one! to an!one else. Also note t$at t$e te". :-oin .one!9 is 'sed. It sa!s not$in# a&o't "intin#, &'t let9s ass'.e t$at t$e /o'ndin# /at$e"s @'st ne*e" t$o'#$t o/ t$is .et$od o/ sto"in# la&o"3 $o1e*e", $ad o'" #o*e"n.ent ne*e" sta"ted "intin# .one!, 1e -e"tainl! 1o'ld not &e in t$e .ess 1e a"e in toda!. T$e"e -o'ld &e no de&t, &e-a'se t"'e *al'e 7#old and la&o"8 1o'ld &e t$e B't e*en i/ t$e /o'ndin# /at$e"s $ad a#"eed t$at "intin# and -oinin# &asis o/ e*e"! t"ansa-tion.

1e"e s!non!.o's, t$e! -e"tainl! ne*e" #a*e an!one t$e a't$o"it! to "int andNo" -oin ot$e" t$an Con#"ess, and t$e! did not #i*e Con#"ess t$e a't$o"it! to assi#n t$ese d'ties to an!one else. W$at $a ened 1as e2a-tl! t$at. At t$is oint, it is also i. o"tant to 'nde"stand t$e a't$o"it! dele#ated to Con#"ess and "ese"*ed to t$e se*e"al states 1it$ "e#a"ds to t$e -oina#e o/ .one!. Clea"l!, t$e se*e"al States a"e li.ited &!
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. <?.

A"ti-le I Se-tion +) o/ t$e Constit'tion 1it$ "e#a"ds to le#al tende", 1$e"ein it states, ,1o State shall'''ma/e an Thing but gold and sil"er Coin a tender in 2a ment of debts'''(' O&*io'sl!, t$e"e is no a't$o"it! dele#ated to t$e states to 'se an! tende" ot$e" t$an #old and sil*e". T$at, $o1e*e", is not t$e -ase 1it$ "e#a"ds to t$e United States. T$e Con#"ess 1as #i*en e2-l'si*e le#islati*e a't$o"it! o*e" Was$in#ton, t$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&ia, t$e te""ito"ies, and all ossessions o/ t$e United States &! t$e Constit'tion. T$at o1e" is -alled F lena"!G, and it is *i"t'all! a&sol'te. T$e"e is no li.itation as to t$e le#al tende" 1$i-$ Con#"ess -an esta&lis$ /o" 'se 1it$in t$ose a"eas t$at it #o*e"ns &! lena"! a't$o"it!. T$e"e/o"e, %ede"al Rese"*e Notes -an &e le#al tende" 1it$o't Constit'tional -on/li-t in t$ose desi#nated a"eas. A"e !o' &e#innin# to "eali4e 1$e"e !o' "esideH So.eti.e in t$e late +=()9s, &! t$e 'se o/ lena"! o1e" and a/te" !ea"s o/ t$e/t o/ t$e #old and la&o" ool &! t$e #o*e"n.ent, a #"o' o/ inte"national &an,e"s 7$e"eina/te" FBan,ste"sG, so na.ed not so .'-$ /o" -olle-tin# and $o"din# t$e -e"ti/i-ates, &'t /o" t$ei" 'se o/ t$e o1e" 1$i-$ a"ose as di"e-t "es'lt o/ t$ei" intentional -"as$in# o/ t$e s!ste., 1$i-$ *e"! -losel! "ese.&les t$e .et$ods 'sed &! FGan#ste"sG8 "esented t$e United States Go*e"n.ent 1it$ a -on-e"ted de.and /o" #old, &ased on t$e #old -e"ti/i-ates 1$i-$ it $ad iss'ed o*e" t$e !ea"s, and 1$i-$ Ban,ste"s no1 o1ned. T$e #o*e"n.ent9s !ea"s o/ t$e/t $ad /inall! -a'#$t ' 1it$ t$e., &e-a'se t$e"e 1as not eno'#$ #old in t$e United States T"eas'"! to "edee. t$e -e"ti/i-ates $eld &! t$ese Ban,ste"s. On t$at da!, t$e United States &e-a.e &an,"' t. T$e #"eatest de "ession in .ode"n $isto"! 1as no1 in /'ll s1in#. Hitle" 1as in t$e "o-ess o/ -o.in# to o1e" in E'"o e. T$e 1o"ld sit'ation 1as *e"! &ad, and t$e leade"s o/ t$e United States Go*e"n.ent /elt t$at to anno'n-e t$e United States 1as &an,"' t to t$e 1o"ld 1o'ld &e totall! disast"o's. So, a :&e$ind6-losed6doo"s9 a#"ee.ent 1as "ea-$ed 1it$ t$e Ban,ste"s 1$o $eld t$e -e"ti/i-ates, and t$e -o'"se o/ A.e"i-a 1as -$an#ed in a 1a! 1$i-$ /e1 &elie*e is ossi&le. T$e Ban,ste"s 1e"e o//e"ed, and t$e! a#"eed to a--e t, /'ll o1ne"s$i o/ t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,, .o*in# it /"o. t$e '&li- t"'st into "i*ate o1ne"s$i and -ont"ol. E*en .o"e $a"./'l and dest"'-ti*e t$an t$at, t$ese Ban,ste"s 1e"e #i*en t$e e2-l'si*e "i#$t to "int all a e" -'""en-! in t$e United States /"o. t$at date /o"1a"d. T$ese "o*isions 1e"e #i*en /o"-e o/ la1 in an E2e-'ti*e O"de" si#ned &! %"an,lin Roose*elt on Ma"-$ +J, +=<<, and it "e.ains o'" 1a! o/ doin# &'siness still toda!. T$e "e e"-'ssions o/ t$is sin#le a-tion a"e totall! 'n&elie*a&le, as e*e"! /a-et o/ o'" li*es a"e di"e-tl! a//e-ted in a ne#ati*e 1a! toda! as "es'lt o/ t$is one ),1e%(+ deal.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

<>.

T$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,in# s!ste. is not /ede"al at all. Alt$o'#$ t$e %ed C$ai".an is a ointed &! t$e P"esident o/ t$e United States /"o. a.on# t$e $eads o/ t$e Aist"i-t %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,s, t$is is a "i*ate &an,in# instit'tion. T$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,s iss'e /ede"al "ese"*e F note"G to se"*e as le#al tende". T$e iss'an-e o/ t$ese Fnotes,G 1it$o't &ein# "edee.a&le /o" an!t$in# o/ *al'e, allo1s t$e t$e/t o/ t$e eo le9s la&o" and 1ealt$. T$is s!ste. o/ t$e/t, 'sed &! t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,s to se"*e as le#al tende" in t$is -o'nt"!, o"i#inated in an-ient Ba&!lon.

T$e Ba&!lonian FA'e BillG 1as 1"itten on -la! ta&lets in t$e <,)))9s B.C.E., and s$o1ed 1$at a '"-$ase" o1ed to a .e"-$ant in e2-$an#e /o" #oods. T$e Ba&!lonian #o*e"n.ent 1o'ld "int t$ese -la! ta&lets and /o"-e .e"-$ants 1it$in t$ei" -ont"ol to a--e t t$ese FA'e BillsG in a!.ent /o" #oods, se"*i-es and .e"-$andise 'nde" enalt! o/ deat$. Ho1e*e", 1$en it -a.e ti.e to a! t$e #o*e"n.ent, ta2es $ad to &e aid in #old, sil*e", o" ot$e" ite.s o/ *al'e. Me"-$ants 1$o 1e"e st'-, 1it$ t$ese -la! ta&lets -o'ld onl! ass t$e. to ot$e"s in '"-$ase o/ ot$e" .e"-$andise3 t$is &ein# identi-al to t$e s!ste. in 'se toda! e2-e t t$at toda!9s notes -an still &e 'sed /o" a!.ent o/ ta2es. T$is s!ste. a.o'nts to little .o"e t$an t$e/t o/ se"*i-es and "od'-ts &! t$e #o*e"n.ent and t$ose 1$o o1n and -ont"ol t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Aist"i-t Ban,s. Toda!, it9s t$e "i*ate -o" o"ation 1$i-$ -alls itsel/ t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,in# s!ste., 1$i-$ is in -a$oots 1it$ t$e United States #o*e"n.ent, t$at is stealin# e*e"!t$in# /"o. t$e A.e"i-an eo le.
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. <=.

%i"st, let9s see $o1 t$is di"e-tl! a//e-ts o'" .one! in o'" dail! li*es.

T$e o1e" #i*en to t$ese

Ban,ste"s to "int .one! is, in e//e-t, t$e o1e" to "'le. T$e! 1e"e #i*en t$e a't$o"it! to "int all a e" -'""en-! 1$i-$ -o'ld &e le#all! 'sed in t$e United States at t$e -ost o/ "intin#, 1$i-$ 1as a -ost to t$e. o/ so.et$in# less t$an S<).)) to "int +)),))) &ills, "e#a"dless o/ t$e deno.inations o/ t$e &ills. Not a &ad deal /o" t$e. 6 i.a#ine &ein# a&le to "int +)),))) S+)).)) &ills /o" S<).)), and t$en #o s end t$e. at /'ll /a-e *al'e. No1 i.a#ine &ein# a&le to do t$at an!ti.e !o' 1ant, 1it$o't "e#'lation, and !o' 1ill sta"t to "eali4e @'st $o1 o1e"/'l t$ese Ban,ste"s $a*e &e-o.e. W$at a-t'all! $a ens is t$at t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, "ints all t$e -'""en-! in t$e United States at t$e -ost o/ "intin#, o" a-t'all! at no -ost sin-e t$e "intin# is aid /o" 1it$ /ede"al "ese"*e notes. T$e! t$en loan t$at -'""en-! to t$e United States Go*e"n.ent on inte"est &ea"in# notes 7T"eas'"! Notes8 at /'ll /a-e *al'e. It #ets &ette" 7o" 1o"se /o" !o'8 &e-a'se t$e! ne*e" "int t$e inte"est. T$at .a,es t$is a s!ste. o/ sla*e"! 1$e"ein t$e -iti4ens o/ t$e United States a"e sold into se"*it'de to t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, &! t$ei" lo"d and lando1ne", t$e United States.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

D).

Mo"e on t$at late". %o" no1 letOs /ollo1 t$is a-tion t$"o'#$. To $el 'nde"stand t$is "o-ess, let9s sa! t$at !o' and I a"e t$e onl! eo le in t$e enti"e 1o"ld 1o",in# on t$e %ede"al Rese"*e S!ste.. Let9s sa! t$at !o'9"e a /a".e" and I9. t$e onl! %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,e" in t$e 1o"ld doin# &'siness in t$is /as$ion. One da! in t$e s "in# o/ t$e !ea", !o' -o.e into .! o//i-e and in/o". .e t$at !o' need to &o""o1 so.e .one! to #et !o'" -"o in t$is !ea". I as, $o1 .'-$ !o' need, and !o' tell .e t$at !o' need S+)).)). I t$en as, !o' i/ !o' $a*e an! -ollate"al. Yo' sa! t$at !o' $a*e !o'" land -o. letel! aid /o" 1$i-$ !o' 1ill 't ' as -ollate"al /o" t$e loan. I a#"ee, and I tell !o' t$at I 1ill loan !o' t$e S+)).)) at >P inte"est a!a&le 1$en !o'" -"o -o.es in. Yo' a#"ee. I #et ' , #o in t$e &a-, "oo., and "int t$e .one!. Re.e.&e", t$at9s all I $a*e to do. Yo' ta,e t$e .one! into t$e -o..'nit!. T$e eo le in t$e -o..'nit! ,no1 I9. #ood /o" t$e .one!, so t$e! a--e t .! Yo' ta,e !o'" a e" /o" 1$at !o' need, and !o' #et !o'" -"o in. It $a ens t$at t$is is t$e &est /a".in# !ea" in $isto"! 6 t$e "ains -o.e "i#$t, t$e s'n is e"/e-t 6 and !o' $a*e a &'. e" -"o . .! des,. I i-, it ' and -o'nt it 6 t$e"e is S+)).)) /a-e a.o'nt t$e"e. $a"*est into t$e -o..'nit! and sell it, and t$en !o' "et'"n to a! .e. Yo' la! t$e a e" I "inted on Re.e.&e", t$at9s all I "inted. I t$en as, !o' 1$e"e .! ot$e" S>.)) 7t$e inte"est8 is. Yo' tell .e t$at !o' -o'ldn9t /ind an! .o"e o/ .! a e", and as, i/ I 1o'ld ta,e so.e ot$e" /o". o/ a!.entH I tell !o' Fno, I onl! a--e t .! o1n .one!G. I t$en sei4e !o'" land /o" t$e "e.ainin# de&t d'e, all le#al and "o e". T$is "o-ess is e2a-tl! 1$at t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, $as done. Ri#$t no1, t$e #o*e"n.ent tells 's t$at o'" national de&t is o*e" /i*e and one6$al/ t"illion dolla"s. T$e de&t 1as -a'sed &! t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,, &e-a'se t$e! "inted t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Notes and loaned t$e. to t$e #o*e"n.ent. Ho1e*e", t$e"e is less t$an t1o t"illion dolla"s in -i"-'lation at t$is ti.e, .eanin# t$e "est o/ t$e de&t is /o" inte"est, and t$ose %ede"al Rese"*e Notes 1e"e ne*e" "inted. T$e"e/o"e, i/ t$e United States Go*e"n.ent -a.e to ea-$ one o/ 's and sei4ed e*e"! %ede"al Rese"*e Note in o'" o-,ets, t$en 1ent to a! o// t$e national de&t, t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, 1o'ld si. l! -o'nt t$e .one! and t$en de.and t$e ot$e" t$"ee and one $al/ t"illion dolla"s in de&t o1ed it. T$'s, it is totall! i. ossi&le to a! o// t$e national de&t 'nde" an! -onditions, and t$e de&t .'st, &! its nat'"e, -ontin'e to #"o1. #oal as o/ t$is date. It is desi#ned to steal all 1o"t$ and o1e" /"o. t$e A.e"i-an eo le, "ende"in# t$e. into a e".anent state o/ se"*it'de. It $as al.ost a--o. lis$ed its

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

D+.

Yo' 1ill also need to 'nde"stand t$e a-t'al .a,e6' and 1o"t$ o/ o'" -'""en-!, t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Note, in o"de" to /'ll! 'nde"stand t$e t"'l! de.oni- nat'"e o/ t$e enti"e s!ste. 1$i-$ $as &een laid ' on A.e"i-ans. %i"st, $isto"i-all! and Bi&li-all!, #old and sil*e" $a*e &een t$e standa"d .etal 'sed as .one! o" /o" a .edi'. o/ e2-$an#e. Gold and sil*e" a"e ideal /o" t$is '" ose sin-e t$e! a"e easil! .olded into -oins, easil! assed, and anti*i"al and anti&a-te"ial3 t$e"e/o"e t$e! do not t"ans.it diseases. O'tside o/ its 'se /o" a .oneta"! inst"'.ent, #old and sil*e" also $as its o1n int"insi*al'e. It "e;'i"es 1o", o" la&o" to $a"*est it, t$e"e/o"e it a-t'all! "e "esents la&o" "ealisti-all!, not @'st a"ti/i-iall!. Gold and sil*e" a"e also t$e standa"d .etal 'sed /o" @e1el"! and $as .an! ot$e" ind'st"ial 'ses, es e-iall! 1$en -o.&ined 1it$ ot$e" .etals and 'sed as an allo!3 t$e"e/o"e, #old and sil*e" $a*e int"insi- *al'e. T$'s, #old and sil*e" -e"ti/i-ates, t$ose inst"'.ents on 1$i-$ t$e A.e"i-an Aolla" 1as &ased, $ad a &asis o/ int"insi- *al'e. T$e #o*e"n.ent #'a"anteed to deli*e" to t$e &ea"e" on de.and a dolla"9s 1o"t$ o/ eit$e" #old o" sil*e" /o" ea-$ dolla" on t$e /a-e o/ t$e -e"ti/i-ate. T$at #'a"antee is 1$at #a*e t$e A.e"i-an Aolla" its *al'e, and .ade it t$e .ost so'#$t a/te" -'""en-! in t$e 1o"ld. it is not a note at all. Bill.G B't t$is ne1 %ede"al Rese"*e Note did not 7and does not8 .a,e an! s'-$ #'a"antee. In /a-t, its *e"! na.e is .isleadin#, &e-a'se A note .'st "o.ise to deli*e" so.et$in# on a a"ti-'la" date o" 'nde" a a"ti-'la" -ondition3 and t$e"e/o"e, a %ede"al Rese"*e Note is not$in# .o"e t$an a Ba&!lonian FA'e Blac-." de/ines FNoteG as, ,!n instrument #ontaining an e:press and absolute promise of signer )i'e' ma/er+ to pa to a spe#ified person or order, or bearer, a definite sum of mone at a spe#ified time'(9 T$e"e/o"e, t$e #old and sil*e" -e"ti/i-ates iss'ed &! t$e #o*e"n.ent 1e"e, in /a-t, notes. %o" e2a. le, on t$e One Aolla" Sil*e" Ce"ti/i-ate, t$is state.ent a ea"s, ,This #ertifies On %ede"al Rese"*e Notes, no s'-$ "o.ise e2ists. In /a-t, %ede"al that there is on deposit in the Treasur of the United States of !meri#a One Iollar in Sil"er pa able to the bearer on demand'( Rese"*e Notes do not "o.ise to do o" deli*e" an!t$in#. T$e! a"e '"el! inst"'.ents o/ de&t.

Blac-." de/ines FInst"'.entG as, ,9! negotiable instrument 9 or a se#urit 9 or an other %riting %hi#h e"iden#es a right to the pa ment of mone and is not itself a se#urit agreement or lease and is of a t pe %hi#h is in ordinar #ourse of business transferred b deli"er %ith an ne#essar endorsement or assignment'( Blac-." #i*es one de/inition o/ FAe&tG as, ,! sum of mone due b #ertain and e:press agreement'(

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

D(.

So $o1 -o'ld o'" -'""en-! $a*e &e-o.e an inst"'.ent o/ de&tH Re.e.&e" t$at t$e United States 1ent &an,"' t in +=<) a/te" t$e Ban,ste"s "esented .o"e #old and sil*e" -e"ti/i-ates t$an t$e"e 1as #old and sil*e" on "ese"*e in t$e t"eas'"!. sin-e. in*ol*ed. s!ste.. T$at &an,"' t-! o/ t$e United States $as e2isted e*e" So 1$en !o' "e-ei*e an In &an,"' t-!, e*e"!t$in# 1o",s on a ne#ati*e &asis, &e-a'se t$e"e is a .in's net 1o"t$ Also "e.e.&e" t$at a do'&le ne#ati*e &e-o.es a ositi*e.

inst"'.ent o/ de&t a!a&le in a &an,"' t s!ste., it a-t'all! &e-o.es a ositi*e /o" 'se 1it$in t$at T$e %ede"al Rese"*e Note is a-t'all! an inst"'.ent -"eated &! t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, It si#ni/ies t$at t$e United States Go*e"n.ent o1es a -e"tain a.o'nt T$e"e/o"e, 1$en so.eone $ands !o' a S().)) &ill 7%ede"al and loaned into -i"-'lation.

o/ dolla"s to t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,.

Rese"*e Note8, $e $as a-t'all! @'st t"ans/e""ed S().)) dolla"s 1o"t$ o/ de&t /"o. $i.sel/ to !o'. Be-a'se 1e li*e and /'n-tion in a &an,"' t so-iet!, t$e ne#ati*e S().)) a-t'all! &e-o.es a ositi*e /o" 'se 1it$in t$at so-iet!. So, !o' sa!, 1$o -a"es, as lon# as I -an 'se t$e S().)) %ede"al Rese"*e Note to &'! .! -ase o/ &ee"H T$e ans1e" is, !o' s$o'ld -a"e, &e-a'se !o' a"e &asi-all! :sellin# !o'" so'l9 to t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,. T$ese Ban,ste"s a"e al"ead! "'nnin# al.ost e*e"! $ase o/ !o'" li/e, and !o' -ontin'e to allo1 t$e. to di-tate to !o' &e-a'se !o'9"e a--e tin# t$ei" &ene/its 'nde" t$e &an,"' t-!. I.a#ine t$at !o' a"e a -$ild li*in# 1it$ a st"i-t ste 6 a"ent. Yo' $a*e a set o/ "'les 7.o"e t$an J) .illion stat'tes and -odes8 t$at .'st &e /ollo1ed. Yo', t$e ste 6-$ild, $a*e t$e o tion o/ /ollo1in# t$e "'les o" /endin# /o" !o'"sel/3 &'t, i/ !o' sta!, !o' a"e "e;'i"ed to /ollo1 t$e "'les. W$en !o' &"ea, one o/ t$ose "'les, !o' a"e s'&@e-t to 'nis$.ent. T$is s-ena"io is e2a-tl! 1$at $a ens to !o' 'nde" t$e -'""ent s!ste.. T$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, $as esta&lis$ed 1$at it -onside"s to &e a &ene*olent s!ste. o/ -ont"ol 1$i-$ it ad.iniste"s i/ !o' -$oose to a--e t its &ene/its. T$e ne2t -$a te" 1ill deal 1it$ t$e e2a-t a"ti-'la"s o/ t$is s!ste., and $o1 it 1as de*elo ed. B't i. o"tant "i#$t no1 is t$at !o' 'nde"stand I a"ti-i ation in t$is s!ste. $as a *e"! $i#$ "i-e la-ed ' on it in te".s o/ #i*in# ' !o'" &i"t$"i#$t 7i'e' !o'" God6#i*en Ri#$ts and %"eedo. "ote-ted 'nde" t$e Constit'tion8, and al.ost e*e"! e"son "eadin# t$is &oo, $as al"ead! #i*en ' t$ose Ri#$ts and %"eedo. t$"o'#$ -ont"a-t. L'-,il!, t$e"e is a 1a! o't. Yo'" de-ision 1ill &e to de-ide i/ !o' "eall! 1ant to &e /"ee, o" i/ !o' "e/e" to lead t$e li/e o/ a de endent, in-o. etent -$ild, 1$o is in t$e -onstant -a"e o/ a 'niti*e ste 6 a"ent.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

D<.

Yo' .a! sa! t$at t$e sit'ation des-"i&ed a&o*e is i. ossi&le, and t$at it -o'ld ne*e" $a en in t$e #ood old U.S.A. T"! to "e.e.&e" 1$at $a ened in +=<). T$e United States $ad de/"a'ded t$e A.e"i-an eo le to t$e oint o/ d"i*in# itsel/ into &an,"' t-!. Le#all!, t$e"e 1as onl! one -"edito" de.andin# a!.ent /"o. t$e United States, and t$at 1as t$e #"o' o/ Ban,ste"s. So, in essen-e, t$at #"o' $ad a lien a#ainst all t$e assets o/ t$e United States. Alt$o'#$ 1e $a*e not !et dis-'ssed t$e di//e"en-es &et1een t$e FUnited StatesG and t$e F'nited States o/ A.e"i-a,G i'e' t$e Union,
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. DD.

t$ese t1o entities $a*e al.ost not$in# in -o..on.

Yo' 1ill lea"n in a late" -$a te" 1$at ea-$ T$e United States $ad 'sed o1e"

a-t'all! is. %o" no1, @'st 'nde"stand t$at t$e"e is a di//e"en-e.

1$i-$ it 1as not a't$o"i4ed to 'se, and &! doin# so, $ad .ade it loo/ li,e t$e Union 7Ft$e 'nited States o/ A.e"i-aG8 $ad also #one &an,"' t. In t"'t$, t$e 'nited States o/ A.e"i-a $ad nothing to do 1it$ t$e &an,"' t-! o/ t$e FUnited States,G &'t t$e a-tions /ollo1ed &! all a"ties in*ol*ed allo1ed t$e Ban,ste"s to t"eat t$e &an,"' t-! li,e it 1as t$e Union o/ States t$at $ad #one &an,"' t. So 1$at a"e t$e assets o/ a nationH Its land and its eo le. Le#all!, t$e Ban,ste"s -o'ld onl! ta,e a

lien a#ainst t$e land and t$e eo le o/ t$e FUnited States,G i'e' -iti4ens and land $oldin#s o/ t$e /ede"al United States, e'g' t$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&ia, P'e"to Ri-o, G'a., et-., as -o. ensation /o" 1$at t$e! 1e"e o1ed &! t$e United States. Ho1e*e", t$e 1a! t$e Ban,ste"s loo, at t$is ne1 /o'nd 1ind/all is t$at, ,<e o%n e"er thing, so should not these people li"ing on our land be pa ing something for the pri"ilege8 -a be some t pe of a share#roppers fee %ould be appropriate'( B't t$en t$e! "eali4ed t$at i/ t$e! told t$e eo le t$at t$e! o1ned e*e"!t$in#, and t$at t$e eo le $ad &e-o.e not$in# .o"e t$an "ente"s in t$ei" o1n land, t$e"e 1o'ld &e "e&ellion. So t$e! set a&o't to de*ise a .'-$ .o"e siniste" lot to #et 1$at t$e! /elt 1e"e t$ei" @'st a!.ents /o" t$e de&t d'e t$e.. T$e! de-ided t$at t$e! 1o'ld set a&o't to o//e" &ene/its, and an!one 1$o 1anted t$e &ene/its 1o'ld a#"ee -ont"a-t'all! to $el a! o// t$e de&t o/ t$e United States.

Bein# a&le to "int all o/ t$e -'""en-! #a*e t$e. a #"eat ad*anta#e in -ont"ollin# &ot$ t$e eo le as a 1$ole, and, .o"e a"ti-'la"l!, t$e Con#"ess. T$ei" /i"st #"eat a-t, in -on-e"t 1it$ Con#"ess, 1as t$e assin# o/ t$e So-ial Se-'"it! A-t in +=<0. On t$e s'"/a-e, t$at A-t 1as desi#ned to $el t$e :se-ond6-lass -iti4ens9 7i'e' t$e -iti4ens o/ t$e United States8 to a-$ie*e a &ette" ;'alit! o/ li/e. In "ealit!, it 1as desi#ned and ad.iniste"ed in a 1a! t$at 1o'ld /i"st -on*in-e t$e A.e"i-an t$at $e 1o'ld &e &ette" o// as a -iti4en o/ t$e United States3 and se-ond, at a late" date, -on*in-e $i. t$at t$e"e 1as no di//e"en-e &et1een an A.e"i-an Citi4en and a -iti4en o/ t$e United States. T$e lan 1o",ed on &ot$ /"onts. Ea"l! in t$e "o-ess, 1o", "o#"a.s 1e"e esta&lis$ed /o" t$ese

se-ond6-lass -iti4ens. Sin-e .an! o/ t$e A.e"i-an Citi4ens 1e"e also o't o/ 1o", at t$at ti.e, d'e to t$e Ae "ession, t$ese @o&s &e-a.e *e"! a ealin# to t$e. as 1ell.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

D0.

Man! A.e"i-ans i..ediatel! sei4ed ' on t$e o

o"t'nit! to &e-o.e a -iti4en o/ t$e United States

and sta"t d"a1in# on t$ose &ene/its "ese"*ed /o" t$e s'&@e-ts o/ t$e #o*e"n.ent. As t$e !ea"s assed, t$e United States Go*e"n.ent, in -on-e"t 1it$ t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,, -"eated .an! ne1 "o#"a.s desi#ned to "o*ide /o" t$ei" s'&@e-ts. At t$e sa.e ti.e, t$e Ban,ste"s sta"ted to -olle-t /"o. t$ose s'&@e-ts t$e de&t o1ed to t$e. &! t$e United States. T$e! did t$is 1it$ a *e$i-le -alled t$e in-o.e ta2. Ea-$ ti.e t$at t$e! 1anted to O/ -o'"se, t$e "aise ta2es, t$e! 1o'ld si. l! #i*e, o" sa! t$at t$e! 1e"e #i*in#, anot$e" &ene/it. ,something for nothing( o// t$e #o*e"n.ent.

&ene/its ne*e" e*en a "oa-$ed 1$at t$e! 1e"e ta,in#, &'t t$e eo le lo*ed t$e idea o/ #ettin#

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

DJ.

W$at *e"! /e1 -iti4ens o/ t$e United States, o" A.e"i-an Citi4ens /o" t$at .atte", $a*e e*e" "eali4ed, is t$at t$e United States Go*e"n.ent a-t'all! $ad *e"! little to do 1it$ eit$e" t$e &ene/its o" t$e ta2es. T$ose a"e a"eas -ont"olled al.ost -o. letel! &! t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,. Mo"e on t$at in t$e ne2t -$a te". Soon, t$e ta2es and t$e &ene/its &e#an to #"o1, 1it$ ea-$ /eedin# t$e ot$e". W$at 1as on-e a

Re '&li- sta"ted to o e"ate as a Ft"'st,G and t$e #o*e"n.ent in o1e" &e-a.e de fa#to in nat'"e. A :de /a-to #o*e"n.ent9 is one 1$i-$ .aintains itsel/ 1it$ a dis la! o/ /o"-e a#ainst t$e 1ill o/ t$e "i#$t/'l le#al #o*e"n.ent, and is s'--ess/'l in o*e"t'"nin# t$e instit'tions o/ t$e "i#$t/'l #o*e"n.ent &! settin# ' its o1n in lie' t$e"eo/. T$e de .ure #o*e"n.ent 7:de @'"e9 is des-"i ti*e o/ t$e #o*e"n.ent -ondition in 1$i-$ t$e"e $as &een total -o. lian-e 1it$ all t$e "e;'i"e.ents o/ la18 1it$d"e1 in t$e /a-e o/ t$e o*e"1$el.in# a--e tan-e o/ t$is ne1 1a! o/ doin# &'siness. T$e /a-t t$at t$e oliti-al leade"s o/ t$e ti.e allo1ed t$is to $a en s o,e to &ot$ t$ei" /ea" and t$e /a-t t$at t$ei" o1e" 1as #"eatl! in-"eased as a "es'lt o/ t$e de*elo .ent o/ t$e /alse #o*e"n.ent. It @'st see.ed li,e t$e "i#$t t$in# to do at t$e ti.e. All &an,s -a.e 'nde" t$e o1e" and -ont"ol o/ t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,, and o'" enti"e s!ste. o/ -"edit, in*est.ents, and .a@o" e. lo!e"s -a.e 'nde" t$at sa.e -ont"ol. Toda!, it is *e"! di//i-'lt, so.eti.es i. ossi&le, to &'! a -a", a $o'se, to #et a $one, an ins'"an-e oli-!, a d"i*e"9s li-ense, to #et an! ,ind o/ -"edit, to #et .ost @o&s, and a list o/ ot$e" ite.s too lon# to na.e $e"e, 'nless !o' /i"st "o/ess to &e a sla*e to t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, 7 i'e' -iti4en o/ t$e United States8 &! la-in# !o'" sla*e n'.&e" 7i'e' so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e"8 on *i"t'all! e*e"! do-'.ent !o' si#n. T$at sit'ation e2ists &e-a'se a t"'st no1 o e"ates in la-e o/ t$e de .ure #o*e"n.ent, and t$e so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e" identi/ies !o' as a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st, 1$o is entitled to its ,benefits( 7/'ll! e2 lained in a /ollo1in# -$a te"8.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

D?.

I9*e $ad .an! eo le tell .e t$at t$e! $a*e ne*e" a#"eed to &e a sla*e o" a s'&@e-t. T$e! sa! t$e! 1o'ld ne*e" do t$at, and t$at t$e! $a*e not #i*en ' t$ei" Ri#$ts. Well, i/ t$e! 'se a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e", t$e! a"e @'st totall! 1"on#. Ha*e !o' e*e" noti-ed t$at !o' a"e al1a!s "e;'i"ed to 1"ite do1n !o'" so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e", e*en i/ t$e! al"ead! $a*e it in /"ont o/ t$e.H %o" e2a. le, ta,e t$e d"i*e"9s li-ense "e;'i"e.ent o/ a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e". Yo' .'st 1"ite it on t$ei" /o". ea-$ ti.e !o' "ene1 !o'" li-ense. -$an#ed.
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. D>.

T$e! $a*e $ad !o'" so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e" /o" !ea"s, and it $asn9t

Aid t$e! @'st /o"#et 1$at it 1asH O/ -o'"se not 6 t$e! @'st 1ant !o' to sa! t$at !o' a"e still a 1illin# .e.&e" o/ t$ei" t"'st &e/o"e !o' #et t$ei" &ene/its. W$en !o' /ill o't a -"edit a li-ation, !o' a"e al1a!s "e;'i"ed t$at !o' #i*e !o'" so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e". T$e! 1ill tell !o' t$at it "ote-ts a#ainst /"a'd, and t$at t$e! don9t $a*e an! ot$e" 1a! o/ identi/!in# !o'. eo le 1$o $a*e lite"all! t$o'sands o/ ot$e" W$at a load o/ &'n,. I ,no1 "e*io's eo les9 so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e"s /"o.

-onta-ts. An!one 1$o. !o' $a*e 1o",ed /o", $as sold !o' a -a", a $o'se, ente"ed !o'" -$ild into s-$ool, o" an! n'.&e" o/ ot$e" -onta-ts, $as !o'" so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e". An!one 1$o $as e*e" ta,en an a li-ation o/ an! ,ind on !o' $as all t$e ot$e" ne-essa"! in/o".ation to do a ne1 a li-ation on !o'. So t$e 'se o/ a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e" $as no e//e-t on /"a'd, and it is a *e"! oo" 1a! o/ identi/!in# !o'. So t$e"e .'st &e anot$e" "eason /o" its "e;'i"ed 'se. T$e t"'e "eason /o" .a,in# !o' 1"ite t$e n'.&e" do1n ea-$ ti.e !o' si#n so.et$in# is t$at it "ene1s, solidi/ies, and .a,es st"on#e" t$e o"i#inal -ont"a-t t$"o'#$ 1$i-$ !o' &e-a.e a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st, t$e"e&! a#"eein# to *ol'nta"! se"*it'de. Re.e.&e", in t$e -ase o/ an A.e"i-an Citi4en, t$e! onl! $a*e t$e o1e" o*e" !o' t$at !o' #i*e t$e., &e-a'se t$is #o*e"n.ent is allo1ed to #o*e"n onl! &! t$e -onsent o/ t$e #o*e"ned. T$e "o&le. is t$at !o' $a*e #i*en t$e. !o'" -onsent /o" al.ost li.itless o1e" o*e" !o' &! ta,in# t$e so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e" Bt$e"e&! -ont"a-tin# to &e a O-iti4en o/ t$e United StatesOC, and !o' -ontin'e to "ea//i". !o'" de-ision 1it$ ea-$ ne1 -o..it.ent to t$ei" t"'st3 i'e' ea-$ ti.e !o' a--e t a &ene/it B'se !o'" so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e"C. Re.e.&e" t$at, as an A.e"i-an, no one, not e*en !o', -an ta,e !o'" 'naliena&le Ri#$ts a1a!. Ho1e*e", as an A.e"i-an, !o' a"e #'a"anteed t$e 'nli.ited Ri#$t o/ -ont"a-t. In ot$e" 1o"ds, !o' -an -ont"a-t into andNo" /o" al.ost an!t$in#. Unde" t$e T$i"teent$ A.end.ent to t$e Constit'tion, in*ol'nta"! se"*it'de is /o"&idden, &'t *ol'nta"! se"*it'de is not /o"&idden. T$e"e/o"e, @'st li,e t$e %"ee.an o/ old En#land, it is le#al to -ont"a-t !o'"sel/ into a state o/ *ol'nta"! se"*it'de. Ho1e*e", $a*in# done so, !o' also .'st &e allo1ed to lea*e t$at se"*it'de, o" it 1o'ld &e-o.e in*ol'nta"! and /o"&idden &! t$e Constit'tion. T$at9s 1$! it is so i. o"tant to t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, t$at !o' "estate !o'" desi"e to "e.ain in *ol'nta"! se"*it'de ea-$ ti.e !o' -on/i". !o'" .e.&e"s$i to t$e t"'st. On-e a#ain, !o' .a,e t$at state.ent &! si. l! 1"itin# do1n !o'" t"'st .e.&e"s$i n'.&e" Bso-ial se-'"it! n'.&e"C and si#nin# &eneat$ it. W$en !o' 1ant to "e-lai. !o'" /"eedo., !o' 1ill $a*e to dis-ontin'e t$at a-tion and sto 'sin# t$e t"'st n'.&e".
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. D=.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

0).

L'st a little .atte" as a side iss'e $e"e. P"esident Lo$n Kenned!, and 1$!.

We $a*e all $ea"d n'.e"o's *e"sions o/ 1$o ,illed It

T$e"e is one ossi&ilit! 1$i-$ I do'&t !o' $a*e $ea"d.

$a ens to &e t$e one t$at I &elie*e, and I t$in, .o"e "eal e*iden-e oints t$e"e t$an an! ot$e" la-e. Ee"! s$o"tl! &e/o"e $is .'"de", P"esident Kenned! de-ided to $a*e t$e United States Mint sta"t "intin# United States .one! a#ain. T$at .a",ed t$e /i"st ti.e in al.ost t$"ee de-ades t$at an!one ot$e" t$an t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, $ad "inted an! -'""en-! /o" t$e United States. T$e /a-ts as to 1$! $e .ade t$is de-ision, and 1$at ,ind o/ o&@e-tions 1e"e "aised and &! 1$o., $a*e &een 1ell6 #'a"ded se-"ets. B't 1e do ,no1 1$at a-t'all! o--'""ed. A *e"! s$o"t ti.e "io" to $is T$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, $ad assassination, P"esident Kenned! -a'sed to &e "eleased into -i"-'lation /o'" and one6$al/ &illion dolla"s in United States Notes "inted &! t$e United States Mint. not$in# to do 1it$ t$ese inst"'.ents. I..ediatel! a/te" Kenned!9s deat$, P"esident Lo$nson 1as s1o"n into o//i-e, and al.ost i..ediatel! "e-alled t$e United States Notes t$at $ad @'st &een "eleased. Toda!, t$e onl! e*iden-e o/ t$ese notes is in t$e $ands o/ "a"e -oin and -'""en-! deale"s3 $o1e*e", t$ese notes a"e a*aila&le at a s.all "e.i'., and !o' s$o'ld #o to a lo-al deale" and '"-$ase a S(.)) United States Note "inted in +=J<. It .a! "eall! $el !o' 'nde"stand and &elie*e 1$at "eall! $a ened to Kenned!3 and -onse;'entl!, 1$at $as, and is, $a enin# to !o'. T$e /a-ts a"e -lea". A "i*ate -o" o"ation, o1ned &! "i*ate indi*id'als and o e"atin# to .a,e T$e :notes9 t$at it "ints a"e

"o/its, no1 "ints e*e"! dolla" o/ -'""en-! in t$e United States.

:inst"'.ents o/ de&t9 s$o1in# t$at t$e United States o1es t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, .one! as s$o1n on t$e :notes9. Sin-e t$e"e is no 1o"t$ asso-iated 1it$ t$ese :notes9, t$e! -an onl! &e 'sed in a &an,"' t s!ste., and an!t$in# '"-$ased &! t$e. a-t'all! &elon#s to t$e -"edito" and -"eato" o/ t$e :notes9, t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,. An!one 'sin# t$ese :notes9 #ains a "i*ile#e o" &ene/it /"o. t$e 'se t$e"eo/, and is t$e"e/o"e inde&ted to t$e -"edito" 1$o o1ns t$e 1o"t$ &e$ind t$e :note93 on-e a#ain, t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,. T$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, $as -a'sed to &e 't in la-e a t"'st to ad.iniste" o*e" its inte"ests, and to "o*ide &ene/its /o" its .e.&e"s. Me.&e"s$i is "eadil! "o*ided3 $o1e*e", t$e -ost o/ said .e.&e"s$i is e*e"!t$in# !o' o1n o" e*e" $o e to o1n. T$e "e.ainde" o/ t$is &oo, is dedi-ated to "o*idin# "oo/ o/ t$is t"'st, and to s$o1in# !o' $o1 to li*e in t$e so-iet! 1it$o't "e.ainin# a s'&@e-t o/ t$e Kin#3 i'e', a -iti4en o/ t$e United States.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

0+.

'0a@ter ; 3 T0e Tr6"t.

One o/ .! /i"st .e.o"ies o/ t$eo"ies "aised &! t$ose in t$e FPat"iot Co..'nit!G 7t$ose /ol,s 1$o a"e -onstantl! -o.in# 1it$ ne1 and i. "o*ed 1a!s to de/eat -e"tain as e-ts o/ t$e #o*e"n.ent, 's'all! &ased a"o'nd not a!in# ta2es8 is t$e "o osition t$at t$e United States #o*e"n.ent, in its de fa#to /o"., is a -o" o"ation &! nat'"e. %o" .an! !ea"s, I s'&s-"i&ed to t$at line o/ t$in,in#. W$en I /i"st 1"ote t$is &oo,, I &elie*ed t$at s-ena"io to &e t"'e. I no1 'nde"stand t$at 1$at .ost eo le -'""entl! e;'ate as Ft$e #o*e"n.entG is, in /a-t, a t"'st. To &e .o"e s e-i/i-, it is an i. lied, -$a"ita&le, andNo" "es'ltin# t"'st, /o"ei#n in nat'"e, and o e"atin# as an insol*ent -o..e"-ial t"ade" 1it$in t$e e2te"io" &o'nda"ies o/ t$e indi*id'al states3 e'g' THE STATE O% TEXAS 7o" !o'" state8. O,a!, so t$at is a .o't$/'l, and !o' don9t 'nde"stand a 1o"d I @'st said. Let9s do t$is in ie-es. As !o' 1ill "e-all /"o. C$a te" One, t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent 1as assed in +>J>, "o*idin# a ne1 /o". o/ -iti4ens$i to t$e ne1l! /"eed sla*es. To ad.iniste" o*e" t$at ne1 -iti4ens$i and its .e.&e"s, a '&li- t"'st 1as /o".ed. A set o/ "'les and "e#'lations, #ene"all! -alled F-odes,G 1e"e assed and i. le.ented &! Con#"ess 'nde" its lena"! a't$o"it! 7t$at a't$o"it! dele#ated o*e" t$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&ia, its te""ito"ies and ossessions8 to "o*ide "ote-tion and &ene/its to t$ese t"'st .e.&e"s, as 1ell as to la-e li.itations ' on t$ei" a-ti*ities. In t$e e"iod o/ ti.e &et1een +>J> and +=<<, t$ese -odes 1e"e a li-a&le onl! to .e.&e"s o/ t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent t"'st3 i'e' -iti4ens o/ t$e United States. A'"in# t$at e"iod o/ ti.e, t$e -onstit'tionall! -"eated and &o'nd de .ure #o*e"n.ent 1as still in la-e and o e"atin# e//e-ti*el! /o" t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en. T$e"e 1e"e -lea"l! t1o -lasses o/ -iti4en"! in t$is -o'nt"!, and it 1as eas! to distin#'is$ &et1een t$e.. %'"t$e".o"e, e*e"!one in &ot$ #"o' s "e-o#ni4ed and /'ll! 'nde"stood t$e di//e"en-es. T$e /all o/ t$e #old s!ste. in +=<< $ad a de*astatin# e//e-t on t$e de .ure #o*e"n.ent. In /a-t, /o" all "a-ti-al '" oses, it &"o'#$t t$e indi*id'al State #o*e"n.ents do1n. A"ti-le I, Se-tion +) o/ t$e Constit'tion states, ,1o State shall'''ma/e an Thing but gold and sil"er Coin a Tender in 2a ment of Iebts'''(' Ao !o' ,no1 o/ an! State toda! 1$i-$
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. 0(.

.eets t$at standa"dH O/ -o'"se not, &e-a'se none do. T$e"e/o"e, t$e de .ure States no lon#e" e2ist, and a de fa#to #o*e"n.ent $as "e la-ed t$e.. So e2a-tl! 1$at $as ta,en t$ei" la-eH

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

0<.

