3 ESO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

UNIT 1 - THE PLANET EARTH Rotation: The Earth rotates constantly on its axis in a west-to-east direction. It takes nearly 24 hours to make one complete rotation. The main consequence of rotation is the succession of da s and ni!"ts. hen the Earth rotates on its axis! the "un only illuminates one part of its surface # where it is daytime. The opposite side! which is not recei$in% the "un&s rays! is dark # on that side it is ni%ht-time.

Re#o$ution: It is the west-to-east or'it of the Earth around the "un. It takes ()* days and ) hours to complete one re$olution. + calender year is ()* days! so the extra hours accumulate and e$ery four years we add one day to the month of ,e'ruary. The year with ()) days is called a leap year. The inclination of the Earth&s axis means the "un&s rays strike the Earth with more or less intensity for lon%er or shorter periods of time. This causes the seasons% s&'in!( su))e'( autu)n and *inte'.

So$stice: times of the year when the "un is directly o$er one of the tropics. ith the "un o$er the nearest tropic! the lon%er day and shortest ni%ht result in that hemisphere. -$er the furthest tropic! the shortest day and lon%est ni%ht occur. E+uino,: times of the year when the day and ni%ht are the same len%th on the entire planet 'ecause the "un is o$er the Equator. Pa'a$$e$s: are lines drawn east-west around the Earth. .arallel /0 is the Equator. The other lines are num'ered from /0 to 1/0 to the north and to the south. -ther important parallels are the Tropic of 2ancer! Tropic of capricorn! +rctic 2ircle and +ntarctic 2ircle.

-e'idians: are north-south semi-circles drawn from pole to pole. The prime meridian or /0 is the 3reenwich meridian! which is the reference for all the other meridians. These are num'ered from /0 to 14/0! 'oth to the east and to the west of 3reenwich.

Latitude: is the distance 'etween any point on the Earth&s surface and the parallel /0. It is measured in de%ress. It can 'e north or south. Its maximum $alue is 1/0! which corresponds to the poles.

Lon!itude: is the distance 'etween any point on the Earth&s surface and the /0 meridian 53reenwich6. It is also measured in de%rees. It can 'e east or west. Its maximum $alue is 14/0. Ti)e .ones: In order to esta'lish an official time in e$ery country! the Earth&s sphere 5()/06 is di$ided into 24 equal sections of 1*0 524x1*07()/06. These sections are called time 8ones and each one equals one hour. The time we use as a reference is called 3reenwich 9ean Time 539T6. +s we mo$e east from the 3reenwich meridian! clocks mo$e forward the same num'er of hours as time 8ones tra$elled. If we mo$e west from the 3reenwich meridian! clocks %o 'ack the same num'er of hours as time 8ones tra$elled.

Acti#ities 1/ ,ill in the 'lanks 'elow with the words %i$en: at)os&"e'e 0 !eoid 0 &$anet 0 te)&e'atu'e

The Earth is also called the 'lue ................... The Earth&s shape is a .......................! and its ...................is moderate. The .................... is the layer of %ases surroundin% the Earth.

2.

2omplete the sentence with the correspondin% words.

The Earth mo$es in two different ways:.................................. and ........................................ ................................ refers to the Earth spinnin% on an ima%inary strai%ht line called axis in a west-to-east direction. The two points where the axis meets the Earth&s surface are called the ........................... . .......................... refers to the mo$ement of the Earth around the "un.

(.

:oin with arrows the terms with the correspondin% definitions. semicircles which %o from one pole to the other ima%inary circles which di$ide the Earth in two equal parts distance measured in de%rees 'etween any point on the Earth&s surface and the 3reenwich 9eridian section of the Earth measured 'y two meridians of 1*0 which show the same hour ima%inary circles parallel to the Equator distance measured in de%rees 'etween any point on the Earth&s surface and the Equator

TI9E ;-<E" .+=+>>E" >-<3IT?@E

9E=I@I+<"

>+TIT?@E EA?+T-=

4.

True or ,alseB: a6 '6 c6 d6 e6 f6 %6 h6 i6 "olar radiation increases from the Equator to the poles The temperature does not depend on the inclination of the solar rays +ll the points on the same meridian ha$e the same hour The Earth is di$ided into 24 time 8ones .arallels run from /0 to 14/0 east and west The Earth mo$es around the "un descri'in% a circular or'it The seasons are caused 'y the rotation of the Earth @urin% the solstices! days and ni%hts ha$e the same duration. st -n :une 21 the solar rays reach the Earth&s surface at a perpendicular an%le on the Tropic of 2ancer.

