420

Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

Problems
AH phasor voltages in the following Problems are stated in terms of the rms value. Section 11.1 11.1 Verify that Eq. 11.3 is true for either Eq. 11.1 or Eq.11.2. 11.2 What is the phase sequence of each of the following sets of voltages? a) ya = 208 cos (OJ? + 27) V, ^ = 208 cos (cot + 147) V, vc = 208 cos (cot - 93) V. b) v.a = 4160 cos (cot - 18) V, vb = 4160 cos (cot - 138) V, ?;c = 4160 cos (cot + 102) V. 11.3 For each set of voltages, state whether or not the volta ges form a balanced three-phase set. If the set is balanced, state whether the phase sequence is positive or negative. If the set is not balanced, explain why. a) va = 139 cos 377? V, vb = 139 cos (377? + 120) V, vc = 139 cos (377? - 120) V. b) v.d = 381 cos 377? V, vb = 381 cos (377? + 240) V, vc = 381 cos (377? + 120) V. c) va = 2771 sin (377? - 30) V, vb = 2771 cos 377? V, vc = 2771 sin (377? + 210) V. d) vA = 170 sin (cot + 30) V, vb = -170 cos cot V, vc = 170 cos (cot + 60) V. M ^ 240/240/-120 V 0.1ft /0.8 ft 0.1ft /0.8 ft b
-

e) va = 339 cos cot V, % = 339 cos (cot + 120) V, vc = 393 cos (cot - 120) V. f) v.A = 3983 sin (cot + 50) V, vb = 3983 cos (cot - 160) V, vc = 3983 cos (cot + 70) V.

Section 11.2 11.4 Refer to the circuit in Fig. 11.5(b). Assume that there are no external connections to the terminals a,b,c. Assume further that the three windings are from a balanced three-phase generator. How much current will circulate in the A-connected generator? Section 11.3 11.5 A balanced three-phase circuit has the following characteristics: Y-Y connected; The line voltage at the source, V ab , is 240 V3~/90 V; The phase sequence is negative; The line impedance is 4 -I- /5 l/<f>', The load impedance is 76 + /55 ft/cf). a) Draw the single phase equivalent circuit for the a-phase. b) Calculated the line current in the a-phase. c) Calculated the line voltage at the load in the a-phase. 11.6 Find the rms value of I in the unbalanced threephase circuit seen in Fig. PI 1.6.

P S P I C E

Figure PI 1.6 0.1 n

->WV

/0.8ft
****"">

a
0

0.4 ft /3.2 ft A 59.5 ft /76 ft

/yy*^ (VYY> 0 'WW

0.4 ft /3.2 ft B 39.5 ft /26 ft

"VS/V rrvY>
9

VW

c
-

0.4 ft /3.2 ft C 19.5 ft / l i f t

/vW ^w> VW rvw>_

Problems 421 11.7 The time-domain expressions for three line-to-neutral voltages at the terminals of a Y-connected load are vAN = 7620 cos (W + 30) V, vm = 7620 cos (a)t + 150) V, 11.11 The magnitude of the phase voltage of an ideal balanced three-phase Y-connected source is 125 V. The source is connected to a balanced Y-connected load by a distribution line that has an impedance of 0.1 + /0.8 Cl/<j). The load impedance is 19.9 + /14.2 Cl/4>. The phase sequence of the source is acb. Use the a-phase voltage of the source as the reference. Specify the magnitude and phase angle of the following quantities: (a) the three line currents, (b) the three line voltages at the source, (c) the three phase voltages at the load, and (d) the three line voltages at the load. Section 11.4 Figure PI 1.8 11.12 A balanced, three-phase circuit is characterized as follows: Y-A connected; Source voltage in the c-phase is 2 0 / - 9 0 V; Source phase sequence is abc; Line impedance is 1 + / 3 CL/<f>; Load impedance is 117 /99 12/(/). a) Draw the single phase equivalent for the a-phase. b) Calculate the a-phase line current. c) Calculate the a-phase line voltage for the threephase load. 11.13 An acb sequence balanced three-phase Y-connected source supplies power to a balanced, three-phase Aconnected load with an impedance of 12 + /9 fl/4>. The source voltage in the b-phase is 2 4 0 / - 5 0 V. The line impedance is 1 + /1 fl/4>. Draw the single phase equivalent circuit for the a-phase and use it to find the current in the a-phase of the load. 11.14 A balanced A-connected load has an impedance of 864 /252 Q,/(f). The load is fed through a line having an impedance of 0.5 4- /4 Q/<f). The phase voltage at the terminals of the load is 69 kV. The phase sequence is positive. Use V A B as the reference. a) Calculate the three phase currents of the load. b) Calculate the three line currents. c) Calculate the three line voltages at the sending end of the line. /54 a

'CN = 7620 cos (cot - 90") V. What are the time-domain expressions for the three
line-to-line voltages vAii, I>BO and VQA?

