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Table of Contents
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Conventions Used in This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
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Start Auto Tie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Refine the Model with Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Ortho Resample the Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Compare the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Check the Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Check Results in LPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Next . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
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Table of Contents
Preface
About This Manual Documentation
The IKONOS Sensor Model Support Tour Guide contains a few tour guides that help you begin to use IKONOS data in various programs.
This manual is part of a suite of on-line documentation that you receive with ERDAS IMAGINE software. There are two basic types of documents, digital hardcopy documents which are delivered as PDF files suitable for printing or on-line viewing, and On-Line Help Documentation, delivered as HTML files. The PDF documents are found in <IMAGINE_HOME>\help\hardcopy. Many of these documents are available from the ERDAS Start menu. The on-line help system is accessed by clicking on the Help button in a dialog or by selecting an item from a Help menu.
In ERDAS IMAGINE, the names of menus, menu options, buttons, and other components of the interface are shown in bold type. For example: In the Select Layer To Add dialog, select the Fit to Frame option. When asked to use the mouse, you are directed to click, double-click, Shift-click, middle-click, right-click, hold, drag, etc. click designates clicking with the left mouse button. double-click designates clicking twice with the left mouse button. Shift-click designates holding the Shift key down on your keyboard and simultaneously clicking with the left mouse button. middle-click designates clicking with the middle mouse button. right-click designates clicking with the right mouse button. hold designates holding down the left (or right, as noted) mouse button. drag designates dragging the mouse while holding down the left mouse button.
The following paragraphs are used throughout the ERDAS IMAGINE documentation: These paragraphs contain strong warnings.
Preface Preface
1 1
These paragraphs lead you to other areas of this book or other manuals for additional information. NOTE: Notes give additional instruction.
Shaded Boxes Shaded boxes contain supplemental information that is not required to execute the steps of a tour guide, but is noteworthy. Generally, this is technical information.
Preface
For more information about IKONOS sensor model support in IMAGINE Advantage, LPS Project Manager, Stereo Analyst, and LPS Automatic Terrain Extraction, see the On-Line Help.
For the most recent information about IKONOS sensor model support in ERDAS products, visit our web site at www.erdas.com.
Introduction to IKONOS Sensor Model Support Introduction to IKONOS Sensor Model Support
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Approximate completion time for this tour guide is 15 minutes. The steps you are going to perform in this tour guide include: View and select the image to be resampled. Set the geometric model parameters. Resample the image. View and evaluate the output orthoimage.
To execute the steps in this tour guide, you must supply your own data: the data used in this example is not included with IKONOS sensor model support. However, the steps in this tour guide are applicable to any IKONOS data. The IKONOS 4-meter data in this example is of San Diego, California, USA. 1. Start ERDAS IMAGINE. 2. Click the Viewer icon on the ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel.
NOTE: You may be prompted to choose either the Classic Viewer or the Geospatial Light Table. 3. Click the Open icon to open a File Selector.
4. Navigate to the directory that contains the image you want to resample. This installation only supports IKONOS images that are in TIFF (*.tif) format.
5 5
5. Select the image and click OK in the File Selector. The image to be resampled displays in the Viewer.
This is an IKONOS image of San Diego, California. Currently, the data is in file coordinates only. You can use the geoprocessing tools in IMAGINE Advantage to orthorectify the image.
This image is in file (pixel) coordinates. You can use the Geometric Correction tool to resample the image into the Geographic Lat/Lon projection.
Prepare Data
You can access the geo-correction tools via the Data Prep icon on the ERDAS IMAGINE tool bar. 1. Click the Data Prep icon on the ERDAS IMAGINE icon panel.
2. From the Data Preparation menu, select Image Geometric Correction. The Set Geo Correction Input File dialog opens.
Since you opened the mage to be orthorectified n a Viewer, this option is lready selected for you
3. Confirm that the From Viewer radio button is selected. 4. Click the Select Viewer button. You are prompted by an instruction dialog to left-click in the Viewer containing the image you want to resample.
Once you specify the image to orthorectify, the Set Geometric Model dialog opens.
1. In the Set Geometric Model dialog, select IKONOS from the list. 2. Click OK in the Set Geometric Model dialog. The Geo Correction Tools and IKONOS Model Properties dialogs open.
The rational polyno coefficients file is selected for you if it is in the same directory as the image
The IKONOS Model Properties dialog is where you define the metadata associated with the image you want to resample. The information you need is in the RPC file. By default, the software looks in the same directory as the one that holds the image to find the RPC file. If it finds an RPC file name that matches the image, it is loaded in the RPC File field for you.