W$en t$e Gold s!ste. /ell in +=<<, t1o o e"atin# #o*e"nin# a't$o"ities 1e"e in la-e. %i"st, t$e de .ure #o*e"n.ent 1as o e"atin# /o" t$e state Citi4en 7A.e"i-an Citi4en8 'nde" -onstit'tional a't$o"it!. Se-ond, t$e %o'"teent$6A.end.ent t"'st 1as o e"atin# /o" t$e -iti4ens o/ t$e United States 1$o $ad o&tained t$ei" -iti4ens$i t$"o'#$, and de ended ' on, t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent /o" t$ei" standin# as -iti4ens in t$e so-iet!. T$is #"o' in-l'ded t$e ne1l! /"eed sla*es as 1ell as an!one else 1$o $ad so'#$t and "e-ei*ed -iti4ens$i t$"o'#$ t$e a't$o"it! o/ t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent. T$is #"o' 1o'ld also in-l'de i..i#"ants -o.in# $e"e /"o. ot$e" -o'nt"ies and see,in# -iti4ens$i /"o. t$e United States. T$e de .ure #o*e"n.ent o/ t$e se*e"al States 1as de endent ' on t$e Constit'tion3 t$e"e/o"e, 1$en t$e .one! s!ste. "e;'i"ed &! t$e -onstit'tion /ell, t$e de .ure #o*e"n.ent ne-essa"il! /ailed &e-a'se it -o'ld not /'n-tion 'nde" -onstit'tional a't$o"it! 1it$ no "eal .one! a*aila&le. B't t$e t"'st 1as not de endent ' on t$e Constit'tion /o" a't$o"it!3 t$e"e/o"e, t$e /all o/ t$e .one! s!ste. $ad no e//e-t on it. Basi-all!, t$e"e is no "o*ision 1it$in t$e Constit'tion 1$i-$ "e;'i"es t$at eit$e" t$e United States o" t$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&ia .a,e onl! #old and sil*e" -oin as tende" in a!.ent o/ de&t. To t$e -ont"a"!, Con#"ess 1as #i*en e2-l'si*e a't$o"it! o*e" t$ose a"eas to #o*e"n as it sees /it, in-l'din# t$e -"eation o/ a--e ta&le -'""en-! /o" 'se in t$ose a"eas. S'ddenl!, t$e"e 1as a la"#e #"o' o/ eo le, t$e A.e"i-an Citi4ens, 1$o $ad no

#o*e"nin# a't$o"it!3 and, t$'s, $ad no se"*i-es a*aila&le /o" ad@'di-ation o/ "o&le.s, and de/ense a#ainst /o"ei#n nations, a.on# ot$e" t$in#s. T$e"e 1as, in /a-t, a la"#e *oid in t$is -o'nt"!. T$e "es'ltin# e//e-t 1as t$at t$e t"'st in la-e /o" t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent -iti4ens 7/ede"al -iti4ens8 i..ediatel! &e#an to /ill t$at *oid &! "o*idin# se"*i-es /o" t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en 7state Citi4ens8. B! a "o-ess ,no1n as Fo e"ation o/ la1,G t$e t"'st too, o*e" t$e "es onsi&ilities t$at t$e de .ure #o*e"n.ent $ad &een "o*idin#. FO e"ation o/ la1G is a .anne" in 1$i-$ "i#$ts and lia&ilities de*ol*e ' on a e"son &! t$e .e"e a li-ation to t$e a"ti-'la" t"ansa-tion o/ t$e esta&lis$ed "'les o/ la1, 1it$o't t$e a-t o" -o6o e"ation o/ t$e a"t! $i.sel/. In ot$e" 1o"ds, &! o'" &e$a*io", a--e tan-e, and /ail'"e to o&@e-t, a ne1 #o*e"nin# a't$o"it! too, o*e".

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

0D.

T$e ne1 a't$o"it!, "e/e""ed to as t$e Ft"'stG o" F '&li- t"'st,G "eali4ed its la-, o/ a't$o"it! o*e" t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en. A/te" all, t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en $ad done not$in# 1"on#, $e $ad not &e-o.e &an,"' t, and $e still o1ned e*e"!t$in#.

So, a

lan 1as de*ised 1$e"e&! t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en 1o'ld *ol'nta"il! t'"n o*e"

a't$o"it! to t$e t"'st. T$e /i"st $ase o/ t$at lan 1as i. le.ented in +=<0 1it$ t$e So-ial Se-'"it! A-t.
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. 00.

T$e So-ial Se-'"it! A-t 1as de*ised and e. lo!ed &! t$e t"'st /o" its .e.&e"s, and a ea"ed to &e a *e"! &ene*olent atte. t on t$e a"t o/ t$e t"'st to "o*ide /o" t$e &asineeds o/ its .e.&e"s. Re.e.&e", t$e #"eat .asses o/ lo1e" in-o.e eo le in t$is -o'nt"!, .an! o/ 1$o. 1e"e al"ead! -iti4ens o/ t$e United States, 1e"e in t$e .idst o/ li*in# t$"o'#$ t$e G"eat Ae "ession, 1$i-$ $ad &een "a#in# /o" si2 !ea"s. T$e &asi-s ne-essa"! to s'stain li/e 1e"e in ;'estion /o" .an! o/ t$ese eo le. T$e"e 1e"e no @o&s, no .one!, and .an! ti.es, no /ood. To $el -o.&at t$is "o&le. /o" its .e.&e"s, t$e t"'st iss'ed n'.&e"s to ea-$ o/ its .e.&e"s 1$i-$ -o'ld identi/! t$e. as a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st, and esta&lis$ -e"tain &ene/its on t$ei" &e$al/. T$e &ene/its 1e"e *e"! li.ited at /i"st3 $o1e*e", a "o#"a. -alled t$e WPA 1as la-ed into e//e-t, s$o"tl! a/te" t$e assa#e o/ t$e So-ial Se-'"it! A-t, /o" t$e .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st. Its /'n-tion 1as to s' l! t"'st .e.&e"s 1it$ @o&s so t$at t$e! -o'ld /eed and -a"e /o"

t$ei" /a.ilies. T$is t'"ned o't to &e a no&le -a'se 1it$ di"e "e e"-'ssions.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

0J.

M! %at$e" 1as t$e t$i"d oldest son in a /a.il! -ontainin# (( -$ild"en, +> o/ 1$i-$ 1e"e li*in# at $o.e d'"in# t$e de "ession !ea"s. Alt$o'#$ t$ei" $e"ita#e 1as as a"t o/ t$e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Peo le, t$e! 1e"e oo" /a".e"s. A"o'#$t s elled 1$at al.ost a.o'nted to t$ei" doo.. M! #"and/at$e", alon# 1it$ t$e olde" &o!s, so'#$t @o&s to /eed t$e /a.il!, &'t none 1e"e a*aila&le. %"o. +=<( 'ntil late +=<0, t$is enti"e /a.il! li*ed on a #"and total o/ less t$an S(.)) e" 1ee,. T$at didn9t &'! .'-$, e*en t$en. T$e! "aised 1$at t$e! -o'ld, de*ised 1a!s to ,ill "a&&its and s;'i""els 1it$ "o-,s and t"a s, and /is$ed a lot @'st to eat. M! %at$e" "e o"ted to .e t$at $e ne*e" "e.e.&e"ed &ein# F/'llG d'"in# t$at ti.e. T$en -a.e t$e WPA o//e"in# @o&s t$at aid S(.)) a da!. T$at 1as an eno".o's a.o'nt o/ .one! to t$e. at t$at ti.e. As soon as t$e! $ea"d a&o't it, .! %at$e", #"and/at$e", and t1o ot$e" &"ot$e"s a lied at t$e 1o",6site /o" a @o&. T1o se a"ate and distin-t ta&les 1e"e set ' at t$e 1o", site lo-ation, one to a l! /o" @o&s and t$e ot$e" to a l! /o" so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e"s. W$en .! %at$e" a lied /o" a @o&, $e 1as told to #o to t$e ot$e" ta&le, #et a n'.&e", and t$en $e -o'ld &e $i"ed. He /ollo1ed t$e inst"'-tions, 1as iss'ed a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e" on t$e s ot, and &e#an 1o", t$at da!. T$e Ba"-"o/t9s didn9t #o $'n#"! an!.o"e, and .! %at$e" 1ent to $is #"a*e &elie*in# t$at so-ial se-'"it! 1as t$e &est sin#le t$in# t$at e*e" $a ened to $i. in t$is li/eti.e, o'tside o/ $is st"on# "elations$i 1it$ $is God. I a. e2t"e.el! t$an,/'l t$at $e assed &e/o"e I lea"ned t$e t"'e nat'"e o/ so-ial se-'"it!. In addition to t$e WPA, t$e t"'st &e#an addin# ot$e" &ene/its, &'t t$e"e 1as a "i-e to a! /o" ea-$. Mo"eo*e", t$e t"'st 1as -"eated and o e"ated &! t$e sa.e /ind souls 1$o $ad /o"-ed t$is -o'nt"! into &an,"' t-! and de "ession in t$e /i"st la-e3 and, it 1as 7and is8 t$ei" &elie/ t$at e*e"!t$in# in t$is -o'nt"! "i#$t/'ll! &elon#s to t$e. &e-a'se t$e! $old t$e de&t. Based on t$at &elie/, t$ese a"ties 1anted to sta"t -olle-tin# a s$a"e-"o e"9s /ee /"o. ea-$ e"son li*in# and 1o",in# on Ft$ei" land.G Ho1e*e", t$e! /ea"ed, "o&a&l! "i#$t/'ll! so, t$at, i/ t$e! told t$e eo le t$at t$ei" land $ad &een ta,en, and t$at t$e! -o'ld no lon#e" o1n an!t$in#, t$e eo le .i#$t "ise ' and ta,e &a-, 1$at &elon#ed to t$e., ossi&l! $an#in# a /e1 -"oo,s alon# t$e 1a!.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

0?.

T$e"e/o"e, a lan 1as de*ised 1$e"e&! ea-$ ti.e .o"e .one! 1as de.anded /"o. t$e .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st, ne1 &ene/its o" se"*i-es 1o'ld &e "o*ided. It 1as t$e lan to .a,e t$ese t"'st .e.&e"s so de endent ' on t$e &ene/its o//e"ed &! t$e t"'st t$at t$e! 1o'ld ne*e" -onside" lea*in# t$e t"'st3 o", /o" t$at .atte", e*en -$allen#in# t$e &asia't$o"it! o/ t$e t"'st. T$ei" lan 1o",ed to e"/e-tion.

B! +=<>, t$e lan to $a*e t$e t"'st as t$e "i.a"! a't$o"it! 1it$in t$is -o'nt"! $ad &een /'ll! inte#"ated into t$e -o'"ts. T$e t"'st, /'ll! -o..e"-ial in nat'"e, needed -o'"ts to "'le &ased on la1s o/ -o..e"-e "at$e" t$an t$e -o..on la1. To do t$is, a -ont"a-t 1as ne-essa"!. T$e -ont"a-t, o/ -o'"se, 1as /o".ed a"o'nd t$e so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e", t$e &ene/its o//e"ed t$"o'#$ so-ial se-'"it!, and t$e -onside"ations "e;'i"ed /"o. t$e .e.&e"s in e2-$an#e /o" t$e &ene/its. T$ose 1$o 'sed t$e n'.&e" 1e"e a--e tin# t$e &ene/its3 t$e"e/o"e, t$e -o'"ts -o'ld o e"ate 'nde" t$e "es'. tion t$at an!one $a*in# a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e" 1as a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st and 'nde" -o..e"-ial -ont"a-t3 and, t$at -o..e"-ial la1 1as ne-essa"il! in e//e-t. In +=<>, Roose*elt "eleased a do-'.ent entitled 'Restatement of the ;a%', 1$i-$ o'tlines t$e di//e"ent 'sa#es and e//e-ts o/ la1 a/te" t$e &an,"' t-! o/ +=<). Also in +=<>, in t$e land.a", de-ision o/ Erie Railroa! A. T0o%@-in", t$e S' "e.e Co'"t o//i-iall! .ade -o..e"-ial la1 t$e "'le in all /ede"al .atte"s, statin# t$at e2-e t in -ases #o*e"ned &! t$e Constit'tion o" t"eaties, state la1
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. 0>.

7-o..e"-ial la18 1o'ld a l!. He"e, t$e S' "e.e Co'"t a-,no1led#ed t$at t$e"e 1e"e still t$ose 1$o -o'ld de.and -o..on la1, &'t t$e #"eat .a@o"it! o/ t$e -ases $ad al"ead! s1it-$ed to -o..e"-ial la1 Banot$e" te". /o" Q-o..e"-ial la1Q is QUNI%ORM COMMERCIAL COAE,Q o" OO '&li- oli-!OOC. T$e"e/o"e, t$e o*e""idin# "es'. tion o/ la1 /"o. t$at date /o"1a"d 1as t$at e*e"! -ase &e/o"e t$e -o'"t 1as -o..e"-ial in nat'"e, and s$o'ld &e #o*e"ned &! -o..e"-ial la1NCOAE. An!one -o.in# in t$e -o..on la1 1o'ld &e "e;'i"ed to "e&'t t$at "es'. tion, and "o*e t$at $e $ad a "i#$t to t$e -o..on la1, i'e' t$at $e 1as one o/ t$e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Peo le 1it$ Ri#$ts #'a"anteed and "ote-ted &! t$e Constit'tion, and t$at $e 1as not 'nde" -ont"a-t Bdid not $a*e a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e"C, &e/o"e $e -o'ld &e #"anted a $ea"in# 'nde" t$e -o..on la1. T$at s!ste. "e.ains in e//e-t toda!, e2-e t t$at no1 .ost o/ t$e -o'"ts do not e*en $a*e t$e a't$o"it! to $ea" -o..on la1 -ases. E//e-ti*el!, t$e -o'"ts a"e o&li#ated to .a,e t$e "es'. tion t$at an! -ase &e/o"e t$e. is one o/ a -o..e"-ial nat'"e. W$en !o' -o.e into .ost o/ t$e -o'"ts o/ toda! -lai.in# t$at !o' $a*e a "i#$t to a $ea"in# in la1, t$e! si. l! -annot $ea" !o'. T$e .atte" is totall! o't o/ t$ei" @'"isdi-tional a't$o"it!. T$at9s 1$! !o' see so .an! /"'st"ated 1o'ld6&e "otesto"s 1$o "'n a"o'nd -lai.in# t$at t$e -o'"ts a"e -o""' t o" t$at t$e! didn9t "e-ei*e a /ai" $ea"in#. T$ei" "o&le. is al1a!s t$at t$e! $a*e #one into a t"'st -o'"t e2 e-tin# to $a*e t$e @'di-ial a't$o"it! o/ t$e Constit'tion a lied. T$at9s @'st not #oin# to $a en, &e-a'se t$e -o'"t t$e! a"e in is le#islati*e in nat'"e, e2e"-isin# t$e lena"! o1e" #i*en &! Con#"ess 'nde" its a't$o"it! o/ e2-l'si*e le#islation o*e" t$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&ia 7United States8, its te""ito"ies and ossessions. T$ese -o'"ts do not $a*e t$e a't$o"it! to $ea" -onstit'tional iss'es.+

T0o"e w0o !o not wi"0 to be r6le! by co%%ercial lawB'ODE9 "0o6l! i%%e!iately reC6e"t

a D6ri"!ictional 0earin2 be ore any ot0er action in any ca"e. *n t0at D6ri"!ictional 0earin29 t0e oAerri!in2 @re"6%@tion t0at t0e %an inAolAe! 0a" a "ocial "ec6rity n6%ber or i" ot0erwi"e 6n!er t0e a6t0ority o t0e Unite! State" %6"t be reb6tte!. T0at i" !one by ir"t @roAin2 oneE" "tan!in2 FA%erican 'itiGen9 an! not citiGen o t0e Unite! State"H by "0owin2 t0at no "ocial "ec6rity n6%ber attac0e" to t0at %an. Once t0at i" !one9 t0e co6rt lo"e" D6ri"!iction9 t0e $orei2n SoAerei2n *%%6nity Act F7< US' (I=;3(I((H a@@lie"9 an! t0e %an 0a" i%%6nity ro% all c0ar2e".
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. 0=.

A/te" +=<>, t$e"e still e2isted t$e "o&le. o/ a dis a"it! &et1een t$e eo le 1$o 1e"e .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st, and t$ose 1$o "e.ained o'tside t$e t"'st, .an! o/ 1$o. 1e"e a"t o/ t$e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Peo le. It 1as si. l! &e-o.in# 'n.ana#ea&le /o" t$e #o*e"nin# a't$o"ities. T$e /i"st -lass o/ eo le ossessed Ri#$ts t$at t$e se-ond -lass did not $a*e, and t$e di//e"en-es 1e"e "eadil! a a"ent. T$e Ci*il Ri#$ts A-t o/ +=JD 1as de*ised to -$an#e all t$at. Cle*e"l! dis#'ised as an a-t to #i*e e;'alit! to di//e"ent "a-es o/ eo le, 1$at it a-t'all! did 1as to "aise t$e &ene/its B "i*ile#esC #i*en to t$e t"'st .e.&e"s B-iti4ens o/ t$e United StatesC to an a "o2i.ate le*el 1it$ t$e Ri#$ts o1ned &! t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en. T$e idea 1as to .a,e &ot$ -lasses loo, t$e sa.e, -on*in-e t$e .asses t$at a -iti4en o/ t$e United States and t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en a"e s!non!.o's, t$en #"ad'all! "ed'-e t$e "i*ile#es o/ t$e -iti4en o/ t$e United States to a le*el .o"e in line 1it$ t$e needs o/ t$e t"'st. T$e idea 1as t$at t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en, as a a"t! to t$e t"'st, 1o'ld lose si#$t o/ $is so*e"ei#n standin#, and allo1 $is Ri#$ts to &e "e la-ed 1it$ "i*ile#es 'nde" t$e -ont"a-t. T$e lan $as 1o",ed e2t"e.el! 1ell. I/ !o' don9t &elie*e t$at, @'st #o o't toni#$t and tell all !o'" /"iends t$at t$e"e is a di//e"en-e &et1een a -iti4en o/ t$e United States and an A.e"i-an Citi4en. T$en .a,e note o/ t$e n'.&e" t$at e*en ,no1 1$at !o'9"e tal,in# a&o't. It 1on9t &e a lon# list. T$en .a,e a note o/ $o1 .an! la'#$ at !o' o" t$in, !o'9"e n'ts. T$at 1ill &e a .'-$ lon#e" list.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

J).

In o"de" to ad.iniste" to its .e.&e"s, t$e t"'st needed so.e /o". o/ "'les and "e#'lations. Be-a'se .ost o/ its .e.&e"s 1e"e "el!in# totall! ' on t$e t"'st, it 1as ne-essa"! to $a*e so.e a't$o"it! 1$i-$ 1o'ld se"*e in t$e stead o/ a-t'al la1 /o" its .e.&e"s. S'-$ "'les and "e#'lations 1e"e -"eated, and #i*en t$e te". F-odes.G Codes 1e"e esta&lis$ed to #o*e"n t$e .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st onl! in t$ei" -a a-it! as .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st3 in ot$e" 1o"ds, a"ti/i-ial &ein#s -"eated &! -ont"a-t o" ot$e" .eans. Codes 1e"e ne*e" .eant to #o*e"n a /les$ and &lood Man. As !o' 1ill lea"n late", -odes a"e still not 'sed to #o*e"n t$e /les$ and &lood Man, alt$o'#$ t$e! a"e st"'-t'"ed in s'-$ a .anne" as to .a,e one &elie*e t$e! a"e doin# e2a-tl! t$at. We no1 loo, at $o1 and 1$e"e t$e t"'st e2ists, and e2a-tl! 1$at nat'"e o/ -"eat'"e it is.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

J+.

%i"st, its na.e is al1a!s *e"! tellin#.

Let9s ta,e t$e na.e, FT$e United States o/

A.e"i-aG. T$at na.e 1as as-"i&ed in t$e A"ti-les o/ Con/ede"ation and "e/e"s to t$e Union, t$e States 1$i-$ @oined to#et$e" and 1e"e late" in-o" o"ated &! t$e Constit'tion. B't 1$en t$at na.e is -$an#ed to FUNITEA STATES O% AMERICA,G it ta,es on a di//e"ent .eanin#. T$e 1a! a "o e" na.e is 1"itten is 1it$ t$e /i"st lette" o/ ea-$ 1o"d &ein# -a itali4ed, 1$ile ea-$ s'--eedin# lette" is lo1e" -ase. T$is "'le a lies 'nless t$e na.e "e "esents an a"ti/i-ial entit! s'-$ as a t"'st o" -o" o"ation. In state la1, t$e na.es o/ t"'sts and -o" o"ations .'st &e 1"itten in all -a ital lette"s. T$e"e/o"e, FT$e United States o/ A.e"i-aG is t$e na.e o/ t$e Union o/ States @oined &! t$e Constit'tion. So 1$at does t$at .a,e FUNITEA STATES O% AMERICAGH T$at 1o'ld &e t$e a"ti/i-ial entit! a-tin# in t$e -a a-it! o/ a t"'st, and doin# &'siness as a /o"ei#n -o..e"-ial t"ade". %o"ei#nH Yes, /o"ei#n, &e-a'se it is an insol*ent entit!, 1itnessed &! t$e /a-t t$at it 'ses onl! inst"'.ents o/ de&t as .edi'. o/ e2-$an#e and a!.ent o/ de&ts, it is o&*io'sl! /o"ei#n to t$e de .ure FUnited States o/ A.e"i-a.G T$e t"'st is no1 a--e ted as t$e #o*e"nin# a't$o"it! &! 1ell o*e" =0P o/ t$e A.e"i-an Peo le. Mention t$at !o' a"e an A.e"i-an, &'t not a -iti4en o/ t$e United States, and !o' 1ill &e i..ediatel! &"anded an idiot, a "adi-al n't o", 1o"se still, a te""o"ist. T$e de.oni4ation "o-ess $as 1o",ed to e"/e-tion, so to -lai. !o'" Bi"t$"i#$t, !o' 1ill $a*e to &e 1ell6in/o".ed and t$i-, s,inned. B't t$e /a-t "e.ains t$at t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en still e2ists3 and, i/ !o' -an "o*e !o'" Bi"t$"i#$t, !o' -an still -lai. t$e so*e"ei#nt! t$at "i#$t/'ll! &elon#s to !o'.

'HA&TER J 3 THE *NTERNAL REVENUE SERV*'E.

T$is -$a te" is #oin# to &e *e"! te-$ni-al and le#al in nat'"e, &'t it is ne-essa"! to /ollo1 t$e le#al .a4e t$at $as &een -onst"'-ted as an o&sta-le to t$e A.e"i-an 1$o 1is$es to 'nde"stand t$e :la19 as it a lies to $i.. To 'nde"stand t$e so6-alled :la19, !o' .'st /i"st 'nde"stand 1$e"e and $o1 t$e :la19 is 1"itten. %i"st, 1$at .ost "e/e" to as la1 is a-t'all! -ode. Re.e.&e" t$at -odes a"e intended and a't$o"i4ed to "e#'late t$e a-ti*ities o/ .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st in t$ei" -a a-it! as a"ti/i-ial entities. T$e &od! o/ t$ose -odes is /o'nd in t$e :United States Code9 7$e"eina/te" FCodeG8, 1$i-$ is
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. J(.

-o. "ised o/ 0) di//e"ent :Titles9, ea-$ 1it$ a di//e"ent s'&@e-t .atte". Con#"ess s'

osedl! 1"ote

and a "o*ed t$e Code, &'t it $as not ena-ted all o/ t$e Code into ositi*e la1, as !o' 1ill soon lea"n. So.e o/ t$e F-odeG is spe#ial la% 1$i-$ a lies onl! to t$ose 1$o $a*e a#"eed to $ono" t$at la1 7T$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Code is a Spe#ial ;a%8. T$e se-ond a"t o/ t$e so6-alled la1 is /o'nd in t$e :Code o/ %ede"al Re#'lations9 7$e"eina/te" FRe#'lationsG8. "e#'lations 1"itten &! &'"ea'-"ats 1$i-$ a"e s' T$is is t$e &od! o/ "'les and None o/ t$ese osed to :i. le.ent9 t$e Code.

"'les and "e#'lations 1e"e e*e" *oted on &! an!one, !et t$e! a"e t"eated as la1 1it$in t$e t"'st. In 'ali ornia Ban-er." A""ociation V. S06ltG , <= L.Ed. (d >() T ><), t$e S' "e.e Co'"t "'led t$at neit$e" t$e Code no" t$e Re#'lations -o'ld stand alone as la1. In t$at de-ision, t$e Co'"t "'led t$at t$e Code 1as onl! F&"oad, a't$o"i4in# lan#'a#eG, and t$at t$e enalties atta-$ onl! ' on t$e *iolation o/ t$e Re#'lations t$'s "es-"i&ed. T$e"e/o"e, in o"de" /o" :/o"-e o/ la19 to e2ist, it ta,es &ot$ t$e Code and t$e i. le.entin# Re#'lations. Kee in# t$is st"'-t'"e in .ind 1ill $el !o' Please, t"! not to .a,e an! "e6 'nde"stand t$e -on/'sin# /a-ts 1$i-$ !o' a"e a&o't to dis-o*e".

@'d#.ents as to 1$at !o' &elie*e. Ao !o'" &est to "ead t$e /ollo1in# a#es 1it$ a -lea" .ind, and !o' .a! see t$at t$e 9la19 does not sa! 1$at !o' $a*e al1a!s &elie*ed it did. In t$e end, !o' 1ill see t$at t$e :la19 .eans e2a-tl! 1$at it a-t'all! sa!s, "e#a"dless o/ 1$at !o' .a! $a*e t$o'#$t it said. I/ !o' as, t$e eo le in A.e"i-a toda! 1$at o" 1$o t$e! /ea" .ost, a la"#e .a@o"it! 1o'ld ans1e" t$e IRS. I/ !o' as, 1$o o" 1$at t$e IRS is, .ost 1ill tell !o' t$at it is t$e &"an-$ o/ t$e United A/te" all, isn9t t$at 1$at t$e! sa! t$e! a"eH Well, a-t'all!, no it9s not. I/ !o' States Go*e"n.ent t$at -olle-ts ta2es, and t$at it is a #o*e"n.ent a#en-! 'nde" t$e U.S. T"eas'"! Ae a"t.ent. e2a.ine t$ei" a e"1o", *e"! -losel!, !o' 1ill lea"n so.e inte"estin# /a-ts. s!.&ol states, ,Internal Re"enue Ser"i#e, Iepartment of the Treasur (. To &e#in 1it$, t$ei" See.s -lea" on t$e

s'"/a-e, &'t a -lose" e2a.ination "e*eals an inte"estin# /a-t 6 no1$e"e does it .ention t$e United States, and it does not state 1$i-$ :Ae a"t.ent o/ t$e T"eas'"!9 it is a a"t o/. A/te" all, don9t all -o'nt"ies and .ost la"#e -o. anies $a*e :t"eas'"! de a"t.ents9H "elation to t$e IRS. In /a-t, no1$e"e in an! o/ t$e IRS9s lite"at'"e, 1"itin#s, lette"$ead, o" desi#nation a"e t$e 1o"ds :United States9 o" :U.S.9 /o'nd in

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

J<.

Well, -e"tainl! t$is is @'st an e""o". So all 1e $a*e to do is to #o to t$e Ae a"t.ent o/ t$e T"eas'"! o/ t$e United States 71$e"e t$e! 1o'ld li,e 's to &elie*e t$e! #ain t$ei" a't$o"it!8, and t$e"e t$e IRS 1ill &e /o'nd as an a#en-! 'nde" t$at de a"t.ent o/ #o*e"n.ent. W"on# a#ain5 Title <+ o/ t$e United States Code is t$e Title de*oted to t$e Ae a"t.ent o/ t$e T"eas'"! o/ t$e United States, and C$a te" < o/ t$at Title is t$e o"#ani4ational &"ea,do1n. T$e"e a"e +) a#en-ies o" o//i-es 1it$in t$e de a"t.ent, all listed. T$e! a"e, 7+8 Ae a"t.ent o/ t$e T"eas'"!, 7(8 T"eas'"! o/ t$e United States, 7<8 B'"ea' o/ En#"a*in# and P"intin#, 7D8 B'"ea' o/ t$e Mint, 708 %ede"al %inan-in# Ban,, 7J8 %is-al Se"*i-e, 7?8 O//i-e o/ t$e Co. t"olle" o/ t$e C'""en-!, 7>8 United States C'sto.s Se"*i-e, 7=8 O//i-e o/ T$"i/t S' e"*ision, and 7+)8 Contin'in# in O//i-e. Not a sin#le 1o"d a&o't t$e IRS. I/ !o' /ollo1 t$"o'#$ t$e o"#ani4ational &"ea,do1n o/ ea-$ o/ t$ese a#en-ies 1it$in t$e Ae a"t.ent o/ t$e T"eas'"! o/ t$e United States, !o' 1ill /ind t$at t$e IRS is not e*en a s'&6a#en-! 'nde" an! o/ t$ose a#en-ies. Is t$e IRS so insi#ni/i-ant t$at it does not e*en #et a .entionH Ao !o' still &elie*e it9s @'st a .ista,eH I/ so, sti-, a"o'nd, &e-a'se t$e"e a"e a lot .o"e ,mista/es'(

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

JD.

Se*e"al in-onsisten-ies i..ediatel! a ea" i/ a -lose st'd! o/ t$e Code and t$e Re#'lations is 'nde"ta,en. %i"st, no A-t o/ Con#"ess e*e" -"eated t$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Se"*i-e. I/ it 1e"e an a#en-! in t$e #o*e"n.ent o/ t$e United States, one -o'ld easil! /ind t$e A-t 1$i-$ -"eated it. T$e /a-t is t$at t$e"e is no s'-$ A-t3 and, 1$en ;'estioned a&o't t$is /a-t, t$e IRS si. l! sa!s t$at t$is is a /"i*olo's a"#'.ent &e-a'se e*e"!one ,no1s t$e! e2ist. T$e! 1ill "e/e" !o' to t$ei" o1n .an'al 71$i-$ $as -onsistentl! &een "'led to &e inad.issi&le as e*iden-e &! t$e -o'"ts8 1$e"e it states, 7e. $asis added8 ,''' JThe $ureau of Internal Re"enue has been organi0ed under the !#t of last sessionKKK !lso it #an be seen that Congress had intended to establish a $ureau of Internal Re"enue, or thought the had '''(. T$is state.ent in t$ei" .an'al "e/e"s to t$e session o/ Con#"ess o/ +>J(, in 1$i-$ t$e Con#"ess -"eated an :O//i-e o/ t$e Co..issione" o/ Inte"nal Re*en'e9. T$e sa.e state.ent a ea"s a#ain in a si.ila" '&li-ation in +=?D, at ;8 $e!. Re2. ((K:79 (8:J3( '6%. B6l. JJ=,. T$e state.ent essentiall! ad.its t$at Con#"ess ne*e" -"eated eit$e" t$e :B'"ea' o/ Inte"nal Re*en'e9 o" t$e :Inte"nal Re*en'e Se"*i-e9. It onl! -"eated an :O//i-e o/ t$e Co..issione" o/ Inte"nal Re*en'e9. It -lea"l! s$o1s t$at t$e IRS itsel/ -annot /ind an!t$in# 1$atsoe*e" 1$i-$ a-t'all! -"eated an a#en-! -alled eit$e" t$e :Inte"nal Re*en'e Se"*i-e9 o" t$e :B'"ea' o/ Inte"nal Re*en'e9. T$e t"'t$ is t$at e*e"! #o*e"n.ent a#en-! 1as -"eated &! so.e o//i-ial do-'.ent, and t$at do-'.ent is easil! /o'nd in t$e o//i-ial "e-o"ds. T$e $e!eral Re2i"ter is t$e o//i-ial "e-o"d o/ e*e"!t$in# t$at #oes on in Con#"ess, and e*e"! a-t t$at $as &een ta,en &! Con#"ess is "e-o"ded t$e"e. T$e onl! ti.e t$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Se"*i-e is e*e" .entioned in t$e $e!eral Re2i"ter is in +=?J, $e!eral Re2i"ter9 Vol. J(9 Se@te%ber (K9 (8:I , 1$e"e it states, ,The term JIire#tor, !l#ohol, Toba##o, and Firearms Ii"ision has been repla#ed b the term JInternal Re"enue Ser"i#e'( . So, a--o"din# to t$e $e!eral Re2i"ter, :Inte"nal Re*en'e Se"*i-e9 is onl! a te". 7not an a#en-!8, and Con#"ess $as ne*e" e*en -onside"ed .a,in# it a a"t o/ t$e United States Go*e"n.ent. A"e 1e to &elie*e t$at so.et$in# as o1e"/'l and all6en-o. assin# as t$e IRS $as its a't$o"it! to o e"ate so 1ell $idden t$at e*en t$e di"e-to"s o/ t$e :a#en-!9 itsel/ -annot identi/! 1$e"e t$ei" a't$o"it! to a-t -o.es /"o.H #o*e"n.ent. on "e;'est. Yo' 1ill /ind t$at t$is sit'ation does not o--'" in an! ot$e" :a#en-!9 o/ t$e In /a-t, a t"'e #o*e"n.ental a#en-! is "e;'i"ed to state its s e-i/i- a't$o"it! to o e"ate W$! 1o'ld t$e IRS &e an! di//e"entH Mo"eo*e", i/ t$e! t"'l! $ad t$e a't$o"it! t$at

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t$e! -lai. to $a*e, 1$! 1o'ldn9t t$e! @'st tell !o' 1$e"e t$e a't$o"it! a"ises /"o. and &e done 1it$ itH A't$o"it! -annot a"ise o't o/ t$ei" o1n .an'al. T$e t"'t$ o/ t$e .atte" is t$at t$e A-t 1$i-$ -"eated t$at O//i-e o/ t$e Co..issione" o/ Inte"nal Re*en'e 71$i-$ 1as t$e onl! o//i-e o" a#en-! e*e" -"eated t$at -o'ld ossi&l! &e t$e IRS8 1as in +>J(, and 1as "e ealed &! t$e ena-t.ent o/ t$e Re*ised Stat'tes o/ +>?<. T$e IRS sa!s t$at t$e :O//i-e o/ t$e Co..issione" o/ Inte"nal Re*en'e9 i. lied t$at Con#"ess t$o'#$t it $ad -"eated a :B'"ea' o/ Inte"nal Re*en'e9, and t$at T"eas'"! Ae-ision J)<> -$an#ed t$at :B'"ea'9 into t$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Se"*i-e in +=0<. s'-$ e2 ansi*e o1e"sH I/ t$at 1e"e t$e -ase, 1$! didn9t Con#"ess si. l! -o""e-t t$e e""o" o/ not $a*in# "o e"l! -"eated an a#en-! 1it$ To do so 1o'ld ta,e *e"! little e//o"t on Con#"ess9s a"t, and 1o'ld -o. letel! settle t$e iss'e. T$e 1$ole idea 't /o"t$ &! t$e IRS as to its &e#innin#s and its a't$o"it! is atentl! /alse, &e-a'se a T"eas'"! Ae-ision 1o'ld not $a*e t$e a't$o"it! to -"eate an a#en-! in t$e United States Go*e"n.ent3 and, e*en i/ it did, t$e /a-t 1o'ld $a*e to &e -on/i".ed in 1"itin# so.e1$e"e at t$e Con#"essional le*el3 and, t$e"e/o"e, &e /o'nd in t$e $e!eral Re2i"ter. T$e "eason t$at t$e IRS is not esta&lis$ed &! an a-t o/ Con#"ess is &e-a'se it is a /'n-tion o/ t$e t"'st, not t$e #o*e"n.ent. It 1as /o".ed &! t$ose $oldin# t$e de&t a#ainst t$e United States as a .eans o/ #ettin# t$ei" Fs$a"e-"o e"9s /eesG /"o. t$e eo le o--' !in# 1$at t$e! -onside" to &e t$ei" land. As !o' 1ill dis-o*e" late" in t$is &oo,, t$e .one! -olle-ted &! t$e IRS does not #o into t$e t"eas'"! o/ t$e United States3 "at$e", it is /o" t$e "i*ate 'se o/ t$ose 1$o $old t$e de&t a#ainst t$e United States, and t$e de&t is not #ettin# s.alle". Title (J o/ t$e United States Code is also "e/e""ed to as t$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Code 7$e"eina/te" FIRCG8. T$is is t$e se-tion o/ 1$at is loosel! "e/e""ed to as la1 t$at t$e IRS "elies on 1$en it is en/o"-in# t$e :ta2 la1s9. Ho1e*e", a -lose e2a.ination o/ t$e Title (J s$o1s t$at it $as ne*e" &een -odi/ied and ena-ted into : ositi*e la19. Clea"l!, t$is is &e-a'se it is a s e-ial "i*ate la1 intended /o" 'se onl! &! .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st. S'&title % o/ t$e IRC -ontains C$a te"s J+ t$"o'#$ >), and Se-tions J))+ t$"o'#$ ?>?<, in-l'si*e. Wit$in t$ose C$a te"s and se-tions -ontained e2-l'si*el! in S'&title %, a"e all o/ t$e en/o"-e.ent "o*isions o/ t$e IRC. S'&title % o/ t$e IRC -lea"l! ta,es e//e-t, and t$e"e/o"e, #i*es a't$o"it!, onl! a/te" t$e ena-t.ent o/ Title (J o/ t$e United States Code3 t$e da! a/te", to &e e2a-t. T$e $"ase, ,shall ta/e effe#t on the da after the date of ena#tment of this

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title( is 'sed 1it$in S'&title % in "e/e"en-e to 1$en its "o*isions 1ill ta,e e//e-t. T$e ena-t.ent o/ Title (J $as not o--'""ed as o/ t$is date. T$is /a-t &e-o.es -lea" in se-tion ?>0+. In t$e -ase o/ S'&title %, t$e enti"e s'&title does not ta,e e//e-t 'ntil t$e da! a/te" t$e date o/ ena-t.ent o/ Title (J. (J USC ?>0+7a87?8 "e/e"s to t$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Code o/ +=>J, so t$is se-tion is not an an-ient 1"itin# 1$i-$ $as no .eanin# toda!. T$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Code o/ +=>J -lai.s, in Se-tion +, to $a*e &een ena-ted on O-to&e" ((, +=>J, as a"t o/ t$e :Ta2 Re/o". A-t o/ +=>JG 7.an! o/ !o' 1$o 1e"e a!in# ta2es "io" to +=>J "o&a&l! t$o'#$t it 1as ena-ted lon# &e/o"e +=>J8. T$e in/o".ation is s a"se and -on*ol'ted. %o" e*iden-e o/ t$e /a-t t$at Title (J $as ne*e" &een ena-ted, 1e $a*e onl! to loo, at t$e P"e/a-e 6 +=>> Edition o/ t$e United States Code, si#ned &! t$e t$en S ea,e" o/ t$e Ho'se o/ Re "esentati*es, T$o.as %ole!. In t$e se-ond a"a#"a $, it states, ,'''Titles @, ?, D, L, C, @M, @@, @?, @D, @E, @>, B?, B>, ?@, ?B, ?L, ?E, ?>, ?C, DD, DA, and DC ha"e been re"ised, #odified, and ena#ted into positi"e la% and the te:t thereof is legal e"iden#e of the la%s therein #ontained' The matter #ontained in the other titles of the Code is prima fa#ie e"iden#e of the la%s'( 1a!, : "i.a /a-ie9 .eans #ood on its /a-e 'ntil -$allen#ed8 In t$e sa.e edition o/ t$e Code, 'nde" t$e $eadin#, ,Titles of United States Code(, all 0) Titles o/ t$e Code a"e listed. Ne2t to Title n'.&e"s +, <, D, 0, =, +), ++, +<, +D, +?, +>, (<, (>, <+, <(, <0, <?, <>, <=, DD, DJ, and D=, an aste"is, a ea"s. No aste"is, a ea"s ne2t to Title (J. At t$e &otto. o/ t$e list a ea"s t$e note, ,K This title has been ena#ted as la%' Ho%e"er, an !ppendi: to this title has not been ena#ted as la%'( He"e, it is -lea" t$at Title (J $as not &een ena-ted as la1. I/ t$at is t"'e, t$en "o*isions o/ S'&title % o/ Title (J a"e not in e//e-t3 and sin-e all en/o"-e.ent is -ontained 1it$in S'&title %, no enalties a"e a*aila&le /o" /ail'"e to -o. l! 1it$ Title (J. T$at is, 'nless !o' a"e a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st3 and, t$e"e/o"e, &o'nd to t$e s e-ial "i*ate la1. T$e /a-t is t$at t$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Se"*i-e -o'ld ne*e" &e -"eated &! an a-t o/ Con#"ess, &e-a'se, as a a"t o/ t$e #o*e"n.ent "es-"i&ed &! t$e Constit'tion, it 1o'ld &e &latantl! 'n-onstit'tional. T$e .a4e &e#ins to -lea" ' as to 1$at t$e IRS is and 1$e"e it #ets its o1e" 1$en 1e -losel! e2a.ine Se-tion ?>)0 o/ t$e IRC. IRC Se-. ?>)07a8 states, 7e. $asis added8, ,*:#ept %here authorit is e:pressl gi"en b this title to an person other than an offi#er or emplo ee of the 7B! t$e

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Treasur Iepartment, the Se#retar shall pres#ribe all needful rules and regulations for the enfor#ement of this title, in#luding all rules and regulations as ma be ne#essar b reason of an alteration of la% in relation to internal re"enue'( T$is is t$e se-tion 1$i-$ #i*es t$e :Se-"eta"!9 T$is a't$o"it! to 1"ite t$e need/'l "'les and "e#'lations /o" Title (J, t$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Code.

e"son is o&*io'sl! t$e sa.e :Se-"eta"!9 t$at is e. o1e"ed t$"o'#$o't t$e IRC to -a""! o't all o/ t$e en/o"-e.ent o/ t$e Title. T$e Code identi/ies t$is e"son as :T$e Se-"eta"! o/ t$e T"eas'"!9, &'t it does not tell 's 1$i-$ :t"eas'"!9 $e is t$e se-"eta"! o/. To 'nde"stand e2a-tl! 1$o t$is e"son "eall! is, and 1$e"e $e de"i*es $is a't$o"it! /"o., 1e .'st "e/e" to t$e i. le.entin# "e#'lations /o" t$is se-tion 71"itten &! t$is a"ti-'la" Se-"eta"!8 /o" a de/inition o/ e2a-tl! 1$o $e is. To do t$at, t$e #o*e"n.ent $as "inted 1$at it -alls t$e C%R Inde2, 1$i-$ is a -"oss6"e/e"en-e &et1een t$e Code and t$e Re#'lations. T$e C%R Inde2 lists, as so.e o/ t$e i. le.entin# "e#'lations /o" t$is se-tion, (? C%R a"ts (0)6(0((. Unde" (? C%R Se-. (0).++, :Ae/initions9, t$e de/inition o/ :Se-"eta"!9 is #i*en as, ,The Se#retar of the Treasur of 2uerto Ri#o'( T$is -lea"l! "e/e"s to t$e :Se-"eta"!9 1$o is a't$o"i4ed &! t$e IRC Se-. ?>)0 to .a,e t$e "'les and "e#'lations ne-essa"! to t$e en/o"-e.ent o/ Title (J. T$at sa.e :Se-"eta"!9 is ne-essa"il! t$e e"son "e/e""ed to t$"o'#$o't t$e IRC, 1$o is #i*en a't$o"it! to e"/o". t$e tas,s o/ assessin# and -olle-tin# ta2es. T$is :Se-"eta"!9 o&*io'sl! is not an o//i-e" in t$e United States Go*e"n.ent, and t$ese a"e $is o1n 1o"ds tellin# !o' t$at. WOW5 Ho1 did t$at $a enH Well, e"$a s t$e .ot$e"land o/ t$e t"'st is P'e"to Ri-o. Re.e.&e" t$e &an,"' t-! o/ t$e United States in +=<). In t$at &an,"' t-!, Ban,ste"s 1e"e t$e onl! "e-o#ni4ed -"edito"s. T$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, 1as t'"ned o*e" to t$ose Ban,ste"s 1$en t$e United States ad.itted a *e"i/ied de&t to t$e.. T$e "i#$t to "int .one! and t$en loan it to t$e #o*e"n.ent 1as a"t o/ t$e t'"no*e" and "oo/ o/ t$at de&t. B't t$e Ban,ste"s 1e"e not -ontent 1it$ t$is :li-ense to steal9 t$at 1as $anded to t$e. on a sil*e" latte". Instead, t$e! sa1 an o
(

o"t'nit! to -ont"ol e*e"!t$in#, in-l'din# t$e eo le.

()++ ' date I Ea"lie" t$is !ea", t$e United States Go*e"n.ent, 'nde" t$e #'ise o/ Qnational se-'"it!Q, sealed t$is se-tion o/ t$e -ode, .eanin# !o' -an no lon#e" see it o" "ead it. It is no1 QSe-"et La1Q. It -ontains .ost o/ t$e .et$od and ne-essa"! in/o".ation needed to 'se t$e "e.edies "o*ided /o" !o'. T$is is Se-tions +=D t$"o'#$ <==, it is .assi*e, and t$e in/o".ation is *ital in 'nde"standin# t$e s-$e.e t$at t$is #o*e"n.ent $as e" et"ated ' on its eo le. To *e"i/!, #o on t$e inte"net to Ele-t"oni- Code o/ %ede"al Re#'lations, t$en #o to Title (?, t$en t"! to #o to se-tion (0).++. T$en #et *e"! .ad, &e-a'se !o' a"" still $eld a--o'nta&le /o" t$ese se-tions t$at !o' -annot a--ess. T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. J>.