PSPICE

11.8 a) Is the circuit in Fig. PI 1.8 a balanced or unbalanced three-phase system? Explain. b) Find I.

MULTISIM

^2()0 /0!V

11.9 The magnitude of the line voltage at the terminals of a balanced Y-connected load is 6600 V. The load impedance is 240 - /70 0/<. The load is fed from a line that has an impedance of 0.5 + /4 0/(. a) What is the magnitude of the line current? b) What is the magnitude of the line voltage at the source? 11.10 a) Find I in the circuit in Fig. PI 1.10.
PSPICE b) FindV A N .

c) FindV A B . d) Is the circuit a balanced or unbalanced threephase system?

Figure P11.10 0.4 ft /212

1.6 n -vw-

/4 ft

7811
-AlVir

Till (FV

/1.6

2.6 0
WV

/2.4 ft B 77 fl /56 O
ooor> 1 w^

0.2 ft /1.2 ft c

0.8 ft /3.8 ft C 79 ft /55 ft

VA/ orvv> 0 VvV rwYV

422

Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

11.15 A balanced Y-connected load having an impedance of 72 + /21 Cl/(f) is connected in parallel with a balanced A-connected load having an impedance of 150/0 Q,/<f>. The paralleled loads are fed from a line having an impedance of /1 0/4>. The magnitude of the line-to-neutral voltage of the Yload is 7650 V. a) Calculate the magnitude of the current in the line feeding the loads. b) Calculate the magnitude of the phase current in the A-connected load. c) Calculate the magnitude of the phase current in the Y-connected load. d) Calculate the magnitude of the line voltage at the sending end of the line. 11.16 In a balanced three-phase system, the source is a balanced Y with an abc phase sequence and a line voltage V ab = 208/50 V. The load is a balanced Y in parallel with a balanced A.The phase impedance of the Y is 4 + /3 il/cf) and the phase impedance of the A is 3 - /9 0./4). The line impedance is 1.4 -I- /0.8 Oj4>. Draw the single phase equivalent circuit and use it to calculate the line voltage at the load in the a-phase. 11.17 The impedance Z in the balanced three-phase circuit in Fig. PI 1.17 is 100 - /75 O. Find
a) IAB> I B O and ICA,

11.19 A three-phase A-connected generator has an internal impedance of 9 -(- /90 mft/<jf>. When the load is removed from the generator, the magnitude of the terminal voltage is 13,800 V. The generator feeds a A-connected load through a transmission line with an impedance of 20 + /180 m f t / $ . The per-phase impedance of the load is 7.056 + /3.417 ft. a) Construct a single-phase equivalent circuit. b) Calculate the magnitude of the line current. c) Calculate the magnitude of the line voltage at the terminals of the load. d) Calculate the magnitude of the line voltage at the terminals of the source. e) Calculate the magnitude of the phase current in the load. f) Calculate the magnitude of the phase current in the source.

11.20 A balanced three-phase A-connected source is shown in Fig. PI 1.20. a) Find the Y-connected equivalent circuit. b) Show that the Y-connected equivalent circuit delivers the same open-circuit voltage as the original A-connected source. c) Apply an external short circuit to the terminals A, B, and C. Use the A-connected source to find the three line currents I aA , I bB , and I cC . d) Repeat (c) but use the Y-equivalent source to find the three line currents. Figure PI 1.20

b) IaA* \ ^ and I cC , c) I ba , I cb , and I ac . Figure P11.17

13.2/-120 kV

2.7 O

11.18 For the circuit shown in Fig. PI 1.18, find

PSPKE
MULTISIM

a) the phase currents I AB , I RC , and I CA

/ r

/13.511 and 4156/-120 V

OK

Kl

b) the line currents I aA , I bB , and FcC when Z, = 2.4 - /0.7 ft, Z 2 = 8 + /6 Q, Z 3 = 20 + /0 ft. Figure P11.18 a A

480/-120 V 11.21 The A-connected source of Problem 11.20 is connected to a Y-connected load by means of a balanced three-phase distribution line. The load

Problems impedance is 1910-/636 fl/<f). and the line impedance is 9.1 + /71.5(2/0. a) Construct a single-phase equivalent circuit of the system. b) Determine the magnitude of the line voltage at the terminals of the load. c) Determine the magnitude of the phase current in the A-source. d) Determine the magnitude of the line voltage at the terminals of the source.