RPC Files IKONOS imagery is typically supplied with an RPC, rational polynomial coefficients, file. This file contains information that is mandatory to determining interior and exterior orientation, as well as supplemental information such as the geographic coordinates associated with the coordinates of the imagery. NOTE: Space Imagings Geo Ortho Kit product includes RPC information. The RPC file also contains information regarding the projection of the file, which is automatically incorporated into the IKONOS model at the time of 3. Review the settings in the Parameters tab of the IKONOS Model Properties dialog. The higher the polynomial order, the more known points you must have in the image. Since there are no GCPs collected for this data, the refinement with polynomials option is ignored. You can specify an Elevation Source to improve the results of the resampling process. Either enter a Constant average value for the scene, or use a DEM to provide elevation information. The Elevation Value, Elevation Min/Max, and Elevation Units are derived from the metadata file that accompanies IKONOS images. If you have a DEM file for the area covered by the image, use it for better accuracy.
You can view the metadata file in the IMAGINE Text Editor. Select Tools | Edit Text Files, then select the metadata file corresponding to your images. 4. Click the Projection tab in the IKONOS Model Properties dialog.
The projection parameters listed here are going to be applied to the output orthoimage.
Next, you use the Geometric Correction tools to resample the image.
1. In the Geo Correction Tools dialog, click on the Ortho Resampling icon.
Increase cell size to speed resampling, or maintain default Ignore 0 in statistics for a better solution
By default, output images are stored in your Default Output Directory, which is specified in the User Interface & Session category of the Preference Editor. 4. Name the file with an *.img extension and click OK in the File Selector. 5. If you wish, make changes to the Output Cell Sizes.
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Smaller cell sizes can potentially increase processing time. 6. Click the checkbox for Ignore Zero in Stats. 7. Click OK in the Resample dialog. A status dialog opens, which tracks the progress of the resampling.
8. When the resampling process is complete, click OK to close the status dialog.
The presence of the status dialog after process completion is controlled by a preference, Keep Job Status Box, in the User Interface & Session category of the Preference Editor.
When the process is complete, you can view the orthoimage in a Viewer and compare it to the original image. 1. Click the Viewer icon on the ERDAS IMAGINE tool bar.
NOTE: You may be prompted to select the Classic Viewer or the Geospatial Light Table. 2. Click the Open icon to access a File Selector.
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4. From the Recent list, select the orthoimage you just generated. 5. Click OK in the List of Recent Filenames dialog. 6. Click OK in the File Selector. The orthoimage displays in the Viewer.
The image is now in the Geographic Lat/Lon projection, and is oriented correctly in the Viewer. Compare its orientation with the original image.
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Conclusions
As you have learned, the Geometric Correction tool in IMAGINE Advantage can be used to quickly orthorectify a single image. The resulting orthoimage is accurate to real-world coordinates. While GCPs were not used in this example, you can also use the GCP tool to enter reference coordinates with which to improve the accuracy of your output orthoimage.
You access the GCP tool by clicking the GCP Editor icon in the Geo Correction Tools dialog. Then you can enter reference coordinates from one of many sources.
Next
Next, you can learn how to use LPS Project Manager to create multiple orthoimages using IKONOS data.
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Approximate completion time for this tour guide is 45 minutes. The steps you are going to perform in this tour guide include. Create a new LPS Project Manager project. Select the sensor model and define block properties. Add imagery to the block file. View the RPC file. Orthorectify the images. Collect GCPs. Generate tie points. Refine the model. Orthorectify the images again. Compare results. Save the block file.
In this section of the tour guide, you can learn how to create a new LPS Project Manager block file using 4-meter IKONOS data and the associated IGM file, such as an RPC file. This data is of San Diego, California, USA. Because of the size of the data, it is not included with this tour guide; however, the steps are applicable to any IKONOS data accompanied by the IGM, such as the GeoPlus product and the Stereo product.
LPS Project Manager IKONOS Support LPS Project Manager IKONOS Support
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Save the block file in a directory where you have write permission
4. Navigate to a directory in which you have write permission. 5. Click in the text field next to File name, and type a name for the block file, such as ikonos_tour.blk, then press Enter on your keyboard. 6. Click OK to close the Create New Block File dialog. The Model Setup dialog opens.
The Model Setup dialog begins the next series of steps wherein you specify the sensor model to apply to the block file. In this tour guide, you are working with IKONOS data, which has a unique model.
1. Click the dropdown list for Geometric Model Category and choose Rational Functions. 2. In the Geometric Model list, click to select IKONOS. 3. Click OK to accept the geometric model and close the Model Setup dialog.
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The Block Property Setup dialog opens and displays the Reference Coordinate System information.
In the case of IKONOS data, the Projection is always initially set to Geographic (Lat/Lon). Likewise, the Datum is always set to WGS 84. You can change the projection to be associated with the block file by clicking the Set button to access the Projection Chooser dialog. If you wish to reproject the final orthoimage, you can also do so using the ERDAS IMAGINE Reprojection utility. The reference units associated with IKONOS data default to Degrees for Horizontal Units. 4. Click OK in the Block Property Setup dialog.
At this stage, you supply the IKONOS data. NOTE: You must supply your own data for this tour guide. 1. Click Images in the Block Project Tree View.