*.

9ark the <orth .ole! "outh .ole! +rctic 2ircle! +ntarctic 2ircle! Equator! Tropic of 2ancer! Tropic of 2apricorn! .rime 9eridian! <orthern Cemisphere! "outhern Cemisphere! Eastern Cemisphere! estern Cemisphere:

).

2omplete the dia%ram with the poisitions of the Earth re$ol$in% around the "un. results from this re$olution mo$ementB

hat principal effect

7. Investigate: Explain the main contri'utions of 2opernicus! Depler and 3alileo in the field of 3eo%raphy.

4. 2omplete the followin% chart: ROTATION @efinition RE1OLUTION

@uration

2onsequences

1. True or falseB a6 '6 c6 d6 e6 f6 The principal effect of rotation is the succession of seasons To find out what time is it in a particular place it is necesary to know the latitude The meridians are perpendicular to the parallels @urin% the equinoxes! days and ni%hts ha$e the same duration The re$olution mo$ement determines the different climate 8ones of the Earth -n :une 21st the solar rays reach perpendicular to the Tropic of 2ancer

1/. 3i$e the %eo%raphical coordinates of the places marked on the map 'elow.

11. ,ind the letter that corresponds to the followin% coordinates:

2/0 */0 4/0 */0 "outh! 2 / 0 East GGGGGGGG "outh! E / 0 estGGGGGGGG <orth! 1//0 estGGGGGGG <orth! 12/0 East GGGGGGG 2/0 "outh! 1(/0 EastGGGGGGG 1/0 "outh! 4/0 estGGGGGGGG 2/0 <orth! /0G GGGGGGGGGGGGG 2/0 <orth! 4/0 East GGGGGGGGG /0! E/0 est GGGGGGGGGGGGGG */0<orth!2/0EastGGGGGGGGGG

C 5 5 G 4 A E 2

12. Estimate what time is it with the help of the followin% time 8one map: o It is 2/h in 9adrid! what time is it in 9exicoB o It is noon in 9adrid! what time would 'e on any location placed on E*0 EB o Ima%ine you ha$e to tra$el from "pain to Tokyo 5:apan6. Fou lea$e at 1)://! what time will you arri$e at your destinationB

1(. 2omplete the followin% chart re%ardin% the different types of carto%raphic proHection. Cylindrical projection planar projection conical projection TF.E" -, .=-:E2TI-<" A31ANTAGES 3ISA31ANTAGES

14. -'ser$e the followin% map. make a trip around the worldB

hat type of proHection does it representB

ould you use it if you had to

UNIT 6 - THE RELIE4 0 The Earth&s relief is the result of the inte'na$ fo'ces of t"e Earth 5plate mo$ements! $olcanoes! earthquakes! etc6 and the e,te'na$ a!ents 5wind! rain! temperatures! ri$ers! %roundwater! lakes! ice! ... and human 'ein%s6. The inte'na$ fo'ces a'e 'es&onsi7$e fo' t"e o'i!in and t"e e$e#ation of topo%raphy and external a%ents cause t"e e'osion and )ode$in! of the Earth&s relief.

=id%e

9ountain

9ountain ran%e

Ialleyy .lateau Cill

@epression

.lain

The main forms of continenta$ 'e$ief are: -ountains. + mountain is a land mass that rises hi%h a'o$e the area around it. There are ran%es of mountains that are hi%her and lar%er than others. The lar%est ran%es of mountains are called 'id!es. P$ains. .lains are lar%e flat tracts of land. P$ateau,. .lateaux are lar%e areas of hi%h land. They are hi%h well a'o$e sea le$el. They are hi%her than plains. 1a$$e s. They are sunken land and are surrounded 'y mountains or rid%es. In $alleys ri$ers may flow. COASTAL RELIE4: The coast is a'road area of land that 'orders the sea. +mon% the different types of coast relief we ha$e to find 7eac"es( !u$fs( c$iffs! $a!oons( is$ands( a'c"i&e$a!os( ist")us( &eninsu$a.