423

11.27 The three pieces of computer equipment described below are installed as part of a computation center. Each piece of equipment is a balanced three-phase load rated at 208 V. Calculate (a) the magnitude of the line current supplying these three devices and (b) the power factor of the combined load. Hard Drive: 4.864 kW at 0.79 pf lag CD/DVD drive: 17.636 kVA at 0.96 pf lag . CPU: line current 73.8 A, 13.853 kVAR 11.28 Calculate the complex power in each phase of the unbalanced load in Problem 11.18. 11.29 A balanced three-phase distribution line has an impedance of 1 + /8 fl/</>. This line is used to supply three balanced three-phase loads that are connected in parallel. The three loads are L! = 120 kVA at 0.96 pf lead, L 2 = 180 kVA at 0.80 pf lag, and L 3 = 100.8 kW and 15.6 kVAR (magnetizing). The magnitude of the line voltage at the terminals of the loads is 2400 V3 V. a) What is the magnitude of the line voltage at the sending end of the line? b) What is the percent efficiency of the distribution line with respect to average power? 11.30 The line-to-neutral voltage at the terminals of the balanced three-phase load in the circuit shown in Fig. PI 1.30 is 1200 V. At this voltage, the load is absorbing 500 kVA at 0.96 pf lag. a) Use V A N as the reference and express I na in polar form. b) Calculate the complex power associated with the ideal three-phase source. c) Check that the total average power delivered equals the total average power absorbed. d) Check that the total magnetizing reactive power delivered equals the total magnetizing reactive power absorbed.

Section 11.5 11.22 In a balanced three-phase system, the source has an abc sequence, is Y-connected, and V an = 120/20 V. The source feeds two loads, both of which are Y-connected. The impedance of load 1 is 8 + /6 il/cf). The complex power for the a-phase of load 2 is 600/36 VA. Find the total complex power supplied by the source. 11.23 A balanced three-phase source is supplying 60 kVA at 0.6 lagging to two balanced Y-connected parallel loads. The distribution line connecting the source to the load has negligible impedance. Load 1 is purely resistive and absorbs 30 kW. Find the per-phase impedance of Load 2 if the line voltage is 120 V5 V and the impedance components are in series. 11.24 A three-phase positive sequence Y-connected source supplies 14 kVA with a power factor of 0.75 lagging to a parallel combination of a Y-connected load and a A-connected load. The Y-connected load uses 9 kVA at a power factor of 0.6 lagging and has an a-phase current of 1 0 / - 3 0 A. a) Find the complex power per phase of the A-connected load. b) Find the magnitude of the line voltage. 11.25 The total apparent power supplied in a balanced, three-phase Y-A system is 4800 VA. The line voltage is 240 V. If the line impedance is negligible and the power factor angle of the load is -50, determine the impedance of the load. 11.26 Show that the total instantaneous power in a balanced three-phase circuit is constant and equal to 1,5VmIm cos 0$, where Vm and Im represent the maximum amplitudes of the phase voltage and phase current, respectively.

Figure PI 1.30
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Vs/V

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0.18 a
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424

Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

MULTISIM

11.31 a) Find the rms magnitude and the phase angle of PSPICE I CA in the circuit shown in Fig. PI 1.31. b) What percent of the average power delivered by the three-phase source is dissipated in the threephase load?