Click the Images folder to add images to the block
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3. Navigate to the directory containing the IKONOS images. 4. Click the Files of type dropdown list and select TIFF. 5. From the file name list, select the first image. NOTE: IKONOS images are usually in TIFF or NITF format. This example uses TIFF images. The IKONOS stereo imagery has already been geoprocessed to remove Y parallax. 6. Ctrl-click the second image to add it to the current selection. 7. Click OK in the Image File Name dialog. The LPS Project Manager updates. Both of the selected images are added to the block file. 8. Click the plus sign next to Images to see the images listed.
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Alternately, you may open an existing block file. If the images are not on-line, you should reattach them. Click the Frame Properties icon to access the IKONOS Frame Editor. There, you can use the Attach button to reattach images in the block.
Pyramid layers allow you to rapidly display images at any resolution. You can quickly generate pyramid layers for your data by clicking in the Pyr. column that corresponds to the image.
The TIFF Image Files category of the Preference Editor has an option called Edits Allowed. Check to ensure that this option is enabled when you are generating pyramid layers for TIFF images. 1. Click in the Pyr. cell that corresponds to the first image. The Compute Pyramid Layers dialog opens. By default, the All Images Without Pyramids radio button is selected.
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LPS pyramid layers are different from traditional ERDAS IMAGINE pyramid layers. LPS pyramid layers are created using the binomial interpolation technique. You must generate LPS pyramid layers to proceed. 2. Click OK in the Compute Pyramid Layers dialog to generate pyramid layers for the two images. Once the pyramid layers have been generated, which is indicated by the status bar at the bottom of the LPS Project Manager, the Pyr. cells in the CellArray are green.
The color of the columns is controlled by a preference, Status On Color. To access the LPS Project Manager preferences, select Session | Preferences, then select LPS in the Category section of the Preference Editor dialog.
Each IKONOS image is accompanied by a RPC file. This file is a text file that is typically located in the same directory as that from which you accessed your IKONOS images. The IKONOS Frame Editor dialog is used to identify and attach the RPC file associated with each IKONOS image in your block file. Next, you are going to examine the contents of an RPC file. 1. From the Tools menu of the ERDAS IMAGINE tool bar, select Edit Text Files. The ERDAS IMAGINE Editor opens.
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3. In the Load File dialog, navigate to the directory that contains your IKONOS data, and select the RPC text file. NOTE: RPC files are usually named the same as the image itself, with the _rpc designation. 4. Click OK in the Load File dialog to open the RPC file. The file opens in the Editor.
Information in this RPC file provides LPS Project Manager (Stereo Analyst and LPS ATE) with both interior and exterior orientation information for the image
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If you remember when you were setting up the block file, the default projection of the images was set to Geographic Lat/Lon. The RPC file also includes data such as offsets and pixel scale, as well as the coefficients needed to adjust the image. This file provides the coefficient model relationship of the image to the ground. The coefficients are based on a 3rd order transformation. The coefficients are calculated from the original IKONOS sensor model definition. 6. Click File | Close in the Editor dialog.
The IKONOS dialog opens the Sensor tab, and displays the first IKONOS image in your block file. Like other types of block files, you can use the Next button to move through the images in the block to ensure that the appropriate RPC file is associated with each image. If the RPC is located in the same directory as the image file, LPS Project Manager loads it for you.
The RPC file associated with the particular image is identified here
2. If it is located in a folder other than the one that contains the IKONOS images, click the Open icon and navigate to the directory
containing the RPC file for the first image. 3. Select the file and click OK in the File Selector. Notice that the RPC Coefficients file name matches that of the Image File Name. The minimum and maximum elevation and meters defaults are derived from the metadata file that accompanies IKONOS images. 4. Click the Next button to see the second image in the block file.
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directory containing the RPC file for the second image. 6. Select the file and click OK in the File Chooser. 7. Click OK in the IKONOS Frame Editor dialog to accept the images and their associated RPC files. You are returned to the LPS Project Manager. The RPC file provides enough information to approximate the interior and exterior orientation parameters; therefore, those columns are green in the CellArray.
Interior and exterior orientation information exists, and you can resample at this time.
At this point, you can resample the IKONOS images in the block file. With the coefficients, LPS Project Manager has enough information to create orthoimages. You use these orthoimages generated only from the RPC file contents for comparison later in the tour guide.
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The advantage of orthorectifying in this manner is solely one of speed. The accuracy of the resulting orthoimages is within 20-40 meters of real-world objects and topography. Your accuracy is better if you take the time to collect several GCPs with which to further refine the sensor model. 1. Click in the Ortho column to open the Ortho Resampling dialog, or click the Ortho Resampling icon .