OCEANIC RELIE4

Continenta$ s"e$f: soft! slopin% extensions of the continent with a depth of up to 2// m 'elow sea le$el. Continenta$ s$o&e: 8one with steep slopes that separates the continental shelf from the ocean 'asin. Ocean 7asin: $ast underwater plain with a depth of 'etween ()// m and **// m. Ocean 'id!e: 'i% mountain ran%es formed on the 'ottom of the ocean 'y the release of materials from the Earth&s mantle. Ocean t'enc": deep underwater depression formed when an ocean plate sinks 'elow a continental plate.

CONTINENTAL 8ATERS are: 'i#e's( !$acie's( !'ound*ate's( $a9es and inne' seas. + 'i#e' is a natural stream of water that flows in a channel. This flow is the amount of water that the ri$er carries. =i$ers are fled 'y o$erland runoff! %roundwater seepa%e! and meltwater released alon% the ed%es of snowfields and %laciers. @irect precipitation only pro$ides $ery small amounts of water. The mounth is where the ri$er flows into the sea. It can 'e: o + de$ta: >ow-lyin% plain composed of stream-'orne sediments deposited 'y a ri$er at its mouth. o +n estua' : + flow of water in a channel like a small ri$er. + !$acie' is a lar%e mass of ice that forms on land throu%h the recrystalli8ation of snow and that mo$es forward under its own wei%ht. G'ound*ate' are water that occurs 'elow the surface of the Earth. La9es are standin% water that occupy an inland 'asin. 3e$ta of Ri#e' Ni$e

Acti#ities 1. 2omplete the ima%es with the word that corresponds from the lists 'elow: Mountain Plateau Depression Mountain range Plain Valley Hill

Peninsula

Archipelago

Gulf Delta

Cliff Estuary

Lagoon Isthmus

Cape

1/

2.

ith the help of an atlas! locate the world&s most important ri$ers:

11

UNIT 3 - THE AT-OSPHERE The at)os&"e'e is the layer of %ases that surrounds the Earth and makes life possi'le in the planet. 8eat"e' and c$i)ate: eather is a result of atmospheric conditions at a certain place and time. -eteo'o$o! is the study of atmospheric phenomena. 2limate is the result of a$era%e atmospheric conditions in a certain re%ion o$er a lon% period of time. C$i)ato$o! is the science of climate! the study of climatic elements and the factors that affect it. E$e)ents of t"e c$i)ate% 1/ Te)&e'atu'e is the amount of heat in the atmosphere. expressed in de%rees centi%rade 5026. e measure it with the thermometer and is

6/ P'eci&itation is water from the atmosphere that falls onto the Earth&s surface in the form of rain! snow! ( sleet or hail. + rain %au%e or plu$iometer measures the precipitation in square metres 5>Jm 6 or in millimetres 5mm6. The amount of precipitation depends on factors like altitude! latitude and proximity to the sea.

12

3/ At)os&"e'ic &'essu'e is the pressure that the atmosphere&s wei%ht exerts on the Earth&s surface. measure it with a 'arometer in milli'ars 5m'ar6. <ormal pressure at sea le$el is 1/1( m'ar.

Hi!" &'essu'e a'eas( o' antic c$ones! are areas where pressure is more than 1/1( m'ar. They are shown on maps 'y circular iso'ars! where pressure increases towards the centre! which is marked 'y the letter H. +nticyclones produce sta'le weather conditions. The air is cool and therefore hea$ier! so it descends. The air is also dry! so there is no precipitation.

8inte' P'essu'e Te)&e'atu'e C$ouds:Rainfa$$ 8ind Ot"e' *eat"e' conditions Ci%h Iery cold <o 2alm ,rostJfo%

Su))e' Ci%h Iery warm <o 2alm Ceat wa$esJdrou%ht

Lo* &'essu'e a'eas( o' de&'essions are areas where pressure is 'elow 1/1( m'ar. They are shown on maps 'y circular iso'ars! where the pression decreases towards the centre! marked 'y the letter L @epressions produce unsta'le weather conditions! with a lot of cloud and precipitation. The air is warm and humid. It is li%hter so it risesK as it rises! the air cools and can produce rain.

Ho* does a de&'ession fo')%

1(

P'essu'e-!'adient fo'ce% 2losely-spaced iso'ars 7 stron% winds idely spaced iso'ars 7 li%ht winds

These are iso7a's! they denote equal points of pressure. T"e ne#e' c'oss.

