SUCCESSION Notes

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P.
Araneta
TESTAMENTARY SUCCESSION
Section LEGITIME
ART. 886. !e"itime is t#at $art of t#e testator%s $ro$erty &#ic# #e cannot 'is$ose of because t#e la& #as reser(e' it for certain #eirs &#o are) t#erefore) calle' compulsory heirs. ART. 887. *#e follo&in" are com$ulsory #eirs+ (1) !e"itimate c#il'ren an' 'escen'ants) &it# res$ect to t#eir le"itimate $arents an' ascen'ants, (2) -n 'efault of t#e fore"oin") le"itimate $arents an' ascen'ants) &it# res$ect to t#eir le"itimate c#il'ren an' 'escen'ants, (3) *#e &i'o& or &i'o&er, (.) -lle"itimate c#il'ren &#ose filiation must be 'uly $ro(e'. /om$ulsory #eirs mentione' in Nos. 3 an' . are not exclu'e' by t#ose in Nos. 1 an' 2, neit#er 'o t#ey exclu'e one anot#er. *#e fat#er or mot#er of ille"itimate c#il'ren s#all in#erit from t#em in t#e manner an' to t#e extent establis#e' by t#e /i(il /o'e. RIMARY COM ULSORY !EIRS (1) !e"itimate c#il'ren 'escen'ants (2) Sur(i(in" S$ouse (3) -lle"itimate 'escen'ants c#il'ren an' t#eir an' t#eir SECON"ARY COM ULSORY !EIRS (.) !e"itimate $arents an' ascen'ants ( ) -lle"itimate ascen'ants) $arents (no ot#er
*#e primary compulsory heirs "et *#e secondary compulsory heirs t#eir le"itime e(en in t#e $resence of t#e in#erit only in t#e absence of le"itimate ot#er $rimary com$ulsory #eirs an' e(en in c#il'ren an' t#eir 'escen'ants. t#e $resence of t#e secon'ary com$ulsory #eirs. *#e fat#er or t#e mot#er of ille"itimate c#il'ren is also a secon'ary No#e$ -lle"itimate c#il'ren) to be com$ulsory com$ulsory #eir but only as $ro(i'e' for in #eirs) must be reco"ni0e'. Art. 103.
Art. 103. *#e le"itime of t#e $arents &#o #a(e an ille"itimate c#il') &#en suc# c#il' lea(es neit#er le"itimate 'escen'ants) nor a sur(i(in" s$ouse) nor ille"itimate c#il'ren) is one2#alf (132) of t#e #ere'itary estate of suc# ille"itimate c#il'. xxx Table 1. Classes of compulsory heirs.
-lle"itimate 4 133
/#il'ren -lle"itimate 4 133
Parents
alone
Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta
Sur(i(in" 4 133
S$ouse Sur(i(in" 4 132) 133)
S$ouse
alone
!e"itimate 4 132 -lle"itimate 4 13. Sur(i(in" 4 135 !e"itimate 4 132 -lle"itimate 4 13. !e"itimate 4 132 Sur(i(in" 4 13. -lle"itimate 4 13. Sur(i(in" 4 13. -lle"itimate 4 132 !e"itimate 4 132
132 Parents !e"itimate 4 132 /#il'ren S$ouse
/#il'
alone
Parents 1 !e"itimate /#il' 4 132 /#il'ren Sur(i(in" S$ouse 4 13. Parents 2 or more !e"itimate /#il'ren S$ouse 4 132 Sur(i(in" S$ouse 4 same as 1 Parents le"itimate c#il' S$ouse /#il' Parents alone !e"itimate /#il' 132 of estate alone -lle"itimate /#il' le"itimate c#il' 4 4 6 of eac#
Table 2. Simpler table of legitimes.
Le%i#imes o& Compulsory !eirs Le%i#im'#e chil(re) ')( (esce)(')#s *Ar#. 888+ ART. 888. *#e le"itime of le"itimate c#il'ren an' 'escen'ants consists of one2#alf (132) of t#e #ere'itary estate of t#e fat#er an' of t#e mot#er. *#e latter may freely 'is$ose of t#e remainin" #alf) sub7ect to t#e ri"#ts of ille"itimate c#il'ren an' of t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse as #ereinafter $ro(i'e'. Le%i#im'#e p're)#s or 'sce)(')#s *Ar#. 88,+ ART. 88,. *#e le"itime of le"itimate $arents or ascen'ants consists of one2#alf (132) of t#e #ere'itary estates of t#eir c#il'ren an' 'escen'ants. *#e c#il'ren or 'escen'ants may freely 'is$ose of t#e ot#er #alf sub7ect to t#e ri"#ts of ille"itimate c#il'ren an' of t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse as #ereinafter $ro(i'e'. N8*E+ -f t#ere is any le"itimate c#il' or 'escen'ants of t#e 'ece'ent) t#e $arents "et no le"itime) because sai' $arents are only secon'ary com$ulsory #eir.
ART. 8,-. *#e le"itime reser(e' for t#e le"itimate $arents s#all be 'i(i'e' bet&een t#em e9ually, if one of t#e $arents s#oul' #a(e 'ie') t#e &#ole s#all $ass to t#e sur(i(or. -f t#e testator lea(es neit#er fat#er nor mot#er) but is sur(i(e' by ascen'ants of e9ual 'e"ree of t#e $aternal an' maternal lines) t#e le"itime s#all be 'i(i'e' e9ually bet&een bot# lines. -f t#e ascen'ants s#oul' be of 'ifferent 'e"rees) it s#all $ertain entirely to t#e ones nearest in 'e"ree of eit#er line. Note+ *#ere is N8 :-;<* 8F :EP:ESEN*A*-8N in t#e ascen'in" line. Proximity :ule+ -n e(ery in#eritance) t#e relati(e nearest in 'e"ree exclu'es t#e more 'istant one) sa(in" t#e ri"#t of re$resentation &#en it $ro$erly ta=es $lace. State' ot#er&ise) t#e nearer exclu'es t#e fart#er. O)e le%i#im'#e chil( or (esce)(')# co)curri)% .i#h #he sur/i/i)% spouse *Ar#. 8,0+ ART. 8,0. -f only one le"itimate c#il' or 'escen'ant of t#e 'ecease' sur(i(es) t#e &i'o& or &i'o&er s#all be entitle' to one2fourt# (13.) of t#e #ere'itary estate. -n case of a le"al se$aration) t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse may in#erit if it &as t#e 'ecease' &#o #a' "i(en cause for t#e same.
*#e le"itime of t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse s#all be ta=en from t#e $ortion t#at can be freely 'is$ose' of by t#e testator.
T.o or more le%i#im'#e chil(re) or (esce)(')#s #o%e#her .i#h #he sur/i/i)% spouse *Ar#. 8,0+ -f t#ere are t&o or more le"itimate c#il'ren or 'escen'ants) t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse s#all be entitle' to a $ortion to t#e le"itime of eac# of t#e le"itimate c#il'ren or 'escen'ants. *#e le"itime of t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse s#all be ta=en from t#e $ortion t#at can be freely 'is$ose' of by t#e testator. N8*E+ Any 'e(ise or le"acy "i(en to t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse s#oul' be consi'ere' as bein" in a''ition to #is or #er le"itime) an' must t#erefore be c#ar"e' to t#e free $ortion. Suc# 'e(ise s#oul' be consi'ere' in t#e same footin" as t#ose "i(en to stran"ers. Le%i#im'#e p're)#s or 'sce)(')#s .i#h #he sur/i/i)% spouse *Ar#. 8,1+ ART. 8,1. -f t#e testator lea(es no le"itimate 'escen'ants) but lea(es le"itimate ascen'ants) t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse s#all #a(e a ri"#t to one2fourt# (13.) of t#e #ere'itary estate. *#is fourt# s#all be ta=en from t#e free $ortion of t#e estate. Ille%i#im'#e chil(re) .i#h #he sur/i/i)% spouse *Ar#. 8,2+
ART. 8,2. -f t#e testator lea(es ille"itimate c#il'ren) t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse s#all be entitle' to one2t#ir' (133) of t#e #ere'itary estate of t#e 'ecease' an' t#e ille"itimate c#il'ren to anot#er t#ir'. *#e remainin" t#ir' s#all be at t#e free 'is$osal of t#e testator. Le%i#im'#e chil(re) or (esce)(')#s .i#h )'#ur'l ')( o#her ille%i#im'#e chil(re) *Ar#. 8,3+
ART. 8,3. *#e le"itime of ille"itimate c#il'ren s#all consist of one2#alf (132) of t#e le"itime of eac# of t#e le"itimate c#il'ren or 'escen'ants. *#e le"itime of t#e ille"itimate c#il'ren s#all be ta=en from t#e $ortion of t#e estate at t#e free 'is$osal of t#e testator) $ro(i'e' t#at in no case s#all t#e total le"itime of suc# ille"itimate c#il'ren excee' t#at free $ortion) an' t#at t#e le"itime of t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse must first be fully satisfie'. Le%i#im'#e p're)#s or 'sce)(')#s ')( ille%i#im'#e chil(re) *Ar#. 8,6+ ART. 8,6. -lle"itimate c#il'ren &#o may sur(i(e &it# le"itimate $arents or ascen'ants of t#e 'ecease' s#all be entitle' to one2fourt# (13.) of t#e #ere'itary estate to be ta=en from t#e $ortion at t#e free 'is$osal of t#e testator. Sur/i/i)% spouse .i#h le%i#im'#e chil(re) or (esce)(')#s ')( ille%i#im'#e chil(re) *Ar#. 8,7+ ART. 8,7. >#en t#e &i'o& or &i'o&er sur(i(es &it# le"itimate c#il'ren or 'escen'ants an' ille"itimate c#il'ren) suc# sur(i(in" s$ouse s#all be entitle' to a $ortion e9ual to t#e le"itimate of eac# of t#e le"itimate c#il'ren &#ic# must be ta=en from t#at $art of t#e estate &#ic# t#e testator can freely 'is$ose of. Sur/i/i)% spouse .i#h le%i#im'#e p're)#s or 'sce)(')#s ')( ille%i#im'#e chil(re) *Ar#. 8,,+ ART. 8,,. >#en t#e &i'o& or &i'o&er sur(i(es &it# le"itimate $arents or ascen'ants an' &it# ille"itimate c#il'ren) suc# sur(i(in" s$ouse s#all be entitle' to one2 ei"#t (135) of t#e #ere'itary estate of t#e 'ecease' &#ic# must be ta=en from t#e free $ortion) an' t#e ille"itimate c#il'ren s#all be entitle' to one2fourt# (13.) of t#e estate &#ic# s#all be ta=en also be from t#e 'is$osable $ortion. *#e testator may freely 'is$ose of t#e remainin" (135) of t#e estate. N8*E+ !e"itimate $arent or ascen'ant Sur(i(in" s$ouse 4 -lle"itimate /#il'ren Free $ortion 4 Sur/i/i)% spouse 'lo)e *Ar#. ,--+ ART. ,--. -f t#e only sur(i(or is t#e &i'o& or &i'o&er) s#e or #e s#all be entitle' to one2#alf of t#e #ere'itary estate of t#e 'ecease' s$ouse) an' t#e testator may freely 'is$ose of t#e ot#er #alf. -f t#e marria"e bet&een t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse an' t#e testator &as solemni0e' in articulo mortis, an' t#e testator 'ie' &it#in t#ree (3) mont#s from t#e time of t#e marria"e) t#e le"itime of t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse as t#e sole #eir s#all be one2t#ir' (133) of t#e #ere'itary estate) exce$t &#en t#ey #a(e been li(in" as #usban' an' &ife for more t#an fi(e ( ) years. -n t#e latter case) t#e le"itime of t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse s#all be t#at s$ecifie' in t#e $rece'in" $ara"ra$#. ;eneral :ule+ one2#alf (132) Sur(i(in" s$ouse) if s#e is t#e 8N!? com$ulsory #eir left) "ets 4 135 4 135 132 13.