NOTE: The following settings are appropriate for the particular data set used in this tour guide. Your data may require different settings. See the On-Line Help for more information. 2. Click in the Active Area field and type 90.0, or use the increment nudgers to the right of the field. 3. Click in the Output File Name field and type a name for the output file, or accept the default name. 4. Confirm that the DTM Source dropdown list displays Constant. 5. In this case, the value 64 is appropriate for the Constant Value field.
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You can also use an external DEM to improve accuracy of the output orthoimage. 6. Click in the Output Cell Sizes fields and enter .00004 (an appropriate value for this data set) in both the X and Y fields. NOTE: These cell sizes are measured in degrees, not meters. 7. Click the Advanced tab in the Ortho Resampling dialog. 8. Click the checkbox next to Ignore Value, and maintain the value of 0. Now that you have the parameters set, you can add the other IKONOS image and it inherits those parameters. 9. Click the Add button at the bottom of the dialog.
In this example, there is only one additional file to add to the orthoresampling process, so clicking the Add button is appropriate. If you have multiple images, you should choose Add Multiple. The Add Single Output dialog opens.
10. Click the Input File Name dropdown list and select the second image in the block file. The Output File Name is automatically assigned; however, you can change it and the directory in which it is stored if you wish. 11. Click the checkbox next to Use Current Cell Sizes. 12. Click OK in the Add Single Output dialog. The information updates in the Advanced tab.
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The second image is added to the CellArray with the same settings as the first
13. In the CellArray, click in the > column corresponding to the second image and scroll to see the settings. The second image in the block file is added to the Ortho Resampling CellArray with the same parameters (for example, cell size and constant elevation value) as the first image in the block file.
You can modify the settings of each image by clicking in the > column to make the image active, then changing settings in the dialog, or in the CellArray. 14. Click OK in the Ortho Resampling dialog to start the resampling process. A Job Status dialog opens to display the progress of the resampling.
15. When the process is complete, click OK in the job status dialog.
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Note, this process could take several minutes, depending on the size of the images, the output orthoimage cell size, and your system resources.
Now that you have two orthoimages of your IKONOS data, you can examine them in a Viewer. 1. On the ERDAS IMAGINE icon bar, click the Viewer icon.
If necessary, you may choose either the Classic Viewer and the Geospatial Light Table. 2. Click the Open icon to access a File Selector.
3. Click the Recent button and select the first orthoimage. 4. Click OK in the List of Recent Files dialog. 5. In the File Selector, click the Raster Options tab and make sure that Clear Display is not selected. 6. Make sure that the Fit to Frame and Background Transparent checkboxes are selected. 7. Click OK. 8. Follow step 2. through step 7., selecting the second file for display in the Viewer. The orthoimages display in the Viewer.
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You can use the Swipe utility to see how accurately the images were orthorectified using only the information contained in the RPC file. Then you can compare this output with the results you get when you orthorectify the images using GCPs. 1. From the Utility menu in the Viewer, select Swipe. The Viewer Swipe dialog opens.
Use the slider bar to adjust the display of the images in the Viewer
you can see an area of sufficient detail. 3. In the Swipe dialog, move the slider bar to the left and right to see how well the images overlap in the Viewer.
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Road networks are a good place to check the geometric fidelity of the output images
4. When you are finished checking the registration, click Cancel in the Viewer Swipe dialog. 5. Close the Viewer. Notice that each column of the LPS Project Manager CellArray (with the exception of the DTM column, which is a separate process) is green indicating that the process is complete.
The process is complete (with the exception of the DTM generation), indicated by the green cells in each of the columns
Even though you have completed the process, you can still backtrack and repeat steps to improve the registration of the images in the block file. In the next series of steps, you are going to select GCPs and specify a reference DEM with which to improve the output orthoimages accuracy.
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The Point Measurement tool is designed to collect GCPs and tie points that are common to two images so that the images can be correlated. In the case of IKONOS imagery, the RPC file that comes with the images contains valuable information that lessens the need to collect large numbers of control points. In this portion of the tour guide, you can see how choosing GCPs and generating automatic tie points can considerably improve the results of your orthorectification. 1. In the LPS CellArray, click in the > cell corresponding to the first image in the block. This ensures that the first image in the block appears in the Left View. 2. On the LPS toolbar, click to select the Point Measurement icon .
The Point Measurement tool opens, displaying the two IKONOS images in the block file.
You can select well-distributed control points on each of the images with which to improve the correlation between the IKONOS images. In the following steps, ground control point coordinates that have been provided by the data vendor are added to the reference CellArray.
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1. In the Point Measurement tool, click the Add button. A new Point # is added to the reference CellArray at the bottom of the Point Measurement tool. 2. Click in the Description cell and type SD-GCP7. 3. Click the Type cell and select Full. 4. Click the Usage cell and select Control. 5. Using the following table, input the X, Y, and Z Reference values into the reference CellArray.
You can optionally change the format of the columns to increase the number of places past the decimal. Right click in the column heading, choose Format, and enter the Custom Format (for example, 0.000000). Click Apply, then Close to apply the new format. This format information is not saved when you exit LPS Project Manager.