Be-a'se t$e nation 1as in &an,"' t-!, and t$e onl! /o". o/ -'""en-! a*aila&le /o" 'se 1e"e inst"'.ents o/ de&t 7%ede"al Rese"*e Notes8, an!t$in# &o'#$t 1it$ t$ose notes &e-a.e t$e "o e"t! o/ t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,. So'nds -"a4!, &'t "e.e.&e" t$at a %ede"al Rese"*e Note si. l! sa!s t$at t$e $olde" o/ t$e note o1es t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, t$e a.o'nt o/ .one! s$o1n on t$e /a-e o/ t$e note. I.a#ine /o" a .o.ent t$at !o' loan .e so.e .one!, and t$at I si#ned a note to !o' sa!in# t$at I 1o'ld "e a! t$at .one! at a /'t'"e date. so.eone 1$o t$o'#$t it $ad *al'e /o" a -a". Sin-e t$e note onl! si#ni/ied t$at I o1ed !o' .one!, 1$o 1o'ld o1n t$e t"'e *al'e "e-ei*ed /"o. itH I/ it 1e"e I, t$en I 1o'ld $a*e t"aded so.et$in# 1it$ a ne#ati*e *al'e 7&e-a'se I o1ed !o' t$e .one! 'sed8 /o" so.et$in# 1it$ a ositi*e *al'e 7a -a"8. In doin# so, I 1o'ld ne-essa"il! $a*e to -o..it /"a'd. Ea-$ ti.e t$at !o' 'se a %ede"al Rese"*e Note to :&'!9 so.et$in#, !o' t"ade so.et$in# 1it$ a ne#ati*e *al'e 7"e.e.&e" t$at %ede"al Rese"*e Notes onl! "e-o"d a de&t o/ t$e United States to t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,8 /o" so.et$in# 1it$ a ositi*e *al'e. T$e onl! a"t! t$at -an le#all! o1n 1$ate*e" !o' '"-$ased is t$e one 1$o o1ned t$e *al'e side o/ t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Note, t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,. Ho1e*e", sin-e 1e a"e o e"atin# in a &an,"' t s!ste., 1e a"e allo1ed to :'se9 t$e t$in# '"-$ased as i/ 1e $ad a-t'all! '"-$ased it. %ede"al Rese"*e Notes. Clea"l!, t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,, 1it$ its %ede"al Rese"*e Notes, is t$e *e$i-le 'sed &! t$e Ban,ste"s to i. le.ent t$ei" ;'est to -ont"ol t$e eo le 1$o. t$e! &elie*e o1e t$e. a de&t. B't 1e -an ne*e" #ain t"'e o1ne"s$i o/ it 1it$ t$e 'se o/ Let9s sa! t$at I t$en too, t$at note, and t"aded it to

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T$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, is t$e -ente" ie-e o/ t$e t"'st. It "o*ides all t$e tools /o" t$e -olle-tion o/ t$e de&t o1ed &! t$e United States.

Gettin# &a-, to t$e :Se-"eta"!9, and 1$e"e $e #ets $is a't$o"it!, it &e-o.es -lea" t$at t$e ones 1$o o1n e*e"!t$in#, t$e Ban,ste"s, $a*e la-ed t$ei" o1n :Se-"eta"!9 in -$a"#e o/ loo,in# o't /o" t$ei" inte"ests. Ha*e !o' e*e" 1onde"ed 1$! t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, $as ne*e" &een a'dited &! t$e
?).

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

IRSH No ot$e" -o. an! o/ its stat'"e -an .a,e t$at state.ent. Ha*e !o' e*e" 1onde"ed $o1 Alan G"eens an 7C$ai".an o/ t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,8 -an -o.e into Con#"ess and di-tate to Con#"ess e*e"!t$in# /"o. inte"est "ates to 1$at ;'estions $e 1ill and 1ill not ans1e"H Note t$at Con#"ess ne*e" tells $i. 1$at to do. W$!H Si. le3 it9s t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,9s .one!, "o e"t!, and o1e" 1$i-$ t$is de fa#to #o*e"n.ent is "'lin# 1it$ and /o". Nat'"all!, t$ei" .an is "'nnin# t$e s$o1. So 1$e"e does t$e IRS /it into all t$isH It is, in /a-t, a &"an-$ o/ t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,. T$at9s "i#$t, it is not$in# .o"e t$an a de a"t.ent o/ t$e t"'st 1$i-$ is o e"atin# 'nde" t$e ass'. tion t$at it o1ns e*e"!t$in#. Still don9t &elie*e itH Go &a-, to t$e de/inition o/ :Se-"eta"!9 1$i-$ tells !o' t$at $e is t$e Se-"eta"! o/ T"eas'"! o/ P'e"to Ri-o. Re.e.&e" t$at t$e Ban,ste"s 1$o o1n t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban, a"e t$e onl! -"edito"s o/ a &an,"' t #o*e"n.ent, t$e United States. T$e United States 1as ne*e" #i*en t$e o1e" o*e" t$e Ae a"t.ent o/ t$e T"eas'"! o/ t$e United States to do 1it$ as it sa1 /it, &e-a'se t$at T"eas'"! &elon#s to t$e Union 7FT$e United States o/ A.e"i-aG8, .o"e s e-i/i-all!, to t$e A.e"i-an Peo le. Ho1e*e", t$e United States o1ns and "'les t$e te""ito"ies as it see /it 'nde" lena"! a't$o"it!, and P'e"to Ri-o is a te""ito"!. T$e"e/o"e, it -an -a'se t$at t"eas'"! de a"t.ent to do its &iddin#. In t$is -ase, t$e t"eas'"! de a"t.ent o/ P'e"to Ri-e 1as t'"ned o*e" to t$e t"'st. Con#"ess, 'sin# its 'nli.ited le#islati*e a't$o"it! o*e" t$e ossessions and te""ito"ies and /ollo1in# t$e di"e-tions o/ its ne1 lo"d and .aste", t$e Ban,ste"s, si. l! 1"ote a't$o"it! into t$e P'e"to Ri-an T"eas'"! Ae a"t.ent, and t$en -on*in-ed t$e A.e"i-an '&li- t$at t$e a't$o"it! a"ose /"o. t$e A.e"i-an La1s. T$at is 1$! Con#"ess -annot ena-t Title (J 7t$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Code8 into ositi*e la1 6 it @'st does not a l! to A.e"i-ans, 'nless t$e! $a*e &e-o.e .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st t$"o'#$ -ont"a-t. B! t$e 1a!, P'e"to Ri-ans a"e -iti4ens o/ t$e United States, &'t t$e! a"e not A.e"i-ans. As -iti4ens o/ t$e United States, t$e! a"e a'to.ati-all! .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st. No1 do !o' #et t$e i-t'"e as to 1$o is "e;'i"ed to /ile and a! ta2es3 o", /o" t$at .atte", a&ide &! an! o/ t$e -odesH Aoes t$e te".Ntitle :-iti4en o/ t$e United States9 ta,e on an! ne1 si#ni/i-an-e to !o' no1H

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

?+.

Ao !o' still 1ant to &e a :-iti4en o/ t$e United States9, i'e' a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'stH I/ so, ,ee "eadin#, &e-a'se .o"e t"'t$ is still to -o.e.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

?(.

Most o/ !o' $a*e "o&a&l! al"ead! $ea"d t$e te". :*ol'nta"! -o. lian-e9. -$an-es a"e !o' t$o'#$t, ,3eah, if I %ant to go to .ail'( ta2es o" not. It9s not t$at si. le.

W$en !o' $ea"d it,

Well, t$e t"'t$ is t$at 1e a"e 'nde" a

s!ste. o/ *ol'nta"! -o. lian-e. T$at does not, $o1e*e", .ean t$at !o' -an eit$e" -$oose to a! W$at *ol'nta"! -o. lian-e .eans is t$at !o' -an -$oose to a"ti-i ate as a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st, o" !o' -an -$oose not to a"ti-i ate as a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st. T$e"e is not$in# in t$e .iddle. I/ !o' 1ant to &e a -iti4en o/ t$e United States and "e-ei*e t$e &ene/its desi#ned es e-iall! /o" t$ose .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st, t$en !o' o&li#ate !o'"sel/ &! -ont"a-t to a&ide &! t$e "'les o/ t$e t"'st. t$at !o' ea"n to t$e t"'st. Pa"t o/ t$ose "'les sa! t$at !o' .'st a! a e"-enta#e o/ an!t$in# I/ !o' lie on t$at "et'"n, To do so, it is "e;'i"ed t$at !o' /ile a "et'"n 'nde" enalt! o/ e"@'"!

tellin# t$e t"'st $o1 .'-$ !o' ea"ned and $o1 .'-$ !o' o1e t$e t"'st.

!o' a"e -o..ittin# /"a'd, and !o' 1ill &e "ose-'ted 'nde" t$e a li-a&le /"a'd la1s, not 'nde" t$e IRC. T$at9s "i#$t, !o' 1ill .ost li,el! &e "ose-'ted 'nde" t$e /"a'd la1s -ontained in Title +>, not 'nde" Title (J. And, !o' #'essed it 6 Title +> $as &een ena-ted into ositi*e la1. Cont"a-ts a"e B! t$e 1a!, in o"de" to /ile t$at "et'"n, !o' .'st 't do1n !o'" sla*e "ote-ted &! "eal la1.

n'.&e" 7so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e"8 and si#n &elo1 it &e-a'se t$at is t$e n'.&e" t$at "o*es !o' a"e a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st3 and, t$e"e/o"e, t$e t"'st is a't$o"i4ed to a--e t !o'" .one!. Wit$o't t$at n'.&e", t$e t"'st $as no a't$o"it! to a--e t !o'" a!.ent, e*en i/ !o' 1ant !o' #i*e it. Pla-in# t$e n'.&e" on t$e /o". also "estates !o'" 1is$ to "e.ain in a -ont"a-t /o" *ol'nta"! se"*it'de to t$e t"'st. I/ !o' do not 't !o'" sla*e n'.&e" do1n, !o'" "et'"n is in*alid, and t$e IRS 1ill not a--e t an! .one! /"o. !o'. W$!H Be-a'se i/ !o' a"e not a t"'st .e.&e", t$e t"'st 1o'ld &e -o..ittin# /"a'd i/ it a--e ted !o'" .one!. T$e IRS $as no @'"isdi-tion o*e" !o', and it 1ants no a"t o/ !o' 'nless !o' a"e a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st. S$o'ld !o' &e an A.e"i-an Citi4en, !o' a"e /a" too o1e"/'l /o" an!t$in# in t$is de fa#to #o*e"n.ent. So, t$e idea is to ,ee !o' /"o. ,no1in# $o1 o1e"/'l !o' a"e, o" -o'ld &e i/ !o' -lai.ed !o'" &i"t$"i#$t. B't, !o' sa!, 1$at a&o't t$e de&t and &an,"' t-!H Good ;'estion, &'t on-e a#ain, 1e 1e"e d' ed. T$e A.e"i-an Peo le ne*e" #a*e t$e a't$o"it! to t$e United States to "int /a,e .one! and t$"o1 t$e nation into &an,"' t-!. A.e"i-ans. T$e"e/o"e, t$e &an,"' t-! and t$e de&t $a*e no standin# 1it$ I.a#ine t$at !o' $i"e .e to 1o", on !o'" -a", and It @'st si. l! is not o'" de&t.

a't$o"i4e .e to &'! 1$ate*e" a"ts on !o'" -"edit t$at a"e needed to /i2 t$e "o&le..

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

?<.

B't instead, I 'se !o'" a't$o"it! &! #oin# o't and tellin# ot$e" eo le t$at I $a*e !o'" /'ll a't$o"it! to "'n all o/ !o'" &'siness a//ai"s. I t$en "'n ' 'n&elie*a&le de&t in !o'" na.e, and I $a*e no 1a! to "e a! t$e de&t. I .a! e*en #o o't and "o& a -on*enien-e sto"e t"!in# to #et .one! /o" t$e de&t. It #ets so &ad t$at !o'" onl! "e-o'"se is &an,"' t-!. !o'9"e not #oin# to a! /o" itH W$at 1o'ld !o' t$en sa!H Wo'ld !o' #o ;'ietl! into t$e ni#$t and /ile &an,"' t-!, o" 1o'ld !o' &e !ellin# t$at t$is 1as not !o'" de&t and Wo'ld !o' t"eat .e li,e a ,in#, o" 1o'ld !o' $a*e .e t$"o1n in @ailH Wo'ld !o' s end !o'" enti"e 1ealt$ t"!in# to a! t$e -"edito"s 1$i-$ I -"eated, o" 1o'ld !o' tell t$e., :to'#$ l'-,, !o' s$o'ld $a*e .ade s'"e o/ .! a't$o"it! &e/o"e #"antin# t$e -"edit9H Wo'ld !o' &e 1illin# to #o to @ail &e-a'se I "o&&ed a sto"e to a! o// t$e de&tH t$e ans1e"s to t$ese ;'estions. W$at t$e United States did 1as no di//e"ent. Read t$e Constit'tion and /ind one la-e 1$e"e it W$e"e does it a't$o"i4e t$e stealin# o/ t"'e W$e"e does it sa! t$at t$e A.e"i-an Clea"l!, I t$in, 1e all ,no1

a't$o"i4es t$e United States to do t$e t$in#s it did.

1ealt$ t$"o'#$ t$e "intin# o/ -e"ti/i-ates 1it$ no 1o"t$H

Peo le t'"ned o*e" all t$ei" 1ealt$ to t$e United States /o" t$e. to s;'ande" as t$e! leaseH W$e"e does it #i*e t$e United States t$e "i#$t to 't t$e A.e"i-an 1o"t$ at "is, in an! /o".H /"a'd, de-eit, and o't"i#$t t$e/t $as o--'""ed in t$e United States Go*e"n.ent /o" .an! !ea"s, and it9s #ettin# 1o"se. T$at9s &e-a'se A.e"i-ans $a*e &een d' ed into &elie*in# t$at t$e! a"e -iti4ens o/ t$e United States3 and, as s'-$, t$at t$e United States is all6 o1e"/'l in t$ei" li*es. %a" too .an! A.e"i-ans $a*e &e-o.e a at$eti- and assi*e 1$e"e t$ei" Ri#$ts a"e -on-e"ned. %o"t'natel!, t$is is a .ista,e 1$i-$ -an still &e -o""e-ted &! t$ose 1$o 1is$ to "e#ain t$ei" &i"t$"i#$t, &'t it 1ill ta,e so.e intestinal /o"tit'de on !o'" a"t i/ !o' 1ant to do so. Ha*e !o' e*e" $ea"d t$e te". F-ollate"al da.a#eGH Ao !o' no1 'nde"stand 1$at t$at te". "e/e"s toH I/ not, a! -lose attention. T$e te". is al1a!s 'sed 1$en non6.ilita"! o" non6 oli-e eo le a"e ,illed. W$at a st"an#e te". /o" eo le d!in#. Well, it9s not so st"an#e on-e !o' 'nde"stand its /'ll .eanin#. W$en t$is United States 1ent &an,"' t, it 1as /o"-ed to -ollate"ali4e t$e de&t to ,ee t$e Ban,ste"s at &a!. It did so 1it$ its onl! ossessions I its land and its eo le. T$e onl! eo le 'nde" t$e a't$o"it! and -ont"ol o/ t$e United States 1e"e t$ose in t$e t"'st, t$e -iti4ens o/ t$e United States 'nde" t$e a't$o"it! o/ t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent. It also $eld -e"tain ossessions 1it$ "e#a"ds to

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

?D.

land, t$at &ein# t$e te""ito"ies and en-la*es 1it$in t$e se*e"al States. T$ose t$in#s it led#ed as -ollate"al /o" t$e de&t. Ho1e*e", t$at 1as not eno'#$ /o" t$e Ban,ste"s. T$e! so'#$t 1a!s to .a,e t$e t"'st la"#e", in-l'din# .o"e land and eo le. A lan to t"i-, A.e"i-ans 7e2 lained in di//e"ent a"ts o/ t$is &oo, &! ot$e" .et$ods8 into &e-o.in# 'ns's e-tin# .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st 1as de*ised. A lan to add .o"e land to t$e ot 1as also de*ised. T$at 1as done "i.a"il! 1it$ t$e 'se o/ 4i -odes. Sin-e t$e United States o1ned t$e /ede"al en-la*es 1it$in t$e se*e"al States, an!t$in# t$at -o'ld &e t'"ned into one o/ t$ose en-la*es 1o'ld &e-o.e a"t o/ t$e -ollate"al. A 4i -ode desi#nates a /ede"al a"ea. T$e /i"st t1o n'.&e"s o/ t$e -ode desi#nate 1$i-$ /ede"al @'di-ial a"ea !o' a"e in. In s$o"t, 1$en !o' la-e a 4i -ode a/te" !o'" add"ess, !o' a"e esta&lis$in# t$e /a-t t$at !o' li*e in a /ede"al a"ea, "o e"l! n'.&e"ed as s'-$. Yo' also #i*e !o'" /'ll -onsent /o" t$e 'se o/ !o'" "o e"t! as -ollate"al /o" t$e /ede"al de&t. T$an, !o' *e"! .'-$5 As /o" t$e IRS, i/ !o' a"e an A.e"i-an Citi4en, it $as onl! t$e o1e" o*e" !o' t$at !o' #i*e it. I/ !o' #i*e it no o1e", t$en it $as no o1e" o*e" !o'. B't "e.e.&e", it is so 1ell ent"en-$ed t$at !o' 1ill $a*e to &e *e"! s'"e o/ !o'"sel/ to "e-lai. !o'" /"eedo.. It 1ill do and sa! t$in#s 1$i-$ 1ill s-a"e t$e ants o// o/ !o'3 and, don9t 'nde"esti.ate t$e.. T$e t"'st itsel/ is -o. "ised o/ t"ea-$e"o's lea-$es 1$o $a*e li*ed o// o/ !o'" e//o"ts /o" o*e" 0) !ea"s, and it 1ill do an!t$in# to ,ee its o1e"3 and, t$e IRS is t$e .ost *ile and e*il a". o/ t$e t"'st. Ho1e*e", i/ !o' 'nde"stand t$e "eal iss'e 6 t$at t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en is t$e so*e"ei#n 6 !o' -an de/eat it. T$e @'"isdi-tional iss'e "'les o*e" all else, e*en in t$e -o""' t -o" o"ate -o'"ts 1$i-$ None o/ t$e IRS a#ents 1ill 1ant to &'tt $eads 1it$ a o*e"see t$e Code and Re#'lations toda!. &e/o"e !o' $a*e a -on/"ontation.

so*e"ei#n 1$o ,no1s $e9s a so*e"ei#n. L'st .a,e s'"e t$at !o' $a*e 4e"o -ont"a-ts 1it$ t$e t"'st

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

?0.

T$e t"'e de/inition and st"'-t'"e o/ t$e IRS is t$at o/ one &"an-$ o/ a t"'st 1$ose '" ose is to -olle-t a!.ent to1a"d t$e de&t o1ed &! t$e United States /"o. e"sons 1$o $a*e -ont"a-ted 1it$ t$e t"'st to &e-o.e .e.&e"s and a--e t said "es onsi&ilities, and to "e-ei*e -e"tain &ene/its and "i*ile#es /"o. t$e t"'st. T$ei" o1e" -o.es /"o. a -ont"a-t, and it is *i"t'all! a&sol'te 1it$ "e#a"d to t$e e"sons 1$o a"e .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

?J.

Yo' .'st ne*e" t"'st an!one 1$o e*en 1o",s /o" t$e IRS o" t$e AT% 7Al-o$ol, To&a--o, and %i"ea".s, anot$e" &"an-$ o/ t$e t"'st8. T$e! a"e not :@'st #ood eo le doin# t$ei" @o&s9. T$e! a"e t$e e.&odi.ent o/ all t$at is 1"on# in A.e"i-a toda!, and t$e! a"e in$e"entl! e*il. T$ei" @o& is to &"ea, do1n t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en to t$e oint 1$e"e $e no lon#e" e*en ,no1s 1$o $e is, no" 1$at $is o1e" is, and to dest"o! t$e A.e"i-an 1a! o/ li/e. On-e t$at is /'ll! a--o. lis$ed, it is t$ei" d't! to "'le o*e" t$e .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st in a .anne" /ittin# t$e sla*es t$e! $a*e &e-o.e. I/ !o' $a*e /"iends 1o",in# /o" t$e IRS o" AT%, and t$e! a"e i#no"ant o/ t$ese /a-ts, t$en t$e! a"e i#no"ant and e*il. I/ t$e! #et !o'" t"'st, t$e! 1ill 'se it a#ainst !o' one da!. I/ !o' do $a*e /"iends t$at 1o", /o" eit$e" t$e IRS o" t$e AT%, #et ne1 /"iends. A6t0orE" 6@!ateL *t "0o6l! be note! t0at "o%e (= year" a ter t0e ir"t writin2 o t0i" boo-9 7: '$R 7K=.((9 t0at "ection o t0e co!e t0at tell" yo6 w0o t0e *RS i" an! ro% w0ere t0eir a6t0ority ari"e"9 alon2 wit0 all t0e ot0er FAery i%@ortant to yo6H re26lation" between 7: '$R (8J an! 7: '$R ;889 0a" been re"tricte! ro% @6blic Aiewin2. *n ot0er wor!"9 w0ile it "till eMi"t" an! i" @art o t0e co!e or w0ic0 yo6 are 0el! acco6ntable9 yo6 cannot 2et a co@y o it or rea! it i.e. it i" now ,secret la"0code,. T0i" i" a 062e bo!y o lawBco!e t0at i" now 6naAailable or "t6!y or 6"e in t0e co6rt" F6nle"" yo6 can 2et a co@y o itH. *t i" al"o 6ll o in or%ation nece""ary to yo6r re%e!y a2ain"t t0e trea"ono6" ba"tar!" w0o 0i!e it ro% yo6. DonEt belieAe t0ere i" secret la" in t0e Unite! State"N Searc0 t0e internet or ,'o!e o $e!eral Re26lation",. T0en 2o to t0e ,Electronic 'o!e o $e!eral Re26lation"., Go to Title 7:9 t0en 2o !own t0e li"t o "ection". W0en yo6 2et to "ection" (8J3;889 it "tate" Fin re! letter"H9 ,FRe"erAe!H., EMc6"e %eNN *" t0i" not @art o t0e co!e t0at * a% 0el! re"@on"ible to -nowN W0at t0i" %ean" i" t0at we now 0aAe "ecret law wit0in t0e Unite! State". T0e la"t co6ntry to i%@o"e "ecret law wa" NaGi Ger%any. * yo6 can in! a library wit0 ol!er boo-"9 yo6 can "till rea! an! 6"e t0i" "ecret law. *t i" "till in e ect9 an! yo6 are 0el! acco6ntable or -nowin2 it. Yo6 %i20t want to 2iAe t0i" "o%e t0o620t. T0at @ortion o t0e 'o!e %6"t be 2iAin2 t0e ,%a"ter", a w0ole lot o tro6ble9 an! t0ey are willin2 to !o anyt0in2 to @rotect t0eir "ca%.
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. ??.

'HA&TER K 3 WHAT *S THE UN*TED STATES.

I ,no1 t$at &! no1 !o' .'st &e 1onde"in# 1$e"e all t$is is #oin#. Yo' $a*e al1a!s &elie*ed t$at !o' 1e"e &o"n and "aised in t$e United States. E*e"!&od! ,no1s t$at Te2as and Cali/o"nia and Ei"#inia and t$e ot$e" /o"t!6se*en states a"e all a"t o/ t$e United States 6 "i#$tH Not so /ast $e"e. T$e t"'t$ is t$at t$e te". o" na.e United States $as se*e"al di//e"ent .eanin#s. E*en t$e S' "e.e Co'"t said so. In a -ase entitled Hoo*en T Allison Co. E. E*att, Ta2 Co..issione" o/ O$io, <(D U.S., +=DD, t$e Co'"t .ade t$e /ollo1in# state.ent, ,the term JUnited States ma be used in an one of se"eral senses' It ma be merel the name of a so"ereign o##up ing the position analogous to that of other so"ereigns in the famil of nations' It ma designate the territor o"er %hi#h the so"ereignt of the United States e:tends, or it ma be the #olle#ti"e name of the states %hi#h are united b and under the Constitution'( T$is is o&*io'sl! not as si. le as 1e 1e"e al1a!s led to &elie*e. In t$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Code 7$e"eina/te" :IRC98 as o/ Ma! +0, +==), at se-tion <+(+7e8, -e"tain de/initions a"e #i*en. %i"st, t$e te". :State9 is de/ined as, ,The term JState in#ludes the Iistri#t of Columbia, the Common%ealth of 2uerto Ri#o, the 5irgin Islands, &uam, and !meri#an Samoa'( He"e, it .'st &e e. $asi4ed t$at, &e-a'se st"i-t -onst"'-tion o/ t$e Stat'tes is "e;'i"ed 7.eanin# t$e! .'st &e "ead e2a-tl! as 1"itten8, 1$en t$e 1o"d :in-l'des9 is 'sed an!1$e"e in t$e Code in a le#al sense, it is a te". o/ li.itation, in t$at t$e onl! t$in#s in-l'ded a"e 1$ate*e" /ollo1s in t$at de/inition. 1o"d :in-l'des9. T$e"e/o"e, e*e"!t$in# t$at is in-l'ded in t$is de/inition .'st &e listed a/te" t$e B't I t$o'#$t t$ese 1e"e te""ito"ies, not States, and 1$at a&o't Te2as and Ne2t, t$e de/inition o/ :United States9 is #i*en as, ,The term JUnited B't 1$at a&o't Te2as and Cali/o"nia, and t$e ot$e"sH T$is

Cali/o"nia and Ei"#iniaH

States %hen used in a geographi#al sense in#ludes the Common%ealth of 2uerto Ri#o, the 5irgin Islands, &uam, and !meri#an Samoa'( se-tion t$en #oes on to state, ,!n indi"idual %ho is a #iti0en of the Common%ealth of 2uerto Ri#o )but not other%ise a #iti0en of the United States+ shall be #onsidered, for the purposes of this se#tion, as a #iti0en of the United States'( See.s -lea", "i#$tH B't t$e '" ose o/ t$is se-tion is in-o.e W$o -o'ld t$at &eH Ee"! ta2es, and so.eone 1$o is :ot$e"1ise a -iti4en o/ t$e United States9 is not a -iti4en o/ t$e United States 'nde" t$is se-tion3 and, t$e"e/o"e, not lia&le /o" t$ese in-o.e ta2es. Ho1 a&o't an A.e"i-an 1$o $ad li*ed in P'e"to Ri-o lon# eno'#$ to &e a -iti4en t$e"e alsoH %o" t$e '" oses o/ in-o.e ta2, $e 1o'ld not &e -onside"ed a -iti4en o/ t$e United States. inte"estin#, &'t let 's -ontin'e.
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. ?>.

Sin-e t$e t$in# t$at .o"e eo le o&@e-t to a&o't &ein# a -iti4en o/ t$e United States is t$e in-o.e ta23 and sin-e t$at in-o.e ta2 is t$e .a@o" ne#ati*e at t$is ti.e o/ &ein# a -iti4en o/ t$e United States, 1e need to "eall! 'nde"stand $o1 and 1$! it 1o",s. To 'nde"stand 1$at t$e United States "elates to 1$en t$e s'&@e-t o/ in-o.e ta2es -o.es ' , let9s #o to a la-e 1$e"e 1e -an easil! loo, at a O&e/o"e6and6a/te"O i-t'"e o/ a te""ito"! 1$i-$ &e-a.e a :state9 o/ t$e Union. %i"st, let9s #o to t$e P'&li- La1 >J6?), t$e FAlas,a O.ni&'s A-t.G Let9s #o di"e-tl! to t$e o"tion o/ t$e la1 "elatin# to t$e IRS. T$at se-tion is ((7#8, and it sa!s, ,Se#tion EEM@)a+)C+ of the Internal Re"enue Code of @CLD 7"elatin# to t$e de/inition o/ :United States98 is amended b stri/ing out Jthe Territories of !las/a and Ha%aii and inserting in lieu thereof Jthe Territor of Ha%aii'( Wait a .in'te, 1$! 1as Alas,a a"t o/ t$e de/inition o/ t$e United States &e/o"e it &e-a.e t$e /o"t!6nint$ state o/ t$e Union3 and 1$! 1o'ld t$e! ta,e Alas,a o't o/ t$e de/inition o/ t$e United States i/ it $ad @'st &e-o.e a state in t$e United StatesH T$e ne2t de/inition, /o'nd at se-tion ((7$8 sa!s, ,Se#tion 7He"e, !o' .'st Based on EEM@)a+)@M+ of the Internal Re"enue Code of @CLD 7"elatin# to de/inition o/ state8 is amended b stri/ing out JTerritories and inserting in lieu thereof ,Territor of Ha%aii(' "e.e.&e" t$at in +=0>, t$e United States $ad onl! t1o te""ito"ies, Alas,a and Ha1aii.8

t$at de/inition, Alas,a 1as a State 1it$in t$e United States 'ntil it &e-a.e one o/ t$e Union o/ States 7Re '&li-s8 ,no1n as FT$e United States o/ A.e"i-aG, and t$en it 1as no lon#e" eit$e" a State o" a a"t o/ t$e United States. W$at a "e*oltin# de*elo .ent t$is is5 We #et e*en a -lea"e" i-t'"e o/ 1$at #oes on 1$en 1e loo, at P'&li- La1 >J6J(D, t$e FHa1aii O.ni&'s A-t.G We 1ill #o to t$e se-tions o/ t$e la1 1$i-$ -o*e" t$e in/o".ation #i*en /o" Alas,a, t$at &ein# se-tion +>7i8, 1$e"e it states, ,Se#tion EEM@)a+)C+ of the Internal Re"enue Code of @CLD 7"elatin# to t$e de/inition o/ :United States98 is amended b stri/ing out Jthe Territor of Ha%aii9(' amended b stri/ing out ,the Territor of Ha%aii9(' sto Se-tion +>7@8 states, ,Se#tion EEM@)a+)@M+ of the Internal Re"enue Code of @CLD 7"elatin# to de/inition o/ state8 is I/ t$at doesn9t #i*e !o' a -lea" i-t'"e, I don9t ,no1 1$at -o'ld. He"e, it is -lea" t$at 1$en Ha1aii &e-a.e t$e %i/tiet$ state o/ t$e Union, it ed &ein# a state and le/t t$e United States. It 1as a a"t o/ t$e de/inition o/ United States, and t$at a"t 1as ta,en o't. So 1$at is t$e United StatesH It is Was$in#ton, A.C., t$e Te""ito"ies, and t$e %ede"al en-la*es 1it$in t$e %i/t! states o/ t$e Union3 .o"e s e-i/i-all!, e*e"!t$in# t$at is o1ned &! t$e United States, and 'nde" t$e e2-l'si*e le#islati*e -ont"ol o/ Con#"ess. T$e United States does not o1n Te2as o" Cali/o"nia o" Ei"#inia o" an! o/ t$e ot$e" /o"t!6se*en Re '&li-s, and t$e! a"e

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

?=.

not a"t o/ t$e United States. Toda!, t$e"e a"e /o'" Te""ito"iesNStates. T$e! a"e P'e"to Ri-o, G'a., A.e"i-an Sa.oa, and t$e Ei"#in Islands. T$ese, alon# 1it$ Was$in#ton, A.C., .a,e ' t$e states o/ t$e United States. T$e! a"e also a'to.ati-all! in-l'ded as .e.&e" states o/ t$e t"'st, &e-a'se none a"e a.on# t$e se*e"al States o/ t$e Union, t$e"e&! ossessin# -onstit'tional a't$o"it! /o" its eo le. Still 1onde" 1$! t$e IRS #ets its a't$o"it! /"o. t$e Se-"eta"! o/ T"eas'"! o/ P'e"to Ri-oH T$in, a&o't it. W$at does all t$is .ean to !o'H To dis-o*e" t$at ans1e", 1e #o to t$e In-o.e Ta2 Re#'lations at (J C%R Se-tion +.+6+. T$is is t$e se-tion 1$e"e t$e IRS 1o'ld $a*e !o' &elie*e t$at !o' a"e .ade lia&le /o" t$e in-o.e ta2. It states, ,)a+ &eneral rule' )@+ Se#tion @ of the Code imposes an in#ome ta: on the in#ome of e"er indi"idual %ho is a #iti0en or resident of the United States and, to the e:tent pro"ided b se#tion >E@)b+ and >EE)b+, on the in#ome of a nonresident alien indi"idual9(' (J C%R +.+6+7&8 states, ,Citi0ens or residents of the United States liable to ta:' In general, all #iti0ens of the United States, %here"er resident, and all resident alien indi"iduals are liable to the in#ome ta: imposed b the Code %hether the in#ome is re#ei"ed from sour#es %ithin or %ithout the United States9( So, t$is tells 's 1$o t$e in-o.e ta2 is i. osed on, &'t 1e need to "eall! Noti-e 'nde"stand 1$o t$is e"son is. At (J C%R +.+6+7-8 it tells 's &! statin#, F <ho is a #iti0en. *"er person born or naturali0ed in the United States and sub.e#t to its .urisdi#tion is a #iti0en9( $o1 t$is 1o"din# .i.i-s t$e 1o"din# o/ t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent to t$e Constit'tion. I/ Te2as is not a a"t o/ t$e United States, t$en I 1as not &o"n, no" do I li*e, in t$e United States. I -e"tainl! don9t s end .'-$, i/ an!, ti.e in Was$in#ton, A.C. o" an! o/ t$e te""ito"ies, and I $a*e ne*e" &een nat'"ali4ed t$e"e. I .'st not &e a :-iti4en9 o" :"esident alien9 o/ t$e United States, &ased on t$ei" de/inition555 So, a--o"din# to t$e Code, 1$o a. IH Let9s /ind o't .o"e a&o't t$is inte"estin# e"son -alled a :non"esident alien9 1$o does not a ea" to &e a//e-ted in t$e sa.e 1a! &! t$e in-o.e ta2. To do so, 1e #o to (J C%R +.>?+6(7a8 1$e"e it At (J C%R +.>?+6 states, F&eneral. The term Jnonresident alien indi"idual means an indi"idual %hose residen#e is not %ithin the United States, and %ho is not a #iti0en of the United States9( (7&8 it states, FResiden#e defined. !n alien a#tuall present in the United States %ho is not a mere transient or so.ourner is a resident of the United States for the purposes of the in#ome ta:9(

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

>).

No1 t$is :non"esident alien9 so'nds li,e .e. So let9s see $o1 t$is e"son is ta2ed.

At (J C%R

+.>?+6?, it states, ,Imposition of ta:' )@+ This se#tion applies for the purposes of determining the ta: of a nonresident alien indi"idual %ho at no time during the ta:able ear is engaged in a trade or business in the United States9' *:#ept as other%ise pro"ided in se#' @'>E@H@B, a nonresident alien indi"idual to %hom this se#tion applies is not sub.e#t to the ta: imposed b se#tion @ or se#tion @BM@)b+ but, pursuant to the pro"isions of se#tion >E@)a+, is liable to a flat ta: of ?M per#ent upon the aggregate of the amounts determined under paragraphs )b+, )#+, and )d+ of this se#tion %hi#h are re#ei"ed from sour#es %ithin the United States9( Sin-e I don9t $a*e an! in-o.e /"o. so'"-es To /'"t$e" 'nde"stand 1$at t$is 1it$in t$e United States, it doesn9t so'nd li,e I o1e an! ta2es5

.eans, 1e #o to (J C%R +.+D)(7&86+7d8 1$e"e it states, ,1onresident aliens' ! nonresident alien indi"idual ne"er has selfHemplo ment in#ome9'su#h nonresident alien indi"idual %ill not be sub.e#t to the ta: on selfHemplo ment in#ome, sin#e an net earnings %hi#h he ma ha"e from selfH emplo ment do not #onstitute selfHemplo ment in#ome9(' $e $as all t$e ad*anta#es, and I so'nd li,e one o/ t$e.. Blac-." de/ines Fnon6"esident alienG as, ,One %ho is neither a resident or a #iti0en of the United States' Citi0enship is determined under the federal immigration and naturali0ation la%s )U'S' Code Title >+'( Title > de/ines :alien9 as ,an person not a #iti0en or national of the United States'( It /'"t$e" de/ines :national o/ t$e United States9 as ,9)!+ a #iti0en of the United States, or )$+ a person %ho, though not a #iti0en of the United States, o%es permanent allegian#e to the United States'( So, 1$o is a non"esident alien o/ t$e United StatesH One non6"esident alien o/ t$e United I/ !o' /ind States is t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en 1$o $as not &een nat'"ali4ed as a -iti4en o/ t$e United States '"s'ant to t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent, and does not "eside 1it$in t$e United States. t$at $a"d to &elie*e, /ollo1 t$e de/initions *e"! -losel!. %i"st, does an A.e"i-an li*e in t$e United StatesH So.e .i#$t, &'t .ost do not. Re.e.&e" t$at t$e %i/t! Re '&li-s ,no1n as FT$e United States o/ A.e"i-aG a"e not in t$e United States. Se-ond, is $e a -iti4en o/ t$e United StatesH Not 'nless $e $as ente"ed into a -ont"a-t to &e-o.e one, and $as not !et "eleased $i.sel/ /"o. t$at -ont"a-t. Aoes $e o1e e".anent alle#ian-e to t$e United StatesH As an A.e"i-an, $e o1ns e*e"!t$in# and $e is t$e so*e"ei#n. T$e United States a-t'all! o1es $i. alle#ian-e, &e-a'se t$e T$is non"esident alien "eall! see.s li,e

United States 1as -"eated &! t$e States o/ t$e Union to se"*e t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en9s needs.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

>+.

It is *e"! -lea" t$at i/ !o' a"e a /'ll! e. o1e"ed A.e"i-an Citi4en li*in# in Te2as 7o" an! o/ t$e ot$e" D= Re '&li-s8, !o' a"e, in /a-t, a non"esident alien to t$e United States3 .o"e s e-i/i-all!, to t$e t"'st. As s'-$, t$e onl! in-o.e t$at !o' o1e an! in-o.e ta2 on is t$at 1$i-$ !o' #et /"o. t$e United States. I/ !o' 1e"e one o/ t$e &i# de/ense -ont"a-to"s, !o' 1o'ld not 1ant to &e ta2ed as a non6"esident alien, &e-a'se .ost, i/ not all, o/ !o'" in-o.e 1o'ld &e /"o. t$e United States. I/ !o' 1e"e a #o*e"n.ent e. lo!ee, !o'" in-o.e 1o'ld &e /"o. a so'"-e 1it$in t$e United States, and !o' 1o'ld "o&a&l! 1ant to &e ta2ed as a -iti4en o/ t$e United States "at$e" t$an a! a /lat <)P ta2 on all ea"nin#s /"o. 1it$in t$e United States. B't, i/ !o'9"e li,e .ost o/ 's, !o' "o&a&l! "e-ei*e *e"! little o" none o/ !o'" in-o.e /"o. 1it$in t$e United States, 'nless it is &! -ont"a-t, 1$i-$ !o' -an &"ea,. In t$at -ase, a--o"din# to t$e Code, !o' o1e no ta25 B't $o1 -o'ld t$at &eH I/ !o' a"e an A.e"i-an, !o' do not o1e t$e de&t 1$i-$ t$e United States "an ' t$"o'#$ totall! 'nla1/'l a-tions. I/ !o' a"e a -iti4en o/ t$e United States i'e' a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st, o" i/ !o' "eside 1it$in t$e United States, t$e -o" o"ate United States Go*e"n.ent "e;'i"es t$at !o' $el a! t$e old de&t to t$e Ban,ste"s. T$at9s 1$! !o' s$o'ld &e *e"! -a"e/'l a&o't t$e 'se o/ 4i -odes in !o'" add"ess. I/ 4i -odes identi/! a /ede"al 4one, and !o' 'se a 4i -ode 1it$in !o'" add"ess 1it$o't a dis-lai.e", !o' a"e ad.ittin# to "esiden-e 1it$in a /ede"al a"ea. T$e"e/o"e, !o' /all 'nde" t$e "o*isions o/ T$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Code. I $a*e $ad .an! eo le as,, ,If I dont pa m fair share, ho% %ill the go"ernment run8( T$at

ans1e" is si. le. %i"st, t$e #o*e"n.ent does not "'n on !o'" in-o.e ta2es. T$ose ta2es all #o to t$e Ban,ste"s as a!.ent to1a"d t$e old de&t. U 'ntil +==(, t$e &a-,s o/ -$e-,s t$at !o' 1"ote to t$e IRS 1e"e endo"sed ,To !n FR$ as pa ment of US Obligation(' Ho1 did t$e %ede"al Rese"*e Ban,, a "i*ate -o" o"ation, #et !o'" ta2 .one!H Also, /ind an! la-e 1$e"e t$e %ede"al Rese"*e It ne*e" Ban, e*e" t"ans/e""ed an! o/ t$ese ta2 dolla"s &a-, to t$e United States Go*e"n.ent.

$a ened. Mo"eo*e", t$is -o'nt"! is "'n on e2-ise ta2es, @'st li,e it $as &een "'n sin-e its -"eation. E*e"!t$in# !o' &'! $as e2-ise ta2es on it, and t$ese ta2es #o di"e-tl! to t$e #o*e"n.ent. Re.e.&e", t$is -o'nt"! e2isted /o" al.ost t1o $'nd"ed !ea"s, and &e-a.e t$e #"eatest nation e*e" on ea"t$, 1it$o't an! in-o.e ta2es. Not$in# "eall! $as -$an#ed e2-e t a &'n-$ o/ t$ie*es /o'nd a 1a! to steal t$e A.e"i-an Bi"t$"i#$t, and t$is -o'nt"! 1o'ld not /all a a"t i/ t$e! 1e"e all e2e-'ted to.o""o1 /o" t$ei" t"easono's -"i.es a#ainst .an,ind, and 1e "et'"ned to a no in-o.e ta2 s!ste..

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

>(.

B't, !o' sa!, $o1 does t$is a//e-t .! -iti4ens$i H T$e 1$ole s!ste. t$at is atte. tin# to steal !o'" t"'e &i"t$"i#$t is 'sin# t$is *e$i-le as t$e -o"ne"stone o/ its atta-, on !o'" /"eedo.s. Yo'" ta2 stat's is also t$e stat's assi#ned to !o' /o" t$e "est o/ t$is -o" o"ate, de fa#to #o*e"n.ent. So i/ !o' -an "e.ain -lea" o/ t$e IRS 1it$ "e#a"d to t$e in-o.e ta2, !o' $a*e also .ana#ed to "e-lai. !o'" A.e"i-an Citi4ens$i , alon# 1it$ all !o'" ot$e" Constit'tional Ri#$ts. Re.e.&e", sin-e Title (J is s e-ial "i*ate la1, !o' .'st &e a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st &e/o"e its "o*isions -an &e en/o"-ed a#ainst !o'. T$e ta2 s!ste. is .o"e a&o't total o1e" /o" t$e e"sons "'nnin# it t$an it is .one!. in-o.e -o.es onl! as a "es'lt o/ !o'" .e.&e"s$i in t$e t"'st. A.e"i-an Citi4ens$i , t$ei" o1e"s a#ainst !o' a"e *oid. I/ t$e! -an

-ont"ol !o'" o-,et&oo,, t$e! ,no1 !o' 1ill /ollo1. Re.e.&e" t$at t$ei" o1e" to ta2 !o' on !o'" I/ !o' "etain o" "e#ain !o'" B't an!ti.e !o' 'se a so-ial se-'"it!

n'.&e" /o" an! "eason, !o' state t$at !o' a"e, and !o' 1ant to "e.ain, a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st. Yo' .'st "e.e.&e" t$at t$ese a"e snea,!, 'nde".inin#, &a-,6sta&&in# s-'. &'-,ets 1$o 1ill do o" sa! an!t$in# to .aintain t$ei" o1e" o*e" !o'. T$e! $a*e le#all! -$an#ed t$e .eanin#s o/ 1o"ds /o" t$ei" '" oses in o"de" to .a,e !o' &elie*e t$in#s 1$i-$ a"e not t"'e. L'st a /e1 e2a. les o/ t$is de-eit /ollo1. T$e 1o"d : e"son9 is t$o'#$t &! .ost eo le to .ean so.eone @'st li,e t$e.sel*es. Ho1e*e", t$e de/inition 'sed in t$e U.S. Code is, ,an indi"idual, partnership, asso#iation, #ompan , or other in#orporated bod of indi"iduals or #orporation, or bod politi#'( Mo"eo*e", a F e"sonG is a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st, a"ti/i-ial in nat'"e. So, 1$en !o' "e/e" to !o'"sel/ as a : e"son9, !o' ste into t$ei" 1o"ld o/ /alse entities. Wo"se still, 1$en t$e! "e/e" to !o' as a : e"son9, t$e! de/initel! a"e not "e/e""in# to t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en !o' t$in, !o' a"e3 and, 1$en !o' "es ond, !o' ad.it to &ein# an a"ti/i-ial entit! t$at is a s'&@e-t to t$ei" "'le 1it$ no Constit'tional Ri#$ts. T$e U.S. S' "e.e Co'"t said, in United States E. %o2, ,Sin#e in #ommon usage, the term person does not in#lude the So"ereign, statutes not emplo ing the phrase are ordinaril #onstrued to e:#lude it'( Re.e.&e" t$at t$e one .ade lia&le to /ile in-o.e ta2 "et'"ns 1e"e : e"sons9 .ade lia&le. T$en t$e"e is t$e 1o"d :s$all9. Most o/ 's $a*e t$o'#$t t$e 1o"d :s$all9 1$en 'sed in t$e Code Not so, a--o"din# to t$e S' "e.e

.eant t$at !o' a"e "e;'i"ed to do 1$ate*e" /ollo1s t$at 1o"d.