Exce$tion+
Sur(i(in" s$ouse "ets one2t#ir' (133) if+
1) t#e marria"e &as in articulo mortis, an' 2) t#e testator 'ie' &it#in t#ree (3) mont#s from t#e time of celebration of marria"e) Provided: t#at it &as t#e 'ecease' &#o &as t#e $arty in 'an"er of 'eat# at t#e time of t#e marria"e, an' if t#e cause of 'eat# is t#e same as t#e sic=ness) illness or in7ury existin" at t#e time of t#e marria"e 4 t#e $ur$ose of t#e la& bein" to a(oi' a marria"e $urely for F-NAN/-A! ;A-N. Exce$tion to t#e exce$tion+ Sur(i(in" s$ouse "ets one2#alf (132) if 'es$ite $resence of re9uirements un'er t#e exce$tion, t#e cou$le #a' been li(in" $re(iously as #usban' an' &ife (&it#out marria"e) for more t#an fi(e years. Reason+ Sus$icion of financial $rofit moti(e is more or less erase' because of t#e 2year $erio'. Ille%i#im'#e chil(re)4 .i#h )o o#her compulsory heirs *Ar#. ,-5+ ART. ,-5. >#en t#e testator 'ies lea(in" ille"itimate c#il'ren an' no ot#er com$ulsory #eirs) suc# ille"itimate c#il'ren s#all #a(e a ri"#t to one2#alf (132) of t#e #ere'itary estate of t#e 'ecease'. *#e ot#er #alf s#all be at t#e free 'is$osal of t#e testator. *#e ri"#ts of ille"itimate c#il'ren set fort# in t#e $rece'in" articles are transmitte' u$on t#eir 'eat# to t#eir 'escen'ants) &#et#er le"itimate or ille"itimate. !rt. "#2$ 're)#s o& #he ille%i#im'#e chil( .ho le'/es )ei#her le%i#im'#e (esce)(')#s4 )or ' sur/i/i)% spouse4 )or ille%i#im'#e chil(re) *Ar#. ,-1+ or Ille%i#im'#e p're)#s ART. ,-1. *#e le"itime of t#e $arents &#o #a(e an ille"itimate c#il') &#en suc# c#il' lea(es neit#er le"itimate 'escen'ants) nor a sur(i(in" s$ouse) nor ille"itimate c#il'ren) is one2#alf (132) of t#e #ere'itary estate of suc# ille"itimate c#il'. -f only le"itimate or ille"itimate c#il'ren are left) t#e $arents are not entitle' to any le"itime &#atsoe(er. N8*ES+ 6 're)#s o& #he ille%i#im'#e chil( .i#h #he sur/i/i)% spouse *Ar#. ,-1+ ART. ,-1. -f only t#e &i'o& or &i'o&er sur(i(es &it# $arents of t#e ille"itimate c#il') t#e le"itime of t#e $arents is one2fourt# (13.) of t#e #ere'itary estate of t#e c#il') an' t#at of t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse also one2fourt# (13.) of t#e estate. N8*ES+ -lle"itimate $arents Sur(i(in" s$ouse 4 4 13. 13. -lle"itimate $arents only 4 132 -lle"itimate $arents !e"itimate3-lle"itimate /#il' 4 4 0
RESER6A TRONCAL ART. 8,5. *#e ascen'ant (reservista) &#o in#erits from #is 'escen'ant ( propositus) any $ro$erty &#ic# t#e latter may #a(e ac9uire' by "ratuitous title from anot#er ascen'ant) or a brot#er or sister) is obli"e' to reser(e suc# $ro$erty as #e may #a(e
ac9uire' by o$eration of la& for t#e benefit of relati(es ( reservatorios%reservees) &#o are &it#in t#e t#ir' 'e"ree an' &#o belon" to t#e line from &#ic# sai' $ro$erty came. 7ri's Chu' /. C7I o& Ne%ros Occi(e)#'l G.R. No. L80,,-54 Au%. 154 5,77 FA/*S+ Aurin" #is marria"e to #is first &ife) a man #a' a son an' t&o "ran'c#il'ren. >#en t#e &ife 'ie') #e marrie' a"ain) an' &it# t#e secon' &ife) #e #a' a son. >#en t#e 'ie') a $arcel of lan' o&ne' by #im &as in#erite' by #is son an' t#e secon' &ife (#alf)#alf) t#rou"# intestate succession. After a &#ile) t#e son of t#e secon' marria"e 'ie' an' #is #alf2s#are in t#e lan' &as in#erite' by #is mot#er (#is fat#er%s secon' &ife) by o$eration of la&. *#e mot#er 'ie'. -SSBE+>#et#er or not t#e son an' t#e "ran'c#il'ren of t#e first marria"e can "et t#e lan'. <E!A+ ?es. *#ey can "et t#e #alf s#are of t#e lan' t#at &as #el' by t#e secon' &ife by &ay of reserve troncal. *#is 132 #a' been in#erite' by t#e son of t#e secon' marria"e by "ratuitous title (intestate succession)) an' transferre' to #is mot#er by o$eration of la&. *#e $resent claimants are relati(es &it#in t#e t#ir' 'e"ree. 9e'#ri: Go):'les /. Cour# o& 7irs# I)s#')ce G.R. No. L8121,34 M'y 5,4 5,85 FA/*S+ Filomena) Cr.) 'ie' intestate) an' &it#out any c#il'. <er mot#er Filomena) Sr.) $artitione' t#eir 133 s#are in t#e estate of !e"ar'a) Sr.) &it# #er @ sur(i(in" c#il'ren an' t#en "a(e t#e $ro$erties s#e in#erite' from Filomena) Cr.) to #er sixteen (1@) "ran'c#il'ren by means of a #olo"ra$#ic &ill. Denito !e"ar'a 'ie') an' sur(i(e' by t#ree "rou$s of #eirs &#o $artitione' t#e real $ro$erties amon" t#emsel(es in t#ree e9ual $ortions+ (1) one 'au"#ter, (2) anot#er 'au"#ter, (3) #eirs of a 'ecease' son (Denito !e"ar'a) Cr.) *#e #eirs &ere+ (a) t#e son%s &i'o& (Filomena), (b) se(en c#il'ren (. 'au"#ters name' Deatri0) :osario) *eresa an' Filomena) Cr.) an' 3 sons name' Denito) Cr.) Ale7an'ro) an' Cose). -SSBE+>#et#er or not t#e "i(in" in t#e #olo"ra$#ic &ill may be la&fully 'one. <E!A+ N8) because t#e $ro$erties "i(e by suc# #olo"ra$#ic &ill &ere reser(able $ro$erties because t#ey &ere in#erite' "ratuitously from an ascen'ant (Denito) Cr.)) transmitte' to a 'escen'ant (Filomena) Cr.) t#en "i(en to anot#er ascen'ant (Filomena) Sr.) by o$eration of la&. Sai' $ro$erties s#oul' not #a(e been "i(en to t#e "ran'c#il'ren (t#ir' 'e"rees reser(ees) but to t#e c#il'ren (secon' 'e"ree reser(ees). :eser(ees may be t#e common 'escen'ants of t#e reser(oir an' t#e ori"in reserva troncal contem$lates le"itimate relations#i$. -lle"itimate relations#i$ an' relations#i$ by affinity are exclu'e'. &!R '()ST*+,
Aoes t#e reserva mentione' in Art. 511 of t#e /i(il /o'e a$$ly in fa(our of all t#e relati(es &it#in t#e 3r' 'e"ree belon"in" to t#e line from &#ic# t#e $ro$erty came) &#et#er t#ey be le"itimate or ille"itimateF ANS>E:+ *#e reserva fa(ors only t#e le"itimate relati(es an' e(en t#en) $reference is "i(en to t#e 'irect line as a"ainst t#e collateral line) an' t#e rule of Gnearer exclu'es t#e fart#erH also a$$lies. -lorentino v. -lorentino, .# Phil. ./#, 0.R. ,o. 1./12, ,ovember 11, 1"1"$ 287lore)#i)o /. 7lore)#i)o hil. 28-4 G.R. No. 528364 No/em;er 534 5,5,
<E!A+ -f t#ere be t&o reser(ees reservatarios$) of t#e 2n' 'e"ree an' t#e ot#er of t#e 3r' 'e"ree) t#e former "ets A!! t#e reser(able $ro$erties) &it#out $re7u'ice) #o&e(er) to t#e ri"#t of re$resentation) but t#e re$resentati(e must #imself be &it#in t#e 3r' 'e"ree from t#e $ro$ositus. Follo&in" t#e or'er $rescribe' by la& in le"itimate succession) &#en t#ere are relati(es of t#e 'escen'ant &it#in t#e t#ir' 'e"ree) t#e ri"#t of t#e nearest relati(e reservatario) o(er t#e $ro$erty &#ic# t#e reservista I$erson #ol'in" it sub7ect to reser(ationJ s#oul' return I'eli(erJ to #im exclu'es t#at of t#e one more remote. *#e ri"#t of re$resentation cannot be alle"e' &#en t#e one claimin" t#e same as a reser(able $ro$erty is not amon" t#e relati(es &it#in t#e t#ir' 'e"ree belon"in" to t#e line from &#ic# suc# $ro$erty came 4 inasmuc# as t#e ri"#t "rante' by t#e /i(il /o'e in Art. 511 is in t#e #i"#est 'e"ree $ersonal an' for t#e exclusi(e benefit of 'esi"nate' $ersons &#o are t#e relati(es) &it#in t#e t#ir' 'e"ree) of t#e $erson from &#om t#e reser(able $ro$erty came. *#erefore) relati(es of t#e fourt# an' t#e succee'in" 'e"rees can ne(er be consi'ere' as reservatarios) since t#e la& 'oes not reco"ni0e t#em as suc#. -n s$ite of &#at #as been sai' relati(e to t#e ri"#t of re$resentation on t#e $art of one alle"in" #is ri"#t as reservatario &#o is not &it#in t#e t#ir' 'e"ree of relations#i$) ne(ert#eless) t#ere is a ri"#t of re$resentation on t#e $art of reservatarios &#o are &it#in t#e t#ir' 'e"ree mentione' by la&) as in t#e case of ne$#e&s of t#e 'ecease' $erson from &#om t#e reser(able $ro$erty came. *#ese reservatarios #a(e t#e ri"#t to re$resent t#eir ascen'ants Ifat#ers an' mot#ersJ &#o are t#e brot#ers of t#e sai' 'ecease' $erson an' relati(es &it#in t#e 'e"ree in accor'ance &it# Art. 511 of t#e /i(il /o'e. 7ri's Chu' /. C7I o& Ne%ros Occi(e)#'l G.R. No. L80,,-54 Au%us# 154 5,77 FA/*S+ >#en a fat#er 'ie') #is son in#erite' 132 of a $iece of lan' from #im (t#e ot#er 132 &ent to t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse) t#e mot#er of t#e c#il'). B$on t#e 'eat# of t#e son) #is 132 s#are &ent to #is mot#er by o$eration of la&. *#e $ro$erty #a' been recei(e' from t#e fat#er out of #is $ure "enerosity) an' &as t#erefore "ratuitous. ?et t#e $robate court or'ere' $ayment of interests) costs) an' ot#er fees. -SSBE+>#et#er or not sai' 132 is still consi'ere' "ratuitous for t#e $ur$ose of t#e rule concernin" 3reserva troncal45
<E!A+ ?ES) for it &as really a "ratuitous ob7ect recei(e' from t#e fat#er) &#o #a' not im$ose' any con'ition or bur'en on t#e lot. *#e obli"ation to $ay &as im$ose' not by t#e Gori"inH but by t#e court. *#e sai' 132 is t#erefore Greser(able.H F8B: PE8P!E -NK8!KEA -N R)S)R6) TR+,C!7+ 1) t#e ascen'ant or brot#er or sister from &#om t#e $ro$erty came (calle' 8:-;-N), 2) t#e 'escen'ant &#o ac9uire' t#e $ro$erty "ratuitously (calle' t#e P:8P8S-*BS), 3) t#e ascen'ant &#o in turn ac9uire' t#e $ro$erty from t#e 'escen'ant by o$eration of la& (sai' ascen'ant is calle' t#e :ESE:K8: or t#e :ESE:K-S*A), .) t#e relati(es &it#in t#e t#ir' 'e"ree belon"in" to t#e line from &#ic# t#e $ro$erty came (sai' relati(es are calle' :ESE:KEES or :ESE:KA*A:-8S) &!R '()ST*+, May t#e $ro$erty sub7ect to reserva be alienate'F ANS>E:+ -nasmuc# as t#e reser(oir is not a mere usufructuary) t#e ans&er is ?ES) &it#out $re7u'ice to reimbursement by #is estate concernin" $ersonal $ro$erties) an' &it#out $re7u'ice to t#e reser(ation insofar as real $ro$erties are concerne'. 03 E(roso /. S';l') hl. 0,34 G.R. No. 68784 Sep#em;er 514 5,51
*#e reser(es are entitle' to #a(e t#eir ri"#t annotate' &#en t#e $ro$erty is bein" re"istere' un'er t#e *orrens System) so t#at t#e reser(ation may be annotate' as a lien on t#e $ro$erty. Bnless t#is ri"#t is 'one) t#e reserva is extin"uis#e') after t#e one2year $erio') insofar as innocent t#ir' $arties are concerne'. E<TINGUIS!MENT O7 T!E RESER6A *#e obli"ation to reser(e ceases in t#e follo&in" instances+ 1) Aeat# of t#e reser(oir 2) Aeat# of A!! t#e &oul'2be reser(ees A<EAA of t#e reser(oir (reser(ista) 3) !8SS of t#e reser(able $ro$erties $ro(i'e' t#e reser(oir #a' no fault or ne"li"ence. (*#us) !8SS must be A//-AEN*A!.) .) Prescri$tion (as &#en t#e reser(oir or stran"er #ol's $ro$erty a'(ersely a"ainst t#e reservees) as F:EE from t#e reserva. (Reservor 4 30 years for real, 5 years for $ersonal $ro$erty) because of #is ba' fait#.) *#e $rescri$ti(e $erio' be"ins from t#e 'eat# of t#e reser(or because 'urin" t#e reser(or%s lifetime) t#e reser(ees are not yet entitle' to t#e $ro$erty. ) :e"istration un'er t#e *orrens System as free from t#e reser(ation) &it#out $re7u'ice to t#e liability of t#e reser(or to t#e reser(ees. <o&e(er) &#ile t#e $ro$erty is still un'er t#e name of t#e reser(or) an action for /8NKE?AN/E may be brou"#t a"ainst #is estate after #is 'eat#. @) :enunciation or &ai(er by A!! t#e reser(ees AF*E: t#e 'eat# of t#e reser(or. UR OSE O7 RESERVA TRONCAL
G*o =ee$ t#e $ro$erty in t#e family to &#ic# t#e $ro$erty belon"s.H Tioco "e 'p' /. C'm'cho G.R. No. 08-104 Sep#em;er 024 5,86 *#e state' $ur$ose of t#e reser(a is accom$lis#e' once t#e $ro$erty #as 'e(ol(e' to t#e s$ecifie' relati(es of t#e line of ori"in. Dut from t#is time on) t#ere is no furt#er occasion for its a$$lication. NO "E RI6ATION O7 OR 9UR"EN ON T!E LEGITIME ART. ,-2. *#e testator cannot 'e$ri(e #is com$ulsory #eirs of t#eir le"itime) exce$t in cases ex$ressly s$ecifie' by la&. Neit#er can #e im$ose u$on t#e same any bur'en) encumbrance) con'ition) or substitution of any =in' &#atsoe(er. RENUNCION OR COM ROMISE O7 7UTURE LEGITIME ART. ,-3. E(ery renunciation or com$romise as re"ar's a future le"itime bet&een t#e $erson o&in" it an' #is com$ulsory #eirs is (oi') an' t#e latter may claim t#e same u$on t#e 'eat# of t#e former, but t#ey must brin" to collation &#ate(er t#ey may #a(e recei(e' by (irtue of t#e renunciation or com$romise. :EAS8N+ *#e ri"#t to a future le"itime is a mere ex$ectancy) an inc#oate ri"#t re"ar'in" future in#eritance) #ence it cannot be ma'e t#e sub7ect of a contract inasmuc# as it is a"ainst $ublic $olicy !rt. 18.9: 3,o contract may be entered into upon future inheritance e:cept in cases e:pressly authori;ed by la<.5$ . *#e nullity may be claime' by any com$ulsory #eir &#o #as been $re7u'ice'. COM LETION OR SATIS7ACTION O7 T!E LEGITIME ART. ,-6. Any com$ulsory #eir to &#om t#e testator #as left by any title less t#an t#e le"itime belon"in" to #im may 'eman' t#at t#e same be fully satisfie'. '()ST*+, -f ! is entitle' to a le"itime of P1 million an' in t#e &ill) #e #a' been "i(en merely P500)000) #e may 'eman' t#at #e be "i(en t#e balance of P200)000. -n t#e exam$le abo(e) is ! entitle' to as= for t#e annulment of t#e institution of #eirs as in t#e case of $reteritionF !,S=)R: N8. -n $reterition) t#e $reterite' #eir "ets not#in" from t#e in#eritance. <ence) #e is entitle' to as= for t#e annulment of t#e institution of #eir !rt. /1.: 3The preterition or omission of one, some, or all of the compulsory heirs in the direct line, <hether living at the time of the e:ecution of the <ill or born after the death of the testator, shall annul the institution of heir> but the devises and legacies shall be valid insofar as they are not inofficious. *f the omitted compulsory heirs should die before the testator, the institution shall be effectual, <ithout pre?udice to the right of representation.$.