X Reference
-117.148912
Y Reference
32.835735
Z Reference
80.31
NOTE: Even if all numerals past the decimal do not display in the cell, LPS Project Manager uses all the coordinate information you supply. 6. Locate the points and place them in the two images using the Create Point tool .
The following table gives coordinates of the points. These coordinates are placed in the file CellArray at the bottom right of the Point Measurement tool. Table 2: SD-GCP7 File Coordinates GCP
SD-GCP7
Image
1 2
X File
4412.078 4409.696
Y File
605.672 605.957
7. Click the Add button to add another point. 8. Click in the Description cell and type SD-GCP10.
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9. Click the Type cell and select Full. 10. Click the Usage cell and select Control. 11. Using the following table, input the X, Y, and Z Reference values into the reference CellArray. Table 3: SD-GCP10 Reference Coordinates Point ID
SD-GCP10
X Reference
-117.085834
Y Reference
32.837056
Z Reference
132.82
12. Locate the points and place them in the two images using the Create Point tool . The following table gives file coordinates.
Image
1 2
X File
4747.460 4737.814
Y File
2039.984 2040.044
13. Click the Add button to add another point. 14. Click in the Description cell and type SD-GCP90. 15. Click the Type cell and select Full. 16. Click the Usage cell and select Control. 17. Using the following table, input the X, Y, and Z Reference values into the reference CellArray. Table 5: SD-GCP90 Reference Coordinates Point ID
SD-GCP90
X Reference
-117.163992
Y Reference
32.749788
Z Reference
53.42
18. Locate the points and place them in the two images using the Create Point tool . The following table gives coordinates.
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Image
1 2
X File
2005.597 2006.565
Y File
738.606 738.609
19. Click the Add button to add another point. 20. Click in the Description cell and type SD-GCP110. 21. Click the Type cell and select Full. 22. Click the Usage cell and select Control. 23. Using the following table, input the X, Y, and Z Reference values into the reference CellArray. Table 7: SD-GCP110 Reference Coordinates Point ID
SD-GCP110
X Reference
-117.142110
Y Reference
32.692361
Z Reference
-31.54
24. Locate the points and place them in the two images using the Create Point tool . The following table gives coordinates.
Image
1 2
X File
542.547 556.201
Y File
1568.697 1568.880
25. Click Save in the Point Measurement tool. Your Point Measurement tool should look similar to the following.
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LPS Project Manager can automatically select tie points in your block file with the help of the control points you just selected. Tie points can also improve your final orthoimages. 1. In the Point Measurement tool, click the Auto Tie Properties icon The Automatic Tie Point Generation Properties dialog opens on the General tab. .
In this case, the default settings in the dialog are appropriate. 2. Click Run in the dialog.
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When the process is complete, the tie points are appended to the bottom of the reference CellArray in the Point Measurement tool. 3. Click in the > column of one of the points to see its location in both images.
Pixel coordinates for the tie points are located in the file CellArray
If you wish, you can view each of the automatically generated tie points and deactivate the ones that are at the edges of the image by clicking in the Active column to remove the X.
With IKONOS data, you can refine the sensor model with polynomials, which are contained in the RPC file you specified in the Frame Editor dialog. Using these coefficients along with the GCPs creates a more accurate orthoimage. 1. Click the Triangulation Properties icon tool. The Rational Function Refinement dialog opens. in the Point Measurement
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2. Make sure the Refinement with Polynomials checkbox is checked. By using this option, you apply polynomial corrections to the original rational function model. This option corrects remaining error and refines the mathematical solution. 3. Click in the Polynomial Order field and type 1, or use the increment nudgers. An order of 0 would result in a simple shift to both image x and y coordinates. A 1st order, as used in this example, applies an affine transformation. 4. In the Rational Function Refinement dialog, click the Run button. The Refinement Summary dialog opens.
If you wish, you can click the Report button to see a more detailed refinement report. 5. Click Accept in the Refinement Summary dialog. This saves the refinement information to the block file. 6. Click Accept in the Rational Function Refinement dialog. The X Reference, Y Reference, and Z Reference cells corresponding to the Tie points update.
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7. Click Save in the Point Measurement tool. 8. Click Close in the Point Measurement tool.
1. Click in the Ortho column to open the Ortho Resampling dialog, or click the Ortho Resampling icon .
2. You are prompted as to whether or not you want to delete the orthoimage corresponding to the first image you created in the first part of this tour guide. Click No in the Attention dialog. The Ortho Resampling dialog opens:
Output cell sizes are measured in degrees Images to be resampled display in the CellArray
3. Click in the Active Area field and type 90.0, or use the increment nudgers to the right of the field. 4. Click in the Output File Name section and type a new name for the output orthoimage. 5. Click the DTM Source dropdown list and select DEM.