;/ 8ind is the air that mo$es from areas of hi%h pressure to areas of low pressure to 'alance the differences in atmospheric pressure across the planet. e measure wind speed with a wind %au%e 5anemometer6 in metres per second 5mJs6 or kilometres per hour 5kmJhour6. + weather $ane shows the direction of the wind.

Acti#ities

1.

>ook at the weather map and locate the anticyclones and depressions. hat kind of weather does each produceB hat is a frontB hat is the difference 'etween a cold and a warm frontB Identify them on the weather map 'elow.

14

CLI-ATES: The Earth has different climates:

H ! CLIMA!E" TYPE O4 CLI-ATE E<UATORIAL TE-PERATURES PRECIPITATIONS 1EGETATION

Temperatures are hi%h throu%hout the year 5around +'undant throu%hout the 2) L2 in :anuary and 24 L2 in year! M 1.*// mm annually. :uly6 There is no dry season. >ow temperature ran%e from ( to * 02

=ainforest. @ense forest of e$er%reen trees

TROPICAL

3ESERT

"a$annah. Iery tall %rass in the rainy season! which dries +$era%e temperatures M 1402 There are two seasons up in the dry season. >ow temperature ran%e from * humidJdry "teppes 5short thinly scattered to 1/ 02 5E*/-1.*// mm annually6 %rass6 in the areas where the dry season lasts lon%er. .recipitation is $ery rare. "hort! widely spaced %rass! Temperature ran%e M 1/ 02 5less than 2*/ mm thorny shru's! cactI. In the Temperatures $ery hi%h 5M2*026 annually6 oases there are palm trees.

!EMPE#A!E CLIMA!E" TYPE O4 CLI-ATE -ARITI-E

TE-PERATURES

PRECIPITATIONS

1EGETATION

CONTINENTAL

9oderate throu%hout the year! +'undant throu%hout the @eciduous forest 5'eeches! mild in winter! cool in summer. year. oaks! lime trees! etc6 that lose Temparature ran%e 1/02 5M 1./// mm annually6 their lea$es in autumn and winter. 9oors in non-forested areas and %rasslands. Iery contrastin% temperatures Netween (//-1/// mm 2oniferous forest 5tai%a6 with 5cold winters! and hot summers 6 annually! mainly in trees like pines and firs! Temperature ran%e M 2/02 summer %rasslands and steppes.

Temperatures are mild in winter "ummers are $ery dry. 9aditerranean forest 5holm -E3ITERRANEAN and hot in summer. .recipitation more oaks and cork oaks6 and a'undant in sprin% and fall scru'land. +lso pines. 5(//-1./// mm6

C LD CLIMA!E" TYPE O4 CLI-ATE POLAR ALPINE TE-PERATURES Iery cold throu%hout the year 5not exceedin% /026 PRECIPITATIONS 1EGETATION

.recipitation is $ery rare Tundra! moss! lichen and dwarf 5less than 2*/ mm a shru's year6

Temperature falls with altitude. .recipitation increases Iaries with altitude inters cold! summers cool with altitude 5M 1/// mm annually6

1*

-A=E THE CLI-ATE 3IAGRAA c$i)ate dia!'a) is a %raph that reflects the climate in a place. Inst'uctions% ,irst draw the months on the ,-a,is Then draw two y-axis on either side of the x-axis: - put temperature on t"e 'i!"t - a,is and make e$ery 1 cm represent 1/L2. - put precipitation on t"e $eft -a,is and make e$ery 1 cm represent 2/ mm of rainfall. 9ark points 'ased on the temperature data and connect the data to%ether with one red line. 9ark the precipitation data 'y drawin% 12 separated 'lue columns.
Where do we find rainfall? Where do we find temperatures?

Rainfall is represented with blue columns and can be read in this axis

dryness

Temperatures are represented with the red line and can be read in this axis

Example to read the rainfall in August. Precipitation in August is 5 mm. We can say the climate in this place is very dry.

Example to read the temperatures in August. Temperature in August is 27 . This month is the hottests month of the year.

When the line of temperature is a!ove the columns of rainfall" it mar#s a period of dryness" as it is shown in this graph.