RE"UCTION O7 INO77ICIOUS TESTAMENTARY "IS OSITIONS ART. ,-7. *estamentary 'is$ositions t#at im$air or 'iminis# t#e le"itime of t#e com$ulsory #eirs s#all be re'uce' on $etition of t#e same) insofar as t#ey may be inofficious or excessi(e. :EAS8N+ *#e le"itimes of t#e force' #eirs s#oul' not be im$aire'. <ence) Art. 10E+ (a) a$$lies only to testamentary 'is$ositions) !rts. 991 and 992 deal <ith the reduction of inofficious donations (b) can be a(aile' of only by t#e com$ulsory #eirs an' t#e excess must be "i(en only to t#e com$ulsory #eirs. COM UTATION O7 T!E NET !ERE"ITARY ESTATE ART. ,-8. *o 'etermine t#e le"itime) t#e (alue of t#e $ro$erty left at t#e 'eat# of t#e testator s#all be consi'ere') 'e'uctin" all 'ebts an' c#ar"es) &#ic# s#all not inclu'e t#ose im$ose' in t#e &ill. *o t#e net (alue of t#e #ere'itary estate) s#all be a''e' t#e (alue of all 'onations by t#e testator t#at are sub7ect to collation) at t#e time #e ma'e t#em. F8:MB!A+
P:8PE:*? !EF* 4AED*S ANA /<A:;ES L KA!BE 8F /8!!A*-8NAD!E A8NA*-8NS M NE* <E:EA-*A:? ES*A*E
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'()ST*+, ! 'ie' lea(in" an estate &ort# P1 million an' 'ebts amountin" to P300)000. Aurin" #is lifetime) ! #a' "i(en 'onation of P 00)000 to &) #is le"itimate son. >#en A 'ie') t&o le"itimate sons) & an' C) sur(i(e' #im. <o& muc# is t#e le"itime of eac# le"itimate c#il'F ANS>E:+ P1 million 4 P300)000 L P 00)000 M P1.2 million (net #ere'itary estate). *#e le"itime is t#erefore P@00)000. Dut t#ere are t&o c#il'ren) #ence eac# "ets P300)000 as #is le"itime. *#e le"itime of & is only P300)000. Dut since #e #as been "i(en P 00)000 as a 'onation inter vivos) t#is s#oul' first be c#ar"e' to t#e le"itime. Dut t#ere is an excess of P200) 000. *#is s#oul' be ta=en from t#e free $ortion &#ic# is P@00)000. *#is lea(es a net free $ortion of only P.00)000) &#ic# can be "i(en to anybo'y. <ence) out of t#e actual net assets of PE00)000 (because t#e 'ebts #a(e been 'e'ucte')) t#e brea='o&n is as follo&s+ C "ets P300)000 & "ets 0 form of 'onation Free Portion P.00)000 PE00)000 as #is le"itime since #e #as alrea'y recei(e' #is le"itime in t#e
6ALUE TO 9E COLLATE" *#e (alue of t#e collationable 'onations s#oul' not be t#e (alue at t#e time of t#e collection) but t#e (alue at t#e time t#e 'onations &ere ma'e because o&ners#i$ (a real ri"#t) is transferre' o(er t#e same once t#e 'onation is acce$te'. *#e increase in (alue s#oul' t#erefore be "i(en to t#e 'onee by (irtue of t#e rule in accretion. "ONATIONS TO C!IL"REN C!ARGE" AGAINST LEGITIME ART. ,-,. Aonations "i(en to c#il'ren s#all be c#ar"e' to t#eir le"itime. Aonations ma'e to stran"ers s#all be c#ar"e' to t#at $art of t#e estate of &#ic# t#e testator coul' #a(e 'is$ose' by #is last &ill. -nsofar as t#ey may be inofficious or may excee' t#e 'is$osable $ortion) t#ey s#all be re'uce' accor'in" to t#e rules establis#e' by t#e /i(il /o'e. N8*ES+ Aonations to c#il'ren s#oul' first be im$ute' to or c#ar"e' a"ainst t#eir le"itime, an' if t#e le"itime is not sufficient to co(er t#e 'onations) t#e excess s#oul' be c#ar"e' to t#e free $ortion, an' if still excessi(e) t#ey s#oul' be re'uce' so as not to im$air t#e le"itimes of t#e ot#ers. "ONATIONS TO ILLEGITIMATE C!IL"REN = ALSO C!ARGE" AGAINST T!E LEGITIME ART. ,5-. Aonations &#ic# an ille"itimate c#il' may #a(e recei(e' 'urin" t#e lifetime of #is fat#er or mot#er) s#all be c#ar"e' to #is le"itime. S#oul' t#ey excee' t#e $ortion t#at can be freely 'is$ose' of) t#ey s#all be re'uce' in t#e manner $rescribe' by t#e /i(il /o'e. OR"ER O7 RE7ERENCE IN T!E !ERE"ITARY ESTATE
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ART. ,55. After t#e le"itime #as been 'etermine' in accor'ance &it# t#e t#ree $rece'in" articles) t#e re'uction s#all be ma'e as follo&s+ (1) Aonations s#all be res$ecte' as lon" as t#e le"itime can be co(ere') re'ucin" or annullin") if necessary) t#e 'e(ises or le"acies ma'e in t#e &ill, (2) *#e re'uction of t#e 'e(ises or le"acies s#all be pro rata &it#out 'istinction &#ate(er. -f t#e testator #as 'irecte' t#at a certain 'e(ise or le"acy be $ai' in $reference to ot#ers) it s#all not suffer any re'uction until t#e latter #a(e been a$$lie' in full to t#e $ayment of t#e le"itime. (3) -f t#e 'e(ise or le"acy consists of a usufruct or life annuity) &#ose (alue may be consi'ere' "reater t#an t#at of t#e 'is$osable $ortion) t#e com$ulsory #eirs may c#oose bet&een com$lyin" &it# t#e testamentary $ro(ision an' 'eli(erin" to t#e 'e(isee or le"atee t#e $art of t#e in#eritance of &#ic# t#e testator coul' freely 'is$ose.
N8*E+ After t#e net #ere'itary estate #as been ascertaine') t#e follo&in" s#oul' be t#e or'er of $ayment+ a. b. c. '. First) *#en *#en *#en "i(e t#e le"itimes. t#e 'onations inter vivos. t#e preferred le"acies an' 'e(ises. all ot#er 'e(ises an' le"acies pro rata (in case t#e estate is not sufficient).
12
:EAS8NS ><? A8NA*-8NS *,T)R 6*6+S A:E P:EFE::EA 8KE: A-SP8S-*-8NS @+RT*S C!(S! (a) First) because t#ey &ere ma'e first) s#o&in" $reference in t#e "enerosity of t#e 'ece'ent. As "as been a$tly sai') G$riority in time is $riority in ri"#t)H or Gfirst come) first ser(e'.H (b) Secon') because a 'onation is a bilateral act) t#ere s#oul' be acce$tance on t#e $art of t#e 'onee) &#ile a 'is$osition mortis causa) as by a 'e(ise or a le"acy) as in a sense) unilateral. 8f course) t#ese 'is$ositions may later on eit#er be acce$te' or re$u'iate'. (c) *#ir') because 'onations are "enerally irre(ocable. /:8SS2:EFE:EN/E *8 A:*. 1 0 Art. 1 0 of t#e /i(il /o'e rea's as follo&s+ G-f t#e estate s#oul' not be sufficient to co(er all t#e le"acies or 'e(ises) t#eir $ayment s#all be ma'e in t#e follo&in" or'er+ (1) :emuneratory le"acies or 'e(ises, (2) !e"acies or 'e(ises 'eclare' by t#e testator to be $referential, (3) !e"acies for su$$ort, (.) !e"acies for e'ucation, ( ) !e"acies or 'e(ises of a s$ecific) 'eterminate t#in" &#ic# forms a $art of t#e estate, (@) All ot#ers pro rata.H A-FFE:EN/E DE*>EEN A:*. 111 ANA 1 0 Art. 111 a$$lies only &#en asi'e from t#e (arious le"acies an' 'e(ises) t#ere are le"itimes to be $reser(e' (&#et#er im$aire' or not by t#e testamentary $ro(isions) or t#ere are 'onations inter vivos &#ic# s#oul' be res$ecte' as muc# as $ossible. Art. 1 0 a$$lies only &#en t#ere are no com$ulsory #eirs or &#en t#ere are no inofficious 'onations inter vivos. -n ot#er &or's) if t#e re'uction concerns itself &it# t#e le"acies or 'e(ises) Art. 1 0 s#oul' be a$$lie'. !O> TO RE"UCE INO77ICIOUS "E6ISES ART. ,50. -f t#e 'e(ise sub7ect to re'uction s#oul' consist of real $ro$erty) &#ic# cannot be con(eniently 'i(i'e') it s#all "o to t#e 'e(isee if t#e re'uction 'oes not absorb one0#alf of its (alue, an' in a contrary case) to t#e com$ulsory #eirs, but t#e former an' t#e latter s#all reimburse eac# ot#er in cas# for &#at res$ecti(ely belon"s to t#em. *#e 'e(isee &#o is entitle' to a le"itime may retain t#e entire $ro$erty) $ro(i'e' its (alue 'oes not excee' t#at of t#e 'is$osable $ortion an' of t#e s#are $ertainin" to #im as le"itime.
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SALE AT
U9LIC AUCTION
ART. ,51. -f t#e #eirs or 'e(isees 'o not c#oose to a(ail t#emsel(es of t#e ri"#t "rante' by t#e $rece'in" article) any #eir or 'e(isee &#o 'i' not #a(e suc# ri"#t may exercise it, s#oul' t#e latter not ma=e use of it) t#e $ro$erty s#all be sol' at $ublic auction at t#e instance of any one of t#e intereste' $arties. 7REE fit. N8*ES+ *#e free $ortion (really t#e Gfree 'is$osalH) may be t#e ob7ect of a c#ar"e) a substitution) or a con'ition. *#e so2calle' Gfree $ortionH is not exactly free for if t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse an'3or ille"itimate c#il'ren are $resent) t#e Gfree $ortionH is bur'ene' by t#eir le"itimes. -f anyt#in" is still left) t#is &oul' Gfree)H an' t#e more $ro$er term for t#is &oul' be t#e Gfree 'is$osal.H STE S TO "ETERMINE LEGITIMES4 INO77ICIOUS "ONATIONS AN" E<CESSI6E LEGACIES AN" "E6ISES 1. From t#e (alue of $ro$erty left) subtract 'ebts an' c#ar"es (exclu'in" le"acies an' 'e(ises). 2. A'' to No. (1) t#e (alue of all t#e collationable 'onations inter vivos. 3. From t#e net #ere'itary estate) 'etermine t#e actual le"itimes of t#e com$ulsory #eirs sur(i(in". .. /#ar"e or im$ute 'onations a. A 'onation to a com$ulsory #eir is c#ar"e' or im$ute' to #is le"itime, any excess is im$ute' to t#e free 'is$osal. b. A 'onation to a stran"er is c#ar"e' or im$ute' to t#e free 'is$osal, if excessi(e 4 re'uce. Note+ -f a com$ulsory #eir is exem$te' from collation 4 a$$ly IbJ 'onation to stran"er. . A'' 'onations (&#ic# are im$ute' to t#e free 'is$osal) to le"acies an' 'e(ices. N8*ES+ -f total excee's free 'is$osal) t#en re'uce) but 'onations are $referre' to le"acies an' 'e(ises. Since in t#is case t#e free 'is$osal is excee'e') an' t#e le"itime #as been im$aire') a$$ly Art. 111 (not Art. 1 0) in re'ucin" t#e le"acies an' 'e(ises. Section @ "ISIN!ERITANCE ART. ,53. A compulsory heir m'y4 i) co)se?ue)ce o& (isi)heri#')ce4 ;e 'e$ri(e' o& his le%i#ime4 &or c'uses e@pressly s#'#e( ;y l'.. "ISIN!ERITANCE 2 is t#e $rocess or act) t#rou"# a testamentary 'is$ositions of 'e$ri(in" in a &ill any com$ulsory #eir of #is le"itime for true an' la&ful causes. ORTION OR 7REE "IS OSAL
ART. ,52. *#e testator may 'e(ise an' be9ueat# t#e free $ortion as #e may 'eem
ART. ,56. Aisin#eritance can be effecte' 8N!? t#rou"# a (ali' &ill &#erein t#e le"al cause t#erefor s#all be s$ecifie'. REAUISITES 7OR A 6ALI" "ISIN!ERITANCE (1) Must be ma'e in a &ill. (2) Must be ma'e ex$ressly. (3) Must be for a !E;A! /ABSE. (.) Must be *8*A! or /8MP!E*E. ( ) *#e cause must be state' in t#e &ill itself. (@) *#e #eir 'isin#erite' must be clearly i'entifie') so t#at t#ere &ill be no 'oubt as to &#o is really bein" 'isin#erite'. (E) *#e &ill must not #a(e been re(o=e') at least insofar as t#e 'isin#eritance is concerne'. 9UR"EN O7 RO6ING T!E TRUT! O7 T!E CAUSE 7OR "ISIN!ERITANCE
1.