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6. Click the dropdown list next to DEM File Name and select Find DEM. NOTE: You must supply your own DEM.
The DEM you select must overlap the input images by at least 30% in order to be used in orthoresampling. 7. Select the DEM and click OK in the File Selector. 8. Click in the Output Cell Sizes fields and enter .00004 in both the X and Y fields. NOTE: These cell sizes are measured in degrees, not meters. 9. Click the Advanced tab in the Ortho Resampling dialog. 10. Click the checkbox next to Ignore Value, and maintain the value of 0. Now that you have the parameters set, you can add the other IKONOS image, and it inherits those parameters. 11. Click the Add button at the bottom of the dialog. 12. You are prompted as to whether or not you want to delete the orthoimage corresponding to the second image you created in the first part of this tour guide. Click No in the Attention dialogs. The Add Single Output dialog opens. 13. Click the Input File Name dropdown list to select the second image in the block file. 14. Give the output image a name. 15. Make sure that the checkbox next to Use Current Cell Sizes is selected. 16. Click OK in the dialog to transfer the information back to the CellArray of the Ortho Resampling dialog. The second image in the block file is added to the Ortho Resampling CellArray with the same parameters (for example, cell size and constant elevation value) as the first image in the block file. 17. Click OK in the Ortho Resampling dialog to start the ortho resampling process. A Job Status dialog opens to display the progress of the ortho resampling. 18. When the process is complete, click OK in the job status dialog.
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Note, this process could take several minutes, depending on the size of the images, the output orthoimage cell size, and your system resources.
Now you can view the two sets of orthoimages in Viewers and compare the results of ortho resampling both without and with GCPs and tie points. 1. On the ERDAS IMAGINE icon bar, select the Viewer icon.
3. Click the Recent button and select the first orthoimage. 4. Click OK in the List of Recent Files dialog. 5. In the File Selector, click the Raster Options tab and make sure that Clear Display is not selected. 6. Make sure that the Fit to Frame checkbox is selected. 7. Make sure that the Background Transparent checkbox is selected. 8. Click OK. 9. Follow step 2. through step 7., and select the second file. The orthoimages display in the Viewer.
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You can use the Swipe utility to see how accurately the images were orthorectified using only the information contained in the RPC file. Then you can compare this output with the results you get when you orthorectify the images using GCPs. 1. From the Utility menu in the Viewer, select Swipe. The Viewer Swipe dialog opens.
Use the slider bar to adjust the display of the images in the Viewer
you can see an area of sufficient detail in the Viewer. 3. In the Swipe dialog, move the slider bar to the left and right to see how well the images overlap in the Viewer.
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Road networks are a good place to check the overlap of the images
4. Compare the registration with the first set of orthoimages you created. 5. When you are finished checking the registration, click Cancel in the Viewer Swipe dialog. 6. Select File | Save in the LPS Project Manager.
You can see a graphical representation of the orthos you created in the LPS Project Overview window. 1. In the Block Tree View on the left-hand side of the dialog, click the plus sign next to Orthos to expand the list.
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2. Resize the Block Tree View as necessary to see as much of the complete file names as you like.
3. To view a specific ortho in the Project Graphic Status window, select it either in the Orthos list or in the CellArray at the bottom of the LPS Project Manager.
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Triangles (Control Points) displayed in the image to see the Point Data for that point.
5. Once you have finished reviewing the data, click the Dismiss button to close the Point Data dialog.
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7. Close LPS by selecting File | Exit. 8. Close the Viewers by selecting File | Close. 9. If you wish, close ERDAS IMAGINE by selecting Session | Exit IMAGINE.
Conclusions
While the RPC file associated with IKONOS imagery can provide valuable information regarding the interior and exterior orientation of an image to produce accurate orthoimages, using a few GCPs and tie points can further improve the quality of the output orthoimages.
Next
Next, you can learn how to create DTMs from your IKONOS data using LPS ATE.
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Approximate completion time for this tour guide is 45 minutes. The steps you are going to perform in this tour guide include: Create/open a block file. Set DTM extraction properties. Check advanced extraction properties. Generate the DTM of the IKONOS images. Use the DTM in orthorectification of the images (optional).
You must supply your own data in order to execute the steps in this tour guide. However, the steps are applicable to any IKONOS data. The IKONOS data in this example is of San Diego, California, USA. This tour guide assumes that you already have a block file that you have created with LPS Project Manager. If you need instructions on how to create a block file using IKONOS data, see "LPS Project Manager IKONOS Support". 1. Start ERDAS IMAGINE. 2. Click the LPS icon on the icon panel.
LPS Automatic Terrain Extraction IKONOS Support LPS Automatic Terrain Extraction IKONOS Support
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A File Selector opens, from which you can select a pre-existing block file. 4. Navigate to the appropriate directory, select the block file, then click OK in the File Selector. The LPS Project Manager updates to include the new block file information.