Co'"t 1$o, in Cai"o and %'lton R.R. Co. E. He-$t, =0 U.S. +?), stated, ,!s against the go"ernment,

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

><.

the %ord shall %hen used in statutes is to be #onstrued as Jma , unless a #ontrar intention is manifest'( So in e*e"! la-e in t$e Code 1$e"e !o' see t$e 1o"d :s$all9, si. l! "e la-e it 1it$ t$e 1o"d :.a!9, and t$en "e"ead t$e senten-e. Yo' 1ill /ind t$e .eanin# to &e *e"! di//e"ent. Also, !o' 1ill ne*e" /ind an! la-e in t$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Code t$at "e;'i"es !o' to do an!t$in#. An!ti.e t$e 1o"d :"e;'i"ed9 is 'sed in t$e IRC, it is in t$e -onte2t o/ :1$en "e;'i"ed9 o" :i/ "e;'i"ed9. T$e "eason /o" t$is is si. le 6 it 1o'ld &e 'n-onstit'tional /o" t$e United States to :"e;'i"e9 an A.e"i-an to do an!t$in# 1it$o't t$at a"ti-'la" A.e"i-an "e*io'sl! &"ea,in# one o/ t$e la1s /o" 1$i-$ $e s'""ende"ed @'"isdi-tion. In ot$e" 1o"ds, t$e -o..and $as .eanin# onl! to a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st. I/ !o' 1is$ to "e.ain a .e.&e" in #ood standin#, !o' /ollo1 t$e "e;'est. So, e*e"! ti.e t$at it a ea"s t$at !o' a"e o"de"ed to do so.et$in# in t$e IRC, t$e 1o"d :s$all9 o" O.'st9 7t$e 1o"d :.'st9 $as &een "'led to .ean :.a!9 also8 is 'sed instead o/ t$e 1o"d :"e;'i"ed9. T$e so""! Basta"ds5 Un/o"t'natel!, t$is s$o"t list o/ 1o"ds /o" 1$i-$ t$e .eanin# $as &een -$an#ed is non6e2$a'sti*e. T$e list is al.ost ne*e" endin#, and .o"e 1ill &e-o.e e*ident in t$is 1"itin#. To ans1e" t$e ;'estion o/, FW$at is t$e United StatesHG, 1e .'st 't all o/ t$e /a-ts t$at 1e $a*e lea"ned to#et$e". %i"st, letOs see 1$at it is not. It is not t$e /i/t! so*e"ei#n Re '&li-s ,no1n as t$e 'nited States o/ A.e"i-a. T$at &e-o.es o&*io's in t$e s.all a.o'nt o/ in/o".ation #i*en !o' in t$is 1"itin#, and t$e"e is .'-$ .o"e in/o".ation to "o*e t$at /a-t. do.esti- t"an;'ilit!. It is not e*en t$e de .ure #o*e"n.ent esta&lis$ed &! t$e /o'ndin# /at$e"s to "o*ide /o" t$e -o..on de/ense and ins'"e T$at #o*e"n.ent s ent, stole, and -$eated itsel/ into &an,"' t-! in +=<). W$at t$e United States is toda! is a a"t o/ a t"'st, "e/e""ed to &! o'" so6-alled leade"s as Ft$e '&lit"'stG, 1$i-$ o e"ates on &e$al/ o/ t$e Ban,ste"s 1$o $old t$e notes on t$e de .ure United States 'nde" t$e &an,"' t-! o/ +=<). T$e entities no1 o e"atin# in t$e la-e o/ t$e /i/t! Re '&li-s a"e T$e t"'st $as no a-t'all! /o"ei#n, insol*ent -o..e"-ial t"ade"s doin# &'siness as an i. lied, -$a"ita&le, o" "es'ltin# t"'st 'nde" t$e na.e o/ FTHE STATE O% TEXASG 7o" one o/ t$e ot$e" states8. a't$o"it! o*e" an!one ot$e" t$an its .e.&e"s, it is insol*ent &e-a'se it 'ses onl! inst"'.ents o/ de&t as its -'""en-! in a!.ent o/ de&t, and it is /o"ei#n to t$e de .ure states o/ t$e Union /o" t$ose "easons. T$e"e/o"e, as a Te2as state Citi4en, THE STATE O% TEXAS is a /o"ei#n state o e"atin# 1it$in t$e e2te"nal &o"de"s o/ Te2as to "o*ide se"*i-es /o" its .e.&e"s. T$is .o*e 1as -o. leted in +=<>, and 1as .a",ed &! t$e "'lin# &! t$e S' "e.e Co'"t in t$e E"ie Rail"oad -ase.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

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T$is -ase .a",ed t$e /i"st "'lin# 1$i-$ a&andoned -o..on la1 in /a*o" o/ -o..e"-ial la1, t$'s 's$e"in# in t$e e"a o/ t$e t"'st. T$e a-tions &! t$e United States and t$e /i/t! se*e"al States #i*e t$e a ea"an-e t$at e*e"!t$in# -$an#ed, and t$at t$e A.e"i-an eo le a"e no lon#e" t$e so*e"ei#n. T$at is t$e e2a-t i.a#e t$at t$ose in -$a"#e o/ t$e t"'st 1o'ld li,e to o"t"a! to !o'3 $o1e*e", t$e t"'t$ is ;'ite di//e"ent. T$e S' "e.e Co'"t, in L'llia"d E. G"een.an, ++) U.S. +(+, said, ,There is no su#h thing as a po%er of inherent So"ereignt in the go"ernment of the United States' In this #ountr so"ereignt resides in the people, and Congress #an e:er#ise no po%er %hi#h the ha"e not, b their #onstitution entrusted to itN !ll else is %ithheld'( In Yi-, Wo E. Ho ,ins, and, Woo Lee E. Ho ,ins, ++> U.S. <0J, t$e S' "e.e Co'"t said, ,So"ereignt itself is, of #ourse, not sub.e#t to la% for it is the author and sour#e of la%'( W$at t$ese t1o -ases tell 's is t$at 1it$ t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en lies so*e"ei#nt!3 T$at la1 -annot, t$en, &e 'sed to 'nde".ine and o"t t$is /a-t. W$at it all o"ts it. N'.e"o's ot$e" -ases s' and, t$e"e/o"e, $is o1e" is t$e so'"-e o/ la1. -ont"ol t$e one 1$ose o1e" s'

-o.es do1n to is t$e si. le /a-t t$at t$e United States IS NOT t$e so*e"ei#n 1it$ "e#a"d to t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en, as t$ose 1$o -ont"ol it 1o'ld $a*e !o' &elie*e. W$at also &e-o.es -lea" is t$at t$e United States $as &e-o.e t$e so*e"ei#n to t$e t"'st .e.&e"s, i'e' -iti4ens o/ t$e United States, and t$ei" o1e" o*e" t$ose -iti4ens is al.ost a&sol'te. In /a-t, t$ei" o1e" #"eatl! "ese.&les t$at o/ Kin# Geo"#e III o/ En#land at t$e ti.e o/ t$e A.e"i-an Re*ol'tion. Man!, i/ not .ost, A.e"i-ans $a*e -ont"a-ted t$e.sel*es into a state o/ *ol'nta"! se"*it'de &! &e-o.in# .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st, .'-$ li,e t$e s'&@e-ts o/ t$e Kin# in old En#land. He"e, t$e #ood t$in# is t$at t$e! -an "e*e"se t$is sit'ation &! -an-elin# t$e -ont"a-t, t$e"e&! &e-o.in# t$e so*e"ei#n on-e a#ain. B! t$e 1a!, t$is -o" o"ate United States e*en $as its o1n /la#, 1$i-$ .an! o/ !o' $ono" "e#'la"l!. It loo,s li,e t$e A.e"i-an /la#, &'t 1it$ t1o !ello1 tassels and !ello1 /"in#e a"o'nd t$e &o"de" o/ it. It is .ilita"! in nat'"e, and is t$e s!.&ol o/ t$e t"'st. It s$o'ld not &e $ono"ed &! an A.e"i-an Citi4en, &e-a'se it "e "esents t$at 1$i-$ 1o'ld dest"o! A.e"i-a.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

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O//i-ials 1ill tell !o' t$at t$e /la# 1it$ t$e !ello1 /"in#e is t$e -e"e.onial A.e"i-an /la#. Aon9t &elie*e it. I/ t$at 1e"e t"'e, t$e"e 1o'ld &e a testi.on! to t$at /a-t in 1"itin#. T$e t"'t$ is t$at s'-$ a /la# does not e*en a ea" in a /la# &oo, o/ nations. T$at9s &e-a'se t$is /la# is a -o..e"-ial /la# o/ t$e t"'st3 and, as s'-$, it $as no la-e in a &oo, o/ national /la#s.

Go to an! /la# &oo, o" a't$o"it!, and t$e! 1ill tell !o' t$at e*e"!t$in# on a /la# $as a s e-i/i- "eason and .eanin#. /"in#e a"o'nd it. In .! o inion, t$e !ello1 "e "esents t$e -olo" and -$a"a-te" o/ t$ose 1$o $ono" and s' Re.e.&e" t$at an! -$an#e to a /la# -$an#es t$e .eanin# o/ t$e /la#. o"t it. T$en t"! to /ind an! sit'ation 1$e"e t$e A.e"i-an /la# $as an! !ello1 tassel and

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

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A.e"i-ans $a*e &e-o.e 1ea,, iti/'l e2-'ses o/ .en, 1it$o't t$e -o'"a#e to /ollo1 in t$e /ootste s o/ t$ei" &"a*e /o"e/at$e"s. A at$! -ont"ols 'nless it is o'" o2 t$at is #ettin# #o"ed at t$e a"ti-'la" .o.ent. W$at no one see.s to 'nde"stand is t$at t$e #o"in# o/ an! A.e"i-an9s o2 is t$e #o"in# o/ e*e"! A.e"i-an9s o2. O'" st"en#t$ is in o'" 'nit!, and in t$e 1onde"/'l :S' "e.e La19 le/t to 's &! o'" /o"e/at$e"s -alled t$e Constit'tion. Wit$in t$at do-'.ent lies all o/ t$e o1e" and a't$o"it! t$at 1e need to "e.ain /"ee, inde endent eo le. T$e "o&le. is t$at t$e United States $as te. ted o'" eo le 1it$ t$e eas! li/e, 1it$ /e1 1o""ies, and a .aste" 1$o 1ill ta,e -a"e o/ .ost o/ t$e 1o""ies t$at .i#$t &ot$e" 's. It see.s t$at none o/ 's 1ant to ta,e "es onsi&ilit! /o" o'"sel*es an!.o"e. "o*ide /o" We 1o'ld "at$e" $a*e a .aste" to sol*e o'" "o&le.s, tell 's 1$at to do and $o1 to li*e o'" li*es, -a"e /o" 's 1$en 1e #et old, ta,e -a"e o/ o'" /a.il! .e.&e"s 1$en t$e! -an9t t$e.sel*es3 and, in #ene"al, .a,e o" a "o*e e*e"! de-ision &e/o"e 's. I/ !o' 1ant so.eone else to do t$at /o" !o', sto "eadin# no1. T$at is not 1$at &ein# an A.e"i-an, and &ein# /"ee, is a&o't. It is a&o't .a,in# !o'" o1n de-isions and li*in# 1it$ t$e -onse;'en-es o" "e1a"ds o/ t$ose de-isions. It9s a&o't de-idin# /o" !o'"sel/ 1$et$e" o" not !o' need to 1ea" t$at seat6&elt, and t$en li*in# 7o" d!in#8 1it$ t$e de-ision. It9s a&o't "o*idin# /o" !o'" o1n old a#e, and $el in# !o'" /a.il! .e.&e"s t$"o'#$ t$ei"s 1it$o't $el o" inte"/e"en-e /"o. an! .aste". It9s a&o't ea"nin# !o'" o1n li*in#, and ,ee in# 1$at !o' ea"n 1it$o't so.eone -o.in# and tellin# !o' t$at !o' s$o'ld &e a!in# :!o'" /ai" s$a"e9 o/ so.e&od! else9s &ill. It9s a&o't doin# an!t$in# !o' 1ant to do so lon# as !o' do not da.a#e so.eone else9s li/e, li&e"t!, o" "o e"t!. It9s a&o't a--e tin# /ai" and @'st I/ t$at 'nis$.ent 1$en !o' do intentionall! da.a#e so.eone else9s li/e, li&e"t!, o" "o e"t!. !o'9"e #ood /o", and !o' don9t dese"*e !o'" &i"t$"i#$t5 it9s !o'" -$oi-e.

so'nds li,e !o', ,ee "eadin#. I/ not, sto "eadin# no1 and @'st -ontin'e &ein# a sla*e. T$at9s all A.e"i-an Citi4en o" .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st,

'HA&TER I 3 THE 'OURTS.

T$e -o'"t s!ste. o/ toda! is #ea"ed st"i-tl! /o" -iti4ens o/ t$e United States, i'e' .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st. T$at9s "i#$t, i/ !o' a"e an A.e"i-an 1it$ /'ll Constit'tional o1e"s, t$e -o'"ts $a*e *i"t'all! no @'"isdi-tion o*e" !o', and not$in# to o//e" !o'. It9s t"'e t$at t$e! 1ill ta,e @'"isdi-tion, o" atte. t to ta,e it 'nde" t$e "es'. tion t$at !o' a"e a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st3 &'t t$e /a-ts a"e -lea" in
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. >?.

t$at no a't$o"it! e2ists /o" t$e t"'st -o'"ts o/ toda! to ta,e @'"isdi-tion o*e" an A.e"i-an Citi4en, 'nless &! -ont"a-t. T$at9s &e-a'se all -o'"ts as !o' ,no1 t$e. toda! a"e -o..e"-ial in nat'"e. Yes, e*en .atte"s -onside"ed F-"i.inalG a"e -o..e"-ial .atte"s in t$e -o'"ts o/ toda!. E*e" 1onde" a&o't t$e te". F-$a"#eG in "elation to an o//enseH T$e -o'"ts a"e -o..e"-ial &e-a'se t$e! o e"ate &! -ont"a-t 'nde" t$e national &an,"' t-!. So $o1 did !o' #et t$e"eH Sin-e t$e -o'"ts o e"ate -o..e"-iall! 'nde" -ont"a-t, t$e"e is an o*e""idin# "es'. tion o/ 7so -alled8 Fla1G t$at an!one 1$o ente"s t$e -o'"t is a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st3 and, t$e"e/o"e, 'nde" -ont"a-t /o" t$e -o'"t to ad@'di-ate t$e "o&le. &ein# "esented. Silen-e is -onsent, so 1$en !o' -o.e /o"1a"d and ans1e" to t$e -o'"t, t$e "es'. tion t$at !o' a"e a t"'st .e.&e" -ont"a-ted to t$e -o'"t is *e"i/ied, and t$e -o'"t $as #ained @'"isdi-tion. I/ !o' s'--ess/'ll! "e&'t t$e "es'. tion t$at !o'O"e a t"'st .e.&e", t$e -o'"t -annot #ain @'"isdi-tion, and it .'st "id itsel/ o/ !o' in t$e /astest ossi&le 1a!. None o/ t$ese -o'"ts a"e a't$o"i4ed to $ea" A"ti-le III -ases, &e-a'se t$e States $a*e /allen &e-a'se t$e"e is no "eal .one! to &a-, t$e.. T$e"e/o"e, i/ !o' a"e an A.e"i-an Citi4en 1$o $as not 1ai*ed $is -onstit'tional "i#$ts &! -ont"a-t, !o' a"e i..'ne /"o. t$e @'"isdi-tion o/ t$ese -o'"ts 'nless !o' $a*e intentionall! da.a#ed t$e li/e o" "o e"t! o/ so.eone else. T$e -o'"ts a"e all t"'st -o'"ts, and t$ei" .ain /'n-tion and d't! is to "ote-t t$e inte"ests o/ t$e t"'st at all -osts. T$e! en/o"-e t$e stat'tes and -odes t$at a"e intended /o" 'se &! t$e t"'st and its .e.&e"s3 in ot$e" 1o"ds, s e-ial and "i*ate in nat'"e. I "eali4e t$at t$is is a &i# &ite to s1allo1, so I 1ill atte. t to &"ea, t$is do1n into a si. le" /o".. Re.e.&e" t$at all o1e" /lo1ed 7and /lo1s8 /"o. t$e state Citi4en 7A.e"i-an8 do1n to t$e state, and t$en /'"t$e" do1n to t$e United States. T$e o1e"s #i*en a"e s e-i/i-, and t$e! $a*e -$an#ed T$e @'"isdi-tional a't$o"it! assed *e"! little in t$e ()) l's !ea"s sin-e t$e! 1e"e esta&lis$ed.

do1n 1as *e"! li.ited as it a lied to A.e"i-ans, and al.ost 'nli.ited as it a lied to an!one else 1it$ 1$o. t$e United States .i#$t &e dealin#. T$is 1as all 1ell t$o'#$t o't, and it 1as e2a-tl! 1$at t$e /o'ndin# /at$e"s intended. T$e! 1anted t$e United States to deal 1it$ t$e /o"ei#n T$e! 1anted *e"! little a't$o"it! -o'nt"ies 1it$ /'ll a't$o"it!, &e-a'se t$at 1o'ld &e t$e &est 1a! o/ "o*idin# /o" t$e sa/et! and -on*enien-e o/ t$e indi*id'al Re '&li-s 1$i-$ it "e "esented.

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assed to t$e United States o*e" t$e A.e"i-ans, &e-a'se t$e! $ad /'ll intentions o/ "e.ainin# t$e so*e"ei#n. Re.e.&e", t$e .ain '" ose o/ t$e %ede"al Co'"t S!ste.3 and, t$e"e/o"e, t$e %ede"al La1s, 1as to ad@'di-ate "o&le.s &et1een t$e States, settle -ont"o*e"sies in 1$i-$ t$e United States 1as a a"t!, settle .atte"s &et1een A.e"i-ans and /o"ei#n states o" its -iti4ens, and to #o*e"n in t$e *e"! li.ited a"eas o/ @'"isdi-tion /o" 1$i-$ a't$o"it! 1as #i*en o*e" t$e state Citi4en. '" ose o/ t$e %ede"al La1s 1as to #o*e"n /ede"al -iti4ens. So 1$at is a /ede"al -iti4enH In essen-e, t$e"e is no di//e"en-e &et1een a /ede"al -iti4en and a -iti4en o/ t$e United States. Si. l!, it is t$at e"son 1$o "esides 1it$in t$e t"'st and its ossessions, 1$o -annot o" does not -lai. state Citi4ens$i in one o/ t$e 0) Re '&li-s o/ t$e Union. A "i.e e2a. le o/ a /ede"al -iti4en o/ toda! 1$o $as no -$oi-e 1o'ld &e t$e P'e"to Ri-ans. P'e"to Ri-o is a te""ito"! o/ t$e United States. In lain lan#'a#e, t$at .eans t$at t$e United States o1ns P'e"to Ri-o. As s'-$, it &e-a.e a a"t o/ t$e t"'st as a "es'lt o/ t$e +=<) &an,"' t-!. Its -iti4ens a"e -iti4ens o/ t$e United States 7t"'st .e.&e"s8, &'t t$e! a"e not A.e"i-ans. T$e! do not $a*e Constit'tional Ri#$ts, &'t t$e! do $a*e :-i*il "i#$ts9 'nde" t$e te".s o/ t"'st .e.&e"s$i . In ot$e" 1o"ds, t$e! $a*e t$e "i*ile#es and i..'nities "o*ided &! t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent, &'t not t$e t"'e Ri#$ts #'a"anteed &! t$e Constit'tion /o" A.e"i-ans. T$e United States $ad to $a*e la1s 1it$ 1$i-$ to #o*e"n t$e #"o1in# n'.&e"s o/ /ede"al -iti4ens. T$ese -iti4ens in-"ease e*e"! ti.e a ne1 i..i#"ant a lies /o" and is #"anted ad.ission into t$e United States. No state allo1s t$ese ne1 i..i#"ants assa#e into t$is -o'nt"!, so t$e! all -o.e as a "es'lt o/ %ede"al a't$o"it!. T$e"e/o"e, t$e -iti4ens$i 1$i-$ t$e! see,, and .an! e*ent'all! a"e #"anted, is /ede"al -iti4ens$i , i'e' -iti4en o/ t$e United States. It is 1a"ded &! /i"st #"antin# li.ited .e.&e"s$i into t$e t"'st &! t$e iss'an-e o/ a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e", and late" &! &esto1in# /'ll t"'st &ene/its. T$e! -an ne*e" &e-o.e A.e"i-ans, and t$e! 1ill ne*e" $a*e /'ll Constit'tional o1e"s, &e-a'se !o' eit$e" a"e an A.e"i-an /"o. !o'" &i"t$"i#$t, o" !o' 1ill ne*e" &e. Ei"t'all! all o/ t$e /ede"al la1s a"e 1"itten to #o*e"n t$e /ede"al -iti4ens. T$e ot$e"

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

>=.

Onl! t$e la1s 1$i-$ s e-i/i-all! add"ess iss'es /o" 1$i-$ @'"isdi-tion 1as s e-i/i-all! #i*en in t$e Constit'tion a//e-t A.e"i-ans. T$ose iss'es a"e all ,no1n as :Co..on La19 iss'es.

In ot$e" 1o"ds, a-t'al intentional da.a#e $as to &e in/li-ted ' on anot$e" e"son9s li/e, li&e"t!, o" "o e"t! in o"de" /o" @'"isdi-tion to &e ta,en o*e" an A.e"i-an. B't /ede"al la1s, 'sin# lena"! T$ose :la1s9 -an &e a't$o"it!, $a*e no Constit'tional li.its ot$e" t$an d'e "o-ess la-ed on t$e.3 and -an #"ant @'"isdi-tion to t$e #o*e"n.ent /o" an! "eason t$at t$e #o*e"n.ent 1is$es. -$an#ed at 1ill 1it$ *e"! little e//o"t 7.an! ti.es &! not$in# .o"e t$an a &'"ea'-"at 1"itin# a ne1 "e#'lation8, and t$e intention o/ t$e e" et"ato" is not an iss'e3 so t$at a e"son -an -o..it a :-"i.e9 1it$o't intendin# to do so, o" e*en ,no1in# t$at $e $as done so. La1s s'-$ as t$ese #i*e t$e #o*e"n.ent al.ost total -ont"ol o*e" t$e eo le. Un/o"t'natel!, &e-a'se t$e"e is no li.it as to t$e le#islati*e a't$o"it! o/ Con#"ess o*e" its ossessions, t$e o1e" to #o*e"n 1as easil! t"ans/e""ed to t$e t"'st 1it$ "e#a"ds to its .e.&e"s. T$at is 1$! .ost 1$o a"e "eadin# t$is &oo, a"e -'""entl! &o'nd &! t$e "i*ate la1 o/ t$e t"'st, 1$i-$ is &ein# ad.iniste"ed and en/o"-ed &! so.eone ot$e" t$an t$e de .ure /ede"al #o*e"n.ent.
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. =).

Co..on la1s do not "e;'i"e an ela&o"ate -o'"t s!ste. &e-a'se t$e! -o'ld easil! &e de-ided in t$e lo-al -o..'nities &! t$e -iti4en"!, as t$e! a"e -lea" and *i"t'all! indis 'ta&le. B't t$e "'les and "e#'lations o/ t$e t"'st a"e an!t$in# &'t -lea", and dis 'tes a"e 1$at .a,e t$e s!ste. 1o",. T$e! a"e a tl! na.ed -odes, .eanin# t$at so.e s e-ial a-tion to 'nlo-, t$e se-"ets -ontained t$e"ein is ne-essa"! to 'nde"stand t$e .eanin#s. T$e t"'st o e"ates totall! in -o..e"-e, and it o e"ates 'nde" &an,"' t-!. T$e"e/o"e, e*e"!t$in# it does is ai.ed at "ote-tin# t$e -"edito"s9 -ollate"al. T$'s, t$e "i.a"! t$"'st o/ t$e -odes is to #i*e -"edito"s an 'n/ai" ad*anta#e o*e" t$e de&to", and to "ote-t t$e -ollate"al. He"e, 1e .'st "e.e.&e" t$at eo le a"e t$e "i.a"! -ollate"al3 t$e"e/o"e, t$e /i"st d't! o/ t$e t"'st is to "ote-t t$e eo le in a .anne" -onsistent 1it$ t$e needs o/ t$e t"'st. T$at9s 1$! a n'.&e" o/ -odes t$at tend to li.it t$e indi*id'al /"eedo.s t$at .ost o/ !o' &elie*e !o' $a*e a"e -onstantl! ena-ted. As an e2a. le, let9s ta,e t$e seat &elt la1. Clea"l!, t$e"e is no '" ose /o" t$e seat &elt la1 as it "e/e"s to -o..on la1, &e-a'se t$e"e is no #"eate" o" lesse" dan#e" to anot$e" a"t! 1$et$e" !o' a"e 1ea"in# a seat &elt o" not. Ho1e*e", t$e t"'st is de endin# ' on !o'" -ontin'ed -ont"i&'tions to t$e .aintenan-e o/ t$e t"'st, and 1ea"in# a seat &elt -o'ld easil! e2tend t$e e"iod o/ ti.e in 1$i-$ !o' -o'ld "e.ain a "od'-ti*e .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st. Not 1ea"in# a seat &elt -o'ld -a'se !o' to &e-o.e an instant d"ain on t$e t"'st. T$e"e/o"e, !o' a"e assessed a enalt! i/ !o' a"e -a'#$t not 1ea"in# a seat &elt. It9s @'st a little ins'"an-e "e.i'. to "ote-t t$e t"'st9s -ollate"al. C"i.inal .atte"s 1o", in al.ost t$e sa.e .anne". C$a"#es a"e &"o'#$t a#ainst an a--'sed. Note t$e te". F-$a"#esG is a-t'all! -o..e"-ial in nat'"e. Unde" t$e -o..e"-ial t"'st -ode, 1$at a ea"s to &e a -lea"6-'t -ase o/ .'"de" -an &e t1isted a"o'nd to .a,e t$e ,ille" a ea" to &e t$e *i-ti.3 and 1$at 1o'ld ot$e"1ise &e t$e :Ri#$t9 to a-t in !o'" o1n &est inte"est -an &e ta,en a1a! /o" :t$e #ood o/ t$e .an!9. A-t'all!, it9s all /o" t$e #ood o/ t$e t"'st. T$e o"i#inal -o'"ts ,ne1 t$at t1o di//e"ent -lasses o/ -iti4ens$i 1e"e "esent in t$e Union, and t$e! ,ne1 t$at ea-$ -lass $ad to &e t"eated di//e"entl!. One $ad to &e #i*en Constit'tional Ri#$ts, and t$e ot$e" did not. A/te" +=<<, 1it$ t$e t"'st ass'.in# *i"t'all! all o/ t$e d'ties "e*io'sl! $andled &! t$e de .ure #o*e"n.ent, t$e -o'"ts 1e"e $andlin# t"'st -ases 'nde" t$e -odes al.ost e2-l'si*el!.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

=+.

T"'st .e.&e"s 1e"e .'-$ easie" and sa/e" /o" t$e -o'"ts to $andle, &e-a'se t$e! 1e"e s'&@e-t to t$e t"'st .e.&e"s$i "'les, and $ad no "eal o1e" o" "i#$ts ot$e" t$an t$ose assed &! t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent. T$e"e/o"e, t$e -onse;'en-es o/ "'lin# i. "o e"l! 1e"e *e"! .ini.al. It &e-a.e -lea" t$at it 1o'ld &e in :e*e"!one9s9 &est inte"est i/ t$e #o*e"n.ent -o'ld -lassi/! all eo le as .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st, t$e"e&! not $a*in# t$e 1o""! a&o't -$an#in# "o-ed'"es and "'les on a -ase6&!6-ase .et$od. O&*io'sl!, it 1o'ld &e .'-$ "e/e""ed i/ all -o'ld &e t"eated as -iti4ens o/ t$e United States. B't, $o1 -o'ld t$at &e ossi&leH T$e ans1e" -a.e a&o't in t$e a-t'al a e"1o", "e;'i"ed /o" t$e -o'"t9s "e-o"ds. At t$e to o/ ea-$ do-'.ent /iled in a -o'"t -ase, t$e"e a ea"s 1$at is -alled t$e :st!lin# o/ t$e -a'se9. T$is in-l'des t$e e2a-t na.es o/ t$e a"ties, and t$ei" "es e-ti*e osition o/ lainti// and de/endant. In t$e na.es -a.e t$e ans1e" t$at t$e #o*e"n.ent 1as loo,in# /o". An indi*id'al A.e"i-an9s na.e 7so.eti.es "e/e""ed to as $is

:C$"istian Na.e98 is 1"itten in "o e" En#lis$ 1it$ a -a ital lette" at t$e &e#innin# o/ ea-$ na.e, and lo1e" -ase lette"s /o" t$e "e.ainde" o/ t$e na.e 7 e'g' Li..! Wa!ne S.it$83 and, initials a"e not 'sed /o" /i"st o" .iddle na.es. A -o" o"ation9s na.e is s elled 'sin# all -a ital lette"s 7 e'g' GENERAL ACCEPTANCE CORPORATION O% TEXAS8. 7In -ase !o' did not al"ead! ,no1, -o" o"ations a"e a"ti/i-ial entities, and a"e -"eat'"es o/ t$e State, and t$e"e/o"e s'&@e-t to t$e -ode8 Be-a'se an A.e"i-an $as t$e 'nli.ited o1e" to -ont"a-t, $e -an easil! ente" into a -ont"a-t to &e-o.e, o" a-t as, an a"ti/i-ial entit! /o" a s e-i/i- "eason. In t$e -o'"t s!ste. &ein# a lied toda!, 1e all &e-o.e an a"ti/i-ial entit! 7-o" o"ation8 &! -ont"a-t'al a#"ee.ent as soon as 1e "es ond in an! /as$ion to t$e -o'"t 'sin# t$e na.e o/ o'" a"ti/i-ial 7-o" o"ate8 entit! 7 e'g' LIMMY WAYNE SMITH8. In doin# so, 1e state to t$e -o'"t t$at 1e a"e t$e"e a-tin# on &e$al/ o/ o'" -o" o"ate entit! instead o/ as a li*in# .an. In all -ases, t$e st!lin# 1ill &e in all -a itals, and "es ondin# 1it$ an!t$in# ot$e" t$an a @'"isdi-tional -$allen#e &! :S e-ial A ea"an-e9 1ill #i*e @'"isdi-tion to t$e -o'"t, &e-a'se it 1ill &e statin# t$at !o' 1is$ to &e t"eated as a -iti4en o/ t$e United States 'nde" t$e t"'st "'les 7-ode8 /o" t$e d'"ation o/ t$e "o-eedin#s. In a -"i.inal -ase, 1$en t$e -$a"#es a"e "ead, !o' -an &e ass'"ed t$at t$e st!lin# o/ t$e -a'se is in all -a itals3 t$e"e/o"e, i/ !o' .a,e a leadin#, !o' a"e as,in# t$e -o'"t to ta,e @'"isdi-tion 'nde" a -ont"a-t'al a#"ee.ent /o" t$e d'"ation o/ t$e -a'se, and t$e -o'"t 1ill "'le &! -o..e"-ial la1 7t"'st -ode8. Yo' 1ill also note t$at, in .ost -ases, t$e"e 1ill &e a -o" o"ate United States /la# 71it$ t$e !ello1 /"in#e8 $an#in# in t$e -o'"t"oo.,

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

=(.

indi-atin# t$at !o' a"e in a -o..e"-ial t"i&'nal to &e #o*e"ned &! t"'st la1. He"e, t$e"e a"e so.e t$in#s 1$i-$ !o' need to &e a1a"e o/. %i"st, .an! o/ t$e o//enses /o" 1$i-$ !o' .a! &e -"i.inall! -$a"#ed a"e not la1s /o" 1$i-$ an A.e"i-an -an &e $eld lia&le. %o" instan-e, Will/'l %ail'"e to %ile 7an in-o.e ta2 "et'"n8. B't let9s sa! t$at t$e #o*e"n.ent $as indi-ted !o' /o" 1ill/'l /ail'"e to /ile, and !o' a"e &"o'#$t &e/o"e a /ede"al @'d#e /o" a""ai#n.ent. He 1ill "ead 7o" $a*e "ead8 t$e -$a"#es 1$i-$ t$e #o*e"n.ent is &"in#in# a#ainst !o'. At t$e end o/ t$e "eadin#, $e s$o'ld as, !o' i/ !o' 'nde"stand t$e -$a"#es. Yo' s$o'ld al1a!s i..ediatel! -$allen#e &ot$ t$e @'"isdi-tion o/ t$e -o'"t and t$e @'"isdi-tion o/ t$e :a#en-!9 .a,in# t$e -$a"#e. Be/o"e a -o'"t -an $ea" a -ase, it .'st $a*e @'"isdi-tion o*e" &ot$ t$e e"son and t$e s'&@e-t .atte". dist"i-t o*e" 1$i-$ t$e -o'"t $as @'"isdi-tion. Pe"sonal @'"isdi-tion is a #eo#"a $i-al I/ !o' a"e an A.e"i-an and !o' do not li*e in t$e

United States, o" !o' did not -o..it t$e alle#ed o//ense in t$e United States, t$en t$e -o'"t does not $a*e e"sonal @'"isdi-tion o*e" !o'. S'&@e-t .atte" @'"isdi-tion "e/e"s to t$e t! e o/ -$a"#e and t$e iss'es in*ol*ed. %o" instan-e, a %ede"al -o'"t onl! $as s'&@e-t .atte" @'"isdi-tion o*e" an A.e"i-an in t$e a"ea o/ t$ose s e-i/i- o1e"s dele#ated to it &! t$e Constit'tion, all o/ 1$i-$ a"e :-o..on la19 in nat'"e. Yo' $a*e a /ai" -$an-e o/ t$e -ase &ein# dis.issed i..ediatel! i/ !o' "o e"l! -$allen#e @'"isdi-tion. Ho1e*e", &e-a'se o/ t$e st"'-t'"e in la-e toda!, t$e -o'"t 1ill .a,e t$e "es'. tion t$at !o' a"e a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st, and 1ill atte. t to "'le a--o"din#l!. T$e "o&le. !o' 1ill /a-e is t$at t$e -o'"t !o' a"e in, and t$e @'d#e !o' a"e &e/o"e, does not $a*e t$e a't$o"it! to $ea" -a'ses o" .a,e "'lin#s 'nde" A"ti-le III Se-tion ( o/ t$e Constit'tion, and t$at is 1$e"e !o'" "e.ed! lies. He -an onl! ad@'di-ate %o'"teent$ A.end.ent iss'es, i'e' t"'st iss'es. He a-t'all! se"*es as an ad@'di-ato" o/ t$e /a-ts 'nde" t$e t"'st /o" its .e.&e"s. I/ !o' a"e t$e"e, t$e e" -a s and t$e "es'. tion is t$at !o' a"e a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st, t$'s !o'" na.e in all '

"es'. tion t$at !o' a"e "e;'i"ed to /ollo1 t$e t"'st "'les. T$e o*e""idin# "es'. tion also ass'.es #'ilt, and "oo/ -an &e esta&lis$ed &! t$e e2isten-e o/ assi*e a-ts. 7In -o..on la1, inno-en-e is "es'.ed and "oo/ .'st &e esta&lis$ed &! a 1ill/'l a//i".ati*e a-t8. %o" e2a. le, 'nde" t$e t"'st -odes, "oo/ o/ a -"i.e -an &e esta&lis$ed &! t$e /a-t t$at !o' /ailed to /ile a ta2 "et'"n. T$at la-, o/ a-tion -o'ld ne*e" lead to a -on*i-tion o/ a -o..on la1 -"i.e3 $o1e*e", 'nde" t$e "'les o/ t$e t"'st, t$at /ail'"e is a -"i.e and -an "es'lt in "ison ti.e. On-e a#ain, t$e /o-'s o/ t$e -odes is to "ote-t t$e -"edito"s o/ t$e t"'st, 1$ile t$e /o-'s o/ t$e -o..on la1 is to "ote-t t$e "i#$ts o/ t$e "eal .an.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

=<.

In t$e t"'st -o'"ts, i/ t$e @'d#e .o*es ast !o'" @'"isdi-tional -$allen#e, !o' still $a*e a Ri#$t to 'nde"stand t$e e2a-t la1 t$at !o' a"e &ein# -$a"#ed 1it$ *iolatin# 'nde" t$e d'e "o-ess -la'se o/ t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent. In t$e -ase o/ :Will/'l %ail'"e to %ile9, i/ !o' a"e an A.e"i-an, 1o'ldn9t it &e a little $a"d to 'nde"stand $o1 !o'" se"*ant 7t$e #o*e"n.ent o" t$e t"'st t$at "e la-ed it8 -an &"in# a -$a"#e a#ainst !o' /o" so.et$in# t$at !o' ne*e" #a*e it @'"isdi-tion o*e"H A :Bill o/ Pa"ti-'la"s9 71$i-$ !o' $a*e a Ri#$t to de.and8 #i*in# t$e e2a-t la1 t$at !o' a"e -$a"#ed 1it$ *iolatin# .a! lead to a ;'i-, endin# o/ t$e a-tion a#ainst !o'. I/ !o' t"'l! a"e not a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st, an a-tion o/ a -o..e"-ial nat'"e a#ainst !o' is li,e t$e o1ne" o/ a -o. an! &ein# &"o'#$t into -o'"t and s'ed &! one o/ $is lo1 "an,in# e. lo!ees /o" not /ollo1in# a "'le 1$i-$ t$at e. lo!ee .ade ' 1it$o't an! a't$o"it! to do so. 7I do $o e no one "eadin# t$is /inds t$at to &e o,a!58 He"e is t$is de fa#to #o*e"n.ent, 1$i-$ #ets its o1e" /"o. !o', -o.in# to !o' and -$a"#in# !o' -"i.inall! 1it$ /ail'"e to /ollo1 a "'le t$at it set ' 1it$o't !o'" a "o*al o" a't$o"it!. Re.e.&e", all o/ t$is #o*e"n.ent9s o1e" /lo1s do1n /"o. !o'. Sin-e t$e t"'st #ets its a't$o"it! /"o. t$e #o*e"n.ent, t$e sa.e $olds t"'e /o" it. T$e t"'t$ is t$at, &! t$e te".s 7d'e "o-ess8 o/ t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent /"o. 1$i-$ t$ei" o1e" is de"i*ed, t$e! .'st tell !o' t$e e2a-t la1 1$i-$ !o' a"e a--'sed o/ *iolatin#. I/ !o' 'nde"stand t$e iss'es, it 1ill &e i. ossi&le /o" t$e. to #i*e !o' a la1 t$at sa!s !o' a"e "e;'i"ed to /ile an!t$in#, and t$e -ase s$o'ld &e dis.issed. B't, i/ !o' lead, FNot G'ilt!G, t$en !o' $a*e not onl! #i*en @'"isdi-tion to t$e -o'"t /o" t$e d'"ation o/ t$is -a'se, !o' $a*e also ad.itted t$at t$e"e is a la1 1$i-$ a lies to !o'. Basi-all!, !o'9*e ad.itted t$at !o' a"e a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st. A/te" t$at, it is '"el! a ;'estion o/ /a-t 6 did !o' /ile o/ did !o' not /ileH Yo' a"e no lon#e" :inno-ent 'ntil "o*en #'ilt!9, !o' a"e no1 a sla*e as,in# /o" !o'" .aste"9s 'nde"standin# and .e"-!. Re.e.&e", 'nde" -o..e"-ial la1, t$e "es'. tion is #'ilt. To $el !o' /ind t$e t"ees in t$e /o"est, i.a#ine t$at !o' 1e"e &"o'#$t &e/o"e a @'d#e and -$a"#ed 1it$ "eadin# a &oo, entitled, FCa italis., t$e Ri#$t Wa!G. I.a#ine t$at a/te" t$e -$a"#e is "ead to !o', !o' a"e told t$at t$e enalt! i/ /o'nd #'ilt! o/ t$is -"i.e is () !ea"s $a"d la&o".

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

=D.

No1, i.a#ine t$at !o' a"e in a Aallas Co'nt!, Te2as, -o'"t"oo. 1it$ a United States %ede"al L'd#e in /"ont o/ !o' and $e sa!s, ,Ho% do ou plead, guilt or not guilt 8( . Ho1 1o'ld !o' ans1e" t$e ;'estionH W$at !o' .i#$t 1ant to do is as,, ,So %hats the problem, e"en if I did read the boo/8( W$at i/ t$e @'d#e t$en told !o', ,3ou are a##used of brea/ing a la% under the la%s of the Red Chinese go"ernment' <e ha"e a treat %ith them, and I need for ou to plead, guilt or not guilt '( W$at 1o'ld !o' sa!H I/ !o' lead not #'ilt!, and !o' $ad "ead t$e &oo,, !o' 1o'ld &e -o..ittin# e"@'"! 7a -"i.e 'nis$a&le 'nde" A.e"i-an la18, as 1ell as ad.ittin# t$at t$is 1as a la1 1$i-$ a lied to !o'. I/ !o' lead #'ilt! 7&e-a'se !o' $ad "ead t$e &oo,8, t$en senten-in# 1o'ld &e all t$at9s le/t to settle. T$is see.s "idi-'lo's, &'t t$is is e2a-tl! 1$at t$e -o'"t s!ste. toda! does to A.e"i-ans. It -$a"#es t$e. 1it$ a -"i.e /"o. t$e la1s o/ a /o"ei#n state 6 t$e t"'st 6 1$i-$ does not a l! to t$e.3 and does it in s'-$ a 1a! t$at it is *e"! di//i-'lt /o" t$e 'n1a"! to es-a e t$e -onse;'en-es t$at 1e"e ne*e" .eant to a l! to t$e.. W$at !o' s$o'ld do is to "e/'se to lead 'ntil @'"isdi-tion $as &een /'ll! "o*en, and !o' 'nde"stand 1$at s e-i/i- la1 it is t$at !o' $a*e &"o,en and $o1 it a lies to !o' 7!o' $a*e a Ri#$t to ,no1 and 'nde"stand t$is83 and, !o' s$o'ld o&@e-t st"en'o'sl!, and -ontin'e to do so, i/ t$e @'d#e t"ies to ente" a lea /o" !o'. On-e t$e lea is ente"ed, it &e-o.es .'-$ $a"de" to -$allen#e t$e @'"isdi-tion o/ t$e -o'"t. I/ t$e @'d#e still ente"s a lea :on !o'" &e$al/9, !o' s$o'ld i..ediatel! /ile an inte"lo-'to"! a eal &! s e-ial a ea"an-e. T$is a eal .a! $a*e to #o all t$e 1a! to t$e S' "e.e Co'"t, &'t it s$o'ld &e "'led in !o'" /a*o"3 &e-a'se t$e s' "e.e Co'"t $as al"ead! "'led on t$is iss'e se*e"al ti.es. On-e, in Ha#ans E. La*ine, D+0 US 0(>, 0<<, N0, t$e Co'"t said, ,<here .urisdi#tion is denied and s6uarel #hallenged, .urisdi#tion #annot be assumed to e:ist Jsub silento but must be pro"en'( In an! e*ent, !o' $a*e no ot$e" -$oi-e, &e-a'se t$e! don9t t"eat diso&edient sla*es *e"! 1ell3 and, to do an!t$in# else is an ad.ission to &ein# a sla*e.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

=0.