ART. ,57. *#e bur'en of $ro(in" t#e trut# of t#e cause for 'isin#eritance s#all rest u$on t#e ot#er #eirs of t#e testator) if t#e 'isin#erite' #eir s#oul' 'eny it. INE77ECTI6E "ISIN!ERITANCE ART. ,58. Aisin#eritance &it#out a s$ecification of t#e cause) or for a cause t#e trut# of &#ic#) if contra'icte') is not $ro(e') or &#ic# is not one of t#ose set fort# in t#e /i(il /o'e) s#all annul t#e institution of #eirs insofar as it may $re7u'ice t#e $erson 'isin#erite', but t#e 'e(ises an' le"acies an' ot#er testamentary 'is$ositions s#all be (ali' to suc# extent as &ill not im$air t#e le"itime. F8B: /ASES ><EN *<E A-S-N<E:-*AN/E -S /8NS-AE:EA -NEFFE/*-KE+ a. &it#out "i(in" t#e cause (N8 /ABSE S*A*EA) b. a cause 'enie' by t#e #eir concerne' an' not $ro(e' by t#e institute' #eir (N8* *:BE /ABSE) c. a cause not "i(en in t#e la& (N8* !E;A! /ABSE) '. &#ere t#ere is a subse9uent reconciliation !rt. "22: 3! subseAuent reconciliation bet<een the offender and the offended person deprives the latter of the right to disinherit and renders ineffectual any disinheritance that may have been made.5$ E77ECTS O7 INE77ECTI6E "ISIN!ERITANCE 1. *#e institution of #eirs is annulle' but only insofar as it may $re7u'ice t#e $erson 'isin#erite') t#at is insofar as t#e le"itime of sai' #eir is im$aire'. 2. *#e 'e(ises) le"acies) an' ot#er testamentary 'is$ositions s#all be (ali' to suc# extent as &ill not im$air t#e le"itime. "ISTINCTIONS 9ET>EEN RETERITION AN" 6ALI" "ISIN!ERITANCE 6ALI" "ISIN!ERITANCE 1. 'isin#eritance is al&ays intentional 2. cause must al&ays be state' in t#e &ill, must be true an' le"al
RETERITION 1. t#e omission may be eit#er intentional or unintentional 2. may be &it# cause or &it#out cause
3. $reterition annuls t#e institution) t#erefore) t#e omitte' #eir in#erits .. may exist &it# or &it#out a &ill (as &#en e(eryt#in" #as been "i(en to only one of t#e com$ulsory #eirs by &ay of 'onation inter vivos). . t#e institution is al&ays K8-A 4 exce$t &#en t#e $reterite' #eir $re'eceases t#e testator "ISTINCTION 9ET>EEN "ISIN!ERITANCE RETERITION
3.
t#e 'isin#erite' #eir in#erits not#in" (eit#er by &ay of le"itime) or by &ay of free $ortion) .. a &ill is al&ays re9uire'
may be KA!-A 4 &#en all t#e re9uirements of t#e la& are follo&e' IM ER7ECT OR INE77ECTI6E
AN"
-n $reterition) t#e institution of #eirs is com$letely annulle'. -n im$erfect or ineffecti(e 'isin#eritance) t#e institution remains (ali') but must be re'uce' insofar as t#e le"itime #as been im$aire'. SIMILARITIES 9ET>EEN "ISIN!ERITANCE RETERITION AN" IM ER7ECT OR INE77ECTI6E
1. -n bot# cases) t#e omitte' #eir an' t#e im$erfectly 'isin#erite' #eir "et at least t#eir le"itime. 2. -n bot# cases) t#e le"acies an' 'e(ises remain (ali' insofar as t#e le"itime #as not been im$aire'. 3. Dot# refer to com$ulsory #eirs. CAUSES 7OR T!E "ISIN!ERITANCE O7 C!IL"REN AN" "ESCEN"ANTS ART. ,5,. *#e follo&in" s#all be sufficient causes for t#e 'isin#eritance of c#il'ren an' 'escen'ants) le"itimate as &ell as ille"itimate+ (1) >#en a c#il' or 'escen'ant #as been foun' "uilty of an attem$t a"ainst t#e life of t#e testator) #is or #er s$ouse) 'escen'ants or ascen'ants, (2) >#en a c#il' or 'escen'ant #as accuse' t#e testator of a crime for &#ic# t#e la& $rescribes im$risonment for six years or more) if t#e accusation #as been foun' "roun'less, (3) >#en a c#il' or 'escen'ant #as been con(icte' of a'ultery or concubina"e &it# t#e s$ouse of t#e testator, (.) >#en a c#il' or 'escen'ant by frau') (iolence) intimi'ation) or un'ue influence causes t#e testator to ma=e a &ill or to c#an"e one alrea'y ma'e, ( ) A refusal &it#out 7ustifiable cause to su$$ort t#e $arent or ascen'ant &#o 'isin#erits suc# c#il' or 'escen'ant, (@) Maltreatment of t#e testator by &or' or 'ee') by t#e c#il' or 'escen'ant, (E) >#en a c#il' or 'escen'ant lea's a 'is#onourable or 'is"raceful life, (5) /on(iction of a crime &#ic# carries &it# it t#e $enalty of ci(il inter'iction. CAUSES 7OR T!E "ISIN!ERITANCE O7 ARENTS OR ASCEN"ANTS
ART. ,0-. *#e follo&in" s#all be sufficient causes for t#e 'isin#eritance of $arents or ascen'ants) &#et#er le"itimate or ille"itimate+ 1) >#en t#e $arents #a(e aban'one' t#eir c#il'ren or in'uce' t#eir 'au"#ters to li(e a corru$t or immoral life) or attem$te' a"ainst t#eir (irtue, 2) >#en t#e $arent or ascen'ant #as been con(icte' of an attem$t a"ainst t#e life of t#e testator) #is or #er s$ouse) 'escen'ants) or ascen'ants, 3) >#en t#e $arent or ascen'ant #as accuse' t#e testator of a crime for &#ic# t#e la& $rescribes im$risonment for six years or more) if t#e accusation #as been foun' to be false, .) >#en t#e $arent or ascen'ant by frau') (iolence) intimi'ation) or un'ue influence causes t#e testator to ma=e a &ill or to c#an"e one alrea'y ma'e, ) *#e loss $arental aut#ority for causes s$ecifie' in t#e /i(il /o'e, @) *#e refusal to su$$ort t#e c#il'ren or 'escen'ants &it#out 7ustifiable cause, E) An attem$t by one of t#e $arents a"ainst t#e life of t#e ot#er) unless t#ere #as been a reconciliation bet&een t#em. CAUSES 7OR "ISIN!ERTING A S OUSE ART. ,05. *#e follo&in" s#all be sufficient causes for 'isin#eritin" a s$ouse+ (1) >#en t#e s$ouse #as been con(icte' of an attem$t a"ainst t#e life of t#e testator) #is or #er 'escen'ants) or ascen'ants, (2) >#en t#e s$ouse #as accuse' t#e testator of a crime for &#ic# t#e la& $rescribes im$risonment for six years or more) an' t#e accusation #as been foun' to be false, (3) >#en t#e s$ouse by frau') (iolence) intimi'ation) or un'ue influence causes t#e testator to ma=e a &ill or to c#an"e one alrea'y ma'e, (.) >#en t#e s$ouse #as "i(en cause for le"al se$aration, ( ) >#en t#e s$ouse #as "i(en "roun's for t#e loss of $arental aut#ority, (@) Bn7ustifiable refusal to su$$ort t#e c#il'ren or t#e ot#er s$ouse. RECONCILIATION ART. ,00. A subse9uent reconciliation bet&een t#e offen'er an' t#e offen'e' $erson 'e$ri(es t#e latter of t#e ri"#t to 'isin#erit) an' ren'ers ineffectual any 'isin#eritance t#at may #a(e been ma'e. RECONCILIATION 4 is t#e mutual restoration of feelin"s to t#e status Auo. -t is in'ee' t#e resum$tion of frien'ly relations. A-S-N<E:-*AN/E -S :EK8NEA D?+ (a) subse9uent reconciliation, (b) t#e ma=in" of a ne& &ill ma=in" t#e 'isin#erite' #eir an institute' #eir. RE RESENTATION O7 T!E "ISIN!ERITE" !EIR ART. ,01. *#e c#il'ren an' 'escen'ants of t#e $erson 'isin#erite' s#all ta=e #is or #er $lace an' s#all $reser(e t#e ri"#ts of com$ulsory #eirs &it# res$ect to t#e le"itime, but t#e 'isin#erite' $arent s#all not #a(e t#e usufruct or a'ministration of t#e $ro$erty &#ic# constitutes t#e le"itime.
1@
:-;<* 8F :EP:ESEN*A*-8N+ *#e c#il'ren an' 'escen'ants are allo&e' to in#erit by re$resentation) t#e le"itime of t#e 'isin#erite' #eir because t#e fault of t#e #eir is not t#e fault of t#e re$resentati(e 4 an' it &oul' be un7ust to $unis# t#em SE/*-8N E LEGACIES AN" "E6ISES ART. ,02. All t#in"s an' ri"#ts &#ic# are &it#in t#e commerce of man may be be9ueat#e' or 'e(ise'. LEGACY 4 it is a "ift of $ersonal $ro$erty "i(en in a &ill "E6ISE 4 it is a "ift of real $ro$erty "i(en in a &ill "UTY O7 GI6ING T!E LEGACIES AN" "E6ISES ART. ,03. A testator may c#ar"e &it# le"acies an' 'e(ises not only #is com$ulsory #eirs but also t#e le"atees an' 'e(isees. *#e latter s#all be liable for t#e c#ar"e only to t#e extent of t#e (alue of t#e le"acy or t#e 'e(ise recei(e' by t#em. *#e com$ulsory #eirs s#all not be liable for t#e c#ar"e beyon' t#e amount of t#e free $ortion "i(en t#em. >!EN !EIRS ARE C!ARGE" ART. ,06. >#en t#e testator c#ar"es one of t#e #eirs &it# a le"acy or 'e(ise) #e alone s#all be boun'. S#oul' #e not c#ar"e anyone in $articular) all s#all be liable in t#e same $ro$ortion in &#ic# t#ey may in#erit. SOLI"ARY LIA9ILITY O7 !EIRS >!O TABE OSSESSION
1E
ART. ,07. -f t&o or more #eirs ta=e $ossession of t#e estate) t#ey s#all be soli'arily liable for t#e loss or 'estruction f a t#in" 'e(ise' or be9ueat#e') e(en t#ou"# only one of t#em s#oul' #a(e been ne"li"ent. LIA9ILITY 7OR E6ICTION ART. ,08. *#e #eir &#o is boun' to 'eli(er t#e le"acy or 'e(ise s#all be liable in case of e(iction) if t#e t#in" is in'eterminate an' is in'icate' only by its =in'. T!E GRANT O7 A ART INTEREST
ART. ,0,. -f t#e testator) #eir or le"atee o&ns only a $art of) or an interest in t#e t#in" be9ueat#e') t#e le"acy or 'e(ise s#all be un'erstoo' limite' to suc# $art or interest) unless t#e testator ex$ressly 'eclares t#at #e "i(es t#e t#in" in its entirety. E77ECT O7 ERROR IN O>NERS!I
ART. ,1-. *#e le"acy or 'e(ise of a t#in" belon"in" to anot#er $erson is (oi') if t#e testator erroneously belie(e' t#at t#e t#in" $ertaine' to #im. Dut if t#e t#in" be9ueat#e') t#ou"# not belon"in" to t#e testator &#en #e ma'e t#e &ill) after&ar's becomes #is) by &#ate(er title) t#e 'is$osition s#all ta=e effect. >!EN TESTATOR OR"ERES T!E ACAUISITION ART. ,15. -f t#e testator or'ers t#at a t#in" belon"in" to anot#er be ac9uire' in or'er t#at it be "i(en to a le"atee or 'e(isee) t#e #eir u$on &#om t#e obli"ation is im$ose' or t#e estate must ac9uire it an' "i(e t#e same to t#e le"atee or 'e(isee, but if t#e o&ner of t#e t#in" refuses to alienate t#e same) or 'eman's an excessi(e $rice t#erefor) t#e #eir or t#e estate s#all only be obli"e' to "i(e t#e 7ust (alue of t#e t#in". >!EN T!ING ALREA"Y 9ELONGS TO RECI IENT ART. ,10. *#e le"acy or 'e(ise of a t#in" &#ic# at t#e time of t#e execution of t#e &ill alrea'y belon"e' to t#e le"atee or 'e(isee s#all be ineffecti(e) e(en t#ou"# anot#er $erson may #a(e some interest t#erein. -f t#e testator ex$ressly or'ers t#at t#e t#in" be free' from suc# interest or encumbrance) t#e le"acy or 'e(ise s#all be (ali' to t#at extent. E77ECT O7 ALIENATION 9Y LEGATEE OR "E6ISE ART. ,11. -f t#e t#in" be9ueat#e' belon"e' to t#e le"atee or 'e(isee at t#e time of t#e execution of t#e &ill) t#e le"acy or 'e(ise s#all be &it#out effect) e(en t#ou"# it may #a(e been subse9uently alienate' by #im. -f t#e le"atee or 'e(isee ac9uires it "ratuitously after suc# time) #e can claim not#in" by (irtue of t#e le"acy or 'e(ise, but if it #as been ac9uire' by onerous title #e can 'eman' reimbursement from t#e #eir or t#e estate. RULE I7 T!ING IS LE"GE" OR MORTGAGE"
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ART. ,12. -f t#e testator s#oul' be9ueat# or 'e(ise somet#in" $le'"e' or mort"a"e' to secure a reco(erable 'ebt before t#e execution of t#e &ill) t#e estate is obli"e' to $ay t#e 'ebt) unless t#e contrary intention a$$ears. *#e same rule a$$lies &#en t#e t#in" is $le'"e' or mort"a"e' after t#e execution of t#e &ill. Any ot#er c#ar"e) $er$etual or tem$orary) &it# &#ic# t#e t#in" be9ueat#e' is bur'ene') $asses &it# it to t#e le"atee or 'e(isee. LEGACY O7 CRE"IT OR REMISSION ART. ,13. *#e le"acy of a cre'it a"ainst a t#ir' $erson or of t#e remission or release of a 'ebt of t#e le"atee s#all be effecti(e only as re"ar's t#at $art of t#e cre'it or 'ebt existin" at t#e time of t#e 'eat# of testator. -n t#e first case) t#e estate s#all com$ly &it# t#e le"acy by assi"nin" to t#e le"atee all ri"#ts of action it may #a(e a"ainst t#e 'ebtor. -n t#e secon' case) by "i(in" t#e le"atee an ac9uittance) s#oul' #e re9uest one.