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All of the necessary parameters have already been defined; you can proceed directly to DTM extraction
Now, set the properties for extraction of the DTM from the IKONOS data.
1. From the LPS toolbar, select the DTM Extraction icon Process | DTM Extraction.
, or select
The DTM Extraction dialog opens. It allows you to select the type of DTM you wish to create, as well as the parameters to apply during the extraction of the DTM.
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Choose the form and give the output a name Trim the border to remove erroneous data
By default, the Output DTM Type is DEM. 2. In the Output Form section, click the radio button next to Single DTM Mosaic. 3. In the Output DTM File section, click the Open icon to a directory where you have write permission. and navigate
By default, output images are placed in your Default Output Directory as specified in your IMAGINE Preferences. 4. Give the DEM a name, then click OK in the File Selector. 5. Change the DTM Cell Size in X and Y if you wish. The use of this option removes erroneous data that may appear at the edges of the images. This eliminates the need to subset at the end of the DTM extraction process.
You can assign advanced properties to the images that are used in DTM extraction. You can also generate quality images as well as contour images as well as DTMs using LPS ATE. 1. Click the Advanced Properties button on the DTM Extraction dialog.
General Tab
The DTM Extraction Properties dialog opens on the General tab. The General tab has information regarding the projection and units, which are inherited from the block file. You also have the opportunity here to generate a Contour Map corresponding to the output DTM. You can select a contour interval that suits your application. To check the accuracy of the output DTM, an option to create a DTM Point Status image. It has categories defining the accuracy of the DTM.
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You also have the option to reduce the correlation area in the General tab. The reduction occurs before DTM processing and reduces the edges of the images by a specified percent. If you select 10%, for example, 5% is removed from each of the four sides of the output DTM.
2. Click the checkbox next to Create Contour Map. The Contour Map is in Shape file format, and is designated with "_contour" appended to the file name. 3. In the Contour Interval field, change the value to 20. 4. Click the checkbox next to Create DTM Point Status Output Image. The DTM Point Status image is in ERDAS IMAGINE .img format, and is designated with "_quality" appended to the file name.
The Image Pair tab is used to evaluate image pairs and determine which image pairs you want to use for automated DTM extraction. Only those image pairs that overlap by the specified overlap threshold are active.Click the Image Pair tab. 1. Click the Image Pair tab. 2. Click the View icon to open the views at the top of the dialog.
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Image pairs in the block file are listed here in the CellArray
Notice that there is only one image pair in the block file. It is designated Active, and the DEM will be generated from it.
The Area Selection tab is provided so that you can specify which geographic regions contained within an image pair are used for DTM extraction, or are not used for DTM extraction. You can create custom strategies applicable to particular regions to improve the accuracy of your output DTM. 1. Click the Area Selection tab. 2. Click the View icon to open the views at the top of the dialog.
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Notice that the OverView displays the extent of the correlation area in red, and the default overlap in white. This helps you to digitize regions in the Area Selection tab for the purpose of applying specific strategies.
Accuracy Tab
The Accuracy tab is provided so that you can define 3D reference information that is used to compute the accuracy of the output DTM. 3D reference information includes control, check, and tie points from the block file; an external DEM covering all or a portion of the image pair; and tie points you define. 1. Click the Accuracy tab. 2. Click the View icon to open the views at the top of the dialog.
3. Click the checkbox next to Use Block GCPs. 4. Click the checkbox next to Use Block Tie Points. 5. Click the checkbox next to Use External DEM.
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7. Navigate to the directly containing the DEM, select it, and click OK in the File Selector. NOTE: You must supply your own DEM. The Graphic Status Display of the Accuracy tab updates accordingly.
8. Click OK in the Accuracy tab. You are returned to the DTM Extraction dialog.
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NOTE: You may be prompted to choose either the Classic Viewer or the Geospatial Light Table. 2. Click the Open icon to access a File Selector.
3. Click the Recent button and select the DEM you just created. 4. Click OK in the List of Recent Files dialog. 5. Click OK In the File Selector. The DEM displays in the Viewer. You may need to fit the image to the window.
The DEM can now be used in other applications such as Stereo Analyst and IMAGINE VirtualGIS.
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6. Clear the Viewer by clicking the Remove Contents from Viewer icon .
2. Navigate to the directory in which you saved the Contour Map (the same directory as the output DEM). 3. Click the Files of type dropdown list and select Shapefile (*.shp). 4. Select the file (it has a _contour element), and click OK in the File Selector. The Contour Map displays in the Viewer.
The Contour Map can be viewed in conjunction with the DTM Point Status image to evaluate the accuracy of the output DTM.
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2. Navigate to the directory in which you saved the DTM Point Status image (the same directory as the output DEM). 3. Click the Files of type dropdown list and select IMAGINE Image (*.img). 4. Select the file (it has a _quality element), and 5. Click the Raster Options tab. 6. Make sure that Clear Display is not active. 7. Make sure that Fit to Frame is active. 8. Click OK in the File Selector. The DTM Point Status image displays over the Contour Map in the Viewer.
