Text T t Book B k Computer Numerical Control from p programming g g to Networking g S. C. J.

Lin, Delmar 1994

Numerical control
A numerical control system is a system in which actions are controlled by the direct insertion of numerical data at some point. The system must automatically interpret at least some portion of this data. The coded instructions are converted into two types of control signals.
pluses of electric output: positioning of the machine

spindle p relative to the workpiece p and its speed. p on/off control signals: spindle rotation control, coolant supply, pp y, selection of cutting g tool, , stop, p, clamping p g and unclamping.

Birth of NC Machine
1 9 4 7 - John Parsons (Michigan UAS): Three-axis

curvature data to control machine tool motion for the complex l machining hi i of f aircraft i ft components. t
1949 - Parsons joined MIT. 1951 - First numerically controlled machine tool was

developed in MIT.

Programming Languages Development

Automatically Programmed Tool (APT) was

d developed l di in MIT to define d fi part geometry and d cutter p paths for workpieces. p The majority j y of todays y computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) NC systems are APTbased. Other ATP-based languages g g are ADAPT(IBM), IFAPT(France), FAPT(Japan).

Direct Numerical Control (DNC)

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) and Distributive Numerical Control

A dedicated computer is built into the MCU to control one machine tool. 1980 - a network of computers is used to coordinate the operation of a number of CNC machines.

Basic Element of a CNC System

Machine Control Unit

(MCU) It reads and interprets the coded instructions for machining a particular workpiece p and g generating g electric output signals. It also acts as a feedback controller for precise positioning of machine table or spindle. MCU consists of two main units.

Machine Control Unit (MCU)

MCU consists of two main units. Data-processing unit (DPU) reads coded instructions processes coded instructions transmits data pertaining to the position of each axis to the CLU. Control loop unit (CLU) executes linear or circular interpolations based on the position and speed signals from the DPU and generates control signals receives axis feedback signal implement auxiliary control function

Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

CNC is a self-contained NC system for a single machine tool that uses a dedicated computer controlled t ll d by b stored t d instructions i t ti i the in th memory to t implement some or all of the basic NC functions. It is flexible and relatively low-cost. low cost Monitoring display and graphic representation of the part program Data entry: manual data input (MDI) and RS-232-C Controller C ll memory: The Th execution i program resides id in i Read only memory (ROM). The part programs are stored in random-access random access memory (RAM). (RAM)

Features of CNC
Program editing: After part programs are downloaded to the CNC memory, changes or updates can be made d at t the th machine. hi Program verification: Simulation programs allow the cutter tt path th to t be b displayed di l d and d verified ifi d graphically hi ll on a display unit before the part program is run on the machine. machine Error diagnostics: program error, operation error and servo error can be detected detected. Communication facility. CNC control units have the capability of communicating with other microprocessor-based devices.

Features of CNC
Management information: on-line parameter and information display Coordinate system (absolute vs. Incremental) Unit system ( inch vs. Metric) Code format (EIA vs. ASCII) Macro and computing p g capability p y Cutter compensation for size and length Interpolation function Advanced programming features

Advantages of CNC
Increased productivity High accuracy and repeatability Reduced production costs Reduced indirect operation p costs Facilitation of complex machining operations Greater flexibility Improved production planning and control Lower operator skill requirement Facilitation of flexible automation

Accuracy: agreement between the actual value l of f the h measured d variable i bl and d the h measurement as it is output by the sensor. Repeatability R t bilit (Precision): (P i i ) variation i ti over repeated measurement.

Resolution: the change in the measured variable to which the sensor will respond with a like change in the measurement Range: the upper and lower limits of the measured variable for which measurement can be made.

CNC Machining Centre

Tooling system

Machine control unit

Three-axis Three axis vertical machining centre

Cooling system

Calibrated by laser equipment

Dynamic Calibration

Anglar Measurement

St i ht Straightness Measurement M t

Measurement of H type system

--CNC,, SMV500H
The h spindle i dl suspended d d by b "Active "A i Magnet Bearings". It also uses HSK50 tooling system and increases the rigidity of the tool clamping. This allows ll for f extreme t high hi h speed d cutting tti with ith rates t up to 40 m/min. The machine employs noiseless slide covers, oilless guide ways and precision ball screws. screws Travel___________ __800x500x550mm Table working surface_____900x465mm Spindle taper______HSK50E/BBT taper HSK50E/BBT Spindle speed______Max.10,000160,000rpm Rapid traverse(X,Y,Z)____40x40x30m/min traverse(X,Y,Z) 40x40x30m/min OPT(60x60x30m/min)