-n bot# cases) t#e le"acy s#all com$rise all interests on t#e cre'it or 'ebt &#ic# may be 'ue t#e testator at t#e time of #is 'eat#. E77ECT O7 ACTION AGAINST "E9TOR8LEGATEE ART. ,16. *#e le"acy referre' to in t#e $rece'in" article s#all la$se if t#e testator) after #a(in" ma'e it) s#oul' brin" an action a"ainst t#e 'ebtor for t#e $ayment of #is 'ebt) e(en if suc# $ayment s#oul' not #a(e been effecte' at t#e time of #is 'eat#. *#e le"acy to t#e 'ebtor of t#e t#in" $le'"e' by #im is un'erstoo' to 'isc#ar"e only t#e ri"#t of $le'"e. GENERIC LEGACY O7 RELEASE OR REMISSION ART. ,17. A "eneric le"acy of release or remission of 'ebts com$rises t#ose existin" at t#e time of t#e execution of t#e &ill) but not subse9uent ones. NON8A LICATION O7 LEGACY TO CRE"IT
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ART. ,18. A le"acy or 'e(ise ma'e to a cre'itor s#all not be a$$lie' to #is cre'it) unless t#e testator so ex$ressly 'eclares. -n t#e latter case) t#e cre'itor s#all #a(e t#e ri"#t to collect t#e excess) if any) of t#e cre'it or of t#e le"acy or 'e(ise. A LICATION O7 RULE ON SOLUTIO INDEBITI
ART. ,1,. -f t#e testator or'ers t#e $ayment of &#at #e belie(es #e o&es but 'oes not in fact o&e) t#e 'is$osition s#all be consi'ere' as not &ritten. -f as re"ar's a s$ecifie' 'ebt more t#an t#e amount t#ereof is or'ere' $ai') t#e excess is not 'ue) unless a contrary intention a$$ears. *#e fore"oin" $ro(isions are &it#out $re7u'ice to t#e fulfilment of natural obli"ations. C!OICE IN ALTERNATI6E LEGACIES OR "E6ISES ART. ,2-. -n alternati(e le"acies or 'e(ises) t#e c#oice is $resume' to be left to t#e #eir u$on &#om t#e obli"ation to "i(e t#e le"acy or 'e(ise may be im$ose') or t#e executor or a'ministrator of t#e estate if no $articular #eir is so obli"e'. -f t#e #eir) le"atee or 'e(isee) &#o may #a(e been "i(en t#e c#oice) 'ies before ma=in" it) t#is ri"#t s#all $ass to t#e res$ecti(e #eirs. 8nce ma'e) t#e c#oice is irre(ocable. -n alternati(e le"acies or 'e(ises) exce$t as #erein $ro(i'e') t#e $ro(isions of t#e /i(il /o'e re"ulatin" obli"ations of t#e same =in' s#all be obser(e') sa(e suc# mo'ifications as may a$$ear from t#e intention ex$resse' by t#e testator. LEGACY OR "E6ISE O7 GENERIC RO ERTY
ART. ,25. A le"acy of "eneric $ersonal $ro$erty s#all be (ali' e(en if t#ere be no t#in"s of t#e same =in' in t#e estate.
A 'e(ise of in'eterminate real $ro$erty s#all be (ali' only if t#ere be immo(able $ro$erty of its =in' in t#e estate. *#e ri"#t of c#oice s#all belon" to t#e executor or a'ministrator &#o s#all com$ly &it# t#e le"acy by t#e 'eli(ery of a t#in" &#ic# is neit#er of inferior nor of su$erior 9uality. >!EN RIG!T O7 C!OICE IS GI6EN TO OT!ERS ART. ,20. >#ene(er t#e testator ex$ressly lea(es t#e ri"#t of c#oice to t#e #eir) or to t#e le"atee or 'e(isee) t#e former may "i(e or t#e latter may c#oose &#ic#e(er #e may $refer. >!EN C!OICE IS ASSE" TO RECI IENTCS !EIRS
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ART. ,21. -f t#e #eir) le"atee or 'e(isee cannot ma=e t#e c#oice) in case it #as been "rante') #is ri"#t s#all $ass to #is #eirs, but a c#oice once ma'e s#all be irre(ocable. LEGACY 7OR E"UCATION AN" SU ORT
ART. ,22. A le"acy for e'ucation lasts until t#e le"atee is of a"e) or beyon' t#e a"e of ma7ority in or'er t#at t#e le"atee may finis# some $rofessional) (ocational or "eneral course) $ro(i'e' #e $ursues #is course 'ili"ently. A le"acy for su$$ort lasts 'urin" t#e lifetime of t#e le"atee) if t#e testator #as not ot#er&ise $ro(i'e'. -f t#e testator #as not fixe' t#e amount of suc# le"acies) it s#all be fixe' in accor'ance &it# t#e social stan'in" an' t#e circumstances of t#e le"atee an' t#e (alue of t#e estate. -f t#e testator 'urin" #is lifetime use' to "i(e t#e le"atee a certain sum of money or ot#er t#in"s by &ay of su$$ort) t#e same amount s#all be 'eeme' be9ueat#e') unless it be mar=e'ly 'is$ro$ortionate to t#e (alue of t#e estate. T!E GI6ING O7 ENSIONS
ART. ,23. -f a $erio'ical $ension) or a certain annual mont#ly) or &ee=ly amount is be9ueat#e') t#e le"atee may $etition t#e court for t#e first instalment u$on t#e 'eat# of t#e testator) an' for t#e follo&in" ones &#ic# s#all be 'ue at t#e be"innin" of eac# $erio', suc# $ayment s#all not be returne') e(en t#ou"# t#e le"atee s#oul' 'ie before t#e ex$iration of t#e $erio' &#ic# #as commence'. GI7T IN6OL6ING A USU7RUCT ART. ,26. -f t#e t#in" be9ueat#e' s#oul' be sub7ect to a usufruct) t#e le"atee or 'e(isee s#all res$ect suc# ri"#t until it is le"ally extin"uis#e'.
Art. @03. Bsufruct is extin"uis#e'+ a. Dy t#e 'eat# of usufructuary) unless a contrary intention clearly a$$ears, b. Dy t#e ex$iration of t#e $erio' for &#ic# it &as constitute' or by t#e fulfilment of any resolutory con'ition $ro(i'e' in t#e title creatin" t#e usufruct, c. Dy mer"er of t#e usufruct an' o&ners#i$ in t#e same $erson, '. Dy renunciation of t#e usufruct,
Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta e. Dy t#e termination of t#e ri"#t of t#e $erson constitutin" t#e usufruct, f. Dy $rescri$tion.
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>!EN RIG!T IS TRANSMITTE" ART. ,27. *#e le"atee or 'e(isee ac9uires a ri"#t to t#e $ure an' sim$le le"acies or 'e(ises from t#e 'eat# of t#e testator) an' transmits it to #is #eirs. >!EN O>NERS!I O7 LEGACY OR "E6ISE IS ACAUIRE"
ART. ,28. -f t#e le"acy or 'e(ise is of a s$ecific an' 'eterminate t#in" $ertainin" to t#e testator) t#e le"atee or 'e(isee ac9uires t#e o&ners#i$ t#ereof u$on t#e 'eat# of t#e testator) as &ell as any "ro&in" fruits) or unborn offs$rin" of animals) or uncollecte' income, but not t#e income &#ic# &as 'ue an' un$ai' before t#e latter%s 'eat#. From t#e moment of t#e testator%s 'eat#) t#e t#in" be9ueat#e' s#all be at t#e ris= of t#e le"atee or 'e(isee) &#o s#all) t#erefore) bear its loss or 'eterioration) an' s#all be benefite' by its increase or im$ro(ement) &it#out $re7u'ice to t#e res$onsibility of t#e executor or a'ministrator. GENERIC GI7TS ART. ,2,. -f t#e be9uest s#oul' not be of a s$ecific an' 'eterminate t#in") but is "eneric or of 9uantity) its fruits an' interests from t#e time of t#e 'eat# of t#e testator s#all $ertain to t#e le"atee or 'e(isee if t#e testator #as ex$ressly so or'ere'. OR"ER O7 RE7ERENCE 7OR LEGACIES AN" "E6ISES
ART. ,3-. -f t#e estate s#oul' not be sufficient to co(er all t#e le"acies or 'e(ises) t#eir $ayment s#all be ma'e in t#e follo&in" or'er+ (1) :emuneratory le"acies an' 'e(ises, (2) !e"acies or 'e(ises 'eclare' by t#e testator to be $referential, (3) !e"acies for su$$ort, (.) !e"acies for e'ucation, ( ) !e"acies or 'e(ises of a s$ecific) 'eterminate t#in" &#ic# forms a $art of t#e estate, (@) All ot#ers) pro rata. ACCESSIONS AN" ACCESSORIES ART. ,35. *#e t#in" be9ueat#e' s#all be 'eli(ere' &it# all its accessions an' accessories an' in t#e con'ition in &#ic# it may be u$on t#e 'eat# of t#e testator. ACCESSIONS 4 may be natural) li=e allu(ium) or in'ustrial) li=e a'7unctions ACCESSORIES 4 are t#ose 'e$en'ent on a $rinci$al) li=e t#e 7ac= for an automobile) or t#e mac#ines in a factory. "ELI6ERY O7 T!E GI7T ART. ,30. *#e #eir) c#ar"e' &it# a le"acy or 'e(ise) or t#e executor or a'ministrator of t#e estate) must 'eli(er t#e (ery t#in" be9ueat#e' if #e is able to 'o so an' cannot 'isc#ar"e t#is obli"ation by $ayin" its (alue.
!e"acies of money must be $ai' in cas#) e(en t#ou"# t#e #eir or t#e estate may not #a(e any. *#e ex$enses necessary for t#e 'eli(ery of t#e t#in" be9ueat#e' s#all be for t#e account of t#e #eir or t#e estate) but &it#out $re7u'ice to t#e le"itime. NECESSITY O7 MABING REAUEST 7OR "ELI6ERY ART. ,31. *#e le"atee or 'e(isee cannot ta=e $ossession of t#e t#in" be9ueat#e' u$on #is o&n aut#ority) but s#all re9uests its 'eli(ery an' $ossession of t#e #eir c#ar"e' &it# t#e le"acy or 'e(ise) or of t#e executor or a'ministrator of t#e estate s#oul' #e be aut#ori0e' by t#e court to 'eli(er it. ARTLY ONEROUS AN" ARTLY GRATUITOUS GI7TS
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ART. ,32. *#e le"atee or 'e(isee cannot acce$t a $art of t#e le"acy or 'e(ise an' re$u'iate t#e ot#er) if t#e latter be onerous. S#oul' #e 'ie before #a(in" acce$te' t#e le"acy or 'e(ise) lea(in" se(eral #eirs) some of t#e latter may acce$t an' t#e ot#ers may re$u'iate t#e s#are res$ecti(ely belon"in" to t#em in t#e le"acy or 'e(ise. ONEROUS AN" GRATUITOUS GI7TS ART. ,33. *#e le"atee or 'e(isee of t&o le"acies or 'e(ises) one of &#ic# is onerous) cannot renounce t#e onerous one an' acce$t t#e ot#er. -f bot# are onerous or "ratuitous) #e s#all be free to acce$t or renounce bot#) or to renounce eit#er. Dut if t#e testator inten'e' t#at t#e t&o le"acies or 'e(ises s#oul' be inse$arable from eac# ot#er) t#e le"atee or 'e(isee must eit#er acce$t or renounce bot#. Any com$ulsory #eir &#o is at t#e same time a le"atee or 'e(isee may &ai(e t#e in#eritance an' acce$t t#e le"acy or 'e(ise or renounce t#e latter an' acce$t t#e former) or &ai(e or acce$t bot#. E77ECT O7 INCA ACITY OR RE U"IATION ART. ,36. -f t#e le"atee or 'e(isee cannot or is un&illin" to acce$t t#e le"acy or 'e(ise) or if t#e le"acy or 'e(ise for any reason s#oul' become ineffecti(e) it s#all be mer"e' into t#e mass of t#e estate) exce$t in cases of substitution an' of t#e ri"#t accretion. ACCRETION 4 is a ri"#t by (irtue of &#ic#) &#en t&o or more $ersons are calle' to t#e same in#eritance) 'e(ise or le"acy) t#e $art assi"ne' to t#e one &#o renounces or cannot recei(e #is s#are) or &#o 'ie' before t#e testator) is a''e' or incor$orate' to t#at of #is co2 #eirs) co2'e(isees or co2le"atees. !rt. 1#11$ REAUISITES 7OR ACCRETION IN TESTAMENTARY SUCCESSION$ a) t#at t&o or more $ersons be calle' to t#e same in#eritance) or t#e same $ortion t#ereof) proBindiviso, an' b) t#at one of t#e $ersons t#us calle' 'ie before t#e testator) or renounce t#e in#eritance or be inca$acitate' to recei(e it. !rt. 1#12$ RULE$ I8S8R8A8I
1. 2. 3. .. .
A$$ly -NS*-*B*-8N if $ro$er, -f not) a$$ly SBDS*-*B*-8N if $ro$er, -f not) a$$ly :EP:ESEN*A*-8N if $ro$er, -f not) a$$ly A//:E*-8N if $ro$er, -f not) a$$ly -N*ES*A/?. >!EN LEGACY OR "E6ISE IS >IT!OUT E77ECT ART. ,37. *#e le"acy or 'e(ise s#all be &it#out effect+ (1) -f t#e testator transforms t#e t#in" be9ueat#e' in suc# a manner t#at it 'oes not retain eit#er t#e form or t#e 'enomination it #a' (G*:ANSF8:MSH), (2) -f t#e testator by any title or for any cause alienates t#e t#in" be9ueat#e' or any $art t#ereof) it bein" un'erstoo' t#at in t#e latter case t#e le"acy or 'e(ise s#all be &it#out effect only &it# res$ect to t#e $art t#us alienate'. -f after t#e alienation t#e t#in" s#oul' a"ain belon" to t#e testator) e(en if it be by reason of nullity of t#e contract) t#e le"acy or 'e(ise s#all not t#ereafter be (ali') unless t#e reac9uisition s#all #a(e been effecte' by (irtue of t#e exercise of t#e ri"#t of re$urc#ase (GA!-ENA*ESH), (3) -f t#e t#in" be9ueat#e' is totally lost 'urin" t#e lifetime of t#e testator) or after #is 'eat# &it#out t#e #eir%s fault (G!8S*H). Ne(ert#eless) t#e $erson obli"e' to $ay t#e le"acy or 'e(ise s#all be liable for e(iction if t#e t#in" be9ueat#e' s#oul' not #a(e been 'eterminate as to its =in') in accor'ance &it# t#e $ro(isions of Art. 125. E77ECT O7 MISTABE IN NAME O7 T!ING
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ART. ,38. A mista=e as to t#e name of t#e t#in" be9ueat#e' or 'e(ise' is of no conse9uence) if it is $ossible to i'entify t#e t#in" &#ic# t#e testator inten'e' to be9ueat# or 'e(ise. "IS OSITION IN GENERAL TERMS ART. ,3,. A 'is$osition ma'e in "eneral terms in fa(or of t#e testator%s relati(es s#all be un'erstoo' to be in fa(or of t#ose nearest in 'e"ree. LEGAL OR INTESTATE SUCCESSION SE/*-8N 1 GENERAL RO6ISIONS LEGAL SUCCESSION ART. ,6-. !e"al or intestate succession ta=es $lace+ (1) -f a $erson 'ies &it#out a &ill) or &it# a (oi' &ill) or one &#ic# #as subse9uently lost its (ali'ity, (2) >#en t#e &ill 'oes not institute an #eir to) or 'is$ose of all t#e $ro$erty belon"in" to t#e testator. -n suc# case) le"al succession s#all ta=e $lace only &it# res$ect to t#e $ro$erty of &#ic# t#e testator #as not 'is$ose', (3) -f t#e sus$ensi(e con'ition attac#e' to t#e institution of #eir 'oes not #a$$en or is not fulfille') or if t#e #eir 'ies before t#e testator) or re$u'iates t#e in#eritance) t#ere bein" no substitution) an' no ri"#t of accretion ta=es $lace,
(.) >#en t#e #eir institute' is inca$able of succee'in") exce$t in cases $ro(i'e' in t#e /i(il /o'e. LEGAL SUCCESSION 4 is t#at =in' of succession $rescribe' by t#e la& an' $resume' by it to be t#e 'esire of t#e 'ecease') &#ic# ta=es $lace &#en t#e ex$resse' &ill of t#e 'ece'ent #as not been set 'o&n in a &ill. >!EN LEGAL OR INTESTATE SUCCESSION TABES -irst Paragraph: 1) G&it#out a &illH 4 no &ill ma'e 2) G(oi' &illH 4 lac=s essential re9uisites, 'enie' $robate 3) Gsubse9uently lost its (ali'ityH 4 re(o=e' or ineffecti(e Second Paragraph: .) &#ere t#ere is no #eir) no le"atee) no 'e(isee) or &#en t#ere is partial 'is$osition (intestacy controls t#e remain'er) Third Paragraph: ) if t#e sus$ensi(e con'ition 'oes not #a$$en @) in case of $re'ecease E) in case of re$u'iation Dut t#ere &ill be no intestacy in t#e abo(e cases if t#ere is+ a. substitution, or b. accretion -ourth Paragraph: 5) &#en t#e #eir institute' is inca$able of succee'in") exce$t in cases $ro(i'e' in t#e /i(il /o'e. +thers: 1) u$on t#e ex$iration of t#e resolutory term, 10) u$on t#e fulfilment of t#e resolutory con'ition OBE:?+ Aoes $rocee'in"F $reterition con(ert a court $rocee'in" into an intestate LACE$
2.
