DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

By

K.Eugine Raj Assistant Professor/ECE SCAD Engg College

Memory less modulation methods

The digital pass band transmission has two types of modulation technique. 1. Memory less modulation eg: ASK, PSK, QPSK. 2. Memory modulation eg: MSK, DPSK All the Receiver uses either Coherent on non Coherent method.

Amplitude shift keying(ASK)

ASK is also called as on-off keying. Binary 1 represents a pulse and Binary 0 represents no pulse. It is a memory less modulation method.

Representation of signal
The ASK waveform can be represented by,

gm(t)=Re(Amf(t)ej2fct) gm(t)=Am f(t) cos(2fct), m=1,2,M. Am=(2m-1-M)(d/2) d--> distance between adjacent signal.

Signal space diagram

For ASK signal, M Number of message points,(M=2,4 &8). N=1,Dimension. So it has one basic function, (t).

Minimum distance between these two point is given by, dmin=

Spectral characteristics
The PSD of the complex envelope of ASK is,

The complex envelope of an ASK modulated waveform is

Generation of ASK

Here the input binary signal is given to an unipolar NRZ encoder which is the multiplied with the carrier signal.

Phase shift keying(PSK)

Here phase of the career is shifted between two binary input value.

Representation of signal
For symbol-1, S1(t)= For symbol-0, S2(t)= S(t)=f(t) cos 2 The modulated signal is given by, + cos(2 cos(2 ) + ) The energy present in the wave form is, Sm=

Signal space diagram

For a Binary PSK it consist of N=2 dimensional. So it consist of two basic function, 1(t) & 2(t).

The Euclidean distance is given by, dmin= (1 cos )

Generation of PSK

Here the input binary signal is given to an Polar NRZ encoder which is the multiplied with the carrier signal.

Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

If the amplitude and phase of the signal is varied the noise immunity can be increased. In QAM the amplitude and phase of the signal is varied. It is otherwise called as Quadrature ASK.

Representation of signal

It has two quadrature carrier as, Cos2fct & Sin2fct. QAM wave is represented as, gm(t)=Vmf(t)cos(2fct+m) Vm= + m=tan-1(Ams/Amc) Where, Ams & Amc are the amplitude of quadrature carrier.

Signal space diagram

Signal space diagram

Quadrature phase shift keying(QPSK)

By grouping bits in symbol, the transmission bandwidth can be reduced. One symbol represented in two bits in which successive bits are taken. This reduce bit rate, hence BW.

Representation of signal

Binary PSK and ASK signal combined to produce a signal constellation. M=M1M2=4 Log2(4)=2 bit symbol Advantage of QPSK is its BW conservation. Si(t)= 0, QPSK transmit N bits for NTs/2 seconds 2 + 2 1 ,0

Signal Space Diagram

Here M=4 and N=2 dimensional. Therefore it has two basic function 1(t) & 2(t). The Euclidean distance between adjacent point is, dmin= Basic coefficient are,Sm=[Sm1 Sm2] Sm= 1 1

Frequency shift keying(FSK)

In binary FSK system symbol 1 and 0 are distinguished from each other by transmitting two sinusoidal wave that have different frequency.

Representation of signal
gm(t)= 2 +2

The band pass wave form gm(t) can be represented in term of their complex envelope as,

Signal Space Diagram