NO8 INTERPRETATE A CLI-ATE 3IAGRA-%

In the exam you may 'e asked to look at the information in a %raph and descri'e the areaOs climate. >ook for patterns in the temperature data: o Is the temperature the same all year roundB hat is the a$era%e annual temperatureB o hich season is the warmestB Is it cold! 5less than 1/026! warm 51/ to 2/L26! hot 52/ to (/L26 or $ery hot 5a'o$e (/L26B o hich season is the coldestB Is it warm 51/ to 2/026! mild 5/ to 1/L26! cold 5-1/ to /L26 or $ery cold 5'elow -1/L26B o hat is the ran%e of temperatureB 5"u'tract the minimum temperature from the maximum temperature6. >ook for patterns in the rainfall data: o @oes the rainfall occur all year roundB o hat is the pattern of the rainfallB 2heck which season5s6 isJare the driest or wettest of the year. o hat is the total annual rainfallB +dd each monthOs total to%ether to %et the annual total. Then put the rainfall and temperature information to%ether - what does it tell you a'out this areaB @escri'e the patterns in temperature and rainfall! includin% how they relate to each other. Fou now ha$e a description of the climate.

1)

3RA8ING CLI-ATE GRAPHS 8ITH E>CEL =e definition% + climate %raph measures rainfall and temperature o$er 12 months in a %i$en place. =ainfall is shown as a series of 'arsK temperature as a line. In this exercise we will learn how to draw a climate %raph usin% E$cel! a spreadsheet pro%ram. + climate %raph consists of a %ar graph to show rainfall and a line graph to show temperature/ 2lick on Microsoft Excel in All Programs to open a 'lank spreadsheet. Fou will see the familiar ta'le with rows runnin% across the pa%e and columns runnin% up and down the pa%e. Each 'ox is known as a cell. In the first column! add the months of the year: Hust use the first letter of each month 5except for :uly6! and take a new cell for each one. In the second column( add the fi%ures for rainfall for each month from the ta'le 'elow. In the third column! add in the fi%ures for temperature for each month from the ta'le 'elow. -ont" Rainfa$$ 5 63; 4 1?@ 1@@ A 1@A 13; 5 13B 5L 1C@ A 1DD S 631 O 6@3 N 61? 3 6@3

Te)&e'atu'e E.

1A

13

1;

1;

16

Four completed spreadsheet should now look like this.

Chart Wizard

%ighlight data

Insert Menu

Note% You can ente' data in t"e s&'eads"eet vertically( as a7o#e( o' horizontally/ In t"is e,a)&$e ou cou$d use t"e fi'st t"'ee 'o*s o' t"e fi'st t"'ee co$u)ns/ ith your cursor! "i!"$i!"t the three columns containin% data. <ow select Chart from the Insert menu 5or click on the Chart Wizard sym'ol6 # see the screenshot a'o$e for where to find these commands. "elect Custom Ty es from the new window which opens! then scroll down and select !ine" Column on # Axes/ 2lick $ext and $ext a!ain to mo$e to this screen:

1E

&ata Ta-le

!egend

Titles

2lick on Titles and add &unoon's Climate to the Chart Title 'ox. +lso add the words Months! (ainfall )mmE and Tem erature )degrees C* to the three 'oxes shown in the screenshot 'elow.

2lick on !egend and clear the tick in the +ho, !egend 'oxK then click on &ata Ta-le and tick +ho, data ta-le. Four %raph should now look like the one 'elow: if it does! click on $ext.

14

14.

<ow click on As ne, sheet and .inish to show your 5nearly6 finished %raph.

If you ha$e %ot this far # well done # you are now an expert %raph drawerP To 'e a "uper e$pert you can now try the followin% impro$ements to your %raph:

FTOP TIP% &$ace ou' cu'so' a''o* exactly o#e' t"e featu'e ou *ant to c"an!e and c$ic9 on it 0 t"en fi!u'e it out fo' ou'se$fGGGE

a6 2han%e the colour of your temperature line to RE3

11

'6 2han%e the ,eight of the line # make it t"ic9e' c6 2han%e the colour of the rainfall 'ars to 2LUE d6 2lose the ga 'etween the 'ars to .e'o. '6 2han%e ,ormat of axis: Sca$e 5.recipitations ha$e to 'e dou'le than temperature6

,urther work: <ow try to turn these climate statistics from around the world into climate %raphs. Fou will then ha$e the challen%e of workin% as a class %roup and decide which %raphs match which places on a world map.