ANS>E:+ -t 'e$en's. a) -f t#e $rocee'in" is a *ES*A*E $rocee'in") t#e same is con(erte' into a $rocee'in" for t#e settlement of an intestate estate (exce$t insofar as t#ere are le"acies an' 'e(ises &#ic# are not inofficious). *#e court &oul' #a(e 7uris'iction o(er all t#e $ro$erties of t#e 'ecease') &#et#er or not inclu'e' in t#e institution or $artition t#at is annulle' on account of t#e $reterition. 8r'inarily) &#en t#e $robate of a &ill is $en'in" in one court) t#is must first be terminate' before an intestate $rocee'in") base' on t#e alle"e' $reterition can start.
R)!S+,: Normally) t#e matter of $reterition 'eals &it# intrinsic not extrinsic (ali'ity. <o&e(er) &#en t#e only $ro(ision of t#e &ill 'eals &it# an institution of a sister or brot#er) to t#e exclusion of t#e $arents (&#o are t#e only com$ulsory #eirs left)) to continue &it# t#e $robate &oul' be useless. b) -f t#e $rocee'in" is an 8:A-NA:? /-K-! A/*-8N to annul t#e $artition alrea'y ma'e by t#e ot#er #eirs of certain $ro$erties) t#e action cannot be con(erte' into an intestate $rocee'in" &it# 7uris'iction o(er an' all $ro$erties of t#e 'ecease'. R)!S+,: -n t#e or'inary ci(il action) t#e aut#ority of t#e court is limite' to t#e $ro$erties 'escribe' in t#e $lea'in"s) #ence it cannot or'er t#e collation an' $artition of $ro$erties &#ic# &ere no inclu'e' in t#e $artition) &#ic# &as t#e sub7ect matter of t#e action for annulment. >!O IN!ERITS IN "E7AULT O7 TESTAMENTARY !EIRS ART. ,65. -n 'efault of testamentary #eirs) t#e la& (ests t#e in#eritance) in accor'ance &it# t#e rules #ereinafter set fort#) in t#e le"itimate an' ille"itimate relati(es of t#e 'ecease') in t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse) an' in t#e State. RINCI LES IN INTESTATE SUCCESSION ART. ,60. -n e(ery in#eritance) t#e relati(e nearest in 'e"ree exclu'es t#e more 'istant ones) sa(in" t#e ri"#t of re$resentation &#en it $ro$erly ta=es $lace. :elati(es in t#e same 'e"ree s#all in#erit in e9ual s#ares) sub7ect to t#e $ro(isions of article 100@ &it# res$ect to relati(es of t#e full an' #alf bloo') an' of Article 15E) $ara"ra$# 2) concernin" 'i(ision bet&een t#e $aternal an' maternal lines. 0 9ASIC RINCI LES O7 INTESTATE SUCCESSION
1. RULE ON RO<IMITY 4 nearer relati(e exclu'es fart#er relati(e (&it#out $re7u'ice to t#e ri"#t of re$resentation) because by (irtue of re$resentation) t#e fart#er becomes 7ust as near). *#e $rinci$le is &it#out $re7u'ice to $reference of lines #o&e(er. 2. -n "eneral) in#eritance is in e9ual s#ares. *#ere are exce$tions #o&e(er. RULES: 1) *#e 'irect line is $referre' o(er t#e collateral line (e(en &#en #eirs in#erit in t#e same 'e"ree). 2) *#e ri"#t of re$resentation ta=es $lace in t#e 'irect 'escen'in" line) but ne(er in t#e ascen'in". 3) -n t#e collateral line) t#e ri"#t of re$resentation ta=es $lace only in fa(or of t#e c#il'ren of brot#ers or sisters) &#et#er t#ey be of t#e full or #alf2bloo'. .) S#oul' brot#ers an' sisters of t#e full2bloo' sur(i(e to"et#er &it# brot#ers an' sisters of t#e #alf2bloo') t#e former s#all be entitle' to a s#are 'ouble t#at of t#e latter. ) S#oul' t#ere be more t#an one ascen'ant of e9ual 'e"ree belon"in" to t#e same line) t#ey s#all 'i(i'e t#e in#eritance per capita, s#oul' t#ey be of 'ifferent lines but
of e9ual 'e"ree) one2#alf s#all "o to t#e $aternal an' t#e ot#er #alf to t#e maternal ascen'ants. -n eac# line) t#e 'i(ision s#all be ma'e per capita. Su;sec#io) 5. = RELATIONS!I ART. ,61. Proximity of relations#i$ is 'etermine' by t#e number of "enerations. Eac# "eneration forms a 'e"ree. "IRECT AN" COLLATERAL LINES ART. ,62. A series of 'e"rees forms a line) &#ic# may be eit#er 'irect or collateral. A "IRECT LINE is t#at constitute' by t#e series of 'e"rees amon" ascen'ants an' 'escen'ants. A COLLATERAL LINE is t#at constitute' by t#e series of 'e"rees amon" $ersons &#o are not ascen'ants an' 'escen'ants) but &#o come from a common ancestor. "ESCEN"ING AN" ASCEN"ING LINES ART. ,63. *#e 'irect line is eit#er 'escen'in" or ascen'in". *#e former (AES/ENA-N;) unites t#e #ea' of t#e family &it# t#ose &#o 'escen' from #im. *#e latter (AS/ENA-N;) bin's a $erson &it# t#ose from &#o #e 'escen's. COM UTATION O7 "EGREES ART. ,66. -n t#e line) as many 'e"rees are counte' as t#ere are "enerations or $ersons) exclu'in" t#e $ro"enitor originator$. -n t#e 'irect line) ascent is ma'e to t#e common ancestor. *#us) t#e c#il' is one 'e"ree remo(e' from t#e $arent) t&o from t#e "ran'fat#er) an' t#ree from t#e "reat "ran'$arent. -n t#e collateral line) ascent is ma'e to t#e common ancestor an' t#en 'escent is ma'e to t#e $erson &it# &#om t#e com$utation is to be ma'e. *#us) a $erson is t&o 'e"rees remo(e' from #is brot#er) t#ree from #is uncle) &#o is t#e brot#er of #is fat#er) four from #is first cousin an' so fort#. 7ULL89LOO" AN" !AL789LOO" RELATIONS!I ART. ,67. Full2bloo' relations#i$ is t#at existin" bet&een $ersons &#o #a(e t#e same fat#er an' t#e same mot#er. <alf2bloo' relations#i$ is t#at existin" bet&een $ersons &#o #a(e t#e same fat#er) but not t#e same mot#er) or t#e same mot#er) but not of t#e same fat#er. ACCRETOIN IN INTESTATE SUCCESSION
2@
ART. ,68. -f t#ere are se(eral relati(es of t#e same 'e"ree) an' one or some of t#em are un&illin" or inca$acitate' to succee') #is $ortion s#all accrue to t#e ot#ers of t#e same 'e"ree) sa(e t#e ri"#t of re$resentation &#en it s#oul' ta=e $lace. E77ECT O7 RE U"IATION ART. ,6,. -f t#e in#eritance s#oul' be re$u'iate' by t#e nearest relati(e) s#oul' t#ere be one only) or by all t#e nearest relati(es calle' by la& to succee') s#oul' t#ere be se(eral) t#ose of t#e follo&in" 'e"ree s#all in#erit in t#eir o&n ri"#t an' cannot re$resent t#e $erson or $ersons re$u'iatin" t#e in#eritance. Su;sec#io) 0. = RIG!T O7 RE RESENTATION ART. ,7-. RE RESENTATION is a ri"#t create' by fiction of la&) by (irtue of &#ic# t#e re$resentati(e is raise' to t#e $lace an' t#e 'e"ree of t#e $erson re$resente') an' ac9uires t#e ri"#ts &#ic# t#e latter &oul' #a(e if #e &ere li(in" or if #e coul' #a(e in#erite'. RIG!T O7 RE RESENTATION :e$resentation exists in case of+ a. $re'ecease (testate an' intestate) b. inca$acity (testate an' intestate) c. 'isin#eritance (t#is #a$$ens only in t#e case of testate succession) N8*ES+ A. -n -N*ES*A*E succession) t#e ri"#t of re$resentation &#en $ro$er co(ers all t#at t#e $erson bein" re$resente' &oul' #a(e in#erite'. D. -n *ES*A*E succession) t#e ri"#t of re$resentation co(ers only t#e le"itime. *#ere is no ri"#t to re$resent a (oluntary #eir. *#e le"itime can be recei(e' by re$resentation) for after all) it "oes to t#e #eirs by o$eration of la&. /. :ules in A'o$tion+ a. An a'o$te' c#il' cannot re$resent. *#ere is no filiation (&#et#er by bloo' or by la&) bet&een t#e a'o$te' c#il' an' t#e $arent of t#e a'o$ter). b. Neit#er may an a'o$te' c#il' be re$resente'. ERSON 7ROM >!OM RE RESENTATI6E IN!ERITS ART. ,75. *#e re$resentati(e is calle' to t#e succession by t#e la& an' not by t#e $erson re$resente'. *#e re$resentati(e 'oes not succee' t#e $erson re$resente' but t#e one &#om t#e $erson re$resente' &oul' #a(e succee'e'. >!ERE RIG!T O7 RE RESENTATION TABES LACE
2E
ART. ,70. *#e ri"#t of re$resentation ta=es $lace in t#e 'irect 'escen'in" line) but ne(er in t#e ascen'in". -n t#e collateral line) it ta=es $lace only in fa(or of t#e c#il'ren of brot#ers or sisters) &#et#er t#ey be of t#e full or #alf bloo'. CA ACITY O7 RE RESENTATI6E TO IN!ERIT
ART. ,71. -n or'er t#at re$resentation may ta=e $lace) it is necessary t#at t#e re$resentati(e #imself be ca$able of succee'in" t#e 'ece'ent. IN!ERITANCE D ER STIR ES! ART. ,72. >#ene(er t#ere is succession by re$resentation) t#e 'i(ision of t#e estate s#all be ma'e per stirpes) in suc# manner t#at t#e re$resentati(e or re$resentati(es s#all not in#erit more t#an &#at t#e $erson t#ey re$resent &oul' in#erit) if #e &ere li(in" or coul' in#erit. " er s#irpes$ 4 means in#eritance by "rou$) all t#ose &it#in t#e "rou$ in#eritin" e9ual s#ares IN!ERITANCE 9Y NE !E>S AN" NIECES ART. ,73. >#en c#il'ren of one or more brot#ers or sisters of t#e 'ecease' sur(i(e) t#ey s#all in#erit from t#e latter by re$resentation) if t#ey sur(i(e &it# t#eir uncles or aunts. Dut if t#ey alone sur(i(e) t#ey s#all in#erit in e9ual $ortions. 9AR AUESTION$ ! 'ie' intestate lea(in" an estate &ort# P2.0)000. <e is sur(i(e' by #is &ife S, #is ne$#e& T, a son of #is full2bloo' brot#er &, an' #is nieces C an' D) c#il'ren of anot#er full2bloo' brot#er C. Aetermine t#e s#are of t#ose &#o are entitle' to $artici$ate in t#e estate of t#e 'ecease'. ANS>ER$ *#e rea'er &ill $lease try to sol(e t#is easy $roblem #imself. RIG!T O7 RENOUNCER TO RE RESENT ART. ,76. A $erson may re$resent #im &#ose in#eritance #e #as renounce'. ART. ,77. <eirs &#o re$u'iate t#eir s#are may not be re$resente'. ri)ciple$ A :EN8BN/E: MA? :EP:ESEN* DB* MA? N8* DE :EP:ESEN*EA. OBES*-8N+ >#y 'oes t#e la& not allo& a renouncer to be re$resente') alt#ou"# it allo&s an inca$acitate' or 'isin#erite' $erson to be re$resente'F ANS>E:+ Decause t#e circumstances are 'ifferent. A renouncer for moti(es of #is o&n 'oes so (oluntarily. <is act of re$u'iation ta=es a&ay #is right to dispose of the property 4 'is$ossess in'ee' #is c#il'ren of t#at &#ic# coul' #a(e "one 'o&n to t#em. Note t#at re$u'iation is an act of 'is$osition. -n cases of inca$acity or 'isin#eritance #o&e(er) t#e loss is in(oluntary. *#e c#il'ren of t#e inca$acitate' or 'isin#erite' $erson s#oul' not be 'e$ri(e' of t#e ri"#t of re$resentation. *#ey s#oul' not suffer for #a(in" an un&ort#y $arent. *#ey s#oul' in'ee' be sym$at#i0e' &it#. SE/*-8N 2 OR"ER O7 INTESTATE SUCCESSION Su;sec#io) 5. = "ESCEN"ING "IRECT LINE
25
ART. ,78. Succession $ertains) in t#e first $lace) to t#e 'escen'in" 'irect line. SUCCESSION 9Y LEGITIMATE AN" LEGITIMATE" C!IL"REN ART. ,7,. !e"itimate c#il'ren an' t#eir 'escen'ants succee' t#e $arents an' ot#er ascen'ants) &it#out 'istinction as to sex or a"e) an' e(en if t#ey s#oul' come from 'ifferent marria"es. An a'o$te' c#il' succee's to t#e $ro$erty of t#e a'o$tin" $arents in t#e same manner as a le"itimate c#il'. IN!ERITANCE 9Y C!IL"REN ART. ,8-. *#e c#il'ren of t#e 'ecease' s#all al&ays in#erit from #im in t#eir o&n ri"#t) 'i(i'in" t#e in#eritance in e9ual s#ares. IN!ERITANCE 9Y C!IL"REN CONCURRING >IT! GRAN"C!IL"REN ART. ,85. S#oul' c#il'ren of t#e 'ecease' an' 'escen'ants of ot#er c#il'ren &#o are 'ea') sur(i(e) t#e former s#all in#erit in t#eir o&n ri"#t) an' t#e latter by ri"#t of re$resentation. IN!ERITANCE 9Y GRAN"C!IL"REN ART. ,80. *#e "ran'c#il'ren an' ot#er 'escen'ants s#all in#erit by ri"#t of re$resentation) an' if any one of t#em s#oul' #a(e 'ie') lea(in" se(eral #eirs) t#e $ortion $ertainin" to #im s#all be 'i(i'e' amon" t#e latter in e9ual $ortions. A)#o)io Arm's y C'lis#erio /. M'rie##' C'lis#erio G.R. No. 5162674 April 64 0--*#e successional ri"#t in intestacy of a sur(i(in" s$ouse o(er t#e net estate of t#e 'ecease') concurrin" &it# le"itimate brot#ers an' sisters or ne$#e&s an' nieces (t#e latter by ri"#t of re$resentation)) is one2#alf of t#e in#eritance) t#e brot#ers an' sisters or ne$#e&s an' nieces) bein" entitle' to t#e ot#er #alf. Ne$#e&s an' nieces) #o&e(er) can only succee' by ri"#t of re$resentation in t#e $resence of uncles an' aunts, u$on t#e ot#er #an') ne$#e&s an' nieces can succee' in t#eir o&n ri"#t &#ic# is to say t#at brot#ers or sisters exclu'e ne$#e&s an' nieces exce$t only in re$resentation by t#e latter of t#eir $arents &#o $re'ecease or are inca$acitate' to succee'. S!ARES O7 ILLEGITIMATE C!IL"REN CONCURRING >IT! LEGITIMATE C!IL"REN ART. ,81. -f ille"itimate c#il'ren sur(i(e &it# le"itimate c#il'ren) t#e s#ares of t#e former s#all be in t#e $ro$ortion $rescribe' by Article 51 . ESTATE O7 A"O TE" C!IL"REN ART. ,82. -n case of t#e 'eat# of an a'o$te' c#il') lea(in" no c#il'ren or 'escen'ants) #is $arents an' relati(es by consan"uinity an' not by a'o$tion) s#all be #is le"al #eirs.