11.35 A balanced three-phase load absorbs 96 kVA at a lagging power factor of 0.8 when the line voltage at the terminals of the load is 480 V. Find four equivalent circuits that can be used to model this load. 11.36 The total power delivered to a balanced threephase load when operating at a line voltage of 2400 V3 V is 720 kW at a lagging power factor of 0.8. The impedance of the distribution line supplying the load is 0.8 + /6.4 Q,/<fi. Under these operating conditions, the drop in the magnitude of the line voltage between the sending end and the load end of the line is excessive. To compensate, a bank of A-connected capacitors is placed in parallel with the load. The capacitor bank is designed to furnish 576 kVAR of magnetizing reactive power when operated at a line voltage of 2400 V3 V. a) What is the magnitude of the voltage at the sending end of the line when the load is operating at a line voltage of 2400 V3 V and the capacitor bank is disconnected? b) Repeat (a) with the capacitor bank connected. c) What is the average power efficiency of the line in (a)? d) What is the average power efficiency in (b)? e) If the system is operating at a frequency of 60 Hz, what is the size of each capacitor in microfarads? 11.37 A balanced bank of delta-connected capacitors is connected in parallel with the load described in Assessment Problem 11.9. The effect is to place a capacitor in parallel with the load in each phase. The line voltage at the terminals of the load thus remains at 2450 V. The circuit is operating at a frequency of 60 Hz.The capacitors are adjusted so that the magnitude of the line current feeding the parallel combination of the load and capacitor bank is at its minimum. a) What is the size of each capacitor in microfarads? b) Repeat (a) for wye-connected capacitors. c) What is the magnitude of the line current? 11.38 A balanced three-phase source is supplying 150 kVA at 0.8 pf lead to two balanced Y-connected parallel loads. The distribution line connecting the source to the load has negligible impedance. The power associated with load 1 is 30 + /30 kVA. a) Determine the types of components and their impedances in each phase of load 2 if the line voltage is 2500 V 3 V and the impedance components are in series. b) Repeat (a) with the impedance components in parallel.

Figure PI 1.31
/2 ft

a 1.5 ft -'vw:85.5 0

f^J

1365/0! 565/0 V /114 a /2 0

b

:85.5 ft

i. 5 r> B 85.5 XI ;/ii4 n !yii4n

1365/-120 V

1365/120 V
/2 ft

c 1.5 ft

11.32 At full load, a commercially available 100 hp, threephase induction motor operates at an efficiency of 97% and a power factor of 0.88 lag. The motor is supplied from a three-phase outlet with a line-voltage rating of 208 V. a) What is the magnitude of the line current drawn from the 208 V outlet? (1 hp = 746 W.) b) Calculate the reactive power supplied to the motor. 11.33 Three balanced three-phase loads are connected in parallel. Load 1 is Y-connected with an impedance of 400 + /300 ft/0; load 2 is A-connected with an impedance of 2400 - /1800 ft/<; and load 3 is 172.8 + /2203.2 kVA. The loads are fed from a distribution line with an impedance of 2 + /16 fl/cj). The magnitude of the line-to-neutral voltage at the load end of the line is 24 V3 kV. a) Calculate the total complex power at the sending end of the line. b) What percentage of the average power at the sending end of the line is delivered to the loads? 11.34 A three-phase line has an impedance of 0.1 + /0.8 Cl/(f). The line feeds two balanced three-phase loads connected in parallel. The first load is absorbing a total of 630 kW and absorbing 840 kVAR magnetizing vars. The second load is Y-connected and has an impedance of 15.36 - /4.48 0,/4>. The line-to-neutral voltage at the load end of the line is 4000 V. What is the magnitude of the line voltage at the source end of the line?

Problems

425

11.39 The output of the balanced positive-sequence three-phase source in Fig. PI 1.39 is 41.6 kVA at a lagging power factor of 0.707. The line voltage at the source is 240 V. a) Find the magnitude of the line voltage at the load. b) Find the total complex power at the terminals of the load.

Figure P11.39 0.04 n

WV

11.43 The two wattmeters in Fig. 11.20 can be used to compute the total reactive power of the load. a) Prove this statement by showing that V3(W2 - Wj) = V 3 V L / L s i i i V b) Compute the total reactive power from the wattmeter readings for each of the loads in Example 11.6. Check your computations by calculating the total reactive power directly from the given voltage and impedance.

/-03 /-

/-Y-YV^_

Balanced three-phase' source

0.04 a
Vs/V

03 n

/"YVY-N

0.04 0
VvV

/0-3 U
or-or^

Balanced "three-phase load

11.44 The two-wattmeter method is used to measure the power at the load end of the line in Example 11.1. Calculate the reading of each wattmeter.

11.45 The wattmeters in the circuit in Fig. 11.20 read as follows: Wx = 40,823.09 W, and W2 = 103,176.91 W. The magnitude of the line voltage is 2400 V 5 V. The phase sequence is positive. Find Z^.