Rainfa$$ and Te)&e'atu'e statistics 1/ 8ind"oe9( Na)i7ia >ocated at a%out 22.*EL" 1E.1/LE. Cei%ht a%out 1E24m a'o$e sea le$el.
5an L2 2(.( 4e7 22.1 4e7 4/.( -a' 21./ -a' E4.E A&' 14.1 A&' (E.E -a 1*.1 -a ).) 5un 1(.2 5un 1.2 5u$ 1(.2 5u$ /.E Au! 1*.4 Au! /.1 Se& 11.2 Se& 2.4 Oct 21.) Oct 11.4 No# 22.* No# 2).1 3ec 2(.4 3ec 41.E Yea' 11.2 Yea' ()*.1

5an mm E4.1

6/ 5a9a'ta( Indonesia >ocated at a%out ).14L" 1/).4/LE.

5an 4e7 -a' A&' -a 5un 5u$ Au! 2).* Au! Se& 2).1 Se& Oct 2).1 Oct 1/).4 No# 2).) No# 1(1.1 3ec 2).2 3ec 2/E.) Yea' 2).* Yea' 1421./ L2 2*.4 2*.1 2).( 2).4 2).1 2).) 2).( http:JJwww.worldclimate.comJworldclimateJdefine.htm - mep 5an 4e7 -a' A&' -a 5un 5u$ mm (41.) (/1.4 2/1.4 1(4.)

1/4.1 1/.2 *1./ 4E.E )4.4

3/ Os$o( No'*a >ocated at a%out *1./(L< 1/.*/LE. Cei%ht a%out )m a'o$e sea le$el.
5an L2 -/.1 5an mm **.1 4e7 /./ 4e7 (E.1 -a' 1.( -a' E1.4 A&' 4.4 A&' (E.4 -a 1/.1 -a 4/.4 5un 1*./ 5un 41.E 5u$ 1E.1 5u$ *4.* Au! 1).( Au! )1.1 Se& 1(./ Se& )*.) Oct 1.) Oct 1/.2 No# *./ No# )1.( 3ec 1.4 3ec *2.2 Yea' 4.2 Yea' E/4.1

;/ Ca&e To*n( Sout" Af'ica >ocated at a%out ((.1EL" 14.)/LE. Cei%ht a%out 42m a'o$e sea le$el.
5an L2 mm 21./ 1*.1 4e7 21.2 1*.2 -a' 2/./ 21.) A&' 1E.4 41.* -a 5un 5u$ 12.* 11.2 Au! 1(./ 42.) Se& 14.( *4.( Oct 1).2 (1.) No# 14.2 24.2 3ec Yea' 1*.1 1(.( 11.E 1/*.4 11.1 1).4 11.( )12.*

@/ Tunis( Tunisia >ocated at a%out ().4(L< 1/.11LE. Cei%ht a%out (m a'o$e sea le$el.
5an L2 1/.4 5an mm )1.) 4e7 1/.4 4e7 *2.4 -a' 12.4 -a' 4*.) A&' 1*.2 A&' (4.4 -a 14.( -a 22.2 5un 22.) 5un 1/.4 5u$ 2*.* 5u$ (.( Au! 2).( Au! E.2 Se& 2(.1 Se& (2./ Oct 11.* Oct *4.1 No# 14.4 No# *(.* 3ec 11.E 3ec )2.1 Yea' 1E.E Yea' 44).1

2/

?/ To)s9( Rusia >ocated at a%out *).4(L< 44.1/LE.

5an L2 -14.4 5an mm 2).1 4e7 -1).* 4e7 1E.1 -a' -1.1 -a' 21.1 A&' -/.2 A&' 2*.) -a 4.4 -a 44.4 5un 1*.( 5un )1.1 5u$ 14.2 5u$ E(.) Au! 1*.2 Au! )E.1 Se& 1.1 Se& 44.2 Oct /.E Oct 4E.E No# -1/.* No# 4)./ 3ec -1E./ 3ec (4./ Yea' -/.* Yea' *12.)

C/ =ie#( U9'ania >ocated at a%out */.4/L< (/.4/LE.