21
Su;sec#io) 0. = ASCEN"ING "IRECT LINE Ar#. ,83. -n 'efault of le"itimate c#il'ren an' 'escen'ants of t#e 'ecease') #is $arents an' ascen'ants s#all in#erit from #im) to t#e exclusion of collateral relati(es. S!ARES O7 ARENTS
30
ART. ,86. *#e fat#er an' mot#er) if li(in") s#all in#erit in e9ual s#ares. S#oul' only one of t#em sur(i(e) #e or s#e s#all succee' to t#e entire estate of t#e c#il'. IN!ERITANCE 9Y OT!ER ASCEN"ANTS ART. ,87. -n 'efault of t#e fat#er an' mot#er) t#e ascen'ants nearest in 'e"ree s#all in#erit. S#oul' t#ere be more t#an one e9ual 'e"ree belon"in" to t#e same line t#ey s#all 'i(i'e t#e in#eritance per capita, s#oul' t#ey be of 'ifferent lines but of e9ual 'e"ree) one0#alf s#all "o to t#e $aternal an' t#e ot#er #alf to t#e maternal ascen'ants. -n eac# line) t#e 'i(ision s#all be ma'e per capita. Su;sec#io) 1. = ILLEGITMATE C!IL"REN ART. ,88. -n t#e absence of le"itimate 'escen'ants or ascen'ants) t#e ille"itimate c#il'ren s#all succee' to t#e entire estate of t#e 'ecease'. ILLEGITIMATE C!IL"REN CONCURRING >IT! "ESCEN"ANTS O7 ANOT!ER ILLEGITIMATE C!IL" ART. ,8,. -f) to"et#er &it# ille"itimate c#il'ren) t#ere s#oul' sur(i(e 'escen'ants of anot#er ille"itimate c#il' &#o is 'ea') t#e former s#all succee' in t#eir o&n ri"#t an' t#e latter by ri"#t of re$resentation. TRANSMISSION O7 !ERE"ITARY RIG!TS O7 ILLEGITIMATE C!IL"REN ART. ,,-. *#e #ere'itary ri"#ts "rante' by t#e t&o $rece'in" articles to ille"itimate c#il'ren s#all be transmitte' u$on t#eir 'eat# to t#eir 'escen'ants) &#o s#all in#erit by ri"#t of re$resentation from t#eir 'ecease' "ran'$arent. ILLEGITIMATE C!IL"REN CONCURRING >IT! LEGITIMATE ASCEN"ANTS ART. ,,5. -f le"itimate ascen'ants are left) t#e ille"itimate c#il'ren s#all 'i(i'e t#e in#eritance &it# t#em) ta=in" one2#alf of t#e estate) &#ate(er be t#e number of t#e ascen'ants or of t#e ille"itimate c#il'ren. GENERAL RULE ON ARTIAL INTESTACY
G/#ar"e t#e le"acies) etc. to t#e intestate s#are of t#ose "i(en by t#e la& (on intestate succession) M8:E t#an t#eir res$ecti(e le"itimes) &it#out) #o&e(er im$airin" sai' le"itimes. Moreo(er) t#e c#ar"in" must be P:8P8:*-8NA*E to t#e amount in t#e intestate s#are o(er an' abo(e t#at "i(en by la& as !E;-*-ME.H
IRON CURTAIN RULE$ T!E 9ARRIER 9ET>EEN T!E LEGITIMATE AN" T!E ILLEGITIMATE 7AMILIES ART. ,,0. An ille"itimate c#il' #as no ri"#t to in#erit ab intestato from t#e le"itimate c#il'ren an' relati(es of #is fat#er or mot#er, nor s#all suc# c#il'ren or relati(es in#erit in t#e same manner from t#e ille"itimate c#il'. "i':4 e# 'l. 6. IAC4 e# 'l. G.R. No. L8663724 Eu)e 574 5,87 Art. 112 of t#e /i(il /o'e $ro(i'es a barrier or iron curtain in t#at) it $ro#ibits absolutely a succession ab intestato bet&een t#e ille"itimate c#il' an' t#e le"itimate c#il'ren an' relati(es of t#e fat#er or mot#er of sai' le"itimate c#il'. *#ey may #a(e a natural a natural tie of bloo') but t#is is not reco"ni0e' by la& for t#e $ur$oses of Art. 112. Det&een t#e le"itimate family an' t#e ille"itimate family) t#ere is $resume' to be an inter(enin" anta"onism an' incom$atibility. *#e ille"itimate c#il' is 'is"racefully loo=e' 'o&n u$on by t#e le"itimate family, t#e le"itimate family is in turn) #ate' but t#e ille"itimate c#il', t#e latter consi'ers t#e $ri(ile"e' con'ition of t#e former) an' t#e resources of &#ic# it is t#ereby 'e$ri(e', t#e former) in turn) sees in t#e ille"itimate c#il' not#in" but t#e $ro'uct of sin) $al$able e(i'ence of a blemis# bro=en in life, t#e la& 'oes no more t#an reco"ni0e t#is trut#) by a(oi'in" furt#er "roun's of resentment. *#us) $etitioners #erein cannot re$resent t#eir fat#er Pablo Santero in t#e succession of t#e latter to t#e intestate estate of #is le"itimate mot#er Simona Pamut K'a. Ae Santero because of t#e barrier $ro(i'e' for un'er Art. 112 of t#e /i(il /o'e. Leo)'r(o /. Cour# o& Appe'ls G.R. No. 350614 7e;ru'ry 084 5,81 A "reat "ran'son cannot in#erit by ri"#t of re$resentation if #e is ille"itimate. Corpus /. A(mi)is#r'#or G.R. No. L80026,4 Oc#o;er 014 5,78 !e"itimate 'au"#ter cannot in#erit ab intestato from ille"itimate 'au"#ter of 'ecease' because of barrier un'er Art. 112. So t#e son of t#e le"itimate 'au"#ter cannot $artici$ate in sai' intestate estate. *#e rule is $remise' on t#e t#eory t#at t#e le"itimate family loo=s 'o&n on t#e ille"itimate family) an' t#e latter #ates an' resents t#e former. *o a(oi' furt#er "roun's of resentment) t#e la& $refers to i"nore t#e existin" bloo' tie. "irec#or o& L')(s /. A%u's 61 hil. 07, An ille"itimate relati(e) e(en if &it#in t#e t#ir' (3r') 'e"ree from t#e $ro$ositus) is not entitle' to t#e benefits of reserva troncal. &!R '()ST*+,
31
!, an ille"itimate son of &) 'ies intestate &it#out any 'escen'ants) but lea(es a &i'o& C. <e also lea(es se(eral brot#ers) legitimate c#il'ren of #is 'ecease' natural fat#er. >#o s#oul' recei(e t#e in#eritance left by #imF ANS>E:+ 8nly t#e &i'o& in#erits. *#e brot#ers 'o not in#erit because of t#e barrier in Art. 112. Aoes an ille"itimate c#il' #a(e t#e ri"#t to re$resent #is $re'ecease' natural fat#er to claim a $ortion of t#e in#eritance left by t#e latter%s fat#erF ANS>E:+ -f t#e $re'ecease' natural fat#er is a le"itimate c#il' of t#e 'ece'ent) N8 because of t#e barrier, if also an ille"itimate c#il') ?ES) for t#ere &oul' be no barrier. M')uel /. 7errer G.R. No. 5570264 Au%us# 054 5,,3 Art. 112 of t#e /i(il /o'e enunciates &#at is so commonly referre' to in t#e rules on succession as t#e G$rinci$le of absolute se$aration bet&een t#e le"itimate family an' t#e ille"itimate family.H >#en t#e la& s$ea=s of brot#ers an' sisters) ne$#e&s an' nieces as le"al #eirs of an ille"itimate c#il') it refers to ille"itimate brot#ers an' sisters as &ell as to t#e c#il'ren) &#et#er le"itimate or ille"itimate) of suc# brot#ers an' sisters. IN!ERITANCE 9Y T!E ILLEGITIMATE ARENTS
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ART. ,,1. -f an ille"itimate c#il' s#oul' 'ie &it#out issue) eit#er le"itimate or ille"itimate) #is fat#er or mot#er s#all succee' to #is entire estate, an' if t#e c#il'%s filiation is 'uly $ro(e' as to bot# $arents) &#o are bot# li(in") t#ey s#all in#erit from #im s#are an' s#are ali=e. INTESTATE S!ARES O7 SUR6I6ING S OUSE ART. ,,2. -n 'efault of t#e fat#er or mot#er) an ille"itimate c#il' s#all be succee'e' by #is or #er sur(i(in" s$ouse) &#o s#all be entitle' to t#e entire estate. -f t#e &i'o& or &i'o&er s#oul' sur(i(e &it# brot#ers an' sisters) ne$#e&s an' nieces) s#e or #e s#all in#erit one2#alf of t#e estate) an' t#e latter t#e ot#er #alf. :ESBME 8F *<E 8:AE: 8F -N*ES*A*E SB//ESS-8N *8 *<E ES*A*E 8F AN -!!E;-*-MA*E /<-!A 1. !e"itimate c#il'ren an' le"itimate 'escen'ants. 2. -lle"itimate c#il'ren an' 'escen'ants (&#et#er le"itimate or ille"itimate) 3. -lle"itimate $arents ($ro(i'e' t#at an ille"itimate 'ece'ent #as no le"itimate ascen'ants) .. Sur(i(in" s$ouse. . *#e State Su;sec#io) 2. = SUR6I6ING S OUSE
ART. ,,3. -n t#e absence of le"itimate 'escen'ants an' ascen'ants) an' ille"itimate c#il'ren an' t#eir 'escen'ants) &#et#er le"itimate or ille"itimate) t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse s#all in#erit t#e entire estate) &it#out $re7u'ice to t#e ri"#ts of brot#ers an' sisters) ne$#e&s an' nieces) s#oul' t#ere be any) un'er Article 1001. S!ARE O7 SUR6I6ING S OUSE CONCURRING >IT! C!IL"REN ART. ,,6. -f t#e &i'o& or &i'o&er an' le"itimate c#il'ren or 'escen'ants are left) t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse #as in t#e succession t#e same s#are as t#at of eac# of t#e c#il'ren. S!ARE O7 SUR6I6ING S OSE >IT! LEGITIMATE ARENTS OR ASCEN"ANTS
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ART. ,,7. >#en t#e &i'o& or &i'o&er sur(i(es &it# le"itimate $arents or ascen'ants) t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse s#all be entitle' to one2#alf of t#e estate) an' t#e le"itimate $arents or ascen'ants to t#e ot#er #alf. INTESTATE S!ARES O7 SUR6I6ING S OUSE CONCURRING >IT! ILLEGITIMATE C!IL"REN ART. ,,8. -f a &i'o& or &i'o&er sur(i(es &it# ille"itimate c#il'ren) suc# &i'o& or &i'o&er s#all be entitle' to one2#alf of t#e in#eritance) an' t#e ille"itimate c#il'ren or t#eir 'escen'ants) &#et#er le"itimate or ille"itimate) to t#e ot#er #alf. S!ARES O7 SUR6I6ING S OUSE COCNCURRING >IT! C!IL"REN OR OT!ER "ESCEN"ANTS ART. ,,,. >#en t#e &i'o& or &i'o&er sur(i(es &it# le"itimate c#il'ren or t#eir 'escen'ants an' ille"itimate c#il'ren or t#eir 'escen'ants) &#et#er le"itimate or ille"itimate) suc# &i'o& or &i'o&er s#all be entitle' to t#e same s#are as t#at of a le"itimate c#il'. S!ARE O7 SUR6I6ING S OUSE CONCURRING >IT! LEGITIMATE ASCEN"ANTS AN" ILLEGITIMATE C!IL"REN ART 5---. -f le"itimate ascen'ants) t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse) an' ille"itimate c#il'ren are left) t#e ascen'ants s#all be entitle' to one2#alf of t#e in#eritance) an' t#e ot#er #alf s#all be 'i(i'e' bet&een t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse an' t#e ille"itimate c#il'ren so t#at suc# &i'o& or &i'o&er s#all #a(e one2fourt# of t#e estate) an' t#e ille"itimate c#il'ren t#e ot#er fourt#. S!ARE O7 SUR6I6ING S OUSE CONCURRING >IT! 9ROT!ERS4 SISTERS4 NE !E>S4 AN" NIECES ART 5--5. S#oul' brot#ers an' sisters or t#eir c#il'ren sur(i(e &it# t#e &i'o& or &i'o&er) t#e latter s#all be entitle' to one2#alf of t#e in#eritance an' t#e brot#ers an' sisters or t#eir c#il'ren to t#e ot#er #alf. RULES IN CASE O7 LEGAL SE ARATION ART. 5--0. -n case of a le"al se$aration) if t#e sur(i(in" s$ouse "a(e cause for t#e se$aration) #e or s#e s#all not #a(e any ri"#ts in t#e $rece'in" articles. Su;sec#io) 3. = COLLATERAL RELATI6ES