Section 11.6 11.40 Derive Eqs. 11.56 and 11.57. 11.41 In the balanced three-phase circuit shown in Fig. PI 1.41, the current coil of the wattmeter is connected in line aA, and the potential coil of the wattmeter is connected across lines b and c. Show that the wattmeter reading multiplied by V 3 equals the total reactive power associated with the load. The phase sequence is positive.

11.46 a) Calculate the reading of each wattmeter in the circuit shown in Fig. PI 1.46. The value of Z^ is 4 0 / - 3 0 a. b) Verify that the sum of the wattmeter readings equals the total average power delivered to the A-connected load.

Figure PI 1.46

24Q/W V | Figure PI 1.41

Wi

a cc

1 1

A
Z<b

-1-)

bl
_|

/-YVV^

240/120o~V~ 4 ^ 240/-120 V
W,

K m D

z*

+~

l-\c

[ [

pcj C W

r C

'

z*

11.47 The two-wattmeter method is used to measure the power delivered to the unbalanced load in Problem 11.18. The current coil of wattmeter 1 is placed in line aA and that of wattmeter 2 is placed in line bB. a) Calculate the reading of wattmeter 1. b) Calculate the reading of wattmeter 2. c) Show that the sum of the two wattmeter readings equals the total power delivered to the unbalanced load.

11.42 The line-to-neutral voltage in the circuit in Fig. PI 1.41 is 680 V, the phase sequence is positive, and the load impedance is 16 - j 12 0 / $ . a) Calculate the wattmeter reading. b) Calculate the total reactive power associated with the load.

426

Balanced Three-Phase Circuits c) Calculate the reading of the second wattmeter. d) Verify that the sum of the two wattmeter readings equals the total average power delivered to the load. Figure P11.51

11.48 a) Calculate the reading of each wattmeter in the circuit shown in Fig. PI 1.48 when Z = 13.44 + /46.0811. b) Check that the sum of the two wattmeter readings equals the total power delivered to the load. c) Check that V3(Wl - W2) equals the total magnetizing vars delivered to the load. Figure PI 1.48

Sections 11.1-11.6 11.52 Refer to the Practical Perspective example:

PERSPECTIVE

11.49 a) Calculate the complex power associated with each phase of the balanced load in Problem 11.17. b) If the two-wattmeter method is used to measure the average power delivered to the load, specify the reading of each meter. 11.50 a) Find the reading of each wattmeter in the circuit shown in Fig. PI 1.50 if Z A = 20 / 3 0 " ft, Z B = 60 /<T ft, and Z c = 40 / - 3 ( ) ft. b) Show that the sum of the wattmeter readings equals the total average power delivered to the unbalanced three-phase load. Figure P11.50

a) Construct a power triangle for the substation load before the capacitors are connected to the bus. b) Repeat (a) after the capacitors are connected to the bus. c) Using the line-to-neutral voltage at the substation as a reference, construct a phasor diagram that depicts the relationship between V A N and V an before the capacitors are added. d) Assume a positive phase sequence and construct a phasor diagram that depicts the relationship between V A B and V ab .

P R A C T I C A L

11.53 Refer to the Practical Perspective example. Assume the frequency of the utilitv is 60 Hz.
1 J

PERSPECTIVE

a) What is the /xF rating of each capacitor if the capacitors are delta-connected? b) What is the /xF rating of each capacitor if the capacitors are wye-connected? 11.54 Choose a single capacitor from Appendix H that is closest to the /xF rating of the delta-connected capacitor from Problem 11.53(a). a) How much reactive power will a capacitor bank using this new value supply? b) What line-to-line voltage at the generating plant will be required when this new capacitor bank is connected to the substation bus?

11.51 The balanced three-phase load shown in Fig. PI 1.51 is fed from a balanced, positive-sequence, threephase Y-connected source. The impedance of the line connecting the source to the load is negligible. The line-to-neutral voltage of the source is 7200 V. a) Find the reading of the wattmeter in watts. b) Explain how you would connect a second wattmeter in the circuit so that the two wattmeters would measure the total power.

11.55 Choose a single capacitor from Appendix H that is closest to the /iF rating of the wye-connected capacitor from Problem 11.53(b). a) How much reactive power will a capacitor bank using this new value supply? b) What line-to-line voltage at the generating plant will be required when this new capacitor bank is connected to the substation bus?