5an 4e7 -a' A&' -a 5un 5u$ Au! 11./ Au! )4.4 Se& 14./ Se& 4).E Oct 4./ Oct 4(.( No# 1.2 No# 4*.4 3ec -(.1 3ec 4(.* Yea' E.) Yea' *14.( L2 -*.) -4.E /.( 4.1 1*.( 14.4 2/.4 http:JJwww.worldclimate.comJworldclimateJdefine.htm - mep 5an 4e7 -a' A&' -a 5un 5u$ 9m (E.E (4.4 (4.1 44.4 *1.4 )1.1 EE.1

D/ C"'istc"u'c"( Ne* Hea$and >ocated at a%out 4(.*/L" 1E2.*/LE. Cei%ht a%out 4m a'o$e sea le$el.
http:JJwww.worldclimate.comJworldclimateJdefine.htm - met 5an 4e7 -a' A&' -a 5un 5u$ L2 1E.( 1).1 1*.4 12.2 1.2 ).4 )./ http:JJwww.worldclimate.comJworldclimateJdefine.htm - mep 5an 4e7 -a' A&' -a 5un 5u$ mm 4E.) (E.2 )/.* )/.1 41.( 41.E )4.1 Au! E.) Au! 44.E Se& 1.E Se& (4.) Oct 12.4 Oct (*.2 No# 1(.E No# 4*.) 3ec 1).1 3ec 4).2 Yea' 11.1 Yea' )12.1

B/ 2e'$in( Ge')an Located at a-out @6/;CIN 13/;AIE/ Hei!"t a-out @A) a7o#e sea $e#e$/http:JJwww.worldclimate.comJworldclimateJdefine.htm - met
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21

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22

UNIT ; -LAN3SCAPES IN SPAIN.

2(

Canta7'ian *ate's"ed: Q=i$ers are short 'ecause their sources are in mountains near the coast. Q,low is a'undant 'ecause of re%ular precipitation. QCi%h rate of erosion

At$antic *ate's"ed: Q=i$ers in 3alicia! like 9iRo! "il! ha$e re%ular flow and lar%e flow. Q=emainin% ri$ers are lon%! with many tri'utaries QIrre%ular flow due to scarce precipitation

-edite''anean *ate's"ed: QExcept the E'ro! ri$ers are short and with irre%ular flow. QIolume of water decreases a lot in summer! 'ut increase with torrential rains espacially in autumn.
24

inter 9ild

"ummer 2ool

-a'iti)e c$i)ate =ainfall =e%ular! a'undant all year

Ie%etation @eciduous forest 5'eeches! oaks! chestnuts! elms! etc6 moors and %rasslands

inter 9ild

-edite''anean coasta$ c$i)ate "ummer =ainfall Ie%etation 9editerranean forest 5holm Cot "carce oaks! cork oaks and pines6 Nushes

inter 2old

-edite''anean in$and c$i)ate "ummer =ainfall Ie%etation Cot scarce Colm oaks and 'ushes

inter arm

"ummer arm

Su7-T'o&ica$ c$i)ate =ainfall Irre%ular! scarce

Ie%etation In arid areas! 'ushes and prickly lea$es. In hi%her wetter areas! laurisil$a forests

inter 2old

"ummer 2ool

A$&ine c$i)ate =ainfall +'undant! often snow

Ie%etation @epends on altitude. ,rom 'ase to peak: trees! scru'land! %rasslands

2*

Acti#ities

1.

>ook at the dia%ram 'elow. It shows the topo%raphic profile of the I'erian .eninsula from the 2anta'rian to the 9editerranean "ea. +nalyse it and then answer the followin% questions: o <ame from north to south the reliefs correspondin% to the letters + to E o 3i$e the name of the ri$ers which are enumerated from 1 to 4.

<orth

"outh

2. <ame the relief which is crossed 'y the line from point + to point N.

2anta'rian "ea

2)

9editerranean "ea

(. >ook at the climate charts! analy8e them and answer the questions :

a6 '6 c6 d6 e6 f6 %6

hat is the a$era%e annual temperatureB Is it hi%h or lowB hich month has the lowest temperatureB hich month has the hi%hest temperatureB hat is the total annual rainfallB In which month does it rain most and in which does it rain leastB Is there a dry seasonB Nased on the information pro$ided! explain the climate shown on each %raph. In which parts of "pain can you find them: inland or coastalB

2E