Let9s /'"t$e" e2a.ine t$e -o'"ts 1$i-$ !o' a"e li,el! to &e &"o'#$t &e/o"e. It is -o..on t$at .ost o/ t$e lo1e" le*el @'d#es don9t e*en "eali4e 1$at t$e! a"e doin# in "e#a"d to t$e @'"isdi-tional iss'e. T$e! al.ost all &elie*e t$at, i/ !o' li*e in t$ei" "e-in-t o" #eo#"a $i-al a"ea 7o" 1$at t$e! ass'.e is t$ei" #eo#"a $i-al a"ea8, t$e! a'to.ati-all! #ain total @'"isdi-tion o*e" !o'. Ta,e /o" e2a. le a -o..on t"a//i- ti-,et. T$e"e a"e so .an! /la1s in t$at inst"'.ent t$at it9s 'n&elie*a&le. %i"st, it is t$e en/o"-e.ent o/ a -ode, so t$e /i"st "es'. tion is t$at e*e"!one 1$o #ets a t"a//i- ti-,et is a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st. %o" t$e .ost a"t, t$at is -o""e-t, &e-a'se in .ost states !o' no1 $a*e to #i*e !o'" so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e" in o"de" to #et a d"i*e"9s li-ense. T$is "a-ti-e is &latantl! ille#al, e*en &! t$e %ede"al Code. In t$e U.S. Code Title D(, se-tion D)>7a87>8, it states, ,<hoe"er9dis#loses, uses, or #ompels the dis#losure of the so#ial se#urit number in "iolation of the la%s of the United States; shall be guilt of a felon and upon #on"i#tion thereof shall be fined under Title @> or imprisoned for not more than fi"e ears, or both'( 'nla1/'l. So 1e .'st /ind a la-e in t$e Code 1$i-$ .a,es /o"-in# t$e dis-los'"e o/ t$e so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e" in o"de" to "e-ei*e a d"i*e"9s li-ense %o" t$at, 1e #o to Title 0, se-tion 00(7a8 'nde" t$e $eadin# o/ FAISCLOSURE O% SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBERG, 1$e"e it states, ,It shall be unla%ful for an Federal, State, or
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. =J.

lo#al go"ernment agen# to den to an indi"idual an right, benefit, or pri"ilege pro"ided b la% be#ause of su#h indi"iduals refusal to dis#lose his so#ial se#urit a##ount number'( T$ese t1o stat'tes "i#$t o't o/ t$e United States Code .a,e t$e a-tion o/ "e/'sal to iss'e a d"i*e"9s li-ense &e-a'se o/ one9s "e/'sal to #i*e $is so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e" a /elon! -o..itted &! t$e state andNo" its e. lo!ees. States "el! on Title D( se-tion D)07C87i8, 1$i-$ states, ,It is the poli# of the United States that an State 7o" oliti-al s'&di*ision t$e"eo/8 ma , in the administration of an ta:, general publi# assistan#e, dri"ers li#ense, or motor "ehi#le registration la% %ithin its .urisdi#tion, utili0e the so#ial se#urit a##ount numbers issued b the Se#retar for the purpose of establishing the identifi#ation of indi"iduals affe#ted b su#h la%, and ma re6uire an indi"idual %ho is or appears to be so affe#ted to furnish to su#h State 7o" oliti-al s'&di*ision t$e"eo/8 or an agen# thereof ha"ing administrati"e responsibilit for the la% in"ol"ed, the so#ial se#urit a##ount number 7o" n'.&e"s, i/ $e $as .o"e t$an one s'-$ n'.&e"8 issued to him b the Se#retar '( Note se*e"al t$in#s $e"e. %i"st, t$is is a oli-!, not a la1. Se-ond, it does not o*e""ide an! ot$e" la13 i/ it did, it 1o'ld 'se t$e te". :not1it$standin#9 s'-$ ot$e" la1. T$i"d, it 'ses a -a ital :S9 in t$e s ellin# o/ t$e 1o"d :State9, indi-atin# t$at it is "e/e""in# to t$e :States9 o/ t$e United States i'e' t$e Te""ito"ies. Ne2t, it -lea"l! sa!s t$at t$is a lies to an! Findi*id'al 1$o is o" a ea"s to &e so a//e-ted UG. O&*io'sl!, t$e"e .'st &e eo le a l!in# /o" d"i*e"s9 li-enses 1$o 1o'ld not &e a//e-ted &! t$is la1. I 1onde" 1$o t$e! a"e. Last, t$is se-tion -o.es &e/o"e t$e se-tion in t$e Code .a,in# it a /elon! to den! a d"i*e"9s li-ense &e-a'se o/ one9s /ail'"e to dis-lose $is so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e", so Con#"ess 1as not intendin# to end t$at .andate 1it$ t$is oli-!. T$e t"'t$ is t$at A.e"i-ans do not e*en a ea" to &e so a//e-ted, i/ t$e! ,no1 t$e!9"e A.e"i-ans. T$e "o&le. t$at "esents itsel/ $e"e /o" t$e #o*e"n.ent is t$at i/ !o' do not 'se !o'" so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e" to #et t$e d"i*e"9s li-ense, t$en t$e -ont"a-t la-in# !o' into a state o/ *ol'nta"! se"*it'de is not "e6*e"i/ied, and !o' "o&a&l! don9t need a d"i*e"9s li-ense to t"a*el on t$e $i#$1a!s 1$ile in -ont"ol o/ an a'to.o&ile. T$'s, t$e "es'. tion is a'to.ati-all! .ade t$at an!one a l!in# /o" a d"i*e"9s li-ense .'st &e a"t o/ t$e -ollate"al, o" $e 1o'ld not need to as, /o" t$e "i*ile#e to d"i*e. T$e "o&le. $e"e is t$at .an! o/ t$e so -alled la1 en/o"-e.ent o//i-e"s don9t "eali4e t$at A.e"i-ans a"e not &o'nd &! t$e t"'st -ode 'nless t$e! a"e .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st, and an A.e"i-an -an &e -onstantl! $a"assed i/ $e t"ies to t"a*el a"o'nd t$e -o'nt"! 1it$o't a d"i*e"9s li-ense. Also, no ot$e" /o". o/ identi/i-ation is .ade a*aila&le /o" A.e"i-ans 1is$in# to 'se t$is /o". o/ t"a*el. Most o/ t$e :La1 En/o"-e.ent O//i-e"s9

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

=?.

a"e so i#no"ant t$at t$e! a-t'all! &elie*e t$at t$e! a"e "ote-tin# /"eedo.3 1$en, in /a-t, t$e! a"e t$e /"ont6line tool &ein# 'sed to 'nde".ine t$e /"eedo.s o/ e*e"! t"'e A.e"i-an. B't let 's .o*e /o"1a"d ass'.in# t$at !o' $a*e #otten a d"i*e"9s li-ense &! 'sin# !o'" so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e". Yo' t$en #et a t"a//i- ti-,et. T$e lo1e" -o'"ts -all t$is a -"i.inal o//ense. T$e "o&le. is t$at, in .ost o/ t$e States, it is a -i*il stat'te 1$i-$ is &ein# en/o"-ed. In Te2as, as an e2a. le, all t$e t"a//i- la1s a"e /o'nd in Ee"non9s Ci*il Stat'tes. Yet, THE STATE O% TEXAS atta-$es -"i.inal enalties to t$e *iolation o/ sa.e. Ho1e*e", t$e .a2i.'. enalt! No1$e"e in t$e la1 is a*aila&le to t$e -o'"ts in Te2as /o" .ost t"a//i- o//enses is a S()).)) /ine.

an! @ail ti.e "o*ided /o" a t"a//i- o//ense. Yet t$e -o'nt! @ails a"e /'ll o/ eo le 1$o $a*e done no .o"e t$an /ailed to a! a t"a//i- /ine. Aoes t$is a.o'nt to de&to"9s "isonH T$e t"'t$ is t$at it does. Ho1e*e", as a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st, !o' $a*e s'&.itted to t$ese "'les. T$e -o'"ts 1ill tell !o' t$at a /ine is not a de&t, &'t t$e! -annot s$o1 !o' an! 1a! t$at t$e! $a*e a le#al "i#$t to 't !o' in @ail /o" an! t"a//i- o//ense, e*en 'nde" t$ei" o1n UN6Godl! Code. T$e"e a"e e*en UNITEA STATES SUPREME COURT 7t$e t"'st -o'"t8 -ases 1$i-$ sa! t$at t$e enalties i. osed -annot e2-eed t$e .a2i.'. enalt! "o*ided &! la1 71$i-$ e*en one $o'" o/ i. "ison.ent does8, &'t t$e! -ontin'e to lo-, eo le ' an!1a!. W$! and $o1 does t$is $a enH T$e o*e""idin# ;'estion is $o1 -an t$e -o'"ts #et a1a! 1it$ t$ese "'lin#sH As I told !o' ea"lie", A.e"i-an Citi4ens -an onl! &e t"ied 'nde" -o..on la1. Unde" /ede"al -o..on la1, t$e /ede"al -o'"ts onl! $a*e @'"isdi-tion #i*en t$e. &! t$e Constit'tion. Blac-." de/ines :/ede"al -o..on la19 as, ,! bod of de#isional la% de"eloped b the federal #ourts' The appli#ation of this bod of #ommon la% is limited b the *rie do#trine and b the Rules of Ie#ision !#t, %hi#h pro"ides that e:#ept for #ases go"erned b the Constitution, the treaties of the United States, or a#ts of Congress, federal #ourts are to appl state la%'( T$in, a&o't t$at de/inition. Co..on la1 onl! a lies in -ases #o*e"ned &! t$e Constit'tion. B't I t$o'#$t all -ases 1e"e #o*e"ned &! t$e Constit'tion. Not a -ase in*ol*in# a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st 1it$ "i#$ts onl! 'nde" t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent, i'e' a -iti4en o/ t$e United States. T$at is 1$! -o..on la1 is al.ost lost.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

=>.

Ei"t'all! e*e"! -ase in t$e -o'"ts toda! is /o" a t"'st .e.&e", o" so.eone 1$o t$in,s $e is and doesn9t o&@e-t to &ein# t"eated li,e one.

T$is s!ste. sta"ted in +=<> 1it$ t$e s' "e.e Co'"t -ase o/ E"ie Rail"oad Co. E. To. ,ins, <)D US JD. In t$at -ase, t$e S' "e.e Co'"t "'led t$at state la1 7-o..e"-ial o" t"'st la18 1o'ld &e t$e standa"d o/ t$e /ede"al -o'"t s!ste. /"o. t$at date /o"1a"d in all -ases e2-e t t$ose #o*e"ned &! t$e Constit'tion.
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. ==.

T$at -o. letel! -$an#ed t$e -o'"se o/ t$e /ede"al @'di-ia"!, and 's$e"ed in t$e Uni/o". Co..e"-ial Code 7$e"eina/te" UCC8 as t$e standa"d /o" all /'t'"e -ases. T$e UCC is an Ad.i"alt! Ma"iti.e la1 1$i-$ is s' osedl! "ese"*ed /o" -o'"ts o'tside o/ A.e"i-a3 &'t t$"o'#$ t$e de-eit and -on/'sion, W$at a-t'all! $a ens is t$at !o' lea*e A.e"i-a 1$en !o' ste $as &e-o.e t$e :la1 o/ t$e land9.

into an :Ad.i"alt!9 -o'"t"oo. 1$i-$ a lies t$e UCC. T$e UCC is t$e la1 'nde" 1$i-$ all o/ t$e stat'tes, -odes, and "e#'lations d1ell3 &'t, it is still not a li-a&le to an A.e"i-an Citi4en. T$at is 1$! all -o'"ts .'st #et !o' to a#"ee to &e t"eated as a -iti4en o/ t$e United States, i'e' a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st, o" t$e! $a*e no @'"isdi-tion. T$e"e a"e .an! 1$o &elie*e t$at si. l! ste in# t$"o'#$ t$e "ail #ate 1$i-$ se a"ates t$e *ie1in# a"ea 7a'dien-e8 /"o. t$e a-t'al -o'"t a"ea #i*es t$e -o'"t @'"isdi-tion o*e" !o'" e"son3 and, &asi-all! ad.its t$e -ont"a-t. T$e $i"in# o/ a BAR atto"ne! de/initel! s'&.its to t$e @'"isdi-tion. Re#a"dless, t$e UCC is -ont"a-t la1 in its st"on#est, .ost e*il /o"., /o" it st"i s t$e A.e"i-an o/ all $is God6#i*en, Constit'tionall! "ote-ted Ri#$ts, and @'d#es $i. as an a"ti/i-ial entit!, a -o" o"ation, and a sla*e. t$e /a-t t$at t$e so*e"ei#nt! lies 1it$ t$e eo le. T$e UCC does not "e-o#ni4e o" a--o'nt /o" It onl! loo,s at :/a-ts9 a--o"din# to Ad.i"alt!

7Co..e"-ial8 la1. Ho1e*e", it does "ote-t itsel/, and in so doin#, #i*es t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en t$e s1o"d $e needs in -o'"t. At UCC +6+)<.J, it states, ,The Code is #omplimentar to the Common ;a%, %hi#h remains in for#e, e:#ept %here displa#ed b the #ode' ! statute should be #onstrued in harmon %ith the Common ;a%, unless there is a #lear legislati"e intent to abrogate the Common ;a%'( Wit$ "e#a"d to an A.e"i-an Citi4en 1it$ /'ll Constit'tional Ri#$ts in la-e, t$e"e -an &e no le#islati*e intent to a&"o#ate t$e Co..on La1 1it$o't an a-t o/ t"eason on t$e "es e-t to A.e"i-ans. a"t o/ t$e le#islat'"e, &e-a'se t$e le#islat'"e 1as ne*e" #i*en t$e a't$o"it! to a&"o#ate t$e Co..on La1 1it$ So, 1$at t$e UCC atte. ts to do is t"i-, an A.e"i-an into #i*in# ' $is Ri#$ts t$"o'#$ -ont"a-t 7does t$at so'nd /a.ilia"H8. At UCC +6()?.=, it states, (<hen a %ai"a%ble right or #laim is in"ol"ed, the failure to ma/e a reser"ation thereof, #auses a loss of right, and bars its assertion at a later date'( As 1e $a*e al"ead! lea"ned, al.ost an! "i#$t is 1ai*a&le &! -ont"a-t, so t$is is a *e"! en-o. assin# and da.a#in# se-tion. assed. In "ealit!, it .eans t$at an!t$in# 1$i-$ is -lai.ed a#ainst !o' &e-o.es a "eal lia&ilit! to !o' 1$i-$ -annot &e "e/'ted a/te" t$e initial -lai. $as %o" an e2a. le, so.eone sends !o' a &ill /o" S+)).)) /o" a se"*i-e 1$i-$ !o' did not "e-ei*e. Yo' ass'.e t$at t$is is @'st an e""o" in &illin#, and !o' dis"e#a"d it 1it$o't an! a-tion.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+)).

T$e a"t! 1$o sent !o' t$e &ill no1 $as a *e"i/ied -lai. a#ainst !o' /o" 1$i-$ !o' $a*e no de/ense 6 !o' o1e t$e S+)).))5 T$e IRS 'ses t$is .et$od on a "e#'la" &asis. T$e! send !o' a &ill, and !o' do not i..ediatel!, and "o e"l!, den! t$e &ill. It &e-o.es d'e and a!a&le 1it$ no de/ense. T$e"e is a "e.ed! "o*ided 1it$in t$e UCC /o" t$is sit'ation, and !o' s$o'ld lea"n it and 'se it in all s'-$ sit'ations. It is /o'nd at UCC +6()?, and, UCC +6<)? 6 a .o"e "e-ent "intin# o/ t$e -ode 6 and it sa!s, ,! part %ho %ith e:pli#it reser"ation of rights performs or promises performan#e or assents to performan#e in a manner demanded or offered b the other part does not thereb pre.udi#e the rights reser"ed' Su#h %ords as J%ithout pre.udi#e, Junder protest, or the li/e are suffi#ient'( In ot$e" 1o"ds, !o' -an ente" into a -ont"a-t 1it$in t$e s!ste., and &! 'sin# t$e 1o"ds F1it$o't "e@'di-e,G o" F'nde" "otest,G a&o*e !o'" si#nat'"e on an! -ont"a-t, !o' -an "etain all o/ !o'" Ri#$ts, and not &e-o.e &o'nd &! ad$esion -ont"a-ts 1$i-$ .i#$t "ed'-e o" totall! "e.o*e !o'" Ri#$ts. An :ad$esion -ont"a-t9 is one 1$i-$ o//e"s a /o". -ont"a-t 1it$ no "oo. /o" &a"#ainin#. In t$ose -ont"a-ts o//e"ed on toda!9s .a",et, t$e! al.ost all atta-$ to ot$e" -ont"a-ts 1$i-$ !o' do not e*en ,no1 a&o't3 and, t$e"e/o"e, !o' a-t'all! si#n a -ont"a-t a#"eein# to sti 'lations o/ 1$i-$ !o' a"e not e*en a1a"e. Yo' a"e, nonet$eless, lia&le 'nde" t$ose "o*isions 'n,no1n to !o'. T$at is one o/ t$e "i.a"! 1a!s t$at !o' #i*e ' !o'" Ri#$ts as an A.e"i-an. It s$o'ld also &e noted t$at t$e 'se o/ F1it$o't "e@'di-eG is a -o..on la1 "e.ed! 1$i-$ dates &a-, $'nd"eds o/ !ea"s. W$en !o' a"e &"o'#$t into -o'"t /o" an! "eason, t$e -o'"t 1ill ta,e :silent @'di-ial noti-e9 o/ t$e /a-t t$at !o' $a*e ente"ed into one o" .o"e o/ t$ese -ont"a-ts 1$i-$ &ind !o' in !o'" -o" o"ate sel/ to t$e @'"isdi-tion o/ t$e t"'st -o'"t. It 1ill &e *e"! di//i-'lt to den! @'"isdi-tion. T$e"e is, $o1e*e", still a 1a! to den! t$e -o'"t @'"isdi-tion. 'nde" t$e -onst"'-ti*e /"a'd stat'tes. Yo' .'st, $o1e*e", ta,e a-tion, &e-a'se t$e -o'"t 1ill not assist !o' in t$is a-tion. To t$e -ont"a"!, t$e -o'"t 1ill .a,e it as di//i-'lt as ossi&le /o" !o' to ta,e t$is a-tion. I/ !o' did not ente" said -o..e"-ial -ont"a-t 7in its enti"et!8 ,no1in#l!, *ol'nta"il!, and intentionall!, !o' -an "e/'te t$e -ont"a-t and de-la"e it n'll and *oid

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+)+.

E*en 1it$ t$e -o'"t9s "e@'di-e, !o' -an still -lai. t$is Ri#$t. T$e ,e! $e"e is to den! an! -ont"a-t 1$i-$ .i#$t &ind !o' to t$e t"'st in an! 1a!, and to "e@e-t and den! all &ene/its o//e"ed &! t$e t"'st. Yo' -annot a--e t t$e &ene/its, i'e' t$e 'se o/ t$e so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e" in an! 1a!, and t$en "e/'se to &e &o'nd &! t$e t"'st "'les. T$e .o"e ,no1led#e !o' a-;'i"e, t$e $a"de" it 1ill &e /o" t$ese 1o'ld &e lo"ds to 'se t$ei" /alse o1e" a#ainst !o'. T$e"e is one ot$e" #"eat asset "o*ided to !o' &! t$is UN6Godl! -ode t$at is intended to st"i a1a! !o'" /"eedo.s, and it is t$e .ain tool 1$i-$ is 'sed a#ainst !o'. Re.e.&e" t$at an 'n"e&'tted -lai. stands as t"'t$ in t$is s!ste.. Yo' -an 'se t$at to !o'" ad*anta#e, &e-a'se it 1o",s &ot$ 1a!s. Basi-all!, !o' a"e 1$at !o' sa! !o' a"e. Yo' -an -lai. to &e al.ost an!t$in# !o' 1ant to &e3 and, i/ !o' do so &! s1o"n a//ida*it, it stands as 'n;'estioned t"'t$ 'nless "e&'tted &! a s1o"n a//ida*it -$allen#in# it. Sin-e no one on t$e ot$e" side is #oin# to s1ea" to an!t$in#, !o' -an -lai. *i"t'all! an!t$in# !o' 1is$. A &la-, .an /"o. So't$ A/"i-a 1$o $as &een in t$is -o'nt"! one da! -an -lai. &! s1o"n a//ida*it to &e a 1$ite, nati*e &o"n A.e"i-an3 and, a&sent an o state.ent 1o'ld stand as a "o*en /a-t in t$ese t"'st -o'"ts. T$e"e/o"e, i/ !o' 'nde"stand t$e s!ste., !o' -an t'"n it a"o'nd to /it !o'" needs. So, it is *e"! eas! to "o*e in -o'"t t$at !o' a"e a /'ll! Constit'tionall! e. o1e"ed A.e"i-an Citi4en. Yo' si. l! 't it in s1o"n a//ida*it /o"., /ile it in t$e '&li- "e-o"d, s'&.it it to t$e -o'"t, and da"e an!&od! to -$allen#e it. Aon9t 1o""!, no one 1ill. B't, !o' as,, i/ t$ese a"e t"'l! /a-ts, $o1 -o'ld it $a*e e*e" -o.e to ass t$at t$ese Ban,ste"s $a*e &een a&le to #ain and ,ee all t$is 'ndese"*ed o1e". T$e A.e"i-an eo le $a*e &e-o.e .i-e t$at a"e eit$e" too s-a"ed, too i#no"ant, o" too a at$eti- to do an!t$in# a&o't t$e t$e/t o/ t$ei" Ri#$ts and t$ei" -o'nt"!. %o" t$e .ost a"t, t$e! $a*e sold t$ei" li&e"t! and /"eedo. /o" a loa/ o/ &"ead 7o" a si2 a-, o/ &ee"8. Ho1 sad, &'t so.e a"e &e#innin# to 1a,e ' and "eali4e 1$at 1as #i*en t$e., and t$e! 1ant it &a-,. %o" t$ose, t$e !ea"s a$ead 1ill &e -$allen#in#, &'t *e"! "e1a"din#. %o" t$e ot$e"s, t$e! s$o'ld "e.e.&e" t$at sla*e o1ne"s a"e not al1a!s &ene*olent, and t$e! -an -$an#e at t$ei" o1n 1ill. osin# a//ida*it, t$at

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+)(.

T$ese 1o'ld6&e sla*es s$o'ld ta,e a loo, &a-, in ti.e at t$e $'nd"eds o/ so-ieties, in-l'din# o'" o1n, in 1$i-$ t$e eo le #a*e t$ei" $ea"ts, so'ls, and li*es t"!in# to /"ee t$e.sel*es /"o. t!"anni-al, totalita"ian "'le. W$at t$e! /o'#$t and died /o" I .o"eo*e", 1$at o'" /o'ndin# /at$e"s /o'#$t /o", died /o", and le/t 's as o'" &i"t$"i#$t I 1e no1 $and &a-, to t$e :.aste"s9 1it$o't so .'-$ as a 1$i. e". W$at a dis#"a-e5 O'" /o'ndin# /at$e"s .'st &e tossin# 1ildl! in t$ei" #"a*es55

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+)<.

'HA&TER : ) A RE#EDY ST*LL EO*STS.

As .entioned ea"lie", t$e -o'"ts toda! a"e "'n &! t$e t"'st, /o" t$e t"'st, and 1it$ t$e "i.a"! d't! to "ote-t t$e t"'st at all -osts. T$e"e a ea"s to &e no A"ti-le III Co'"ts le/t, 1it$ t$e ossi&le e2-e tion o/ t$e S' "e.e Co'"t3 and ossi&l! t$e United States Aist"i-t Co'"t /o" T$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&ia Bt$e"e is .'-$ -on/'sion at t$is ti.e a&o't 1$et$e" t$at -o'"t is a*aila&le to an A.e"i-an Citi4enC. T$e"e is e*iden-e t$at t$e United States Aist"i-t Co'"t /o" t$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&ia is a ossi&le *en'e /o" "e.ed! 'nde" A"ti-le III o/ t$e Constit'tion. T$e S' "e.e Co'"t in, EM &arte Ba-elite 'or@.n (?= U.S. D<>, distin#'is$es &et1een t$e nat'"e o/ t$eses -o'"ts in t$at o inion 1it$ t$e /ollo1in# state.entsM ,<hile !rti#le III of the Constitution de#lares, in se#tion @, that the .udi#ial po%er of the United States shall be "ested in one Supreme Court and in Jsu#h inferior #ourts as the Congress ma from time to time ordain and establish, and pres#ribes, in se#tion B, that this po%er shall e:tend to #ases and #ontro"ersies of #ertain enumerated #lasses, it long has been settled that !rti#le III does not e:press the full authorit of Congress to #reate #ourts, and that other !rti#les in"est Congress %ith po%ers in the e:ertion of %hi#h it ma #reate inferior #ourts and #lothe them %ith fun#tions deemed essential or helpful in #arr ing those po%ers into e:e#ution' $ut there is a differen#e bet%een the t%o #lasses of #ourts. Those established under the spe#ifi# po%er gi"en in se#tion B of !rti#le III are #alled #onstitutional #ourts' The share in the e:er#ise of the .udi#ial po%er defined in that se#tion, #an be in"ested %ith no other .urisdi#tion, and ha"e .udges %ho hold offi#e during good beha"ior, %ith no po%er in Congress to pro"ide other%ise' On the other hand, those #reated b Congress in the e:ertion of other po%ers are #alled legislati"e #ourts' Their fun#tions al%a s are dire#ted to the e:e#ution of one or more of su#h po%ers and are pres#ribed b Congress independentl of se#tion B of !rti#le III) and their .udges hold for su#h term as Congress pres#ribes, %hether it be a fi:ed period of ears or during good beha"ior .( ,These Courts, then are not #onstitutional Courts %hi#h the .udi#ial po%er #onferred b the Constitution on the general go"ernment #an be deposited' The are in#apable of re#ei"ing it. The are legislati"e Courts #reated in "irtue of the general right of so"ereignt %hi#h e:ists in the go"ernment or in "irtue of that #lause %hi#h enables Congress to ma/e all needful rules and regulations respe#ting the territor belonging to the United States' The .urisdi#tion
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. +)D.

%ith %hi#h the are in"ested is not a part of that .udi#ial po%er %hi#h is defined in the ?d arti#le of the Constitution, but is #onferred b Congress in the e:e#ution of those general po%ers %hi#h that bod possess o"er the territories of the United States' 9These Courts, 9, are legislati"e rather than #onstitutional #ourts, 9%hi#h are not #ases or #ontro"ersies %ithin the meaning of !rti#le III, but are merel in aid of legislati"e or e:e#uti"e a#tion, and therefore outside the admissible .urisdi#tion of #ourts established under that !rti#le' 9 =at page DLBF9The Court of Claims is su#h a #ourt' It %as #reated and has been maintained, as a spe#ial tribunal to e:amine and determine #laims for mone against the United States'( Clea"l!, t$e S' "e.e Co'"t d"a1s t$e di//e"en-es &et1een -onstit'tional and le#islati*e -o'"ts in t$is o inion. Ot$e" o inions, s'-$ as t$e one /o'nd in National #6t6al *n". 'o. A. Ti!ewater Tran" er 'o.9 *nc., "eite"ate and s' o"t t$is o inion.

In O.Dono206e A. Unite! State", (>= U.S. 0+J, t$e S' "e.e Co'"t o/ t$e United States $eld t$at t$e dist"i-t -o'"ts a"e te""ito"ial Fle#islati*eG -o'"ts, -"eated &! *i"t'e o/ A"ti-le I, o" 'nde" A"ti-le IE, Se-tion <, -la'se ( o/ t$e Constit'tion. T$e S' "e.e Co'"t statedM ,This #ourt has repeatedl held that the territorial #ourts are Jlegislati"e #ourts, #reated in "irtue of the national so"ereignt or under !rt' I5, Se#tion ?, #l' B, of the Constitution, "esting in Congress the po%er Jto dispose of and ma/e all needful rules and regulations respe#ting the territor or other propert belonging to the United States; and that the are not in"ested %ith an part of the .udi#ial po%er defined in the third arti#le of the Constitution' !nd this rule, as it affe#ts the territories, is no longer open to 6uestion' Io the #ourts of the Iistri#t of Columbia o##up a li/e situation in "irtue of the plenar po%er of Congress, under !rt' I, Se# >, #l' @E, JTo e:er#ise e:#lusi"e legislation in all #ases %hatsoe"er, o"er su#h distri#t )not e:#eeding ten miles s6uare+ as ma , b #ession of parti#ular States and the a##eptan#e of Congress, be#ome the seat of the go"ernment of the United States ' ' '8 This in6uir re6uires a #onsideration, first, of the reasons upon %hi#h rest the de#isions in respe#t of the territorial #ourts'( T$e S' "e.e Co'"t 1ent on to /ind t$at t$e S' "e.e Co'"t o/ t$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&ia 1as a Constit'tional Co'"t *ested 1it$ A"ti-le III Se-tion ( L'di-ial Po1e"s. T$is is t$e sa.e -o'"t 1$i-$ 1as "ena.ed to &e t$e FUnited States Aist"i-t Co'"t /o" t$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&iaG and is de/ined in t$e A.C. Code ++6+)+7+87C8 as a -onstit'tional -o'"t. I 1on9t &o# !o' do1n 1it$ .assi*e -ase la1 at t$is oint, &'t it is -lea" t$at -ase la1 s' o"ts t$e -ontention t$at t$e United States Aist"i-t Co'"t /o" t$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&ia is *e"! di//e"ent /"o. all o/ t$e ot$e" %ede"al Aist"i-t Co'"ts in t$at it $as Constit'tional
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. +)0.

a't$o"it! to $ea" -ont"o*e"sies 'nde" A"ti-le III Se-tion ( o/ t$e Constit'tion3 1$ile all o/ t$e ot$e" dist"i-t -o'"ts a"e le#islati*e in nat'"e and @'"isdi-tion, and te""ito"ial in *en'e. In s$o"t, t$e onl! dist"i-t -o'"t "e.ainin# 1$i-$ a a"entl! $as -onstit'tional a't$o"it! is t$e United States Aist"i-t Co'"t /o" t$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&ia. So, $o1 does t$at a//e-t !o'H T$e "o&le. t$at /a-es an! A.e"i-an Citi4en see,in# A"ti-le III "e.ed! is t$at

Was$in#ton .a! &e a lon# 1a! to t"a*el /o" ad@'di-ation, and t$e"e 1ill &e "esistan-e to $is atte. t to in*o,e t$e -o'"t9s @'"isdi-tion 1$en t$e -a'se o/ a-tion .a! $a*e o--'""ed so.e1$e"e in Te2as. W$en 1e see, "e.ed! /o" Ri#$ts *iolations as one o/ t$e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Peo le, one o/ t$e a"ties 1ill .ost li,el! &e eit$e" t$e United States, o" anot$e" /o"ei#n state o" s'&@e-t t$e"eo/. I/ 1e &"in# t$at a-tion in a te""ito"ial -o'"t, it $as no @'"isdi-tion o" *en'e in t$e .atte", &e-a'se it is le#islati*e in nat'"e and -annot in*o,e @'"isdi-tion o*e" t$e ne-essa"! a"ties. Bet1een +=<< and +=?J, it 1as *e"! di//i-'lt, i/ not i. ossi&le, to &"in# an a-tion a#ainst t$e t"'st. T$is 1as so &e-a'se t$e t"'st -ont"olled all o/ t$e -o'"ts 1it$in t$e States3 and, as t$e #o*e"n.ent 1as no1 a-tin# li,e t$e so*e"ei#n, &! e2e"-isin# lena"! o1e" o*e" its s'&@e-ts, it la-ed itsel/ into a osition o/ 'nli.ited i..'nit! 1it$ "es e-t to its .e.&e"s. In addition, t$e o*e""idin# "es'. tion in e*e"! -ase 1as t$at e*e"!one 1$o -a.e &e/o"e an! o/ t$e -o'"ts 1as a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st. Sin-e in t$e *ast .a@o"it! o/ t$e -ases t$at s-ena"io is -o""e-t, and &e-a'se t$e "es'. tion is al.ost ne*e" "o e"l! -$allen#ed, *i"t'all! e*e"! -ase is de-ided &ased ' on t$e "es'. tion. B't, 'nde" its #"ant o/ a't$o"it!, Con#"ess 1as "e;'i"ed to t$e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Peo le 'nde" t$"eat o/ T"eason555 "o*ide a "e.ed! /o"

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+)J.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+)?.

A/te" so.e D) !ea"s in t$e 1ilde"ness, Con#"ess

assed t$e %o"ei#n So*e"ei#n

I..'nities A-t o/ +=?J BF%SIAGC. %o" t$e /i"st ti.e sin-e t$e &an,"' t-! o/ +=<), one o/ t$e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Peo le 1as "o*ided 1it$ a "easona&le *e$i-le t$"o'#$ 1$i-$ $e -o'ld "e-ei*e "e.ed! /"o. t$e t"'st3 and, t$e "e.ed! -o'ld &e a-$ie*ed in a -o'"t -lose to $is la-e o/ a&ode. I "eali4e t$at it is $a"d to 'nde"stand $o1 t$e %SIA -o'ld "o*ide an! "e.ed! a#ainst t$e t"'st to an A.e"i-an, &e-a'se it, li,e .ost ot$e" la1s and -odes, 1as 1"itten in a .anne" intended to $ide its t"'e '" ose Bto "ote-t t$e Con#"ess /"o. a -$a"#e o/ T"easonC. Man! o/ !o' 1ill $a*e di//i-'lt! 1it$ t$e te".s 'sed in t$e %SIA 1it$ "elation to !o'"sel/. %o" instan-e, to ta,e ad*anta#e o/ t$is %SIA, !o' .'st /i"st &e a F/o"ei#n stateG. Ho1 .an! "eadin# t$is &oo, &elie*e t$at t$e! a"e a /o"ei#n stateH I ,no1 I didn9t. He"e a#ain, 1e .'st *isit t$e A-t itsel/ to /i#'"e o't e2a-tl! 1$at t$e te". F/o"ei#n stateG .eans in "elation to t$e %SIA. T$e %SIA is -odi/ied at Title (>, Se-tions +J)(6+J++. %i"st, 1e need to 'nde"stand Title (> Se-tion +J)<, 1$i-$ statesM %o" '" oses o/ t$is -$a te" I 7a8A :/o"ei#n state9, e2-e t as 'sed in se-tion +J)> o/ t$is title, in-l'des a oliti-al s'&di*ision o/ a /o"ei#n state o" an a#en-! o" inst"'.entalit! o/ a /o"ei#n state as de/ined in s'&se-tion 7&8. 7&8 An :a#en-! o" inst"'.entalit! o/ a /o"ei#n state9 .eans an! entit! I 7+8 1$i-$ is a se a"ate le#al e"son, -o" o"ate o" ot$e"1ise, and 7(8 1$i-$ is an o"#an o/ a /o"ei#n state o" oliti-al s'&di*ision t$e"eo/, o" a .a@o"it! o/ 1$ose s$a"es o" ot$e" o1ne"s$i inte"est is o1ned &! a /o"ei#n state o" oliti-al s'&di*ision t$e"eo/, and 7<8 1$i-$ is neit$e" a -iti4en o/ a State o/ t$e United States as de/ined in se-tion +<<( 7-8 and 7d8 o/ t$is title, no" -"eated 'nde" t$e la1s o/ an! t$i"d -o'nt"!. 7-8 T$e :United States9 in-l'des all te""ito"! and 1ate"s, -ontinental o" ins'la", s'&@e-t to t$e @'"isdi-tion o/ t$e United States. 7d8 A :-o..e"-ial a-ti*it!9 .eans eit$e" a "e#'la" -o'"se o/
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. +)>.

-o..e"-ial -ond'-t o" a a"ti-'la" -o..e"-ial t"ansa-tion o" a-t. T$e -o..e"-ial -$a"a-te" o/ an a-ti*it! s$all &e dete".ined &! "e/e"en-e to t$e nat'"e o/ t$e -o'"se o/ -ond'-t o" a"ti-'la" t"ansa-tion o" a-t, "at$e" t$an &! "e/e"en-e to its '" ose. 7e8 A :-o..e"-ial a-ti*it! -a""ied on in t$e United States &! a /o"ei#n state9 .eans -o..e"-ial a-ti*it! -a""ied on &! s'-$ state and $a*in# s'&stantial -onta-t 1it$ t$e United States. No1, let9s &"ea, do1n 1$at a /o"ei#n state is in "elation to t$e %SIA. He"e, !o' .'st 'nde"stand t$at t$e stat'tes a"e s'&@e-t to Fst"i-t -onst"'-tionG, .eanin# t$at t$e! .ean e2a-tl! 1$at t$e! sa!, and not$in# else Bot$e"1ise, t$e"e 1o'ld &e -onstit'tional -on/'sionC. Se-tion +J)< 7a8 sa!s t$at a /o"ei#n state in-l'des a oliti-al s'&di*ision , o" an a#en-! o" inst"'.entalit! o/ a /o"ei#n state. T$e"e/o"e, 'nde" st"i-t -onst"'-tion o/ t$e stat'te, t$e de/inition o/ a /o"ei#n state does not in-l'de t$e state itsel/, onl! a oliti-al s'&di*ision, o" an a#en-! o" inst"'.entalit! t$e"eo/. T"i-,!, $'$H Se-tion +J)< 7&8 de/ines 1$at -onstit'tes an a#en-! o" inst"'.entalit! o/ a /o"ei#n state 1it$ "elation to t$e %SIA. It sa!s t$at one .'st &e a Fse a"ate le#al e"son, -o" o"ate o" ot$e"1iseG. Ao !o' /it t$at des-"i tionH I ,no1 I do. Ne2t, one .'st &e an Fo"#anG o/ t$e /o"ei#n state. An Fo"#anG is de/ined as, Fo/ o" $a*in# to do 1it$ an organ3 in$e"ent3 in&o"n, -onstit'tional3 o"#ani4ed, s!ste.ati-all! a""an#ed3 in la1, /'nda.ental3 as t$e organic la" o/ t$e United States is t$e Constit'tionG. So'nds li,e t$e eo le 1$o o"#ani4ed and /o".ed t$e o"#ani- la1 7Constit'tion8 o/ t$e United States. Ao !o' /it t$atH I/ !o' a"e a des-endant o/ t$ose eo le and !o' -lai. !o'" in$e"itan-e, !o' do. Last, it states t$at !o' .'st &e neit$e" a -iti4en o/ a State o/ t$e United States as de/ined in +<<( 7-8 and 7d8 o/ Title (>, no" -"eated 'nde" t$e la1s o/ an! t$i"d -o'nt"!. W$en 1e loo, at Se-tion +<<(, it de/ines states as t$e Te""ito"ies, t$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&ia, and t$e Co..on1ealt$ o/ P'e"to Ri-o. On-e a#ain, st"i-t -onst"'-tion a lies. A"e !o' a -iti4en o/ an! o/ t$e Te""ito"ies, t$e Aist"i-t o/ Col'.&ia, o" t$e Co..on1ealt$ o/ P'e"to Ri-oH BI/ !o' 'se a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e", !o' a"e.C Ne2t, 1e"e !o' -"eated
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. +)=.

'nde" t$e la1s o/ an! t$i"d -o'nt"!H Bt$is is t$e a"t t$at eli.inates %"en-$.en o" En#lis$.en o" an!&od! e2-e t A.e"i-ans.C I/ not, and !o' ans1e"ed !es to t$e /i"st t1o ;'estions, t$en !o' ;'ali/! 'nde" t$e de/inition o/ a F/o"ei#n stateG as de/ined in t$e %SIA. W$at does t$at .ean to !o'H It .eans !o' -an -lai. so"ereign immunit /"o. t$e -o'"ts o/ t$e United States and o/ t$e States '"s'ant to Title (> Se-tion +J)D, 1$i-$ statesM ,Sub.e#t to e:isting international agreements to %hi#h the United States is a part at the time of ena#tment of this !#t, a foreign state shall be immune from the .urisdi#tion of the #ourts of the United States and of the States e:#ept as pro"ided in se#tions @AML to @AME of this #hapter'( Note t$at t$e"e is an e2-e tion to t$at so*e"ei#n i..'nit! i/ !o' a-t in a /as$ion t$at 1o'ld a-ti*ate Se-tion +J)06+J)? o/ Title (>. Wit$o't #oin# into t$e e2a-t details o/ t$e e2-e tion, it -an &e s'..a"i4ed &! si. l! sa!in# t$at i/ !o' a"ti-i ate in -o..e"-ial a-ti*ities 1it$in t$e United States, o" i/ !o' da.a#e anot$e" a"ties li/e o" "o e"t!, !o' loose !o'" i..'nit!. An! /o". o/ &'siness 1it$ t$e aid o" 'se o/ a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e" 1ill a-ti*ate t$is e2-e tion, and !o'" so*e"ei#n i..'nit! 1ill &e #one. %o" !o'" -on*enien-e, Title (>, Se-tion +J)0M Se-. +J)0. Gene"al e2-e tions to t$e @'"isdi-tional i..'nit! o/ a /o"ei#n state 6STATUTE6 7a8 A /o"ei#n state s$all not &e i..'ne /"o. t$e @'"isdi-tion o/ -o'"ts o/ t$e United States o" o/ t$e States in an! -ase 6 7+8 in 1$i-$ t$e /o"ei#n state $as 1ai*ed its i..'nit! eit$e" e2 li-itl! o" &! i. li-ation, not1it$standin# an! 1it$d"a1al o/ t$e 1ai*e" 1$i-$ t$e /o"ei#n state .a! '" o"t to e//e-t e2-e t in a--o"dan-e 1it$ t$e te".s o/ t$e 1ai*e"3 7(8 in 1$i-$ t$e a-tion is &ased ' on a -o..e"-ial a-ti*it! -a""ied on in t$e United States &! t$e /o"ei#n state3 o" ' on an a-t e"/o".ed in t$e United States in -onne-tion 1it$ a -o..e"-ial a-ti*it! o/ t$e /o"ei#n state else1$e"e3 o" ' on an a-t o'tside t$e te""ito"! o/ t$e United States in -onne-tion 1it$ a -o..e"-ial a-ti*it! o/ t$e /o"ei#n state else1$e"e and t$at a-t -a'ses a di"e-t e//e-t in t$e United States3 7<8 in 1$i-$ "i#$ts in "o e"t! ta,en in *iolation o/
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. ++).

inte"national la1 a"e in iss'e and t$at "o e"t! o" an! "o e"t! e2-$an#ed /o" s'-$ "o e"t! is "esent in t$e United States in -onne-tion 1it$ a -o..e"-ial a-ti*it! -a""ied on in t$e United States &! t$e /o"ei#n state3 o" t$at "o e"t! o" an! "o e"t! e2-$an#ed /o" s'-$ "o e"t! is o1ned o" o e"ated &! an a#en-! o" inst"'.entalit! o/ t$e /o"ei#n state and t$at a#en-! o" inst"'.entalit! is en#a#ed in a -o..e"-ial a-ti*it! in t$e United States3 7D8 in 1$i-$ "i#$ts in "o e"t! in t$e United States a-;'i"ed &! s'--ession o" #i/t o" "i#$ts in i..o*a&le "o e"t! sit'ated in t$e United States a"e in iss'e3 708 not ot$e"1ise en-o. assed in a"a#"a $ 7(8 a&o*e, in 1$i-$ .one! da.a#es a"e so'#$t a#ainst a /o"ei#n state /o" e"sonal in@'"! o" deat$, o" da.a#e to o" loss o/ "o e"t!, o--'""in# in t$e United States and -a'sed &! t$e to"tio's a-t o" o.ission o/ t$at /o"ei#n state o" o/ an! o//i-ial o" e. lo!ee o/ t$at /o"ei#n state 1$ile a-tin# 1it$in t$e s-o e o/ $is o//i-e o" e. lo!.ent3 e2-e t t$is a"a#"a $ s$all not a l! to 6 7A8 an! -lai. &ased ' on t$e e2e"-ise o" e"/o".an-e o" t$e /ail'"e to e2e"-ise o" e"/o". a dis-"etiona"! /'n-tion "e#a"dless o/ 1$et$e" t$e dis-"etion &e a&'sed, o" 7B8 an! -lai. a"isin# o't o/ .ali-io's "ose-'tion, a&'se o/ "o-ess, li&el, slande", .is"e "esentation, de-eit, o" inte"/e"en-e 1it$ -ont"a-t "i#$ts3 o" 7J8 in 1$i-$ t$e a-tion is &"o'#$t, eit$e" to en/o"-e an a#"ee.ent .ade &! t$e /o"ei#n state 1it$ o" /o" t$e &ene/it o/ a "i*ate a"t! to s'&.it to a"&it"ation all o" an! di//e"en-es 1$i-$ $a*e a"isen o" 1$i-$ .a! a"ise &et1een t$e a"ties 1it$ "es e-t to a de/ined le#al "elations$i , 1$et$e" -ont"a-t'al o" not, -on-e"nin# a s'&@e-t .atte" -a a&le o/ settle.ent &! a"&it"ation 'nde" t$e la1s o/ t$e United States, o" to -on/i". an a1a"d .ade '"s'ant to s'-$ an a#"ee.ent to a"&it"ate, i/ 7A8 t$e a"&it"ation ta,es la-e o" is intended to ta,e la-e in t$e United States, 7B8 t$e a#"ee.ent o" a1a"d is o" .a! &e #o*e"ned &! a t"eat! o" ot$e" inte"national a#"ee.ent in /o"-e /o" t$e United States -allin# /o" t$e "e-o#nition and en/o"-e.ent o/ a"&it"al a1a"ds, 7C8 t$e 'nde"l!in# -lai., sa*e /o" t$e a#"ee.ent to a"&it"ate, -o'ld $a*e &een &"o'#$t in a United States -o'"t 'nde" t$is se-tion o" se-tion +J)?, o" 7A8 a"a#"a $ 7+8 o/ t$is s'&se-tion is ot$e"1ise a li-a&le. 7&8 A /o"ei#n state s$all not &e i..'ne /"o. t$e @'"isdi-tion o/ t$e -o'"ts o/ t$e United States in an! -ase in 1$i-$ a s'it in ad.i"alt! is &"o'#$t to en/o"-e a .a"iti.e lien a#ainst a *essel o" -a"#o o/ t$e /o"ei#n state, 1$i-$ .a"iti.e lien is &ased ' on a -o..e"-ial a-ti*it! o/ t$e /o"ei#n stateM P"o*ided, T$at 6
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. +++.