ART. 5--1. -f t#ere are no 'escen'ants) ascen'ants) ille"itimate c#il'ren) or a sur(i(in" s$ouse) t#e collateral relati(es s#all succee' to t#e entire estate of t#e 'ecease' in accor'ance &it# t#e follo&in" articles. S!ARE O7 9ROT!ERS AN" SISTERS ART. 5--2. S#oul' t#e only sur(i(ors be brot#ers an' sister of t#e full2bloo') t#ey s#all in#erit in e9ual s#ares. S!ARES O7 9ROT!ERS AN" SISTERS CONCURRING >IT! NE !E>S AN" NIECES ART. 5--3. S#oul' t#e brot#ers an' sisters sur(i(e to"et#er &it# ne$#e&s an' nieces) &#o are t#e c#il'ren of t#e 'ece'ent%s brot#ers an' sisters of t#e full2bloo') t#e former s#all in#erit per capita) an' t#e latter per stirpes. :i"#t of :e$resentation in t#e /ollateral !ine *#e ri"#t of re$resentation in t#e collateral line 'oes not exten' to "ran'ne$#e&s an' "ran'nieces. <ence) if a sister an' ne$#e&s of t#e 'ecease' a$$eare' to claim t#e in#eritance) t#ey) as t#e nearest =in) exclu'e suc# remote relati(es as "ran'ne$#e&s an' "ran'nieces. 7ilome)' A;ell')' (e 9'c'yo /. G'u(e)cio 7err'ris (e 9orromeo4 e# 'l. G.R. No. L85,1804 Au%us# 154 5,63 FA/*S+ Melo'ia Ferraris &as 'eclare' by t#e lo&er court to be $resum$ti(ely 'ea' for t#e $ur$ose fo o$enin" t#e succession to #er estate. S#e &as sur(i(e' by an aunt) an' by se(eral ne$#e&s an' nieces (c#il'ren of a $re'ecease' brot#er). -SSBE+>#o &ill in#erit in t#is case of intestate successionF <E!A+ >#ile t#e aunt is a relati(e of t#e 3r' 'e"ree) an' &#ile t#e ne$#e&s an' nieces are also relati(es of t#e 3r' 'e"ree) still it is t#e latter &#o s#oul' in#erit t#e estate to t#e exclusion of t#e aunt) for t#e former is No. . in t#e or'er of intestate succession) &#ile t#e aunt is only No. in sai' or'er. 7ULL89LOO" CONCURRING >IT! !AL789LOO" ART. 5--6. S#oul' brot#ers an' sisters of t#e full2bloo' sur(i(e to"et#er &it# brot#ers an' sisters of t#e #alf2bloo') t#e former s#all be entitle' to a s#are 'ouble t#at of t#e latter. 9icomo)% /. Alm'):' G.R. No. L8171634 No/em;er 0,4 5,77 FA/*S+ *#e 'ecease' #a' a sister of t#e full2bloo' an' a brot#er an' t&o sisters of t#e #alf2bloo') all of &#om #a' $re'ecease' #er. Sur(i(in" &ere+ (a) a 'au"#ter of #er sister of t#e full2bloo') an' (b) ten c#il'ren of #er brot#er an' t&o sisters of t#e #alf2bloo'. Aistribute t#e estate. <E!A+ *#e niece of t#e &#ole bloo' "ets a s#are 'ouble t#at of eac# of t#e ne$#e&s an' nieces of t#e #alf2bloo'. All of t#em in#erit in t#eir o&n ri"#t) an' not by t#e ri"#t of re$resentation because t#e ne$#e&s an' nieces #ere 'o not concur &it# any
3.
brot#er or sister of t#e 'ecease'. *#e relati(e of t#e full2bloo' 'oes not exclu'e t#e relati(es of t#e #alf2bloo'. !AL789LOO" 9ROT!ERS AN" SISTERS 7ROM 9OT! SI"ES ART. 5--7. -n case brot#ers an' sisters of t#e #alf2bloo') some on t#e fat#er%s an' some on t#e mot#er%s si'e) are t#e only sur(i(ors) all s#all in#erit in e9ual s#ares &it#out 'istinction as to t#e ori"in of t#e $ro$erty. !O> C!IL"REN O7 9ROT!ERS AN" SISTERS O7 T!E !AL789LOO" IN!ERIT ART. 5--8. /#il'ren of brot#ers an' sisters of t#e #alf bloo' s#all succee' per capita or per stirpes) in accor'ance &it# t#e rules lai' 'o&n for brot#ers an' sisters of t#e full2bloo'. IN!ERITANCE 9Y OT!ER COLLATERAL RELATI6ES ART. 5--,. S#oul' t#ere be neit#er brot#ers nor sisters nor c#il'ren of brot#ers or sister) t#e ot#er collateral relati(es s#all succee' to t#e estate. *#e latter s#all succee' &it#out 'istinction of lines or $reference amon" t#em by reason of relations#i$ by t#e &#ole bloo'. Tioco "e 'p' /. C'm'cho G.R. No. 08-104 Sep#em;er 024 5,86 Bn'er Art. 1001 of t#e /i(il /o'e) t#e absence of brot#ers) sisters) ne$#e&s) an' nieces of t#e 'ece'ent is a $recon'ition of t#e ot#er collaterals (uncles) cousins) etc.) bein" calle' to t#e succession. *#is &as also an' more clearly t#e case un'er t#e S$anis# /i(il /o'e of 1551 t#at imme'iately $rece'e' t#e /i(il /o'e no& in force. *#us) un'er our la&s of succession) a 'ece'ent%s uncles an' aunts may not succee' ab intestato so lon" as ne$#e&s an' nieces of t#e 'ece'ent sur(i(e an' are &illin" an' 9ualifie' to succee'. SUCCESSION LIMITE" TO T!E 7I7T! "EGREE ART. 5-5-. *#e ri"#t to in#erit ab intestato s#all not excee' beyon' t#e fift# ( 'e"ree of relations#i$ in t#e collateral line. Su;sec#io) 6. = T!E STATE ART. 5-55. -n 'efault of $ersons entitle' to succee' in accor'ance &it# t#e $ro(isions of t#e $rece'in" SE/*-8NS) t#e State s#all in#erit t#e &#ole estate. !O> T!E STATE IN!ERITS ART. 5-50. -n or'er t#at t#e State may ta=e $ossession of t#e $ro$erty mentione' in t#e $rece'in" article) t#e $ertinent $ro(isions of t#e :ules of /ourt must be obser(e'. ESC!EATS 4 refers to succession by t#e State to $ro$erty consi'ere' Go&nerlessH for lac= of com$etent le"al #eirs. Esc#eat) bein" an attribute of so(erei"nty) rests on t#e $rinci$le t#at ultimately it is t#e State t#at o&ns all $ro$erty &it#in its territorial 7uris'iction.
t#
!O> ESTATE IN!ERITE" 9Y T!E STATE IS "ISTRI9UTE" ART. 5-51. After t#e $ayment of 'ebts an' c#ar"es) t#e $ersonal $ro$erty s#all be assi"ne' to t#e munici$ality or city &#ere t#e 'ecease' last resi'e' in t#e P#ili$$ines) an' t#e real estate to t#e munici$alities or cities) res$ecti(ely) in &#ic# t#e same is situate') -f t#e 'ecease' ne(er resi'e' in t#e P#ili$$ines) t#e &#ole estate s#all be assi"ne' to t#e res$ecti(e munici$alities or cities &#ere t#e same is locate'. Suc# estate s#all be for t#e benefit of $ublic sc#ools an' $ublic c#aritable institutions an' centers) in suc# munici$alities or cities. *#e court s#all 'istribute t#e estate as t#e res$ecti(e nee's of eac# beneficiary may &arrant. *#e court) at t#e instance of an intereste' $arty) or on its o&n motion) may or'er t#e establis#ment of a $ermanent trust) so t#at only t#e income from t#e $ro$erty s#all be use'. RULE I7 A LEGAL !EIR 7ILES A CLAIM ART. 5-52. -f a $erson le"ally entitle' to t#e estate of t#e 'ecease' a$$ears an' files a claim t#ereto &it# t#e court &it#in years from t#e 'ate t#e $ro$erty &as 'eli(ere' to t#e State) suc# $erson s#all be entitle' to t#e $ossession of t#e same) or if sol') t#e munici$ality or city s#all be accountable to #im for suc# $art of t#e $rocee's as may not #a(e been la&fully s$ent. CAR"INAL RINCI LES O7 INTESTATE SUCCESSION
3@
1) E(en if t#ere is an or'er of intestate succession) t#e com$ulsory #eirs are ne(er exclu'e'. Moreo(er) t#e /i(il /o'e follo&s t#e t#eory of Gconcurrence)H not t#e t#eory of Gexclusion.H 2) *#e nearer exclu'es t#e fart#er) &it#out $re7u'ice to t#e ri"#t of re$resentation. 3) *#ere is no ri"#t of re$resentations in t#e ascen'in" line. .) *#ere is ri"#t of re$resentation in t#e 'escen'in" line. ) -n t#e collateral line) t#e ri"#t of re$resentation is "i(en only to c#il'ren of brot#ers an' sisters a. <ence) "ran'c#il'ren of brot#ers an' sisters cannot re$resent in t#e succession of t#e 'ece'ent) neit#er can c#il'ren of first cousins. b. *#is ri"#t of re$resentation in t#e collateral line is true only in le"al succession) ne(er in testamentary succession) because a (oluntary #eir cannot be re$resente'. @) *#e intestate s#ares are eit#er e9ual to or "reater t#an t#e le"itime (ot#er&ise) a "oo' &ay to 'ecrease t#e le"itime &oul' be by 'i(i'in" t#e intestate). E) -n case of $artial intestacy) t#e le"acies an' 'e(ises or institutions to t#e free $ortion must be c#ar"e' $ro$ortionately a"ainst t#e intestate #eirs &#o are "i(en intestate s#ares "reater t#an t#eir le"itimes) insofar as sai' excess is concerne') but in no case s#oul' t#e le"itime be im$aire'. 5) ;ran'c#il'ren A!>A?S in#erit by ri"#t of re$resentation) $ro(i'e' re$resentation is $ro$er. *#is is true &#et#er t#ey concur &it# c#il'ren of t#e 'ecease' or not. 1) *#erefore) &#ene(er all t#e c#il'ren re$u'iate) t#e "ran'c#il'ren in#erit in t#eir o&n ri"#t) for #ere) re$resentation is not $ro$er. 10) Ne$#e&s an' nieces in#erit eit#er by ri"#t of re$resentation or in t#eir o&n ri"#t.
a. Dy ri"#t of re$resentation) &#en t#ey concur &it# aunts an' uncles ($ro(i'e' t#at re$resentation is $ro$er) t#at t#eir o&n $arents s#oul' not #a(e re$u'iate'). b. -n t#eir o&n ri"#t) &#ene(er t#ey 'o not concur &it# aunts an' uncles. 11) -lle"itimates of le"itimates cannot re$resent because of t#e DA::-E:) but ille"itimates (an' le"itimates) of ille"itimates can re$resent. 12) *#ere is barrier bet&een t#e !E;-*-MA*E an' t#e -!!E;-*-MA*E family. 13) *#ere can be reserva troncal in le"al succession. 1.) A renouncer can re$resent) but cannot be re$resente'. 1 ) A $erson &#o cannot re$resent a near relati(e (suc# as a fat#er &#o #as renounce') cannot also re$resent a relati(e fart#er in 'e"ree. After all) t#e ri"#t to re$resent is by itself also a successional ri"#t) &#ic# is of course "o(erne' by le"al $ro(isions. SIM LER TA9LE O7 INTESTATE S!ARES -lle"itimate 4 132 Sur(i(in" 4 132 !e"itimate 4 132 -lle"itimate 4 13. Sur(i(in" 4 13. !e"itimate 4 132 -lle"itimate 4 132 !e"itimate 4 132 Sur(i(in" 4 132 -lle"itimate 4 132 Sur(i(in" 4 132 Drot#ers) Sisters) 4 132 /#il'ren Sur(i(in" 4 A!! S$ouse Parents !e"itimate /#il'ren 4 A!! -lle"itimate S$ouse 4 A!! Parents Parents Alone Alone S$ouse
3E
Ne$#e&s
Parents Sur(i(in" S$ouse Alone 4 A!! /#il'ren !e"itimate /#il' Alone 4 A!! Parents 1 !e"itimate /#il' 4 132 S$ouse Sur(i(in" s$ouse 4 6 Parents 2 or more !e"itimate /#il') Sur(i(in" S$ouse 4 consi'er s$ouse as S$ouse 1 le"itimate c#il' an' 'i(i'e estate by total an' Nieces number

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Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P.

/#il'ren -lle"itimate 4 133

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

S$ouse Sur(i(in" 4 132) 133)

132 Parents !e"itimate 4 132 /#il'ren S$ouse

Table 2. Simpler table of legitimes.

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Sur(i(in" s$ouse "ets one2t#ir' (133) if+

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

Notes in Succession for Final Examination (2013) by Pauline Mae P. Araneta

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