a)

PHYSICS PROJECT
Objective TO FIND OUT THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF VARIOUS LIQUIDS USING A HOLLOW GLASS PRISM

Shitij Singhal Class: XII- D Sardar Patel Vidyalaya R ll ! : 28 " ard R ll ! :

Tea#her$s Signat%re

&C'!O()ED*E+E!T
I , %ld li-e t e./ress 0y sin#ere gratit%de t %r Physi#s tea#hers +r Rajee1 Jain2 +rs3 +%-ta 'a%shi- 4 r the hel/ and g%idan#e they ga1e %s in the # %rse 4 this /r je#t3 I , %ld als li-e t than- %r la5 rat ry assistant )3C Dhyani Sir 4 r his assistan#e and s%// rt3

I!DEX
Serial T /i# ! 3 6 7 8 9 &i0 Pr je#t &//arat%s The ry :a; )ight :5; Re4ra#ti n :#; Pris0 :d; Pris0 F r0%la < = >
8
9

S%00ary

Pr #ed%re O5ser1ati n Ta5les *ra/hs Res%lts Pre#a%ti ns and S %r#es "i5li gra/hy 4 err rs and Diagra0s Cal#%lati ns

6? 66

&I+
T 4ind %t Re4ra#ti1e Indi#es 4 1ari %s )i@%ids %sing a H ll , *lass Pris03

Pr je#t S%00ary
This /r je#t is in1estigat ry in nat%re3 It en1isages %se 4 h ll , /ris0 t #al#%late the re4ra#ti1e indi#es 4 1ari %s li@%ids3 The h ll , /ris0 is 4illed ,ith the li@%id and then the de1iati n in the /ath 4 the ray 4 light2 as it s%44ers re4ra#ti n2 is st%died3 Readings 4 the e./eri0ent are n ted ,ith the 1ari %s li@%ids and re4ra#ti1e inde. is #al#%lated 4 r ea#h /air 4 0edia3 It has 5een ass%0ed that the re4ra#ti1e inde. 4 the li@%ids is ,ith res/e#t t air3

&PP&R&TAS
H ll , glass /ris0 Dra,ing 5 ard Pins +eter s#ale Pr tra#t r Sheets 4 ,hite /a/er Vari %s li@%ids a; (ater 5; *ly#erine #; Vinegar d; Vegeta5le Oil

THEORY
)ight: )ight is a 4 r0

4 energy3 The eye #an sense it thr %gh r dB # ne #ells /resent in the retinal layer3
Ray: & ray

4 light is the straight-line /ath 4 ll ,ed 5y light in g ing 4r 0 ne /la#e t an ther3

"ea0: A 5ea0 is a # lle#ti n

4 rays3

O/ti#al Phen 0ena: Re4le#ti n and Re4ra#ti n Re4le#ti n: (hen a ray

4 light is in#ident at a / int n a s%r4a#e2 the s%r4a#e thr ,s /artly r ,h lly2 the in#ident energy 5a#- int the 0edi%0 4 in#iden#e3 I4 the energy th%s thr ,n 5a#tra1els al ng a single dire#ti n the /r #ess is #alled re4le#ti n3 I4 the light thr ,n 5a#tra1els in 0any dire#ti ns2 then the /r #ess is #alled s#attering3

Re4ra#ti n: In a h 0 gen %s 0edi%02 light tra1els

al ng a straight line3 "%t ,hene1er it 4alls n the s%r4a#e 4 an ther 0edi%02 a 1ery s0all 4ra#ti n 4 it is re4le#ted 5a#- and 0 st 4 the light /asses int the 0edi%02 th %gh ,ith a #hange 4 dire#ti n3 This /hen 0en n 4 the 5ending 4 light at the s%r4a#e 4 se/arati n 4 t, 0edia is #alled re4ra#ti n 4 light3
Ca%se 4 Re4ra#ti n:

The /hen 0en n 4 re4ra#ti n ta-es /la#e ,hen a 5ea0 4 light enters a 0edi%0 in ,hi#h light tra1els ,ith a di44erent 1el #ity3
)a,s O4 Re4le#ti n:

63 The re4le#ted ray2 the in#ident ray2 and the n r0al at the / int 73 The angle re4le#ti n3 4 in#iden#e all lie in the sa0e /lane3 4 in#iden#e is e@%al t the angle 4

)a,s O4 Re4ra#ti n:

63The in#ident ray2 the re4ra#ted ray2 and the n r0al at the / int 4 in#iden#e all lie in the sa0e /lane3 73F r any t, gi1en 0edia the rati sin i B sin r is a # nstant :,here i is the angle 4 in#iden#e2 r is the angle 4 re4ra#ti n;3 This is als #alled Snell$s
)a,3 Re4ra#ti1e Inde.:

F r a 0 n #hr 0ati# light2 the rati

4 the sine 4 the angle 4 in#iden#e t the angle 4 re4ra#ti n is a # nstant 4 r t, gi1en 0edia in # nta#t3

I4 CiC is the angle 4 in#iden#e and CrC the angle re4ra#ti n then sin i B sin r = # nstant3

This # nstant is #alled the refractive index. F r 0 st /%r/ ses it 0ay 5e ass%0ed that the re4ra#ti1e inde. is ,3r3t3 air3 (hen light tra1els 4r 0 rarer t denser 0edi%0 it 5ends t ,ards the n r0al and ,hen it tra1els 4r 0 denser t rarer 0edi%0 it 5ends a,ay 4r 0 the n r0al3 It has 5een e./eri0entally deter0ined that re4ra#ti1e inde. 4 a s%5stan#e2

= velocity

of light in air /velocity of light in substance.

Pris0: & / rti n 4 trans/arent 0edi%0 5 %nded 5y t, /lane s%r4a#es in#lined t ea#h ther at a s%ita5le angle is #alled a /ris03 The angle 5et,een the t, 4a#es is -n ,n as the angle 4 the angle 4 the /ris0 r the re4ra#ting angle3 Re4ra#ti1e Edge: The line 4 intera#ti n 4 the edges 4 the /lanes is -n ,n as the re4ra#ti1e edge 4 the /ris03 &ngle 4 De1iati n: The angle thr %gh ,hi#h the in#ident ray 4 light is de1iated is #alled the angle 4 de1iati n3 It is the angle 5et,een the e0ergent ray and the in#ident ray /r d%#ed3 &ngle 4 +ini0%0 De1iati n: &s the 1al%e 4 the angle 4 in#iden#e :i; in#reases2 the angle 4 de1iati n :d; de#reases till 4 r a /arti#%lar 1al%e 4 angle 4 in#iden#e2 it attains a 0ini0%0 1al%e $D0$ #alled the angle 4 0ini0%0 de1iati n and then in#reases again3 &t this angle :D0; the in#ident ray and the e0ergent ray are sy00etri#al ,3r3t3 the re4ra#ting s%r4a#es3 Criti#al &ngle: It is that angle 4 in#iden#e in the denser 0edi%0 4 r ,hi#h the # rres/ nding angle 4 re4ra#ti n in the rarer 0edi%0 is D? degrees3

= lBsin # ,here = Re4ra#ti1e Inde. and

#E #riti#al angle Relati n 5et,een re4ra#ti1e inde. and #riti#al angle a## rding t Snell$s )a,:
5

Fa= sin iB sin r ,here i

# and r

D?G

Fa E sin #B sin D?G = sin #

5

"%t

Fa E 6B aF5 r
a

i3e3 6B aF5 E sin #

F5E 6Bsin #

The ry

4 Re4ra#ti n thr %gh Pris0:

(hen a ray 4 light /asses 4r 0 ne 0edi%0 int the ther2 it either 5ends t ,ards the n r0al r a,ay 4r 0 the n r0al in the se# nd 0edi%03 This /hen 0en n is -n ,n as the re4ra#ti n 4 light3 F r a /arti#%lar /air 4 t, 0edia and 4 r a /arti#%lar ,a1elength 4 light :# l %r; the rati 4 the sine 4 the angle 4 in#iden#e and the sine 4 the angle 4 re4ra#ti n is a # nstant @%antity #alled the re4ra#ti1e inde. 4 the se# nd 0edi%0 ,3r3t3 the 4irst3 It is re/resented 5y ----- 7F6 = sin i B sin r The 1al%e 4 the angle 4 in#iden#e CiC #an 5e 5tained in the ter0s 4 the re4ra#ting angle C&C 4 the /ris0 and the angle 4 0ini0%0 de1iati n CD0C and the angle 4 re4ra#ti n CRC #an als 5e 5tained in ter0s 4 the re4ra#ting angle C&C 4 the /ris03 Th%s ,e 4ind that ,e #an %se the a5 1e relati n deri1ed 4 r deter0ining the re4ra#ti1e inde.3 The e./eri0ent th%s # nsists in 4inding the 1al%e 4 the re4ra#ting angle C&C 4 the /ris0 and the 1al%e 4 the angle 4 0ini0%0 de1iati n D03 F r 4inding the 1al%e 4 D0 a #%r1e is /l tted 5et,een angles 4 in#iden#e :i; and their res/e#ti1e angles 4 de1iati ns :d;3