7+8 noti-e o/ t$e s'it is #i*en &! deli*e"! o/ a -o ! o/ t$e s'..ons and o/ t$e -o. laint to t$e e"son, o" $is a#ent, $a*in# ossession o/ t$e *essel o" -a"#o a#ainst 1$i-$ t$e .a"iti.e lien is asse"ted3 and i/ t$e *essel o" -a"#o is a""ested '"s'ant to "o-ess o&tained on &e$al/ o/ t$e a"t! &"in#in# t$e s'it, t$e se"*i-e o/ "o-ess o/ a""est s$all &e dee.ed to -onstit'te *alid deli*e"! o/ s'-$ noti-e, &'t t$e a"t! &"in#in# t$e s'it s$all &e lia&le /o" an! da.a#es s'stained &! t$e /o"ei#n state as a "es'lt o/ t$e a""est i/ t$e a"t! &"in#in# t$e s'it $ad a-t'al o" -onst"'-ti*e ,no1led#e t$at t$e *essel o" -a"#o o/ a /o"ei#n state 1as in*ol*ed3 and 7(8 noti-e to t$e /o"ei#n state o/ t$e -o..en-e.ent o/ s'it as "o*ided in se-tion +J)> o/ t$is title is initiated 1it$in ten da!s eit$e" o/ t$e deli*e"! o/ noti-e as "o*ided in a"a#"a $ 7+8 o/ t$is s'&se-tion o", in t$e -ase o/ a a"t! 1$o 1as 'na1a"e t$at t$e *essel o" -a"#o o/ a /o"ei#n state 1as in*ol*ed, o/ t$e date s'-$ a"t! dete".ined t$e e2isten-e o/ t$e /o"ei#n stateOs inte"est. 7-8 W$ene*e" noti-e is deli*e"ed 'nde" s'&se-tion 7&87+8, t$e s'it to en/o"-e a .a"iti.e lien s$all t$e"ea/te" "o-eed and s$all &e $ea"d and dete".ined a--o"din# to t$e "in-i les o/ la1 and "'les o/ "a-ti-e o/ s'its in "e. 1$ene*e" it a ea"s t$at, $ad t$e *essel &een "i*atel! o1ned and ossessed, a s'it in "e. .i#$t $a*e &een .aintained. A de-"ee a#ainst t$e /o"ei#n state .a! in-l'de -osts o/ t$e s'it and, i/ t$e de-"ee is /o" a .one! @'d#.ent, inte"est as o"de"ed &! t$e -o'"t, e2-e t t$at t$e -o'"t .a! not a1a"d @'d#.ent a#ainst t$e /o"ei#n state in an a.o'nt #"eate" t$an t$e *al'e o/ t$e *essel o" -a"#o ' on 1$i-$ t$e .a"iti.e lien a"ose. S'-$ *al'e s$all &e dete".ined as o/ t$e ti.e noti-e is se"*ed 'nde" s'&se-tion 7&87+8. Ae-"ees s$all &e s'&@e-t to a eal and "e*ision as "o*ided in ot$e" -ases o/ ad.i"alt! and .a"iti.e @'"isdi-tion. Not$in# s$all "e-l'de t$e lainti// in an! "o e" -ase /"o. see,in# "elie/ in e"sona. in t$e sa.e a-tion &"o'#$t to en/o"-e a .a"iti.e lien as "o*ided in t$is se-tion. 7d8 A /o"ei#n state s$all not &e i..'ne /"o. t$e @'"isdi-tion o/ t$e -o'"ts o/ t$e United States in an! a-tion &"o'#$t to /o"e-lose a "e/e""ed .o"t#a#e, as de/ined in t$e S$i Mo"t#a#e A-t, +=() 7DJ U.S.C. =++ and /ollo1in#8. S'-$ a-tion s$all &e &"o'#$t, $ea"d, and dete".ined in a--o"dan-e 1it$ t$e "o*isions o/ t$at A-t and in a--o"dan-e 1it$ t$e "in-i les o/ la1 and "'les o/ "a-ti-e o/ s'its in "e., 1$ene*e" it a ea"s t$at $ad t$e *essel &een "i*atel! o1ned and ossessed a s'it in "e. .i#$t $a*e &een .aintained.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

++(.

No1, @'st e2a-tl! 1$at does t$e %SIA doH %i"st, it does not "o*ide an A"ti-le III Co'"t /o" !o'" 'se. T$e"e a"e *i"t'all! none o/ t$ose le/t. W$at it does do is "o*ide "e.ed! a"allel and e;'al to A"ti-le III. Let9s /a-e it, sin-e t$e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Peo le ne*e" t"ans/e""ed a't$o"it! o*e" t$e. to t$e #o*e"n.ent e2-e t in an instan-e 1$e"e t$e! da.a#ed t$e li/e, li&e"t!, o" "o e"t! o/ anot$e", t$e -o'"ts o/ t$e United States -o'ld $a*e no @'"isdi-tion o*e" t$e. e2-e t 1$e"e a -ont"a-t a-ti*ated t$e a't$o"it! B&! -onsentC, o" 1$e"e da.a#e to anot$e"9s "o e"t! 1as in*ol*ed. T$at9s e2a-tl! 1$at t$e %SIA "o*ides I i..'nit! e2-e t in t$ose -ases. T$e %SIA $as a-t'all! -odi/ied t$e e"a "io" to +=D), so t$at a stat'to"! "e.ed! e;'al to t$e A"ti-le III "e.ed! a*aila&le &e/o"e t$e t"'st too, o*e" -an &e "o*ided to one o/ t$e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Peo le B1$o a"e t$e onl! ones entitled to s'-$ "e.ed!C. W$ile it is not e2a-tl! A"ti-le III "e.ed!, it se"*es t$e '" ose *e"! 1ell. I/ !o' a"e d"a1n into t$e -o..e"-ial s!ste. 1$e"e !o' $ad no -o..e"-ial in*ol*e.ent, !o' -an in*o,e t$e %SIA, -lai. so*e"ei#n i..'nit!, and t$e -o'"t 1ill $a*e no @'"isdi-tion.

'HA&TER < 3 WORDS AND TER#S.

We $a*e to'-$ed *e"! sli#$tl! on t$e 'se o/ te".s &! t$e t"'st to -"eate t$e i. "ession t$at a /alse$ood is a-t'all! t"'e. Sin-e t$is is one o/ t$e .ost /"e;'entl! 'sed and .ost e//e-ti*e .et$ods o/ #ettin# A.e"i-ans to sa! and do t$in#s 1$i-$ t$e! 1o'ld not o"dina"il! sa! and do, 1e 1ill de*ote t$is enti"e -$a te" to a /e1 o/ t$e .ost 1idel! 'sed te".s 1$i-$ /e1 A.e"i-ans ,no1 t$e .eanin# o/. We 1ill "e*isit t$e te".s al"ead! e2 lained in "e*io's -$a te"s @'st to e. $asi4e t$e i. o"tan-e o/ 'nde"standin# t$e e2a-t le#al .eanin# o/ e*e"! 1o"d and te". t$at is 'sed in t$e Code and Re#'lations. Kee in .ind t$at t$e United States Go*e"n.ent still o e"ates 'nde" t$e a't$o"it! o/ t$e Constit'tion, and it o e"ates in a Constit'tional .anne" 1it$ A.e"i-an Citi4ens. Its -odes and "e#'lations sa! e2a-tl! 1$at t$e! .ean, e*en t$o'#$ !o' .a! t$in, t$e! a"e sa!in# so.et$in# totall! di//e"ent. Yo' $a*e $ea"d t$e sa!in#, Fi#no"an-e o/ t$e la1 is no e2-'seG. It isn9t3 and, i/ !o' 1ant !o'" Ri#$ts as an A.e"i-an Citi4en, !o' .'st 'nde"stand 1$at t$e la1 sa!s, and $o1 it a lies to !o'. I/ !o' don9t ,no1 1$at t$e la1s 7Code and Re#'lations8 sa!, !o' -annot ossi&l! a*oid t$ei" t"a s, and !o' 1ill /ind !o'"sel/ &o'nd as a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st, and s'&@e-t to its "'les.
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. ++<.

%i"st, let9s loo, at one o/ t$e .ost da.a#in# te".s, and one 1$i-$ e*en .ost o/ t$e so6-alled Pat"iots do not 'nde"stand 6 t$at &ein# t$e 1o"dNte". Fo/.G I $a*e "ead n'.e"o's :Pat"iot t! e9 &oo,s in 1$i-$ t$e a't$o" -lai.s to &e a :Citi4en o/ A.e"i-a9 o" a :So*e"ei#n Citi4en o/ t$e 0) So*e"ei#n states 'nde" t$e Constit'tion and t$e la1s o/ t$e 'nited States o/ A.e"i-a9. T$ese 1"ite"s a"e "eall! t"!in#, I $o e, to set t$e.sel*es a a"t /"o. t$e United States, and t$at is to &e ad.i"ed. Un/o"t'natel!, t$e! a"e stee"in# .an! 1o'ld6&e Pat"iots do1n t$e 1"on# at$. T$e! a"e so -lose, &'t -loseness onl! -o'nts in $o"ses$oes and #"enades 7.o"e in #"enades8, and t$is totalita"ian t"'st -alled t$e UNITEA STATES, and t$e -o'"ts t$at "'le 1it$ -o..e"-ial la1, a"e non6/o"#i*in#. In Blac-.", t$e de/inition o/ Fo/,G is *e"! -lea". It sa!s, ,! term denoting that from %hi#h an thing pro#eeds; indi#ating origin, sour#e, des#ent, and the li/e; as, he is of noble blood' !sso#iated %ith or #onne#ted %ith, usuall in some #asual relation, effi#ient, material, formal, or final' The %ord has been held e6ui"alent to after; at, or belonging to; in possession of, manufa#tured b ; residing at; from'( T$e"e/o"e, a :-iti4en o/ t$e United States9 $as as $is o"i#in and so'"-e t$e United States, and $e a-t'all! &elon#s to t$e United States 7as a s'&@e-t &elon#s to a Kin#8. Li,e1ise, a :Citi4en o/ A.e"i-a9, o" a :Citi4en o/ t$e 0) So*e"ei#n states9 1o'ld $a*e $is o"i#in and so'"-e /o'nded in t$e 0) so*e"ei#n States. B't as 1e $a*e al"ead! lea"ned, t$e 0) so*e"ei#n States $a*e as t$ei" o"i#in and so'"-e t$e state Citi4en i'e' t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en. Re.e.&e", a :so*e"ei#n Citi4en9 -o'ld not &e o/ a :so*e"ei#n State9, &e-a'se onl! one -an o1n t$e land, and t$e /i"st :so*e"ei#n9 o1ns e*e"!t$in#3 t$e"e/o"e, t$e one 1$o is o/ t$e ot$e" -o'ld not o1n an!t$in# 1it$in t$at "elations$i . T$e A.e"i-an Citi4en is t$e "eal so*e"ei#n /"o. 1$i-$ all o1e" /lo1s, and t$e state 7and t$e United States8 is a-t'all! o/ t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en. Re.e.&e", o'" /o"e/at$e"s -"eated a #o*e"n.ent Fo/ t$e eo le, &! t$e eo le, and /o" t$e eo le9. #o*e"n.ent /o" A.e"i-an Citi4ens. not$in# o" no&od! else. i-,in#. T$at little $"ase t"'l! des-"i&es t$e de .ure T$e A.e"i-an Citi4en is o/ $is God and $is a"ents, and Please do not &elie*e t$at t$is is 'ni. o"tant nit6

God #a*e t$e Ri#$ts, and $is /o"e/at$e"s #'a"anteed t$e. t$"o'#$ t$e T$is t"'st, and t$ose "'nnin# it, 1ill do an!t$in# to ,ee !o' 'nde"

Constit'tion 1$i-$ $is a"ents assed on to $i.. It is an!t$in# &'t.

t$ei" -ont"ol. T$e 'se o/ 1o"ds is one o/ t$ei" -$ie/ 1ea ons. In t$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Code 7IRC8, t$e le#al de/initions a"e intentionall! -$an#ed /"o. t$ei" -o..onl! 'sed .eanin#s in o"de" to -on/'se t$e A.e"i-an into &elie*in# t$at $e is :"e;'i"ed9 to do

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

++D.

t$in#s t$at, in /a-t, $e is "e;'i"ed to do i/ $e $as /i"st &e-o.e a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st.

%i"st, t$e 'se

o/ t$e 1o"d : e"son9 in t$e te-$ni-al, le#al sense -"eated &! t$e #o*e"n.ent is *e"! .isleadin#. I/ so.eone as,ed t$e a*e"a#e A.e"i-an i/ $e is a e"son, $e 1o'ld "o&a&l! ans1e" :!es9. I/ $e did, $e 1o'ld &e t!in# t$e ,not on $is sla*e"! t$at .'-$ ti#$te". Blac-." de/ines : e"son9 as, ,In general usage, a human being )i'e' natural person+, though b statute the term ma in#lude labor organi0ations, partnerships, asso#iations, #orporations, legal representati"es, trustees in ban/rupt# , or re#ei"ers'( Noti-e t$at &! :stat'te9, e"son ne*e" .eans :$'.an9, and t$at t$e 1o"d F e"sonG is a :te".9. W$at t$is de/inition .eans is t$at 1$en t$e IRS "e/e"s to !o' as a e"son, and !o' "e l!, !o' a"e a#"eein# to &ein# t"eated as a t"'st .e.&e", a -o" o"ate entit! 7a"ti/i-ial e"son8 /o" t$e "o-eedin# in ;'estion, and t$e o*e"all -ont"a-t 1it$ t$e t"'st is "e6*e"i/ied. in "e#a"ds to t"'st .e.&e"s, and t$e! do not a//e-t an A.e"i-an Citi4en. T$at9s &e-a'se t$ei" onl! -onne-tion to !o' is t$"o'#$ t$e t"'st .e.&e"s$i , and t$e stat'tes 7-odes8 a"e /o" 'se onl!

Go st"ai#$t to t$e o"tion o/ t$e IRC t$at "e/e"s to a : e"son .ade lia&le9 as so.eone 1$o is "e;'i"ed to /ile an in-o.e ta2 "et'"n. At no la-e in t$e IRC is t$e"e a de/inition o/ : e"son .ade lia&le9, and t$e IRC ne*e" tells !o' $o1 a e"son -an &e :.ade lia&le9. T$e : e"son9 is o&*io'sl! !o'" a"ti/i-ial &ein# 71$en it a lies to !o'8, and !o' .a,e it lia&le &! /ilin# a "et'"n 'nde" enalt! o/ e"@'"! statin# t$at t$is a"ti/i-ial -ont"a-t'al entit! o1es t$e IRS .one!. B! si#nin# t$at "et'"n 'nde" enalt! o/ e"@'"!, !o'" -o" o"ate entit! &e-a.e a : e"son .ade lia&le9, and !o' a--e ted t$e
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. ++0.

"es onsi&ilit! o/ seein# t$at it /ollo1s t$e Code. %ail'"e to do so -an "es'lt in -"i.inal -$a"#es a#ainst !o' 'nde" -o..e"-ial la1, &e-a'se !o' a--e ted "es onsi&ilit! /o" t$is a"ti/i-ial entit!9s a-tions. T$is 1o'ld e;'ate *e"! -losel! to a &oo,,ee e" /o" a la"#e -o" o"ation &ein# $eld -"i.inall! lia&le /o" :@'##lin# t$e &oo,s9 to .a,e t$e -o" o"ation loo, &ette" o" a*oid -e"tain "es onsi&ilities. In ot$e" 1o"ds, !o' $a*e @'st -lai.ed to &e a -o" o"ate entit! as a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st, and t$e t"'st $as a--e ted !o'" -lai. as t"'e3 t$e"e/o"e, !o' a"e no1 s'&@e-t to -o..e"-ial la1, and t$e in-o.e ta2. No1 let9s loo, at t$e de/inition o/ :in-o.e9. T$e S' "e.e Co'"t said, in Ei"ner V. #aco%ber,

(0( US +>=, ,9it be#omes essential to distinguish bet%een %hat is and %hat is not Jin#ome, a##ording to truth and substan#e, %ithout regard to form' Congress #annot, b an definition it ma adopt, #on#lude the matter, sin#e it #annot b legislation alter the Constitution, from %hi#h it deri"es its po%er to legislate, and %ithin %hose limitations, alone, that po%er #an be la%full e:er#ised9(. He"e, it &e-o.es -lea" 1$! t$e IRC does not #i*e a -lea" de/inition o/ in-o.e 6 it In n'.e"o's -o'"t -ases, in-o.e is de/ined as a "o/it o" #ain o/ a -o" o"ation, -an9t5 It 1o'ld &e 'n-onstit'tional to -all a!.ent /o" an A.e"i-an Citi4en9s la&o" in-o.e, and t$en la-e a ta2 ' on it. o" a -a ital #ain. Ne*e" is it de/ined as a!.ent /o" an A.e"i-an Citi4en9s la&o". It &e-o.es *e"! -lea" t$"o'#$ &ot$ t$e -odes and t$e i. le.entin# "e#'lations t$at t$e onl! :in-o.e9 in t$e /o". o/ :1a#es9 o" :-o. ensation /o" e"sonal se"*i-es9 t$at is ta2a&le is t$at o/ a /ede"al e. lo!ee. To &e .o"e s e-i/i-, t$e :ta2in# stat'tes9 "e/e" to :#"oss in-o.e9, o" :1a#es9, o" :-o. ensation /o" e"sonal se"*i-es9. To e2a.ine t$e te2t o/ $o1 t$ese ta2es -a.e a&o't, 1e .'st #o &a-, to +=<=3 and t$e"e, 1e e2a.ine an a-t 1$i-$ is toda! o&s-'"e in t$at .ost A.e"i-ans $a*e ne*e" e*en $ea"d o/ it. He"e, 1e .'st 'nde"stand t$at e*e"! stat'te 1$i-$ $as &een ena-ted "elatin# to in-o.e ta2 sin-e t$e +=<= Inte"nal Re*en'e Code is still e//e-ti*e and in /o"-e toda! 'nless it $as &een s e-i/i-all! "e ealed &! a late" stat'te. T$is s!ste. is 'sed &! t$e t"'st to .a,e it .'-$ .o"e di//i-'lt /o" an A.e"i-an Citi4en to dis-o*e" 1$at t$e la1 a-t'all! "e;'i"es o/ $i.. T$e #o*e"n.ent "ints t$e -odes t$at it does not 1ant !o' to /'ll! 'nde"stand onl! one ti.e, 's'all! *e"! *a#'el!, and t$en "elies ' on t$e /a-t t$at it 1as ne*e" "e ealed to $old !o' a--o'nta&le /o" it. B! not in-l'din# all o/ t$e -odes, "e#'lations, and de/initions in ea-$ ne1 "endition o/ t$e Inte"nal Re*en'e

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

++J.

Code 7o" /o" t$at .atte", .an! ot$e" -odes8, t$e e"-e tion -an easil! &e le/t t$at t$e -ode sa!s so.et$in#, 1$i-$, in t"'t$, it does not sa!. Re.e.&e" t$at t$e IRS 1ill ne*e" tell !o' 1$et$e" o" not !o'O"e a : e"son .ade lia&le9. T$at9s &e-a'se onl! !o' -an dete".ine t$at !o' a"e a F e"son .ade lia&leG. T$e! ,no1 t$at, in t"'t$, !o' a"e not s'-$ a e"son 'nless !o' -$oose to &e a t"'st .e.&e" t$"o'#$ *ol'nta"! a-tions, &'t t$e! 1ant !o' to &elie*e t$at !o' a"e .andito"il! .ade lia&le 1it$o't an! a-tion on !o'" a"t. S$o"tl! a/te" t$e ena-t.ent o/ t$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Code o/ +=<=, Con#"ess assed a &ill ,no1n as t$e :P'&li- Sala"! A-t9. Wit$in t$is &ill, 1e -an /ind t$e e2a-t 1a! t$at t$e t"'st $as de-ei*ed t$e A.e"i-an eo le into &elie*in# t$at t$e in-o.e ta2 1as intended /o" t$e.. Wit$in t$is 'n"e ealed 7and, t$e"e/o"e, in e//e-t toda!8 A-t, t$e de/inition o/ :1a#es9 and At Title +, Se-tion +, o/ t$e P'&li- Sala"! A-t o/ :-o. ensation /o" e"sonal se"*i-es9 is #i*en.

+=<=, it states, ,Se#tion BB)a+ of the Internal Re"enue Code relating to the definition of Jgross in#ome is amended after the %ords J#ompensation for personal ser"i#es the follo%ingN Jin#luding personal ser"i#e as an offi#er or emplo ee of a State, or an politi#al subdi"ision thereof, or an agen# or instrumentalit of an one or more of the foregoing'( Re.e.&e" t$at t$e 1o"d :in-l'din#9 in t$e -odes .eans t$at onl! 1$at /ollo1s in t$e list is a a"t o/ t$e de/inition. Ta,in# all t$ese /a-ts into -onside"ation, it &e-o.es -lea" t$at :1a#es9 o" :-o. ensation /o" e"sonal se"*i-es9 a"e te".s 1$i-$ "elate onl! to .one! aid to /ede"al #o*e"n.ent 7t"'st8 e. lo!ees /o" t$ei" se"*i-es "ende"ed t$e"e'nde". T$at is 1$! t$e IRS 1ill ne*e" #i*e !o' an ans1e" i/ !o' as, /o" a "e-ise de/inition o/ :1$at is in-o.e9, o" :$o1 one -an &e .ade lia&le9. I/ t$e! told !o', !o' 1o'ld i..ediatel! ,no1 t$at !o' do not o1e t$e. a "et'"n o" an! ta2es, 'nless !o' a"e a /ede"al e. lo!ee o" t"'st .e.&e". B! ne*e" in-l'din# t$e de/inition o/ in-o.e in an! stat'tes a/te" +=<=, t$e IRS -an &e "easona&l! s'"e t$at t$e a*e"a#e A.e"i-an 1ill ne*e" t"'l! ,no1 its .eanin#. Ne2t, let9s e2a.ine e2a-tl! 1$at a non"esident alien indi*id'al is. Blac-." de/ines :alien9 as, ,! Blac-." de/ines :non6 No1, "e.e.&e" t$at

foreign born person %ho has not 6ualified as a #iti0en of the #ountr 9(' of the forum' Spe#ial rules go"ern ser"i#e of pro#ess on nonHresidents'(

"esident9 as, ,One %ho does not reside %ithin .urisdi#tion in 6uestion; not an inhabitant of the state Te2as and Cali/o"nia and t$e ot$e" D> states o/ t$e Union a"e not in t$e United States 6 so 1e"e !o' &o"n in t$e United StatesH Ao !o' li*e in t$e United StatesH I/ not, !o' .a! &e a non"esident alien to t$e United States and t$e IRS. I/ !o' a"e an A.e"i-an Citi4en, !o' .ost li,el! a"e a non"esident

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

++?.

alien to &ot$ t$e United States and t$e IRS, 'nless !o' $a*e #ained "esiden-! as a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st. Aoesn9t it .a,e !o' 1onde" 1$at t$ose :s e-ial "'les9 t$at #o*e"n se"*i-e o/ "o-ess on t$ese non"esident aliens .i#$t &eH I 1onde" i/ t$at -o'ld $a*e an!t$in# to do 1it$ @'"isdi-tion, o" t$e la-, t$e"eo/, o*e" an A.e"i-an Citi4en. A/te" all, t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en is onl! s'&@e-t to *e"! li.ited @'"isdi-tion, and an! se"*i-e o/ le#al a e"s 1o'ld ne-essa"il! $a*e to /it 'nde" t$at li.ited @'"isdi-tion. T$at is in di"e-t -ont"ast to t$e -iti4en o/ t$e United States 1$o is s'&@e-t to 1$ate*e" @'"isdi-tion t$at t$e t"'st la-es on $i.. T$is e"son9s so'"-e is /"o. 1it$in t$e United States, and $is d't! is to t$e t"'st and its set o/ -odes and "e#'lations, in-l'din# t$e /ilin# o/ a ta2 "et'"n. A&o't t$at : enalt! o/ e"@'"!9 t$in#, t$e United States Code, at (> USC +?DJ, #i*es t$e "o e" 1o"din# to &e 'sed /o" 'ns1o"n state.ents 'nde" enalt! o/ e"@'"! as /ollo1sM ,)@+ If e:e#uted %ithout the United StatesN JI de#lare )or #ertif , "erif , or state+ under penalt of per.ur under the la%s of the United States of !meri#a that the foregoing is true and #orre#t' *:e#uted on )Iate+ )Signature+' )B+ If e:e#uted %ithin the United States, its territories, possessions, or #ommon%ealthsN JI de#lare )or #ertif , "erif , or state+ under penalt of per.ur that the foregoing is true and #orre#t' *:e#uted on )Iate+ )Signature+'( Ao !o' /ind it to &e a &it st"an#e t$at i/ e2e-'ted 1it$in t$e United States, t$e la1s o/ t$e United States o/ A.e"i-a do not a l!H And 1$o 1o'ld e2e-'te so.et$in# o'tside o/ t$e United States 'sin# t$e la1s o/ t$e United States o/ A.e"i-a i/ it 1e"e not an A.e"i-an in A.e"i-aH No1 loo, at t$e enalt! o/ e"@'"! de-la"ation on an! IRS /o"., s'-$ as t$e +)D). It sa!s, ,Under penalt of per.ur , I de#lare that I ha"e e:amined this return, in#luding a##ompan ing s#hedules and statements, and to the best of m /no%ledge and belief, it is true, #orre#t, and #omplete'( W$i-$ o/ t$e de-la"ations does t$is /o". /itH It /its n'.&e" t1o, i/ e2e-'ted 1it$in t$e United States, &e-a'se it does not a--o'nt /o" t$e la1s o/ t$e United States o/ A.e"i-a. In ot$e" 1o"ds, it is not #o*e"ned &! t$e Constit'tion3 and, t$e"e/o"e, an!one si#nin# t$is do-'.ent -annot &e "ote-ted &! t$e Constit'tion. B! si#nin# t$is /o". 7o" an! /o". 1it$ t$is de-la"ation8 !o' tell t$e 1o"ld t$at !o'" "in-i al -iti4ens$i "esides 1it$in t$e United States &e-a'se o/ !o'" .e.&e"s$i in t$e t"'st, and t$at !o' la-e !o'"sel/ as a s'&@e-t 'nde" t$e @'"isdi-tion o/ t$e t"'st, i'e' a -iti4en o" "esident o/ t$e United States. Re.e.&e" t$at an 'n-$allen#ed -lai. o" state.ent &e-o.es "o*en 'nde" -o..e"-ial la13 and sin-e no one is #oin# to -$allen#e 1$o !o' sa! !o' a"e, t$e si#nin# o/ t$is do-'.ent alone .a,es !o' a -iti4en o/ t$e United States and a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st &! -ont"a-t, and t$e"e&! s'&@e-t to and o/ its -odes and "e#'lations.
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. ++>.

To "e/"es$ !o'" .e.o"!, t$e 1o"ds :s$all9 and :.'st9 $a*e &een "'led &! t$e s' "e.e Co'"t to $a*e t$e sa.e .eanin# as t$e 1o"d :.a!9 1$en 'sed in t$e stat'tes to a*oid an! Constit'tional .is'nde"standin#s o" .isa li-ation. T$e 1o"d :"e;'i"ed9 is al1a!s 'sed i/ t$e a-tion is so.et$in# In Blac-.", se*e"al -o'"t -ases a"e 'sed to #i*e t$e de/inition o/ t$at t$e -ode .a,es .andato"!.

:.a!9, :s$all9, and :.'st9. T$at de/inition states, ,1A2. !n au:iliar "erb 6ualif ing the meaning of another "erb b e:pressing abilit , #ompeten# , libert , permission, possibilit , probabilit , or #ontingen# ' US V. LeMin2ton #ill P E. 'o., (<( U.S. <==, <D S.Ct. <<?, <D), 0> L.Ed. J0>. <ord Jma usuall is emplo ed to impl permissi"e, optional, or dis#retional, and not mandator a#tion or #ondu#t' S0ea V. S0ea, O,l. 0<? P(d D+?, D+>. Regardless of the instrument, ho%e"er, Ho%e"er, as a general rule, %hether #onstitution, #ode, deed #ontra#t or %hate"er, #ourts not infre6uentl #onstrue Jma as Jshall or Jmust to the end that .usti#e not be the sla"e of grammar' the %ord Jma %ill not be treated as a %ord of #ommand unless there is something in the #onte:t or sub.e#t matter to a#t or indi#ate that it %as used in su#h a sense' Bloo% V. TeMa" State B!. o EMa%iner" o &"yc0olo2i"t", Te2.Ci*.A . D?0 S.W.(d. <?D, <??.G In anot$e" s' "e.e Co'"t

"'lin#, 'airo an! $6lton R.R. 'o. V. Hec0t , t$e Co'"t said, ,!s against the go"ernment, the %ord Jshall %hen used in the statutes is to be #onstrued as Jma , unless a #ontrar meaning is manifest'( Si.ila" lan#'a#e -an &e /o'nd in .an! lo1e" -o'"t "'lin#s, s'-$ as Geor2e Willia%" 'olle2e V. Villa2e o Willia%" Bay, NW (nd >=+, 1$e"e t$e -o'"t stated, ,Shall in a statute ma be #onstrued to mean Jma to a"oid #onstitutional doubt'( L'st t$in, $o1 eas! it 1o'ld &e /o" t$e -ode to si. l! 'se t$e 1o"d :"e;'i"ed9 ea-$ ti.e it 'sed t$e 1o"d :s$all9 in t$e -odes3 i/, in /a-t, t$e a-tion 1as :"e;'i"ed9. T$e 1"ite"s o/ t$e -ode ,ne1 e2a-tl! 1$at t$e! 1e"e doin# 1$en t$e! 1"ote t$e., and t$e! ,ne1 t$at t$e"e 1as no 1a! to :"e;'i"e9 an A.e"i-an Citi4en to do an! o/ t$e t$in#s t$at a"e i. lied to &e "e;'i"ed3 so, t$e! si. l! 'sed -on*ol'ted lan#'a#e to .a,e !o' &elie*e t$at !o' a"e "e;'i"ed to do so.et$in# t$at, as an A.e"i-an Citi4en, !o' -o'ld ne*e" &e "e;'i"ed to do. To "eall! 'nde"stand e2a-tl! $o1 t$e :le#al9 lan#'a#e is &ein# 'sed to de-ei*e t$e a*e"a#e A.e"i-an Citi4en, let9s loo, at t$e de/initions /o" t$ese t$"ee 1o"ds, F.a!9, :s$all9, and :.'st9 in Web"ter." Dictionary (<7<. un#ertaint , hope'( T$e de/inition /o" :.a!9 is, ,e:pressing possibilit , permission, #ontingen# , T$e de/inition o/ :s$all9 is, ,used to ma/e #ompound tenses or moods to T$e de/inition /o" :.'st9 is, ,to be

e:press futurit , obligation, #ommand, #ondition, or intention'(

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

++=.

obligated, b #ertaint 9('

ph si#al or moral ne#essit 9to e:press #ompulsion, obligation, probabilit , T$ese de/initions 71it$ t$e ossi&le e2-e tion o/ :.a!98 e2 "ess totall! di//e"ent Ho1 .an! A.e"i-ans o1n and

.eanin#s t$an t$e -o'"ts $a*e "'led t$e :le#al9 .eanin# to &e.

"e#'la"l! 'se a le#al di-tiona"! 1$en de-idin# 1$at t$ei" o&li#ations and d'ties a"e to t$e United States Go*e"n.entH I/ !o' 1ant to "etain 7o" "e#ain8 !o'" Ri#$ts as an A.e"i-an Citi4en, !o' .i#$t 1ant to -onside" &'!in# and "e#'la"l! 'sin# a #ood le#al di-tiona"!, so t$at !o'9ll ,no1 1$at t$e #o*e"n.ent is tellin# !o' to do, and 1$et$e" its .andato"! o" o tional. T$e 1o"d :indi*id'al9 is 'sed "e eatedl! in t$e Code and Re#'lations. Blac-." #i*es t$e de/inition o/ :indi*id'al9 as, ,!s a noun, this term denotes a single person as distinguished from a group or #lass, and also, "er #ommonl , a pri"ate or natural person as distinguished from a partnership, #orporation, or asso#iation; but it is said that this restri#ti"e signifi#ation is not ne#essaril inherent in the %ord, and that it ma , in proper #ases, in#lude artifi#ial persons'( S'" "ise5 W$en t$e Code "e/e"s to an Oindi*id'alO, it9s "eall! tal,in# a&o't an a"ti/i-ial e"son, not an A.e"i-an Citi4en. T$e IRS 1ill tell !o' t$at t$e se-tions o/ t$e IRC 1$i-$ .a,es !o' lia&le to /ile a ta2 "et'"n and a! t$e "es'ltant ta2 a"e J)++ and J)+(. IRC Se-tion J)++, titled as FGENERAL REVUIREMENT O% RETURN, STATEMENT, OR LISTG, states, FGENERAL RULE. <hen re6uired b regulations pres#ribed b the Se#retar , an person made liable for an ta: imposed b this title, or %ith respe#t to the #olle#tion thereof, shall ma/e a return or statement a##ording to the forms or regulations pres#ribed b the Se#retar ' *"er person re6uired to ma/e a return or statement shall in#lude therein the information re6uired b su#h forms and regulations'( IRC Se-tion J)+(, titled as FPERSONS REVUIREA TO MAKE RETURNS O% INCOMEG, states, FGENERAL RULE. 6 Returns %ith respe#t to in#ome ta:es under subtitle ! shall be made b the follo%ingN )@+)!+ *"er indi"idual ha"ing for the ta:able ear gross in#ome %hi#h e6uals or e:#eeds the e:emption amount9(' No1, let9s e2a.ine t$ese t1o se-tions .o"e -losel!. %i"st, t$is "e/e"s to a : e"son9. We no1 ,no1 t$at, in t$e stat'tes, t$is te". "e/e"s to a -o" o"ate o" ot$e" a"ti/i-ial entit!. It 'ses t$e te"., F1$en "e;'i"ed &! "e#'lationsG. Noti-e t$at it does not tell !o' o/ 1$o. it is "e;'i"ed, o" e*en t$at it is "e;'i"ed at all. T$en it states, ,*"er person re6uired to ma/e a return or statement shall in#lude therein the information re6uired b su#h forms and regulations'(

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+().

It does not "e;'i"e an!t$in#. It t$en sa!s t$at i/ s'-$ e"son $as :#"oss in-o.e9 /o" t$e ta2a&le !ea". We no1 ,no1 t$at :#"oss in-o.e9 "e/e"s onl! to 1a#es o/ /ede"al e. lo!ees, and t$e "o/it o" #ain o/ a -o" o"ation. T$e onl! -o..and #i*en is 1$e"e it sa!s, ,*"er person9shall in#lude therein the information re6uired b su#h forms and regulations'( e*en i/ 1e a"e a : e"son .ade lia&le9. So let9s "e1"ite t$is stat'e in e*e"!da! lan#'a#e t$at 1e all 'nde"stand. li,e t$is to an A.e"i-an Citi4en. Se-. J)++ FGENERAL REVUIREMENT O% RETURN, STATEMENT, OR LISTG FGENERAL RULE. <hen re6uired b regulations pres#ribed b the Se#retar , an #orporation made liable for an ta: imposed b this title, or %ith respe#t to the #olle#tion thereof, ma ma/e a return or statement, a##ording to the forms or regulations pres#ribed b the Se#retar ' *"er #orporation re6uired to ma/e a return or statement ma in#lude therein the information re6uired b su#h forms and regulations'( Se-. J)+( FCORPORATIONS OR ARTI%ICIAL PERSONS REVUIREA TO MAKE RETURNS O% INCOMEG FGENERAL RULE. 6 Returns %ith respe#t to in#ome ta:es under subtitle ! ma be made b the follo%ingN )@+)!+ *"er artifi#ial person ha"ing for the ta:able ear %ages from the Federal &o"ernment %hi#h e6uals or e:#eeds the e:emption amount9(' No1 t$at 1e 'nde"stand t$ese /e1 te".s, let9s "e6e2a.ine t$e se-tion o/ t$e Re#'lations t$at t$e IRS sa!s .a,es 's lia&le /o" t$e in-o.e ta2. %i"st, at C%R +.+6+, 1e /ind, ,In#ome ta: on indi"iduals' H )a+ &eneral rule' Se#tion @ of the Code imposes an in#ome ta: on e"er indi"idual %ho is a #iti0en or resident of the United States and, to the e:tent pro"ided b >E@)b+ and >EE)b+, on the in#ome of a nonresident alien indi"idual'( Unde" 7&8 o/ t$e sa.e se-tion, it states, ,Citi0ens or residents of the United States liable to ta:' In general, all #iti0ens of the United States, %here"er resident, and all resident alien indi"iduals are liable to the in#ome ta:es imposed b the Code %hether the in#ome is re#ei"ed from sour#es %ithin or %ithout the United States'( Unde" 7-8 o/ t$at se-tion, ,<ho is a #iti0en' *"er person born or naturali0ed in the United States and sub.e#t to its .urisdi#tion is a It 1o'ld loo, so.et$in# Clea"l!, ,no1in# 1$at 1e ,no1 a&o't t$e 1o"d :s$all9, t$is :-o..and9 si. l! sa!s t$at 1e :.a!9 in-l'de t$is in/o".ation i/ 1e 1ant to,

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+(+.

#iti0en'( 7Aoes t$at so'nd li,e t$e +Dt$ A.end.ent to !o'H8. No1 let9s "e1"ite t$is "e#'lation 1it$ o'" ne1 ,no1led#e o/ t$e .eanin#s o/ 1o"ds and te".s. C%R +.+6+ ,In#ome ta: on !rtifi#ial 2ersons ' H )a+ &eneral rule' Se#tion @ of the Code imposes an in#ome ta: on e"er artifi#ial person %ho is a sub.e#t of the United States and, to the e:tent pro"ided b >E@)b+ and >EE)b+, on the in#ome of a nonresident alien artifi#ial person'( )b+ ,Sub.e#ts of the United States liable to ta:' In general, all sub.e#ts of the United States, %here"er resident, and all resident alien artifi#ial persons are liable to the in#ome ta:es imposed b the Code %hether the in#ome is re#ei"ed from sour#es %ithin or %ithout the United States'( )#+ ,<ho is a sub.e#t' *"er #hild of a sub.e#t born or naturali0ed in the United States and sub.e#t to its .urisdi#tion is a sub.e#t'( T$e t"'t$ is t$at an A.e"i-an Citi4en -o'ld $a*e a -$ild &o"n 1it$in t$e United States, and t$at -$ild9s "i.a"! -iti4ens$i 1o'ld still &e t$at o/ an A.e"i-an Citi4en, not a -iti4en o/ t$e United States. L'st as a -iti4en o/ En#land -o'ld $a*e a -$ild &o"n in anot$e" -o'nt"!, and t$at -$ild9s T$e"e/o"e, T$e +< t$ A"ti-le o/ "i.a"! -iti4ens$i 1o'ld still &e t$at o/ an En#lis$ -iti4en.

A.end.ent to t$e Constit'tion /o" t$ese United States o/ A.e"i-a de-la"es I ''3either slaver# nor involuntar# servitude... shall e4ist "ithin the United States, or an# place sub!ect to their !urisdiction.'' Additionall!, +0 Stat'tes at La"#e, W (D=, #. ((<, X +, ena-ted &! Con#"ess L'l! (?t$, +>J> I An A-t -on-e"nin# t$e Ri#$ts o/ A.e"i-an Citi4ens in /o"ei#n States I en'n-iatesM '',hereas the right of e4patriation is a natural and inherent right of all people, indispensable to the en!o#ment of the rights of life, libert#, and the pursuit of happiness) &e it enacted b# the Senate and the 5ouse of 'epresentatives of the United States of America in 6ongress assembled, That an# declaration, instruction, opinion, order, or decision, of an# officers of this government "hich denies, restricts, impairs, or +uestions the right of e4patriation, is hereb# declared inconsistent "ith the fundamental principles of this government.'' At C%R +.>?+6? 7a8, it states, ,Imposition of ta:' This se#tion applies for purposes of determining the ta: on a nonresident indi"idual %ho at no time during the ta:able ear is engaged in a trade or business in the United States9a nonresident alien indi"idual to %hom this se#tion applies is not sub.e#t to the ta: imposed b se#tion @ or se#tion @BM@)b+ but, pursuant to the pro"isions of >E@)a+,
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. +((.

is liable to a flat ta: of ?M per#ent upon the aggregate of the amounts determined under paragraphs )b+, )#+, and )d+ of this se#tion %hi#h are re#ei"ed during the ta:able ear from sour#es %ithin the United States'( At C%R +.+D)(7&86+7d8, it states, ,1onresident aliens' ! nonresident alien indi"idual ne"er has self emplo ment in#ome9su#h nonresident alien indi"idual %ill not be sub.e#t to the ta: on selfHemplo ment in#ome, sin#e an net earnings %hi#h he ma ha"e from selfH emplo ment do not #onstitute selfHemplo ment in#ome'( Wo15 T$is loo,s li,e a "ett! l'-,! #'!

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+(<.