Arrange Layers
1. From the View menu, select Arrange Layers.
2. Click, hold, and drag the raster layer, ikonos_dem_quality.img(:Layer_1), below the vector layer, Vector: ikonos_dem_contour.shp. 3. Click Apply in the Arrange Layers dialog.
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The Contour Map displays over the DTM Point Status image. By viewing the output files in this way, you can identify areas that may benefit from post-processing.
For information about post-processing DTMs generated by LPS ATE, see the LPS Project Manager Users Guide and the LPS Automatic Terrain Extraction Users Guide, located in the <IMAGINE_HOME>/help/hardcopy directory. 4. Click Close in the Arrange Layers dialog.
Check Attributes
The DTM Point Status image has an attributes table that details the number of Excellent, Good, Fair, Isolated, and Suspicious points in the output DEM. 1. From the Raster menu, select Attributes to open the Raster Attribute Editor table. 2. Resize the table by dragging the corners and sides to see all of the information.
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The number in the Histogram column corresponds to the number of pixels with the value of Background, Excellent, Good, Fair, Isolated, and Suspicious. 3. When you are finished looking at the Raster Attribute Editor, select File | Close. 4. Close the Viewer.
At this point, you might choose to ortho resample the images using the DEM you created. First, however, you should check the DEM and perform any necessary post-processing. If you want to perform this process, see Ortho Resample the Images for instructions.
Conclusions
As this chapter has shown, you can make highly accurate DTMs of your IKONOS data using LPS ATE. You can use these DTMs in other applications such as IMAGINE VirtualGIS and Stereo Analyst. Next, you can learn about the Stereo Analyst IKONOS functionality.
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Approximate completion time for this tour guide is 5 minutes. The steps you are going to perform in this tour guide include: Open a Stereo Analyst workspace. Select the metadata text file. View the IKONOS data in block file format.
You must supply your own data in order to execute the steps in this tour guide. However, the steps are applicable to any IKONOS data. The IKONOS data in this example is of San Diego, California, USA.
1. Start ERDAS IMAGINE. 2. Click the Stereo Analyst icon on the tool bar.
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2. Click to select the *.tif file, then click OK in the file selector dialog. That image loads in the Stereo Analyst Workspace. 3. Select File | Open | Add a Second Image for Stereo. 4. Click to select a second *.tif file, then click OK in the file selector dialog Stereo Analyst reads the metadata.txt file and RPC files associated with the images listed in the metadata file. From those files, you can create a block (*.blk) file. It is that block file which is opened in the Stereo Analyst workspace.
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This block file is like any other, and you can use it in Stereo Analyst to perform the following tasks: collect true, real-world, three-dimensional geographic information in one simple step, and to higher accuracies than when using raw imagery, geocorrected imagery, or orthophotos, use timesaving, automated feature collecting tools for collecting roads, buildings, and parcels, attribute features automatically with attribute tables (both spatial and nonspatial attribute information associated with a feature can be input during collection), collect and measure 3D information, collect X, Y, Z mass points and breaklines for triangulated irregular networks, and import and export in 3D, and directly output and immediately use your 3D Shape files in ERDAS IMAGINE and ESRI Arc products.
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Conclusions
As you have learned, opening an IKONOS block file in Stereo Analyst is an easy process. Once the block file is displayed in the workspace, you can use it like any other block file.
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Index
Symbols
*.gms file 12
L
Load IKONOS images 62
M
Metadata file 62 Metadata files 3 Model setup 17
A
Accuracy tab 53 Add data to the block 18 Advanced properties 50 Area Selection tab 52 Attributes 58 Auto tie 35 Automatic tie point generation properties 35
P
Point Measurement tool 31 Polynomial order 37 Polynomial refinement 36 Pyramid layers 20
R
Rational function refinement 36 Rational Function Refinement dialog 37 Rational polynomial coefficient 3 Rational Polynomial Coefficients 21 Refine model 36 Refinement summary 37 Resample 10 RPC 3 RPC file 21 RPC file example 22 RPC Files 9
C
Contour Map 56 Create Contour Map 51 Create DTM Point Status image 51
D
Dialog Rational Function Refinement 37 Digital stereo model 3 Digital terrain model 3 DSM 3 DTM 3 DTM extraction properties 49 DTM Point Status image 57
S
Set geometric model 8 Single-frame orthorectification 6 Start Stereo Analyst 61
F
File format *.gms 12 Frame properties 23
T
Triangulation properties 36
G
GCP 3 General tab 50 Geo-correction 6 Geographic Lat/Lon 22 Geometric correction tools 10 Geometric model 8 Ground control point 3
I
IGM 3 IKONOS model properties 8 IKONOS Sensor Model 17 Image geometric correction 6 Image geometry model 3 Image Pair tab 51
Index
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Index