$e"e 6 $e o1es t$e #o*e"n.ent 7t"'st8 not$in#, "e#a"dless o/ $o1 .'-$ $e .a,es. It #oes on to sa!, ,For the purpose of ta: on selfHemplo ment in#ome, an indi"idual %ho is not a #iti0en of the United States, but %ho is a resident of the Common%ealth of 2uerto Ri#o, the 5irgin Islands, or, for the ta:able ears beginning after @CAM, of &uam or !meri#a Samoa is not #onsidered to be a T$in, a&o't t$at state.ent. I/ !o' a"e not a -iti4en o/ t$e United B't nonresident alien indi"idual'(

States, &'t !o' a"e @'st a "esident o/ an! o/ t$e te""ito"ies, !o' a"e s'&@e-t to t$e in-o.e ta2. a"e a Citi4en in one o/ t$e 0) Re '&li-s 7states8 o/ t$e Union. inti.idated &! t$e IRS !etHAnot$e"

note t$at it does not e*en .ention 1$at $a ens i/ !o' a"e not a -iti4en o/ t$e United States, &'t !o' T$at e"son o&*io'sl! is a non"esident alien to t$e United States3 and, t$e"e/o"e, to t$e IRC. A"e !o' &e#innin# not to &e so oint 1$i-$ needs to &e e. $asi4ed $e"e is t$e 'se o/ -a itali4ation o/ lette"s as a .eans o/ indi-atin# to 1$o. a -ode o" "e#'lation is "e/e""in#. Alt$o'#$ t$is is not e2a-tl! a 'se o/ te".s, it /alls into t$e sa.e #ene"al -ate#o"!. Please 'nde"stand t$at t$e -a itali4ation o/ lette"s is 'sed "e-isel! &! t$e t"'st to indi-ate to 1$o. o" 1$at t$e -odes a"e "e/e""in#. %i"st, ta,e t$e 1o"d 7-8 Citi4en as 'sed in le#al and la1/'l 1"itin#s. I/ !o' 1ill loo, at an! a--'"ate -o ! o/ t$e Constit'tion, !o' 1ill see t$at t$e 1o"d Citi4en is 'sed .an! ti.es in t$e o"i#inal Constit'tion and t$e /i"st Ten A.end.ents. -a ital :C9. Ea-$ ti.e t$at 1o"d is 'sed, it sta"ts 1it$ a T$e "eason is t$at it is "e/e""in# to t$e so*e"ei#n, t$e o1ne" o/ all land 1it$in t$e

@'"isdi-tion o/ t$e Constit'tion. T$is is a "eal .an, a nat'"al e"son, t$e lando1ne", t$e so*e"ei#n. Ho1e*e", 1$en 1e #et to t$e %o'"teent$ A.end.ent, t$e 1o"d -iti4en &e#ins 1it$ a lo1e" -ase :-9. T$is is &e-a'se t$e e"son "e/e""ed to $e"e is a s'&@e-t, not a "o e", nat'"al e"son 1it$ Ri#$ts #i*en &! God and #'a"anteed &! t$e Constit'tion. No1, note t$at e*e"! ti.e t$e 1o"d -iti4en is 'sed in t$e Code andNo" Re#'lations, it is s elled 1it$ a lo1e" -ase :-9 71it$ t$e ossi&le e2-e tion o/ 1$en it is t$e /i"st 1o"d in a senten-e8. T$at9s &e-a'se t$e Code andNo" Re#'lations a//e-t onl! .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st in t$ei" a"ti/i-ial -a a-it!3 and, 1it$ t$e 'se o/ t$is sin#le tool, t$e United States Go*e"n.ent, on &e$al/ o/ t$e t"'st, -lea"l! tells !o' to 1$o. it is tal,in#. I/ !o' 1ant to ass'.e t$e 1o"ds a"e .eant /o" !o', t$e! 1ill let !o', and t$en $old !o' "es onsi&le /o" /ollo1in# t$e Code and Re#'lations -o""e-tl!. so*e"ei#n. An!ti.e t$e 1o"d Fo/ G is 'sed &e/o"e t$e 1o"d :-iti4en9, it 1o'ld &e -o""e-tl! s elled 1it$ a lo1e" -ase :-93 &e-a'se a s'&@e-t o/ an!t$in# 7e2-e t God8 -o'ld not &e t$e

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+(D.

L'st as i. o"tant is t$e -a itali4ation o/ t$e na.es o/ t$e 7S8states in*ol*ed in and 'nde" t$e Constit'tion. In t$e :Ae-la"ation o/ Inde enden-e o/ t$e 'nited States o/ A.e"i-a9, t$e /o'ndin# As /at$e"s 'sed a lo1e" -ase :'9 in t$e 1o"d 'nited. T$at is &e-a'se t$e :'nited States o/ A.e"i-a9 1as not a title, &'t si. l! t$e -ondition o/ t$e states 7Re '&li-s8 1$i-$ 1e"e 'nited &! t$e Union. s'-$, F'nitedG is onl! 'sed as an ad@e-ti*e /o" t$e states 1$i-$ 1e"e 'nited 'nde" t$e Constit'tion. W$en t$e %ede"al Go*e"n.ent ente"s t$e i-t'"e, t$e na.es :United States9 and :United States o/ A.e"i-a9 a"e -$an#ed to FUNITEA STATESG and FUNITEA STATES O% AMERICAG, and a"e 'sed to identi/! t$e t"'st 1$i-$ is e2e"-isin# its a't$o"it!. T$e"e/o"e, in t$e -odes, an!ti.e t$e 1o"d :State9 is -a itali4ed, it identi/ies a -o" o"ate na.e o" entit!. An!ti.e t$e 1o"d :state9 is not -a itali4ed, it "e/e"s to one o/ t$e 0) so*e"ei#n Re '&li-s3 and, sin-e t$e lo1e"6-ase s ellin# does not "e/e" to a a"ti-'la" :State9, o" t$e enti"e #"o' o/ :States9, it is not a "o e" na.e, and t$e"e/o"e is not -a itali4ed. So, an!ti.e t$e 1o"d :State9 is -a itali4ed in t$e -odes, it is "e/e""in# to a -o" o"ation3 i'e' one o/ t$e Te""ito"ies3 and, t$e"e/o"e, is a "o e" na.e and is -a itali4ed. In a di//e"ent, &'t @'st as in*asi*e, a"ena, t$e -o" o"ate 7t"'st8 STATES set ' 'nde" t$e -o" o"ate UNITEA STATES, ta,e al.ost as .'-$ 'ndese"*ed o1e" as t$e %ede"al Go*e"n.ent. T$ei" o1e" /lo1s di"e-tl! /"o. t$e UNITEA STATES o" UNITEA STATES O% AMERICA. T$e entit! 1$i-$ "e/e"s to itsel/ as :THE STATE O% TEXAS9, o" t$e :THE STATE O% CALI%ORNIA9, et-. is t$e t"'st e2e"-isin# its -o..e"-ial a-ti*it! 1it$in t$e e2te"nal &o'nda"ies o/ t$e so*e"ei#n states. T$e!, too, 'se 1o"ds and te".s to "o& t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en o/ $is Ri#$ts. %o" e2a. le, i/ .ost eo le 1e"e as,ed i/ t$e! o1ned "o e"t!, t$e! 1o'ld ans1e" !es. I/ !o' "essed /o" details o/ t$e ,ind o/ "o e"t! t$at t$e! o1ned, .ost 1o'ld &"ea, it do1n into t1o t! es o/ "o e"t! 6 e"sonal and "eal. Un/o"t'natel!, THE STATE O% TEXAS 7o" an! o/ t$e /i/t! na.es8 o e"ates 'nde" t$e sa.e -o..e"-ial la1 as, and 'nde" t$e a't$o"it! o/, t$e UNITEA STATES. T$e"e/o"e, t$e desi#nation itsel/ o/ : e"sonal "o e"t!9 tells !o' t$at t$e -o" o"ation o1ns t$at "o e"t!. Ta,e a -a" /o" e2a. le. I/ !o' &'! a -a", and a! /o" it in /'ll, !o' #et a title o/ o1ne"s$i /o" t$at -a" 6 "i#$tH WRONG5 Yo' #et a -e"ti/i-ate o/ title, statin# &asi-all! t$at t$e"e is a title, &'t !o' don9t $a*e it. T$e one 1$o $as t$e title o1ns t$e -a". T$at 1o'ld &e THE STATE O% TEXAS 7o" an! o/ t$e /i/t! na.es8. T$e li-ensin# /ee t$at !o' a! ea-$ !ea" on t$at -a" is a-t'all! a /ee /o" t$e 'se o/ so.eone else9s -a". Yo' -an ne*e" o1n t$e -a", &e-a'se THE STATE O% TEXAS $as -lai.ed so*e"ei#nt! o*e" !o' as a t"'st .e.&e", and onl! t$e so*e"ei#n -an a-t'all! o1n "o e"t!. W$at !o' a-t'all!

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+(0.

o1n is t$e 'se o/ t$e -a", and !o' -ontin'e to a! a /ee /o" t$at 'se. Real "o e"t! 1o",s t$e sa.e 1a!. T$e te". :"eal "o e"t!9 a-t'all! .eans :o1ned &! t$e STATE9. T$in, a&o't it 6 i/ !o' a-t'all! o1n t$e $o.e in 1$i-$ !o' li*e3 and, t$e"e/o"e, !o' a"e t$e so*e"ei#n, $o1 -o'ld an!one assess !o' a "ent 7 "o e"t! ta28 ea-$ !ea", and t$en ta,e !o'" $o.e a1a! /"o. !o' i/ !o' don9t a! itH O&*io'sl!, 1$oe*e" does t$at $as ta,en t$e "ole o/ so*e"ei#n, and t$at .eans t$at !o' a"e not t$e so*e"ei#n. B't !o'" /o"e/at$e"s le/t !o' a &i"t$"i#$t in 1$i-$ !o' a"e t$e so*e"ei#n. T$is loss o/ so*e"ei#nt! -an onl! $a en to !o' i/ !o' $a*e -ont"a-ted to $a*e !o'" A.e"i-an Citi4ens$i set aside in /a*o" o/ a .e.&e"s$i in t$e t"'st. I9ll &et !o' didn9t ,no1 that 1$en !o' did it. Basi-all!, an!t$in# /o" 1$i-$ !o' a"e ta2ed in a .andato"! /as$ion does not &elon# to !o', i'e. 1it$ !o' as t$e so*e"ei#n3 &'t, "at$e" t$e STATE is t$e so*e"ei#n and s' "e.e o1ne", #i*in# it t$e "i#$t to ta2 in o"de" to &e -o. ensated /o" t$e 'se o/ its "o e"t!. Ot$e"1ise, !o' 1o'ld &e "e-ei*in# 'n@'st en"i-$.ent 7t$e 'se o/ so.e&od! else9s "o e"t! /o" 1$i-$ !o' $a*e no "i#$t8. Can !o' i.a#ine so.eone t"!in# to ta2 a ,in# in $is o1n ,in#do.H It 1o'ld &e a #ood 1a! to -o..it s'i-ide5 %"o. t$e t1o e2a. les a&o*e, n'.e"o's ot$e" Ri#$ts $a*e &een sei4ed /"o. !o' &! t$e t"'st t$at 1o'ld o1n e*e"!t$in#. %o" instan-e, t$e Ri#$t to t"a*el. T$e STATE 7t"'st8 $as t'"ned t$at into a "i*ile#e -alled :d"i*in#9 o" :o e"atin# a .oto" *e$i-le9 /o" 1$i-$ a STATE li-ense and /ee is "e;'i"ed. T$e! no1 a"e t"!in# to also "e;'i"e t$at !o' &e a -iti4en o" s'&@e-t o/ t$e United States &e/o"e !o' -an attain one o/ t$ese li-enses, and to "o*e it &! "o*idin# !o'" t"'st .e.&e"s$i n'.&e", as "e/e""ed to as a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e". In t"'t$, an A.e"i-an Citi4en does not need a :li-ense9 to t"a*el on t$e $i#$1a!s and &!1a!s o/ $is o1n land in an a'to.o&ile o" ot$e"1ise, &'t &e-a'se o/ t$e -o""' t andNo" i#no"ant :la1 en/o"-e.ent9 7t"'st en/o"-e.ent8 de a"t.ents and o//i-e"s a"o'nd t$e -o'nt"!, it -an &e-o.e *e"! st"ess/'l and e*en dan#e"o's /o" an A.e"i-an Citi4en to -lai. $is Ri#$t to t"a*el /"eel!. It9s $a"d to &elie*e, &'t t$e! a-t'all! let t$ese t"'st en/o"-e.ent o//i-e"s "'n a"o'nd 1it$ #'ns s$ootin# and a""estin# eo le. T$ei" a't$o"it! is "est"i-ted to .e.&e"s o/ t$e t"'st, &'t .ost a"e too i#no"ant to 'nde"stand t$ei" li.itations as to t$ei" @'"isdi-tion. Alt$o'#$ t$e la1 and t$e Constit'tion a"e &ot$ on t$e side o/ t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en, t$e :&'llies9 $a*e t$e &'llets, and t$e! 1ill 'se t$e. to en/o"-e t$e -ode 1$i-$ doesn9t e*en a l! to

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+(J.

A.e"i-ans. T$e "o&le. is t$at t$e!, li,e .ost ot$e" eo le in t$is land, donOt e*en ,no1 1$at t$e :la19 is. W$en !o' .a,e it into -o'"t, and .a,e t$e "i#$t a"#'.ent, !o' 1ill e*ent'all! "e*ail3 &'t do not &e -on/"ontational 1it$ t$e o//i-e" on t$e "oad. One last te". t$at "eall! 'ts an e2-la.ation .a", on t$is 1$ole s'&@e-t .atte" is t$e te". :d'al -iti4ens$i 9. T$is te". a lies to so.eone 1$o $olds -iti4ens$i in t1o di//e"ent -o'nt"ies. So, Blac-." a"e !o' a d'al -iti4enH Most A.e"i-an eo le o/ oste"it! 1o'ld ans1e" t$at ;'estion F No,G &'t i/ t$e! also -lai.ed to &e a -iti4en o/ t$e United States, t$ei" ans1e" 1o'ld &e in-o""e-t. de/ines :d'al -iti4ens$i 9 as, ,Citi0enship in t%o different #ountries' Status of #iti0ens of the United States %ho reside %ithin a state; i'e' persons %ho are born or naturali0ed in the U'S' are #iti0ens of the U'S' and the state %herein the reside'( Note t$at t$e 1o"d :state9 is s elled 1it$ a lo1e" -ase :s93 and so t$e"e/o"e "e/e"s to one o/ t$e 0) So*e"ei#n states o/ t$e Union. T$is one de/inition tells !o', 1it$o't a do'&t, t$at Te2as 7o" an! o/ t$e ot$e" D= states o/ t$e Union8, is a di//e"ent -o'nt"! t$an t$e United States. I/ !o' "e.ain a d'al -iti4en, !o' a"e s'&@e-t to t$e la1s o/ &ot$ -o'nt"ies. T$e United States is a /o"ei#n -o'nt"! to an! o/ t$e 0) so*e"ei#n States3 and its la1s a"e ne-essa"il! /o"ei#n to an A.e"i-an Citi4en 1$o is not also a -iti4en o/ t$e United States. Case -losed5

'HA&TER 8 3 THE GOVERN#ENT AND THE 'HUR'H.

T$is -$a te" .a! not &e /o" e*e"!&od! "eadin# t$is .ate"ial 1$o is inte"ested in "etainin# o" "e#ainin# $isN$e" Ri#$ts as an A.e"i-an. I 1ant to .a,e it *e"! -lea" t$at !o' do not $a*e to &e a C$"istian in o"de" to &e an A.e"i-an Citi4en. Bein# one, $o1e*e", -an .a,e it .'-$ easie" to li*e and o e"ate in t$e t"'st 1o"ld 1it$o't a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e". I 1o'ld st"on#l! s'##est t$at it 1o'ld &e a .ista,e o/ .on'.ental "o o"tions to t"! to /a,e &ein# a C$"istian in o"de" to "e-ei*e t$e &ene/its t$at -o.e as a "es'lt o/ t$at &elie/ atte"n, .'-$ in t$e sa.e .a#nit'de as -$oosin# to &e a -iti4en o/ t$e United States instead o/ an A.e"i-an Citi4en3 and, t$at9s onl! t$e -onse;'en-es in t$is 1o"ldl! li/eti.e. So, i/ !o' a"e not a C$"istian, !o' .a! 1ant to s,i t$is -$a te". T$e -$'"-$ $as &een "e/e""ed to as a :san-t'a"!9 /o" $'nd"eds o/ !ea"s. E*en toda!, .an! "e/e" to t$e -$'"-$ as a san-t'a"!. B't t$e t"'t$ is t$at t$e"e a"e t1o t! es 7/o".ations8 o/ t$e FC$"istianG C$'"-$. Bot$ t! es a"e "e-o#ni4ed 1it$in t$e United States Code3 .o"e s e-i/i-all!, 1it$in t$e T$at li,eness is a&o't all t$e t1o $a*e in -o..on e2-e t t$at t$e! &ot$
+(?.

Inte"nal Re*en'e Code.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

-lai. to 1o"s$i C$"ist. T$e /i"st o/ t$e t1o t! es o/ -$'"-$es is /o'nd at Se-tion 0)+7-87<8 o/ t$e IRC, 1$e"e it states, , 7ist of e4empt organizations8'Corporations, and an #ommunit #hest, fund, or foundation, organi0ed and operated e:#lusi"el for religious, #haritable, s#ientifi#, testing for publi# safet , literar or edu#ational purposes, or to foster national or international sports #ompetition )but onl if no part of its a#ti"ities in"ol"e the pro"ision of athleti# fa#ilities or e6uipment+, or for the pre"ention of #ruelt to #hildren or animals, no part of the net earning of %hi#h inures to the benefit of an pri"ate shareholder or indi"idual, no substantial part of the a#ti"ities of %hi#h is #arr ing on propaganda, or other%ise attempting to influen#e legislation )e:#ept as other%ise pro"ided in subse#tion )h++, and %hi#h does not parti#ipate in, or inter"ene in )in#luding the publishing or distributing of statements+, an politi#al #ampaign on behalf of )or in opposition to+ an #andidate for publi# offi#e'( I "inted t$is enti"e s'&se-tion so t$at !o' .i#$t &ette" 'nde"stand 1$o o" 1$at t$isNt$ese :-$'"-$7es89 isNa"e in "ele*an-e to t$e "est o/ so-iet!, and 1$at "'les t$isNt$ese -$'"-$7es8 .'st a&ide &! in o"de" to ,ee stat's as an e2e. t o"#ani4ation. %i"st, lease ta,e note t$at t$is :-$'"-$9 is a -o" o"ation. T$at9s "i#$t, ea-$ -$'"-$ 1is$in# to &e ta2 e2e. t 'nde" 0)+ 7-87<8 o/ t$e IRC is in-o" o"ated. W$at t$at a-t'all! .eans is t$at t$ei" o"i#in and so'"-e is o/ t$e #o*e"n.ent3 i'e' t$e UNITEA STATES3 t$e"e/o"e, t$e"e is a list o/ "'les 1$i-$ .'st &e o&e!ed in o"de" to .aintain t$at stat's. T$e UNITEA STATES is a-t'all! t$e :#"anto"9 o/ t$is -$'"-$9s &ein#. So, 1$e"e does God /it inH Ee"! -a"e/'ll!, i/ at all, is t$e -o""e-t ans1e". As !o' 1ill note /"o. t$e -ode itsel/, t$is -$'"-$ is *e"! li.ited in its a&ilit! to do -e"tain t$in#s. %o" instan-e, it -annot &e-o.e oliti-al in an! 1a!. A/te" all, don9t .ost "eli#io's -andidates /o" '&li- o//i-eH T$at see.s a little "idi-'lo's to .ost eo le. ossi&le eo le 1ant to -ons'lt t$ei" "eli#io's leade"s a&o't

And, don9t .ost C$"istians 1ant to $a*e a sa! in 1$o "e "esents

t$e.H Well, i/ t$e -$'"-$9s leade"s a"e dis-o*e"ed .a,in# oliti-al state.ents o" #i*in# assess.ents on 1$o 1o'ld &e a #ood "e "esentati*e and 1$!, t$e -$'"-$ -an lose its e2e. tion. T$is *e"! t$in# $a ened to a Ba tist C$'"-$ in Massa-$'setts in +==(. T$e .iniste" said /"o. t$e 'l it t$at a *ote /o" Bill Clinton 1o'ld &e a .o"tal sin, and t$e IRS 'lled $is -$'"-$9s ta2 e2e. t stat's as a "es'lt. An! o/ !o' 1$o 1at-$ t$e ?)) Cl'& on TE "o&a&l! /ollo1ed t$at sto"!3 &'t t$at -$'"-$ still $as not #otten its e2e. tion &a-,. B't 1$at i/ God did in /a-t di"e-t t$is .iniste" to tell $is /lo-, to *ote /o" a a"ti-'la" e"son, o" not to *ote /o" a a"ti-'la" e"sonH In a "eal C$"istian C$'"-$, 1o'ld

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+(>.

t$e #o*e"n.ent &e a&le to tell t$e .iniste" not to o&e! 1$at $e &elie*es God told $i. to doH Well, i/ $e does not diso&e! God in t$is -ase, $is -$'"-$ looses its ta2 e2e. tion. No1, !o' as,, 1$! 1o'ld an! -$'"-$ o&li#ate itsel/ to s'-$ UN6Godl! "'lesH T$at ans1e", too, is si. l! 6 MONEY5 T$e -$'"-$ #ets a la"#e o"tion o/ its in-o.e /"o. eo le 1$o 1is$ to ded'-t t$ei" #i/t 7tit$es, o//e"in#s, donations, et-.8 /"o. t$ei" o1n e"sonal ta2 "et'"n at t$e end o/ t$e !ea". Man! ot$e" .a@o" -ont"i&'tions a"e .ade /o" t$e e2 li-it "eason t$at t$e! -an &e ded'-ted di"e-tl! o// t$e #i*e"Os ta2 "et'"n3 and, .an! ti.es, -an t$"o1 t$at e"son into a lo1e" ta2 &"a-,et in t$e "o-ess. T$at .eans t$at s'-$ a -ont"i&'tion -an *e"! 1ell 1ind ' a-t'all! .a,in# t$e #i*e" Conse;'entl!, t$e -$'"-$es a-t'all! "ostit'te .an! o/ t$ei" .one! as a "es'lt o/ t$e lo1e" &"a-,et. I/ t$e -$'"-$ -o'ld not a--e t ta2 ded'-ti&le -ont"i&'tions, t$ei" "e*en'es 1o'ld /all s$a" l!. "in-i les @'st to .aintain t$is e2e. tion. B't, !o' sa!, ,1ot m #hur#h' <e follo% &od, and the go"ernment has nothing to do %ith the %a %e run our #hur#hs affairs'( T$e"e is a 1a! t$at !o' -an ,no1 /o" s'"e i/ t$at is t"'e. Si. l! as, !o'" -$'"-$ /o" a "e-ei t so t$at !o' -an ded'-t !o'" -ont"i&'tions /"o. !o'" ta2 "et'"n3 and, i/ !o' a"e #i*en one, !o'" -$'"-$ $as its /o'ndation &ased ' on t$e t"'st, not ' on God. In t$e Bo& Lones Uni*e"sit! -ase, t$e S' "e.e Co'"t "'led t$at a -ont"i&'tion to a 0)+ 7-87<8 -$'"-$ 1as al1a!s ta2 ded'-ti&le &e-a'se it 1as, in /a-t, a #o*e"n.ent s'&sid!. Co'ld t$at .ean t$at !o'" .one! t$at is #i*en to t$e -$'"-$ is a-t'all! #oin# to t$e #o*e"n.entH Well, as a .atte" o/ /a-t, !es, it -o'ld .ean e2a-tl! t$at. UNITEA STATES. Yo' see, an! -$'"-$ t$at o//e"s ta2 ded'-tions to its -ont"i&'to"s is a-t'all! a -o" o"ation, and it $as as its o"i#in and so'"-e t$e t"'st, 1$i-$ is doin# &'siness as t$e T$e"e/o"e, an!t$in# #oin# to t$e -$'"-$ is "eall! #oin# di"e-tl! into t$e t"'st No1, !o' as,, @'st 1$i-$ -$'"-$ is t$is t$at 1e9"e tal,in# a&o'tH It9s t$e Ba tist, t$e a--o'nt3 and, is t$e"e/o"e, ta2 ded'-ti&le. It9s ta2 ded'-ti&le &e-a'se it9s &ein# aid di"e-tl! into t$e t"'st s!ste. at its o"i#in. It9s @'st a&o't e*e"! -$'"-$ t$at !o' $a*e e*e" t$o'#$t o/ as &ein# a -$'"-$.

Met$odist, t$e Cat$oli- 7as 1e ,no1 it in t$is -o'nt"!8, t$e C$'"-$ o/ God, and .ost o/ t$e ot$e"s 1$i-$ !o' -an t$in, o/ 1it$ a *e"! /e1 nota&le e2-e tions t$at 1e 1ill -o*e" late". I/ !o' &elon# to one o/ t$ese -$'"-$es, and !o' don9t &elie*e 1$at I9. tellin# !o', #o to !o'" asto" o" -$'"-$ a--o'ntant and as, to see t$e /o". t$at is /illed o't and sent to t$e IRS e*e"! t$"ee .ont$s. It9s +<

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+(=.

a#es lon#5

It -o*e"s e*e"!t$in# /"o. 1$o #a*e -ont"i&'tions to e2a-tl! 1$at is done 1it$ t$e

-ont"i&'tions. It "o&a&l! sa!s so.et$in# a&o't !o' in t$e"e. T$en as, to see a list o/ t$e -o" o"ate "'les t$at t$e -$'"-$ is "e;'i"ed to /ollo1 in o"de" to ,ee its ta2 e2e. t stat's. I/ !o' a"e told t$at t$e"e is no s'-$ t$in#, !o' a"e &ein# lied to B-all t$e IRS and #et a -o ! o/ t$e "e#'lationsC. Re.e.&e", t$e"e a"e al1a!s "'les t$at .'st &e ,e t in o"de" to .aintain a -o" o"ation. I/ !o' don9t &elie*e t$at, /ile a -o" o"ation and see. Also, "e.e.&e" t$at !o'" -$'"-$ leade"s a"e not #oin# to 1ant !o' to ,no1 t$e 1$ole t"'t$ a&o't 1$at t$e! a"e &ein# /o"-ed to do in o"de" to ,ee t$e ta2 e2e. t stat's. W$at all t$is .eans is t$at t$e -$'"-$ t$at !o' t$o'#$t 1as inde endent and o/ God, is a-t'all! *e"! de endent, and o/ t$e t"'st. T$is -$'"-$ a-t'all! "e "esents t$e e;'i*alent o/ 1$at t$e C$'"-$ o/ En#land "e "esented to o'" /o"e/at$e"s. It is t$e -$'"-$ o/, &!, and /o" t$e #o*e"n.ent. It is also "e "esented in t$e Ne1 Testa.ent &! t$e P$a"isees. Re.e.&e" t$ose #'!s 1$o 1e"e al1a!s t"!in# to -olle-t ta2es /"o. Les's. It9s t$e sa.e eo le in a ne1 -ost'.e.

T$e"e is anot$e" -$'"-$, &'t /e1 e*en ,no1 o/ its e2isten-e. It is /o'nd in t$e IRC at 0)> 7-8, 1$e"e it states, ,)#+ *:#eptions )@+ -andator e:#eptionsN Subse#tions )a+ and )b+ shall not appl to, )!+ #hur#hes, their integrated au:iliaries, and #on"entions or asso#iations of #hur#hes9('

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+<).

T$is se-tion is "e/e""in# to t$e /ilin# "e;'i"e.ents /o" 0)+ 7-87<8 o"#ani4ations, and it -lea"l! sa!s t$at -$'"-$es a"e an e2-e tion 7not an e2e. tion8 to t$e la1. Note t$at in 0)+ 7-87<8, t$e -$'"-$ t$e"e is a -o" o"ation. I/ !o'" -$'"-$ /iles a ta2 "et'"n, it is a -o" o"ation, and it is not t$e -$'"-$ "e/e""ed to in 0)> 7-8. T$e -$'"-$ "e/e""ed to in 0)> 7-8 is o&*io'sl! 'no"#ani4ed and de/initel! not a -o" o"ation3 and, as s'-$, it is o'tside o/ t$e @'"isdi-tion o/ t$e IRS and t$e UNITEA STATES. No /ilin# is o" -an &e "e;'i"ed o/ it, &e-a'se it stands alone o'tside o/ t$e t"'st @'"isdi-tion. It -an t"'l! &e God9s C$'"-$, and it is /o".ed on t$e *e"! &asis t$at Les's set o't 1$ile on Ea"t$. It is t$e san-t'a"! t$at 1e $a*e al1a!s $ea"d t$at t$e -$'"-$ is s' Yo' .a! 1onde" 1$at -$'"-$es /all 'nde" t$is '.&"ella. osed to &e, and it is a "estin# la-e and T$e"e a"e, in /a-t, .an!3 &'t "o&a&l! sa/e s$elte" /o" t$ose 1$o see, "e/'#e /"o. t$e t!"anni-al #o*e"n.ent no1 in la-e. onl! a /e1 t$at !o' $a*e $ea"d o/. T$e .ost noted -$'"-$ o" #"o' t$at !o' 1o'ld "e-o#ni4e is t$e A.is$. Most o/ !o' ,no1 t$at t$e A.is$ a"e 1ell ,no1n /o" not a"ta,in# o/ t$e :s!ste.9 o" its 1a!s. W$at .an! don9t ,no1 is t$at t$e! don9t a! ta2es o/ an! ,ind Bt$e! 1on9t ta,e so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e"s, so t$e! -annot a! ta2esC, and t$e! a"e onl! s'&@e-t to t$e @'"isdi-tion o/ t$e #o*e"n.ent i/ t$e! &"ea, one o/ t$e :-o..on la1s9 /o" 1$i-$ @'"isdi-tion 1as s'""ende"ed &! o'" /o"e/at$e"s. T$e /a-t t$at t$e! don9t 'se .ode"n tools o" e;'i .ent $as not$in# to do 1it$ t$e T$ose so*e"ei#nt! t$e! en@o! in t$ei" e*e"!da! li*es. In /a-t, t$e"e a"e .an! -$'"-$es 1$i-$ a"e a "od'-t o/ A.e"i-ans 1$o $a*e &een st'd!in# t$e la1 as it a lies to t$e. and t$ei" /"eedo.s. A.e"i-ans $a*e /o'nd a "e/'#e in t$e 'nin-o" o"ated 0)> 7-8 -$'"-$ 1$e"e t$e! -an li*e t$ei" li*es, &ot$ s i"it'all! and lite"all!, 1it$o't t$e t"'st9s inte"/e"en-e. %o" t$ose eo le, t$e (<"d Psal.s 1ill ta,e on a 1$ole ne1 .eanin#. Matt$e1 (< -an also &e "ead 1it$ a 1$ole ne1 .eanin# and 'nde"standin#. On-e !o' 'nde"stand 1$at a 0)> 7-8 -$'"-$ is, #o &a-, and "ead t$ese *e"ses, and !o' 1ill "e-ei*e a ne1 and 1onde"/'l 'nde"standin#. T$e "oo/ o/ t$e a&o*e is a&'ndant. A 0)> 7-8 -$'"-$ -an o en a &an, a--o'nt t$at no&od!, not An!t$in# t$e 0)> 7-8 e"*e"sion o/ -$an#e t$ei" as /ollo1sM T$e 1o"ds .eanin# Qto e*en t$e IRS, -an e*en loo, at. Re.e.&e", t$e 0)> 7-8 is an e2-e tion to t$e la1 7in ot$e" 1o"ds, it9s o'tside t$e la18, not an e2e. tion t$at t$e -ode #i*es as a "i*ile#e. %'"t$e".o"e, t$e /ollo1in# e2e. li/ies t$e 'se, .is'se, a&'se and 1o"ds &! 1a! o/ t"ans/o".in# t$e. into ''terms of art'' in o"de" to .eanin#3 e'g', We&ste"Os +>(> Ai-tiona"! de/ines t$e 1o"d ''birth'' ''$IRTH, $*RTH, n' ! station in %hi#h a ship rides' =See $erth'F'' OO&e"t$,OO Q&i"t$OO and Q&o"nQ all -o.e /"o. t$e sa.e et!.olo#i-al "oot,
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. +<+.

-$'"-$ o1ns -annot &e ta2ed o" sei4ed &! t$e #o*e"n.ent. It "esides in a di//e"ent @'"isdi-tion.

&ea".Q W$en !o' loo, ' t$e 1o"d Q&e"t$,Q !o' /ind t$at .ost e*e"! de/inition $as to do 1it$ s$i s. So o'" Q&e"t$6da!Q is t$e da! 1e 1e"e #i*en a la-e 1it$in t$e .a"iti.e N ad.i"alt! @'"isdi-tion as a so6-alled OO*esselOO o/ t$e State. <ebster's 1e% <orld Ii#tionar of the *nglish ;anguage O Third College *dition, -o !"i#$t +=>>, a#e +<(, also de/ines it as 33 ''berth n' '''D+ a position, pla#e, offi#e, .ob, et#''' T$e"e/o"e, t$e e"-e tion is t$at t$e OOSTATEOO "es'.es t$is so6-alled Q&i"t$Q as t$e OO&e"t$OO o/ a OOsoleOO 7instead o/ OOso'lOO8 OO-o" o"ationOO 7OO-o" 'sOO ;atin, n. Meanin#M OO&od!OO8, $oldin# t$e Qo//i-e o/ person,Q 1$ose OO@o&,OO OO la-eOO o" OO ositionOO it is to e"/o". t$ei" OOd'tiesOO as di-tated &! t$e OOSTATE.OO T$is is all -lea"l! -a""ied o't &! 1a! o/ At$eisti- N L'-i/e"ian do-t"ine. T$e"e a"e onl! t1o 7 ossi&l! t$"ee8 OO&i"t$6da!sOO .entioned in t$e S-"i t'"e. In &ot$ -ases a .an lost $is $ead. At P$a"ao$9s OO&i"t$6da! a"t!OO in Genesis, t$e &a,e" 1as $'n#3 and at He"odOs OO&i"t$6da! a"t!OO in t$e Gos els, Lo$n t$e Ba tist 1as &e$eaded. So I as,, 1$! s$o'ld a OOC$"istian NationOO ele-t to -ele&"ate s'-$ so6-alled P$erthPHda!sH Note t$at t$e possible t$i"d OO&i"t$6da!OO 1as .entioned in t$e Hol! W"it, and t$at t$e JJJ talents o/ #old .entioned t$e"ein did not in-l'de all t$at 1as &"o'#$t &! .e"-$ant .eans. + Kin#s +)M+D and ( C$"oni-les =M+<3 ''1o% the %eight of gold that #ame to Solomon in one ear %as si: hundred threes#ore and si: talents of gold''' A Li*in# So'l $as a date o/ Nati*it!3 a Sole Co" o"ation $as a date o/ Bi"t$ N Be"t$. %o" "easons e2 li-itl! de/ined 1it$in t$ese oints add"essin# t$e /o"e#oin# ''terms of art,'' one .a! den! $a*in#, o" e*e" $a*in# $ad, a OO&i"t$da!3OO &'t "at$e", one .a! $a*e $ad a OONati*it!OO ' on t$e Land, and -ele&"ates $is da! o/ Nati*it! as s'-$. T$e"e/o"e, I in/o". t$e ni-e oli-e.an, t$e -o'"t s!ste., t$e &'"ea'-"at, t$e ''de fa#to'' #o*e"n.ent, and all ot$e" a"ties t$at .a! in;'i"e I * 0aAe no birt0!ay1 $e"e&! "eite"atin# t$is de-la"ation &! 1a! o/ t$e tenet ) P1o man #an be #ompelled to in#riminate himself'P

'HA&TER (= ) THE BEST QE&T SE'RET.

I/ !o' /ind t$e sto"! !o' $a*e "ead ' 'ntil no1 in t$is &oo, to &e in-"edi&le I .a!&e e*en 'n&elie*a&le I t$en !o' .i#$t not 1ant to "ead t$is -$a te". I $a*e sa*ed t$e &est 7o" 1o"st8 /o" last. It $as to do 1it$ t$ese t$in#s -alled :liens9. Blac-." de/ines :Lien9 as, ,! #laim, en#umbran#e, or #harge on propert for pa ment of some debt, obligation or dut '( Liens a"e a-t'all! 'sed to $old "o e"t! as -ollate"al /o" a de&t, ins'"in# t$at t$e "o e"t! -annot &e dis osed o/ 'ntil t$e -"edito"9s 7t$e e"son $oldin# t$e lien8 inte"est is "eti"ed. In so.e -ases, t$e! allo1 "o e"t! to &e sei4ed and sold /o" de&t. As an e2a. le, t$in, o/ !o'" $o.e. I/ !o' &o""o1ed .one! on !o'" $o.e to &'! it o" to "e.odel o" i. "o*e it, t$e lendin# instit'tion 1o'ld ta,e a lien a#ainst t$at "o e"t!, ,ee in# !o' /"o. sellin# o" ot$e"1ise dis osin# o/ said $o.e 'ntil eit$e" t$e &o""o1ed

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+<(.

.one! $as &een /'ll! "e aid 7in-l'din# inte"est8, o" 'ntil t$e lendin# instit'tion 7Se-'"ed C"edito"8 $as a#"eed to 1$ate*e" sale o" dis osal !o' 1is$ to do. I/ t$e lendin# instit'tion 1is$es to .a,e s'"e t$at its lien a#ainst t$e "o e"t! is t$e :/i"st lien9 7$oldin# t$e osition o/ &ein# aid all "o-eeds de"i*ed /"o. t$e sale o/ said "o e"t! 'ntil t$e /'ll de&t is dis-$a"#ed8, it .'st /ile a do-'.ent ,no1n as a UCC6+ 1it$ t$e Se-"eta"! o/ State o/ t$e State 1$e"e t$e "o e"t! is o" "esides. T$e UCC6+ .'st &e si#ned onl! &! t$e Se-'"ed C"edito" in o"de" to &e *alid, i/ it is &ased ' on a -ont"a-t 1it$ t$e de&to". Onl! one UCC6+ -an &e /iled on an! #i*en ie-e o/ "o e"t! at an! #i*en ti.e, and t$e Se-'"ed C"edito" s$o1n on t$e UCC6+ /ilin# is ass'"ed o/ &ein# t$e /i"st in line to &e aid. T$e Se-'"ed C"edito" -an also sei4e t$e "o e"t! /o" "esale i/ t$e de&t o1ed to $i. is not dis-$a"#ed in t$e .anne" des-"i&ed in t$e a#"ee.ent 1$i-$ -"eated t$e lien. An! ot$e" -lai.s to said "o e"t! a"e se-onda"! to t$at /i"st lien, and -an onl! &e en/o"-ed a/te" t$e /i"st lien $as &een satis/ied. T$e"e/o"e, a se-ond lien onl! $as si#ni/i-an-e and o1e" i/ t$e /i"st lien is "eti"ed. T$e se-ond lien $olde" does $old t$e o tion o/ :&'!in# o't9 t$e /i"st lien $olde" &! satis/a-to"il! dis-$a"#in# o" : a!in#6o//9 t$e /i"st lien $olde"9s -lai., at 1$i-$ ti.e $e 1o'ld &e-o.e t$e /i"st lien $olde", and -o'ld /ile $is o1n UCC6+ on t$e "o e"t!. T$e .et$od des-"i&ed a&o*e a lies to *i"t'all! all "o e"t! in o'" -'""ent s!ste.. It e*en a lies to "o e"t! s'-$ as -o" o"ations and -o. anies. In t$e "e*io's -$a te"s o/ t$is &oo,, !o' s$o'ld "e-all t$at I s$o1ed !o' t$at !o'" na.e s elled in all -a ital lette"s 1as not "eall! !o'" na.e, &'t "at$e" t$e na.e o/ an a"ti/i-ial entit!, i'e' a -o" o"ation. A -o" o"ation is "o e"t!, and is s'&@e-t to t$e "o e"t! la1s and liens. To /'ll! 'nde"stand t$is e;'ation, !o' .'st 'nde"stand $o1 and 1$! t$is -o" o"ation 'sin# !o'" na.e 1as -"eated. In +=<), t$is -o'nt"! 1as t$"o1n into &an,"' t-!, as detailed in an ea"lie" -$a te". At t$at oint, t$e"e 1e"e onl! t1o t$in#s le/t t$at $ad *al'e I t$e land and t$e eo le. T$is #o*e"n.ent, /ea"in# /o" its *e"! e2isten-e, de-ided to 'se its eo le to :&ail it o't9 o/ t$e @a.. So it too, t$e #ood na.es o/ t$e eo le t$e.sel*es and -"eated inst"'.ents o/ 1o"t$ t$"o'#$ led#in# t$ose eo le into a state o/ se"*it'de to t$e t"'st. As s'-$, t$e -iti4ens o/ t$e United States &e-a.e not$in# .o"e t$an -ollate"al /o" t$e

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+<<.

de&t o1ed &! t$e United States to t$e Ban,ste"s. On its /a-e, s'-$ an a-t 1o'ld *iolate t$e Constit'tion and lea*e t$e a-to"s s'&@e-t to -$a"#es o/ t"eason, so t$ese de-ei*e"s -a.e ' 1it$ a -le*e" sol'tion to t$e "o&le.. T$e! too, all t$e &i"t$ -e"ti/i-ates o/ t$e eo le 7t$e &i"t$ -e"ti/i-ates &elon# to t$e STATE 1$i-$ -"eated t$e.8, and /o".ed -o" o"ations 'sin# t$e na.es /o'nd on t$ose -e"ti/i-ates 7and t$e e"sons to 1$o. t$e! atta-$8 as t$e &asis and 1o"t$ o/ t$e -o" o"ations. W$en t$e -o" o"ations 1e"e /o".ed, t$e na.es o/ t$e li*in# .en and 1o.en, and t$e ne1 -o" o"ations 1e"e e2a-t, e2-e t t$at t$e -o" o"ation na.es 1e"e s elled 1it$ all -a ital lette"s, indi-atin# t$e di//e"en-e &et1een t$e -o" o"ation and t$e li*in# .an 1$o 1as s' l!in# t$e t"'e 1o"t$ &e$ind t$e -o" o"ation. T$e t"'st a--e ted t$e -ollate"al, t$en set a&o't to s!ste.ati-all! ins'"e t$at all .en and 1o.en 1o'ld -ease to 'se t$ei" nat'"al &ein#, and 1o'ld instead 'se t$e ne1, a"ti/i-ial &ein# -"eated and o1ned &! t$e STATE. T$e t"'st t$en atta-$ed its n'.&e" Bt$e so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e"C to its -ollate"al /o" eas! identi/i-ation. I/ !o' $a*e t"o'&le &elie*in# t$e /a-ts in t$e "e-edin# a"a#"a $s, t$in, a&o't 1$en t$e last ti.e 1as t$at !o' "e-ei*ed an! /o".al lette", do-'.ent, -ont"a-t, IRS state.ent o" &illin#, -o'"t a e"s, o" an!t$in# o/ an! o//i-ial -a a-it! /"o. an! #o*e"n.ental a#en-! o" &od!, o" /"o. an! -o" o"ation, 1$i-$ did not $a*e !o'" na.e s elled 1it$ all -a ital lette"s. I/ !o' 1ant to "eall! &e -on*in-ed, as, !o'" &an,, -"edit -a"d -o. an!, t$e IRS, an! -o'"t, o" an! ot$e" o//i-ial -o" o"ation o" #o*e"n.ent a#en-! to 'se !o'" na.e "o e"l! s elled 7-a itals and lo1e" -ase lette"s8 on an! o//i-ial do-'.ents "e/e""in# to !o'. T$e! 1ill "e/'se. T$e! 1ill "o&a&l! tell !o' t$at t$e -o. 'te" 1ill not let t$e. 'se lo1e" -ase lette"s in a na.e B1$i-$ is "o&a&l! t"'eC. A/te" !o' $a*e "o*en t$is to !o'"sel/, as, !o'"sel/ 1$!. S'"el! t$e s ellin# o/ !o'" na.e in all -a itals -o'ld not &e t$at i. o"tant. T$e t"'t$ is t$at it is all i. o"tant.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+<D.

T$"o'#$ t$e 'se o/ t$is s!ste., t$e STATE -"eates -o" o"ations 1$i-$ it does, in /a-t, OWN.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+<0.

As in all o/ t$e t!"anni-al a-tions ta,en &! t$is de fa#to #o*e"n.ent, t$e "e.ed! /o" t$e "'t$less and de-eit/'l a-tions ta,en &! it -an &e /o'nd 1it$in t$e "'les and "e#'lations 1$i-$ 1e"e -ont"i*ed and 1"itten /o" t$e '" ose o/ .isleadin# and ensla*in# t$e eo le. To 'nde"stand $o1 to 'se t$ei" o1n s!ste. a#ainst t$e., !o' .'st t$in, o/ t1o se a"ate &'t "eal entities, one a li*in# .an and one a -o" o"ation -"eated and o1ned &! t$e STATE. Bot$ entities $a*e t$e sa.e o" si.ila" na.es, 1it$ t$e onl! $!si-al, de.onst"a&le di//e"en-e &ein# in t$e 'se o/ -a itali4ation 1it$in t$e s ellin# o/ t$ose na.es. One entit!, t$e li*in# .an, i/ $e is an A.e"i-an Citi4en, o1ns e*e"!t$in#, &'t $as /ailed to ta,e -ont"ol o/ $is ossessions. T$e ot$e", t$e -o" o"ation, is "o e"t! 1$i-$ 1as -"eated /o" t$e e2 "ess '" ose o/ &ein# a sla*e to t$e t"'st. No1 let9s 1o", on t$e "e.ed!.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+<J.

W$en !o' &e-o.e a a"t! to an! a-tion 1$i-$ d"a1s !o' into a -o'"t, !o'" /i"st a-t s$o'ld &e to "o e"l! identi/! !o'"sel/. To do t$at, !o' 'se !o'" C$"istian na.e, "o e"l! s elled in -a s and lo1e" -ase lette"s. Yo' s$o'ld i..ediatel! -lai. to &e one o/ t$e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Peo le o/ Poste"it!, and, as s'-$, a F/o"ei#n stateG 1it$in t$e de/inition and .eanin# o/ t$e %o"ei#n So*e"ei#n I..'nities A-t o/ +=?J. Yo' s$o'ld state t$at !o' $a*e no so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e". As "oo/ o/ !o'" so*e"ei#nt!, !o' s$o'ld atta-$ and "e/e" to an a//ida*it t"a-in# !o'" lina#e &a-, to one o/ t$e /o'ndin# /at$e"s, s e-i/i-all! a 1$ite .ale lando1ne" in one o/ t$e T$i"teen o"i#inal ColoniesNStates in +?><, t$e date t$at Kin# Geo"#e III "e-o#ni4ed t$ose eo le as so*e"ei#ns e;'al to $i. in t$e T"eat! o/ Pa"is B+?>=, t$e ti.e o/ t$e ado tion o/ t$e Constit'tion, is anot$e" #ood date to tie !o'"sel/ toC. T$at done, !o' $a*e esta&lis$ed a "i.a /a-ie -lai. #ood on its /a-e 'nless -$allen#ed. At t$is oint in ti.e, a -$allen#e is 'nli,el!3 $o1e*e", t$e .o"e eo le 1$o 'se t$is .et$od, t$e #"eate" t$e li,eli$ood o/ a -$allen#e 1ill &e-o.e. T$e"e/o"e, !o' 1o'ld &e 1ell ad*ised to "esea"-$ !o'" $e"ita#e, and $a*e /a-ts to &a-, !o'" Clai.. On-e !o' $a*e esta&lis$ed !o'" -a a-it! as one o/ t$e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Peo le, t$e"e/o"e a F/o"ei#n stateG 'nde" t$e %SIA, t$e -o'"t looses all @'"isdi-tion o*e" !o' B'nless !o'" a-tion /alls 'nde" t$e e2-e tions #i*en in Se-tion +J)0 o/ Title (>C. I/ !o' $a*e /iled a -o'nte"-lai. B1$i-$ !o' a"e /'ll! a't$o"i4ed to doC, t$en onl! t$e -o'nte"-lai. 1ill &e $ea"d, &e-a'se t$e a-tion &"o'#$t a#ainst !o' .'st &e dis.issed. Yo' a"e also /"ee to &"in# an a-tion a#ainst t$e #o*e"n.ent o" an! o/ its a#en-ies 'nde" t$e %SIA /o" an! #"ie*an-e !o' .i#$t $a*e3 $o1e*e", 1$en !o' do, !o' 1ill o en !o'"sel/ to a -o'nte"-lai. /"o. t$at a"t! t$at !o' 1ill not $a*e so*e"ei#n i..'nit! /"o..

'HA&TER (( 3 HOW TO USE TH*S BOOQ.

I/ !o' 1ill "esea"-$ t$e .ate"ial 1$i-$ !o' $a*e @'st "ead, !o' 1ill /ind t$at it is a--'"ate &e!ond a "easona&le do'&t. Ho e/'ll!, A.e"i-ans 1ill sta"t to "eali4e $o1 .'-$ t$e! $a*e #i*en ' in t$e na.e o/ nationalis., o" in o"de" to #ain a little se-'"it! /o" t$e s$o"t te".. Ben@a.in %"an,lin said
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. +<?.

t$at an! .an 1$o 1o'ld #i*e ' a little li&e"t! in o"de" to #ain s$o"t li*ed se-'"it! dese"*ed neit$e" li&e"t! no" se-'"it!. I &elie*e t$at. O'" &i##est "o&le. is t$at 1e A.e"i-ans $a*e &e-o.e -o. la-ent a&o't an!t$in# t$e #o*e"n.ent does. We 1e"e "aised to &elie*e t$at :o'"9 #o*e"n.ent 1o'ld ne*e" lie to 's, and t$at t$e United States Go*e"n.ent al1a!s a-ts in t$e &est inte"est o/ A.e"i-a. Not$in# -o'ld &e /a"t$e" /"o. t$e t"'t$. T$is #o*e"n.ent a-ts onl! in its o1n &est inte"est. It $as no1 #one so /a" as to $a*e !o' &elie*e t$at A.e"i-an Citi4ens no lon#e" e2ist, &e-a'se t$e! $a*e &een "e la-ed &! -iti4ens o/ t$e United States. 7Note $e"e, t$at, as o/ ()++, t$e te". FA.e"i-an,G as it 1o'ld "elate to t$e so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Peo le o/ Poste"it!, $as &een "e.o*ed /"o. all s-$ool te2t &oo,s8 o It $as allo1ed an "essi*e /o"ei#n t"'st to ass'.e t$e "es onsi&ilities o/ t$e #o*e"n.ent. It $as e*en led !o' to

&elie*e t$at &ein# a -iti4en o/ t$e United States is a #"eat $ono", t$at it is e;'i*alent to &ein# an A.e"i-an, and !o' s$o'ld &e "o'd o/ t$e title. T$e t"'t$ is t$at t$e onl! one 1$o &ene/its /"o. #ettin# A.e"i-ans to &e-o.e and "e.ain -iti4ens o/ t$e United States is t$e UNITEA STATES 7t$e t"'st83 &e-a'se, on-e t$at t"ansition is a--o. lis$ed, t$e t"'st #ains total -ont"ol o*e" t$ose 1$o "e*io'sl! $ad -ont"ol o*e" t$e United States. It9s li,e #ettin# t$e o1ne" o/ a -o. an! to &elie*e t$at t$e s' e"*iso" o/ t$e ni#$t s$i/t is $is s' e"io", and t$at $e .'st a&ide &! t$at s' e"*iso"9s o"de"s. I/ !o' don9t li,e ta,in# o"de"s /"o. !o'" 7 '&li-8 se"*ants, i/ !o' &elie*e t$at !o' -an &ette" .a,e t$e de-isions t$at a//e-t !o'" li/e and t$e li/e o/ !o'" /a.il! t$an -an an!one else 7es e-iall! so.eone in Was$in#ton, A.C. 1$o /i"st se"*es t$e t"'st8, andNo" i/ !o' @'st 1ant to "e-lai. t$e /"eedo. le/t to !o' &! !o'" /o"e/at$e"s as !o'" &i"t$"i#$t, no1 is t$e ti.e to sta"t "e*e"sin# t$e da.a#e and "e#ainin# !o'" li/e as a /"ee A.e"i-an Citi4en. L'st e2a-tl! $o1 do !o' sta"t to "e*e"se t$e da.a#eH To sta"t 1it$, !o' s$o'ld '"-$ase a Blac-." Law Dictionary 7!o' -an '"-$ase one at an! #ood &oo,sto"e /o" a"o'nd SJ0.))8. Yo' .'st al1a!s "e.e.&e" t$at 1o"ds $a*e a "e-ise .eanin#, t$e! .ean e2a-tl! 1$at t$e! sa!, and t$ose in t$e t"'st 1$o 1o'ld steal !o'" Ri#$ts ,no1 and 'se t$ei" e2a-t .eanin# in a 1a! t$e! $o e !o' 1ill not 'nde"stand. T$e "o&le. is t$at t$e le#al .eanin# to .ost o/ t$e ,e! 1o"ds t$at t$e! 'se is 's'all! not t$e .eanin# t$at !o' $a*e al1a!s ass'.ed. W$en !o' loo, ' a 1o"d in Blac-.", loo, ' t$e sa.e 1o"d in We&ste"9s, and !o'9ll /ind t$at .an! ti.es a totall! di//e"ent .eanin# 1ill &e .ani/est. Pe"$a s .o"e i. o"tant, Bla-,9s #i*es t$e .eanin# o/ .an! le#al te".s, and -ites de-isional -ases
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. +<>.

t$at de/ined .an! 1o"ds and $"ases. B't, 1$ate*e" !o' do, NEVER9 NEVER9 NEVER ass'.e !o' ,no1 t$e .eanin# o/ an! le#al 1o"d, te"., o" di"e-tion. T$at9s e2a-tl! 1$at t$e t"'st de ends on and e2 e-ts !o' to do, and t$at9s $o1 t$ose in t$e t"'st /ool !o' into &elie*in# t$in#s t$at @'st a"e not t"'e3 t$e"e&! -ont"ollin# !o' 1it$o't an! a't$o"it! o*e" !o' 1$atsoe*e", e2-e t t$at 1$i-$ !o' #i*e t$e.. A/te" !o' $a*e !o'" Blac-.", sta"t "eadin# t$e inst"'-tions o/ an! and all #o*e"n.ent /o".s t$at !o' /ill o't in /'ll. Ao a little "esea"-$ &e/o"e !o' /ill o't t$e /o". to /ind o't 1$at :la19 o" -ode t$at !o' a"e :-o. l!in#9 1it$. I t$in, !o' 1ill &e s$o-,ed to lea"n t$at none o/ t$e /o".s t$at !o' $a*e al1a!s &elie*ed 1e"e "e;'i"ed a"e, in /a-t, "e;'i"ed. I t$in, t$at, i/ !o' "ead and 'nde"stand t$e 'nde"l!in# -ode and "e#'lation /o" 1$i-$ !o' a"e -o. l!in#, !o' 1ill lea"n t$at 7a8 it does not a l! to !o' 7i/ !o' a"e not a .e.&e" o/ t$e t"'st8, o" 7&8 it is not .andato"!. Use !o'" Blac-." to loo, ' all 1o"ds o/ -o..and, i'e' .'st , s$all, "e;'i"ed, et-., and t$en a l! t$e .eanin#s o/ t$ose 1o"ds e2a-tl! as t$e! a"e 'sed in t$e -onte2t o/ 1$at !o'9"e "eadin#. Yo' 1ill /ind t$at none o/ t$e inst"'-tions "e;'i"e !o' to do an!t$in#. Ea-$ inst"'-tion 1ill &e -onditioned so t$at it 1ill a ea" to #i*e !o' a .andato"! o"de", &'t none 1ill 1$en !o' a l! t$e "o e" .eanin# to t$e 1o"ds 'sed t$e"ein. I/ t$ese inst"'-tions did, in /a-t, "e;'i"e an A.e"i-an Citi4en to do an!t$in# "io" to $a*in# &een a""ested, indi-ted, andNo" -on*i-ted o/ one o/ t$e :-o..on la19 -"i.es /o" 1$i-$ @'"isdi-tion 1as 'n-onstit'tional on t$ei" /a-e. Sin-e t$ese :.aste"s9 o/ t$e lan#'a#e 1$o 1"ite t$ese -odes, "e#'lations, and inst"'-tions ne*e" do an!t$in# t$at -o'ld &e e*en "e.otel! 'n-onstit'tional, !o' -an &e s'"e t$at not$in# t$e! 't in 1"itin# 1ill o"de" an A.e"i-an Citi4en to do an!t$in#. T$e"e/o"e, 1$en !o' "ead t$ese inst"'-tions, do not ass'.e t$at !o' ,no1 1$at t$e! a"e tellin# !o' to do3 in /a-t, do not ass'.e t$at t$e! a"e e*en tal,in# to !o'. assed, t$e! 1o'ld &e

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+<=.

Instead, "ead /o" t$e .eanin# t$at 1o'ld &e -onstit'tional, and !o' 1ill easil! dis-o*e" t$e t"'e state.ent .ade in ea-$ 1"itin# t$at !o' "e-ei*e /"o. t$e #o*e"n.ent, o" an! a#en-! o" 1o'ld &e a#en-! t$e"eo/. A/te" !o' $a*e done so.e inde endent "esea"-$ on t$e iss'e, so t$at !o' a"e -on*in-ed t$at !o'" osition is :on solid #"o'nd9, !o' -an .o*e /o"e1o"d to1a"d "e-lai.in# !o'" "i#$t/'l osition o/ so*e"ei#n A.e"i-an Citi4en. t$e.8. T$e a-tions "e;'i"ed to s'--ess/'ll! -o. lete t$e t"ansition &a-, in-l'de t$e /ilin# o/ a n'.&e" o/ do-'.ents in-l'din#, &'t not li.ited to, 7a8 a :State.ent in Lie' o/ a Ret'"n9 /o" t$e /i"st !ea" in 1$i-$ !o' do not /ile a +)D) /o". 1it$ t$e IRS, 7&8 an :A//ida*it o/ Resto"ation o/ Ri#$ts9, 7-8 a :Const"'-ti*e Noti-e &! A//ida*it to All Pa"ties Con-e"ned, E*iden-e o/ Citi4ens$i Stat's9 7to &e "e-o"ded 1it$ !o'" lo-al Co'nt! Cle",8, 7d8 a :P'&li- Noti-e Ai"e-ti*e to t$e U.S. Ae a"t.ent o/ Healt$ and H'.an Se"*i-es9, and 7e8 an :A//ida*it o/ S'""ende" o/ So-ial Se-'"it! Ca"d and Use o/ Re#ist"ation N'.&e"9. T$e"e 1ill &e ot$e" lette"s to 1"ite and do-'.ents to /ile in t$e initial sta#es o/ !o'" ne1 /"eedo., &e-a'se ea-$ -lai. .ade &! t$e t"'st .'st &e ans1e"ed and -$allen#ed, o" it 1ill &e-o.e "o*en 'nde" -o..e"-ial la1, and t$e t"'st 1ill on-e a#ain -lai. @'"isdi-tion o*e" !o' &! -o..e"-ial la1. Yo' .'st de.and e*e"!t$in# !o' 1ant, and !o' .'st &e insistent ' on !o'" -onditions &ein# .et e2a-tl! as !o' de.and, &e-a'se !o' 1ill &e tested in t$e &e#innin#. T$ese lea-$es o/ so-iet! do not 1ant to t'"n t$e o1e" &a-, o*e" to !o'3 &'t, i/ !o' /ollo1 t$e "o e" ste s, t$e! 1ill $a*e no alte"nati*e. T$e o1e" is !o'"s. I $a*e not in-l'ded in t$is &oo, all o/ t$e a e"1o", needed to "e-lai. !o'" "i#$t/'l osition as so*e"ei#n and to /ile !o'" lien7s8, &e-a'se it is so.e1$at di//e"ent in ea-$ -ase3 and &e-a'se I do not 1ant to see an!one .is'se t$e a e"1o", in s'-$ a 1a! as to da.a#e t$e.sel*es. Ho1e*e", t$e a e"1o",, alon# 1it$ inst"'-tions and s' &i"t$"i#$t. o"t, 1ill soon &e a*aila&le t$"o'#$ a #"o' o/ li,e6 .inded A.e"i-ans 1$o a"e "e a"in# to $el la"#e n'.&e"s o/ ot$e" A.e"i-ans -lai. t$ei" "i#$t/'l T$is .o*e.ent in*ol*es t$e 'ndoin# o/ .an! -ont"a-ts and -o..it.ents 7.ost o/ 1$i-$ !o' did not e*en "eali4e !o' 1e"e .a,in# at t$e ti.e !o' ente"ed into

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

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T$e onl! "easons not to "e-lai. t$at 1$i-$ is "o e"l! !o'"s a"e /ea", a at$!, andNo" !o' li,e &ein# a sla*e. I/ t$ose a"e !o'" "easons /o" not a-tin#, t$en I $a*e not$in# to o//e" !o', and I don9t $a*e ti.e to -on-e"n .!sel/ 1it$ !o'. I/, on t$e ot$e" $and, !o' a"e .o*ed to "e-lai. 1$at o'" /o"e/at$e"s le/t to !o', I 1ill do e*e"!t$in# in .! o1e" to $el . I "o.ise !o' t$at !o'" a-tions, t"ials, and t"i&'lations 1ill &e 1ell "e1a"ded i/ !o' -o. lete t$e tas, at $and.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+D+.

A side note, $e"e, is t$e /a-t t$at I ,no1 .an! o/ !o' 1$o a"e "eadin# t$is &oo, a"e -'""entl! 7o" !o' $a*e in t$e ast8 'sed :o//6s$o"e9 &an, a--o'nts in an atte. t to $ide !o'" /inan-es /"o. t$e IRS. T$at -an &e a *e"! "is,! "o osition. %i"st, $idin# !o'" .one! -an easil! &e -onst"'ed as -ons i"a-! to de/"a'd t$e United States Go*e"n.ent. A#ain, t$at /alls 'nde" Title +> o/ t$e United States Code, and t$at Title $as &een ena-ted as ositi*e la1. Also, sendin# !o'" .one! o't o/ t$e -o'nt"! is *e"!, *e"! "is,!, and .an! o/ !o' $a*e "o&a&l! al"ead! lost la"#e s'.s o/ .one! doin# e2a-tl! t$at. T$e"e a"e n'.e"o's -on6#a.es o't t$e"e @'st 1aitin# to "i !o' o//. Ho1e*e", i/ !o' 'tili4e t$e in/o".ation in t$is &oo, "o e"l!, !o' -an $a*e an :o//6s$o"e9 &an, a--o'nt "i#$t in !o'" o1n $o.eto1n &an,. T$at9s &e-a'se t$e te". :o//6s$o"e9, 1$en 'sed in t$is sense, si. l! .eans o'tside t$e @'"isdi-tion o/ t$e UNITEA STATES and t$e IRS. W$en !o' /ollo1 t$e ste s to &e-o.e a :non"esident alien9 to t$e United States, and t$en 'tili4e a s'&stit'te W6> /o"., !o' -an o en an a--o'nt in !o'" $o.eto1n &an, t$at is :o//6s$o"e9 to t$e UNITEA STATES and t$e IRS. Bette" still, no t"eat! -an #i*e t$e IRS a--ess to !o'" .one!, 1$i-$ -an $a en 1$en !o'9"e dealin# 1it$ #o*e"n.ents /"o. a"o'nd t$e 1o"ld. I $a*e s'-$ an a--o'nt "esentl!, and I $a*e $ad t$e a--o'nts /"o. a"o'nd t$e 1o"ld in t$e ast 1$i-$ !o' .a! -'""entl! &e '"s'in#3 and I -an sa! 1it$o't /ea" o/ -ont"adi-tion t$at .! lo-al &an, is /a" s' e"io" to an! sit'ation !o' 1ill /ind in ot$e" -o'nt"ies. Yo' $a*e dail! -ont"ol o/ !o'" .one!, and !o' a"e "ote-ted &! all t$e sa.e ins'"an-e and sa/e#'a"ds t$at !o' $a*e #"o1n a--'sto.ed to. B! t$e 1a!, t$e"e9s not$in# 1"on# 1it$ a--e tin# t$ose "ote-tions &e-a'se o'" /o"e/at$e"s set ' t$is #o*e"n.ent to se"*e o'" needs. T$is is one 1a! t$at it -an /'l/ill its '" ose. %o" t$ose 1$o -$oose to "e.ain a sla*e, I $a*e no s!. at$!, &e-a'se it is o'tside .! a&ilit! to 'nde"stand 1$! an!one 1o'ld -$oose sla*e"! o*e" /"eedo.. Yo' .a! /eel sa/e and 1a". toda!, &'t !o' a"e lea*in# a te""i&le le#a-! /o" !o'" des-endants, and !o'" o1n /'t'"e 1ill not &e so &"i#$t i/ t$ose o/ 's 1$o a"e -'""entl! /i#$tin# t$is &attle e*e" de-ide t$at it9s @'st too .'-$ t"o'&le /o" 's. T$e onl! "eason t$at !o' still $a*e as .an! :"i#$ts9 as !o' $a*e toda! is &e-a'se t$e"e a"e a lot o/ 's t$at a"e /i#$tin# to ,ee t$ose Ri#$ts, and !o' a"e t$e 'n1o"t$! &ene/i-ia"! o/ &ot$ !o'" /o"e/at$e"s9 and o'" sa-"i/i-es. So, i/ !o' li,e t$e :1el/a"e s!ste.9, !o'9"e "i#$t 1$e"e !o' &elon#. I/ !o' don9t li,e t$e :1el/a"e s!ste.9, !o' s$o'ld &e a1a"e t$at !o' a"e t$e .ain "e-i ient.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+D(.

I led#e to do .! 't.ost to $el an! A.e"i-an "e-lai. 1$at is $is. As /o" t$e sla*es a.on# !o', #o i-, t$e Maste"9s -otton. Yo' don9t dese"*e t$e #i/ts le/t to !o'. I in*ite -"iti-is., and I as, t$at !o' s$a"e 1it$ .e an!t$in# 1$i-$ !o' -onside", o" /ind to &e, ina--'"ate in t$is &oo,. I $a*e t$o"o'#$l! "esea"-$ed all t$e .ate"ial -ontained $e"ein o*e" t$e last () !ea"s, &'t t$e ot$e" side -ontin'es to .a,e -$an#es on a "e#'la" &asis. W$ile t$ose -$an#es -annot a//e-t t$e &ase idea -ontained in t$is &oo,, so.e do a//e-t t$e 1a! t$at 1e .'st atta-, di//e"ent "o&le.s. An! and all t"'e $el 1ill &e a "e-iated.

'HA&TER (7 3 #Y STORY. IO. s'"e t$at &! no1 !o' a"e 1onde"in# 1$o I a. and e2a-tl! $o1 I -a.e to 1"ite t$is &oo,. M! sto"! sta"ts e2a-tl! li,e .an! o/ !o'" sto"ies a"e -'""entl! "eadin#. I $ad a *e"! -on*entional ed'-ation in 1$i-$ I 1as totall! &"ain1as$ed &! t$e s!ste. 'nde" 1$i-$ 1e all li*e. I attended a *e"! la"#e $i#$ s-$ool in A"lin#ton, Te2as, a/te" 1$i-$ I attended Ba!lo" Uni*e"sit!. I ente"ed t$e ins'"an-e &'siness in +=J> and -ontin'ed .! ed'-ation &! attendin# -lasses at Te2as C$"istian Uni*e"sit! 1$i-$ "elated to t$e ins'"an-e ind'st"!. I also too, .an! -o'"ses &! .ail and t$"o'#$ t$e ins'"an-e -o. anies /o" 1$i-$ I 1o",ed. In a s$o"t e"iod o/ ti.e, I 1as "'nnin# .! o1n a#en-!3 and, &asi-all!, I &elie*ed t$at I $ad a -o. lete 'nde"standin# o/ e*e"!t$in# t$at I 1as in*ol*ed in, and, in #ene"al, t$e 1o"ld a"o'nd .e. I /o".ed lon#6lastin# "elations$i s 1it$ all o/ t$e "o/essional eo le 1it$ 1$o. I did &'siness. One s'-$ e"son 1as .! CPA. I /i"st sta"ted 'sin# .! CPA in +=?+, at a&o't t$e sa.e ti.e t$at I sta"ted .! o1n a#en-!. At t$at ti.e in .! li/e, I, li,e .an! o/ !o', $ad a deat$l! /ea" o/ t$e IRS. It 1as .! /i". &elie/ t$at t$e IRS 1as all o1e"/'l, t$at t$e! 1e"e a&o*e t$e la1, and t$at t$e"e 1as no /o"-e on t$is ea"t$ t$at -o'ld -ont"ol t$e.. %"o. t$e o'tset o/ .! "elations$i 1it$ .! CPA, I la-ed ' on $i. one 'n;'estiona&le standa"d t$at I "e;'i"ed $i. to .aintain t$"o'#$o't t$e -o'"se o/ o'" &'siness "elations$i 6 t$at &ein#, i/ I 1as e*e" a'dited, I /'ll! "e;'i"ed t$at I "e-ei*e a "e/'nd /"o. t$e a'dit "at$e" t$an to o1e t$e IRS .o"e .one!. T$is de.and 1as la-ed &e-a'se o/ .! i""ational /ea" o/ t$e IRS. I in/o".ed .! CPA t$at /ail'"e to .a,e t$is sit'ation o--'" 1o'ld "es'lt in $is i..ediate dis.issal as .! CPA. M! "elations$i 1it$ t$is CPA lasted a total o/ +J !ea"s.
T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told. +D<.

A'"in# t$at e"iod o/ ti.e I 1as a'dited a total o/ t$"ee ti.es, 1it$ ea-$ o/ t$e /i"st t1o a'dits "es'ltin# in a "e/'nd &ein# aid to .e. T$e t$i"d a'dit -$an#ed .! li/e /o"e*e". In +=>), I sold t$e &'siness /o" a ni-e s'. o/ .one!. I sold t$e &'siness on a /i*e !ea" a! o't, and I too, lon#6te". -a ital #ain on t$e sale o/ t$at &'siness. At t$at ti.e, lon#6te". -a ital #ain 1as a *e$i-le 1$i-$ 1as 'sed &! .an! in t$e &'siness 1o"ld to a*oid a o"tion o/ t$e ta2es 1$i-$ 1o'ld ot$e"1ise atta-$ to t$e sale o/ &'siness o" "o e"t!. In /a-t, ele-tin# to ta,e a lon#6te". -a ital #ain o tion 1o'ld sa*e e2a-tl! one6$al/ o/ all t$e ta2es o1ed i/ lon#6te". -a ital #ain 1e"e not a lied. In .! -ase, I 'sed a to 6not-$ ta2 atto"ne!, 1$o dotted e*e"! OiO and -"ossed e*e"! OtO. He e*en 1ent so /a" as to #et a lette" o/ o inion /"o. t$e Was$in#ton o//i-e o/ t$e IRS. We did e*e"!t$in# e2a-tl! t$e 1a! it 1as "es-"i&ed &! t$e IRS. I e2 e"ien-ed no "o&le.s 'ntil +=>J, 1$en I 1as a'dited /o" t$e +=>0 ta2 !ea". T$e last a!.ent /o" t$e sale o/ .! &'siness 1as "e-ei*ed in +=>0. T$e a'dito" sta!ed in .! &'siness /o" a total o/ ei#$t da!s, d'"in# 1$i-$ ti.e $e -$e-,ed e*e"! n'.&e" and e*e"! ent"! in .! &'siness &oo,s. On t$e >t$ da!, $e in/o".ed .e t$at it a ea"ed t$at I 1o'ld &e "e-ei*in# a "at$e" la"#e "e/'nd 7a "o2i.atel! S=,))) 8 at t$e end o/ t$e a'dit. On-e a#ain, it see.ed t$at .! CPA $ad /ollo1ed .! o"de"s e2a-tl!. A&o't one $o'" &e/o"e t$e a'dito" le/t .! o//i-e, $e -alled .e &a-, a#ain to as, one ;'estion. T$e ;'estion 1as in "elation to t$e sale o/ .! &'siness in +=>) 7I $ad "e-ei*ed t$e last a!.ent in +=>0 8. I i..ediatel! told $i. t$at t$is 1as an old sale, and t$at it $ad al"ead! -lea"ed one a'dit. He insisted t$at 1e dis-'ss t$e initial t"ansa-tion t$at o--'""ed in +=>). T$e ,e! ;'estion $e as,ed 1as, ,<as this business that ou sold in @C>M primaril dependent upon #ommission as its sour#e of in#ome8(' M! ans1e" 1as, o/ -o'"se, t$at it 1as 7it 1as an ins'"an-e a#en-!8. He i..ediatel! said, ,Oh, ou #an't do thatQ( He t$en &e#an 1"itin# in $is note ad. I t"ied to sto $i., &e-a'se I ,ne1 t$at on-e $e $ad 1"itten so.et$in# do1n, it 1as #oin# to &e *e"! di//i-'lt to #et $i. to "e*e"se $is de-ision. I -alled .! CPA into t$e "oo., and 1e &ot$ sta"ted t"!in# to tell t$e a'dito" t$at e*e"!t$in# 1e $ad done $ad &een a "o*ed &! t$e IRS as /ollo1in# t$e "es-"i&ed .et$od "o*ided at t$e ti.e. We e*en s$o1ed $i. t$e lette" o/ o inion 1$i-$ 1e "e-ei*ed /"o. t$e Was$in#ton o//i-e o/ t$e IRS. W$en 1e s$o1ed $i. t$e lette", $e si. l! ointed to t$e /i"st line o/ t$e lette" 1$i-$ stated t$at t$is lette" -o'ld not &e 'sed as a le#al o inion. He t$en told 's t$at a

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+DD.

+=>< "'lin# $ad eli.inated t$e ded'-tion t$at 1e too, /o" t$e t! e o/ &'siness 1$i-$ I sold. W$en ;'estioned /'"t$e", $e said t$at t$e "'lin# 1as si. l! a -la"i/i-ation o/ t$e la1 in e//e-t in +=>)3 and, t$e"e/o"e, 1as "et"oa-ti*e to .! sale. Wit$o't #oin# into all t$e #o"! details, t$is de-ision, .ade &! a lo1 "an,in# IRS e. lo!ee, "'ined .! li/e as I ,ne1 it t$en, and /o"e*e" -$an#ed t$e 1a! I 1o'ld li*e t$e "est o/ .! li/e. Be-a'se o/ t$e la"#e a.o'nt o/ sa*in#s t$at I "e-ei*ed as a "es'lt o/ ta,in# lon#6te". -a ital #ain on t$e sale o/ .! &'siness in +=>), t$e enalties and inte"est 71$i-$ a.o'nted to al.ost t$"ee ti.es t$e "in-i al sa*in#s8 added ' to .o"e -as$ t$an I -o'ld "aise. M! ins'"an-e a#en-! &e-a.e insol*ent &e-a'se I -o'ld not "aise t$e -as$ to a! &ot$ t$e IRS and ,ee t$e a#en-! "'nnin#. A'"in# t$is e"iod o/ ti.e, .! (+ !ea" .a""ia#e &"o,e ' , and I lost al.ost all o/ t$e 1o"ldl! ossessions 1$i-$ I $ad a--'.'lated /"o. "'nnin# a *e"! s'--ess/'l &'siness o/ al.ost () !ea"s. I &e-a.e e2t"e.el! &itte" a&o't t$e 1a! I $ad &een t"eated. I &elie*ed t$at I $ad done e*e"!t$in# t$at $ad &een "e;'i"ed o/ .e &! t$is .onste" -alled t$e IRS. In /a-t, I $ad done .'-$ .o"e t$an @'st /ollo1 t$e "'les 6 I $ad not ta,en .an! o/ t$e ded'-tions 1$i-$ 1e"e allo1ed .e o*e" t$e !ea"s. %o" .! t"o'&les and .! $onest!, I $ad e*e"!t$in# nea" and dea" to .e st"i ed a1a!. Wo"se !et, I still o1ed t$e IRS .one!. I -onside"ed .an! o tions, so.e o/ t$e. totall! 'nt$in,a&le to .e toda!. %inall!, I .ade a de-ision 1$i-$ 1o'ld a//e-t t$e "est o/ .! li/e in a 1a! t$at I -o'ld not e*en i.a#ine 6 I de-ided t$at I 1o'ld no lon#e" &e $eld a sla*e &! t$is a#en-! 1$i-$ I no1 -onside"ed to &e o'tla1. I ,ne1 t$at t$is de-ision 1o'ld s'"el! land .e in @ail *e"! ;'i-,l!, &'t at t$at oint, I didnOt "eall! -a"e. I /i#'"ed t$at i/ I 1as #oin# to &e a sla*e, t$en t$e O.aste"O .i#$t as 1ell /eed and ta,e -a"e o/ .e. So, in +=>?, I de-ided t$at I 1o'ld no lon#e" /ollo1 t$e #'idelines laid o't &! t$e IRS to /ile a ta2 "et'"n and a! in-o.e ta2es. I /'ll! e2 e-ted a /'ll -o. le.ent o/ t$e IRS e"sonnel s'""o'nded &! #'n6totin# AT% a#ents to &e at .! doo" on t$e .o"nin# o/ A "il +J, +=>?, to a""est and ta,e .e o// to "ison. To .! s'" "ise, t$e! didnOt s$o1 ' . In /a-t, it 1as 1ell o*e" t1o !ea"s a/te" t$at da! &e/o"e I "e-ei*ed so .'-$ as a lette" in/o".in# .e t$at /o" so.e "eason .! +=>J ta2 "et'"n $ad not &een "e-ei*ed.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

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A'"in# t$is sa.e e"iod o/ ti.e, I &e-a.e *e"! inte"ested in t$e la1 as it a lied to .e. I $a*e al1a!s &elie*ed t$at I ,ne1 1$at t$e la1 1as, and t$at I 'nde"stood t$e o&li#ations and d'ties la-ed ' on .e &! t$e la1. Toda!, I -annot tell !o' 1$e"e .! e"-e tion o/ t$e la1 -a.e /"o.. All o/ t$e 'n;'estioned 7and 'n;'estiona&le8 la1s 1$i-$ 1e"e so /i".l! /i2ed in .! &elie/s t'"ned o't to &e non6e2istent /o" t$e A.e"i-an Citi4en. I.a#ine .! s$o-, 1$en I lea"ned t$at t$e Inte"nal Re*en'e Code $ad ne*e" e*en &een ena-ted as ositi*e la1. I.a#ine .! s$o-, 1$en I lea"ned t$at t$e IRS 1as not e*en a a"t o/ t$e United States Go*e"n.ent, 1$i-$ I $ad al1a!s t$o'#$t 1as a #i*en /a-t. I.a#ine .! s$o-, 1$en I lea"ned t$at t$e"e a"e no %ede"al Ta2 Liens on indi*id'al A.e"i-an Citi4ens. I.a#ine .! s$o-, 1$en I lea"ned t$at t$e IRS a-t'all! is a &"an-$ o/ a $'#e -o" o"ation 1$i-$ is o1ned &! sto-,$olde"s and "'n /o" "o/it. B't !o' -an ne*e" i.a#ine .! s$o-, 1$en I lea"ned t$at I $ad al.ost #i*en ' 7 &! -ont"a-t8 t$e &i"t$"i#$t t$at .! /o"e/at$e"s $ad #i*en t$ei" li/e and "o e"t! to "o*ide /o" .e. I still /eel sadness ea-$ and e*e"! ti.e I t$in, o/ t$e &lind 1a! 1$i-$ I lodded t$"o'#$ li/e &elie*in# I $ad all t$e ans1e"s3 1$en, in /a-t, I $ad none o/ t$e ans1e"s. W$at I $ad 1as a -o. ilation o/ .!t$s and inti.idations t$at $ad &een 't /o"t$ o*e" t$e last 0) !ea"s 7all o/ .! li/e8 &! a #o*e"n.ent 1$i-$ $'n#e"s /o" .o"e o1e" t$an it 1as a//o"ded &! t$e /o'nde"s o/ t$is #"eat -o'nt"!. I $a*e /o'nd t$at *i"t'all! e*e"! indi*id'al o/ .! #ene"ation is .i"ed in t$e sa.e state o/ -on/'sion and .is'nde"standin# t$at I s'//e"ed t$"o'#$ /o" t$e /i"st D) !ea"s o/ .! li/e on t$is ea"t$. In +==D, I s'ed t$e State o/ Te2as /o" a :Ae-la"ato"! L'd#.ent9. I 1anted THE STATE O% TEXAS to ad.it t$at I 1as a so*e"ei#n Te2as state Citi4en. I s'ed in State Aist"i-t Co'"t 7<<J t$ L'di-ial Aist"i-t8. I 1as a&sol'tel! s'"e t$at I $ad to 1in. On t"ial da!, I s$o1ed ' 1it$ a la"#e #"o' o/ /"iends to Fa--e t .! *i-to"!.G To .! s'" "ise, THE STATE O% TEXAS did not s$o1 ' . I ,ne1 t$is .eant I $ad to 1in. B't, 1$en .! -ase 1as -alled, t$e L'd#e, Ra! G"is$a., as,ed .e to -o.e into $is -$a.&e"s 1it$ $i.. On-e inside, $e told .e t$at $e 1as #oin# to let THE STATE O% TEXAS a ea" &! tele $one. I o&@e-ted, and $e o*e""'led .e. He t$en as,ed .e to s ea, into t$e $one to t$e Assistant Atto"ne! Gene"al, Go"don G'nte", 1$o 1as $andlin# t$e -ase /o" t$e STATE 7t"'st8. I 1as so s'"e o/ *i-to"! t$at I /oolis$l! did as "e;'ested. He t$en listened to t$e "e&'ttal /"o. M". G'nte". I 1ill ne*e" ,no1 1$at M". G'nte" said, &'t I ,no1 t$at $is .ain de/ense 1as t$at t$e"e 1as Fno @'sti-ia&le -ont"o*e"s!.G I did not ,no1 1$at t$at .eant, &'t I ,ne1 I didn9t a#"ee.

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+DJ.

A/te" $e /inis$ed, t$e L'd#e told .e t$at $e 1o'ld ta,e it all 'nde" ad*ise.ent and "'le in a /e1 da!s. A&o't t1o .ont$s late", t$e Co'"t "'led t$at t$e"e 1as no @'sti-ia&le -ont"o*e"s!, and dis.issed t$e -ase. I 1as /'"io's5 I t"ied to tal, to t$e L'd#e, &'t $e a*oided .e. I /iled an a eal in t$e :Co'"t o/ Ci*il A eals %o" t$e Si2t$ Aist"i-t o/ Te2as9. In t$at a eal, M". G'nte", on &e$al/ o/ THE STATE O% TEXAS, /iled a &"ie/ 1$i-$ $ad /i*e 708 "e l! oints. T$e! 1e"e, ,@' There is no ,.usti#iable #ontro"ers '( B' The #onstitution prohibits #ourts from issuing ad"isor opinions' ?' There is no authorit for the issuan#e of a do#ument stating that the !ppellant is a Te:as state Citi0en' D' One so"ereign does not ha"e to appl to another so"ereign for the determination of the first so"ereigns status' L' One so"ereign does not ha"e to appl to another so"ereign for the issuan#e of an identit #ard to the first so"ereign'( THE STATE O% TEXAS -on-l'ded its a"#'.ent, a/te" ela&o"atin# on t$e /i*e "e l! oints &! sa!in#, ,9there is no need for the so"ereign !ppellant to as/ the so"ereign !ppellee to define the so"ereign !ppellants status, nor is there a need for the !ppellant to as/ a fello% so"ereign to issue the !ppellant an identit #ard O the !ppellant #an define his status himself and he #an issue himself his o%n identit #ard'( WOW AND DOUBLE WOW ! I/ I $ad ,no1n t$at :no @'sti-ia&le -ont"o*e"s!9 .eant t$at, I 1o'ld $a*e ne*e" /iled an a eal. THE STATE O% TEXAS ad.itted t$at I 1as a so*e"ei#n, and said t$at neit$e" t$e! no" t$e Co'"t $ad an! o1e" o" @'"isdi-tion to de/ine an!t$in# $a*in# to do 1it$ .e. Yo' see, I "eall! a. t$e land o1ne"Nso*e"ei#n, and t$e! "eall! a"e .! se"*ants. E*e"!t$in# I $ad as,ed /o" t$e! #a*e .e and .o"e, &e-a'se t$e! ad.itted t$at t$e! did not e*en $a*e t$e o1e" to de/ine 1$o I a.. T$at 1o'ld &e t$e sla*e #i*in# t$e .aste" a "e/e"en-e. 7T$e o"i#inal si#ned &"ie/ is a*aila&le /o" non6&elie*e"s to ins e-t, and it -an &e a--essed t$"o'#$ t$e Si2t$ Aist"i-t Co'"t o/ A eals in Te2a",ana, Te2as.8 T$e a eals Co'"t said t$at THE STATE O% TEXAS did not disa#"ee 1it$ .e3 and, t$e"e/o"e, t$e Aist"i-t Co'"t .ade t$e -o""e-t "'lin#. One .o"e ositi*e side3 !o' $a*e "o&a&l! $ea"d o" &elie*e t$at !o' 1ill $a*e to #i*e ' all !o'" -"edit -a"ds and &an, a--o'nts and t$e li,e i/ !o' -ease 'sin# !o'" So-ial Se-'"it! N'.&e". I $a*e /o'nd t$at not to &e t$e /a-t. &ased ' on "eli#io's &elie/. T$e E;'al C"edit O o"t'nit! A-t, Title +0, Se-tion +J=+, a-t'all! /o"&ids t'"nin# !o' do1n /o" la-, o/ a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e", es e-iall! i/ !o'" /ail'"e to $a*e one is

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+D?.

As /o" .e, I $a*e all o/ t$e .a@o" -a"ds 7Platin'. Eisa, Maste"-a"d, and A.e"i-an E2 "ess8 1it$o't t$e 'se o/ a so-ial se-'"it! n'.&e". T$e sa.e -an &e said a&o't -$e-,in# a--o'nts. Not1it$standin# t$ose /a-ts, I &elie*e t$at !o' -o'ld "e*ail, i/ !o' 1e"e denied, 'nde" t$e %SIA. I -an tell !o' t1o t$in#s 1it$o't /ea" o/ -ont"adi-tion 6 7+8 to "e6lea"n $isto"! and t$e t"'e la1s 1$i-$ a l! to !o' 1ill ta,e -onside"a&le e//o"t and atien-e on !o'" a"t3 and 7(8 it 1ill &e 1o"t$ e*e"! se-ond t$at !o' e2 end in t$e "o-ess 1$en !o' -an on-e a#ain -lai. t$e &i"t$"i#$t t$at is "i#$t/'ll! !o'"s. %o" t$ose o/ !o' "eadin# t$is &oo,, t$e at$ 1ill &e so.e1$at si. le" t$an it 1as /o" .e. W$en I e.&a",ed on t$is @o'"ne! &a-, to /"eedo., I /o'nd no .a laid o't /o" .e. I sta"ted 1it$ a dee 6seated desi"e to "e#ain t$e /"eedo. 1$i-$ .! /o"e/at$e"s died to "o*ide .e. I didnOt e*en ,no1 1$et$e" o" not s'-$ /"eedo. still e2isted on t$e /a-e o/ t$is ea"t$. Yo' do not $a*e to sta"t 1$e"e I sta"ted. T$is &oo, alone 1ill #i*e !o' t$e &asi-s t$at !o' 1ill need to s'--ess/'ll! -o. lete !o'" @o'"ne!. Yo' $a*e &'t to -o.e 1it$ an o en .ind and a st"on# desi"e to &e t"'l! /"ee, and t$is &oo,, alon# 1it$ t$e additional #'idan-e and in/o".ation "o*ided $e"ein, -an .a,e !o'" @o'"ne! &a-, to /"eedo. as eas! and ainless as ossi&le. Yo'Oll still $a*e .an! -$allen#es, and t$e"e .a! &e t$in#s 7s'-$ as so-ial se-'"it! &ene/its8 t$at !o' $a*e al1a!s ta,en /o" #"anted t$at 1ill &e-o.e /atal to !o'" so*e"ei#nt!. T"! to &elie*e one t$in# 6 1$at !o' 1ill $a*e, i/ s'--ess/'l, is 1o"t$ .an! ti.es .o"e t$an an!t$in# !o' -o'ld ossi&l! #i*e ' 3 &e-a'se t"'e /"eedo. is 1o"t$ .o"e t$an all t$e ot$e" ossessions 1$i-$ !o' .a! $a*e 1$ile on t$is ea"t$. O'" /o"e/at$e"s 'nde"stood t$at. M! onl! desi"e is to $a*e !o' "e-ei*e t$e o stand 7and /all8 alone. Best o/ l'-, to all A.e"i-ans e*e"!1$e"e. o"t'nit! to e2 e"ien-e 1$at I $a*e al"ead! a"ta,en o/. T$e"e is .o"e o1e" in n'.&e"s. We .'st stand to#et$e", o" 1e a"e doo.ed to

Go! Ble"" A%erica!!!!

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

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TABLE O$ 'ONTENTSL

&RE$A'E..........................................................................................7 'HA&TER ( ) '*T*+ENSH*&........................................................: 'HA&TER 7 ) OUR #ONEY SYSTE#........................................;; 'HA&TER ; ) THE TRUST............................................................K7 'HA&TER J ) THE *NTERNAL REVENUE SERV*'E.............I7 'HA&TER K ) WHAT *S THE UN*TED STATESN......................:< 'HA&TER I ) THE 'OURTS..........................................................<: 'HA&TER : ) A RE#EDY ST*LL EO*STS...................................(=J 'HA&TER < ) WORDS AND TER#S.............................................((; 'HA&TER 8 ) THE GOVERN#ENT AND THE 'HUR'H........(7K 'HA&TER (= ) THE BEST QE&T SE'RET...................................(;7 'HA&TER (( ) HOW TO USE TH*S BOOQ..................................(;< 'HA&TER (7 ) #Y STORY..............................................................(JJ RRR RRR RRR RRR RRR

T$e G"eatest Sto"! Ne*e" Told.

+D=.