PRIS+ FOR+A)&

)et &"C re/resent a se#ti n 4 the glass /ris0 and let ) 5e a ray in#ident at an angle CIC n the 4irst 4a#e &" 4 the /ris0 at a / int C)C3 !6 is the n r0al t this 4a#e3 The 0aterial 4 the /ris0 is denser ,ith res/e#t t air2 as s%#h the ray , %ld re4ra#t in the dire#ti n )+ 0a-ing an angle r6 ,ith the n r0al2 rea#hing the se# nd 4a#e &C 4 the /ris0 at the / int + 0a-ing an angle r2 ,ith the n r0al !2 . The ray e0erges in the dire#ti n +! 5ending a,ay 4r 0 the n r0al 0a-ing an angle CeC ,ith the n r0al3 I4 the in#ident ray ') 5e /r d%#ed 5a#-,ards t 0eet +! :als t 5e /r d%#ed 5a#-,ards; at P then the angle HP+ is #alled the angle 4 de1iati n and is re/resented 5y D3 &ngle C"&CC is #alled the re4ra#ting angle 4 the /ris0 and re/resented 5y C&C3 Fr 0 the 4ig%re it #an 5e /r 1ed:
D = (I + e) - (r1 + r2)

:%sing e.teri r angle /r /erty and & E (r1 + r2)

4 a triangle;

There4 re & I D = I I eJ ,hen angle 4 de1iati n D has the 0ini0%0 1al%e Dm the 4 ll ,ing # nditi ns are 4%l4illed I = e and r6 = r7 = r :say; &//lying these # nditi ns in the e@%ati n & = 7r Or r = &B7 & I D0 E 7I Or I = :& I D0;B7 Sin#e 6F7 = sin iB sin r 6 F7 = Ksin:& + D0;B7LBKsin &B7L

PROCEDARE
T - a /ie#e 4 ,hite /a/er2 4i.ed it dra,ing 5 ard %sing gl%e stri/s3 n a

Pla#ed the h ll , glass /ris0 n the sheet and #are4%lly dre, its %tline3 Dre, a n r0al and #are4%lly dre, its %tline3 Dre, a n r0al and an in#ident ray at an angle 4 8< degrees ,ith the n r0al n side &" 4 the /ris03 Fi.ed t, /ins P6 and P7 n the in#ident ray ,hi#h are at least < #0 a/art3 Filled the /ris0 ,ith ,ater and /la#ed it 1er its %tline3 O5ser1ed the re4ra#ted ray that # 0es a4ter re4ra#ti n 4r 0 the 4a#e &" 4 the /ris03 Fi.ed t, 0 re /ins P3 and P4 t # 1er the i0age 4 P6 and P73 O5tained angles r6 and r7 and added the0 t 5tain the angle 4 the /ris03

&!*)E OF +I!I+A+ DEVI&TIO!:

Fi.ed a ,hite sheet 4 /a/er 5 ard %sing gl%e stri/s3 Pla#ed a h ll , #are4%lly dre, its and an in#ident ray degrees n the side n a dra,ing

glass /ris0 n the sheet and %tline3 Dre, a n r0al 4 angle 4 in#iden#e 8< &" 4 the /ris03 n the in#ident ray

Fi.ed t, /ins P6 and P7 at least < #0 a/art3

Filled the h ll , /ris0 ,ith ,ater and /la#ed it 1er its dra,n %tline3 O5ser1ed the re4ra#ted ray ,hi#h # 0es a4ter re4ra#ti n 5y /la#ing t, 0 re /ins P8 and P9 # 1ering P6 and P73

E.tended the in#ident and re4ra#ted ray t 5tain the angle 4 de1iati n2 D3

 Re/eated the a5 1e /r #ed%re ta-ing the angles 4 in#iden#e as 9?G 2 9<G 2 <?G 2 <<G and =?G3 ! ted the l ,est 5tained 1al%e 4 angle 4 de1iati n as the angle 4 0ini0%0 de1iati n2 Dm . Re/eated the a5 1e ste/s 4 r 1inegar2 1egeta5le il and gly#erine3 Asing the 1al%e 4 the angle 4 /ris0 :&; and the angle 4 0ini0%0 de1iati n :D0;2 #al#%lated the 1al%e 4 the re4ra#ti1e inde. 4 the li@%ids 5y %sing the e@%ati n :'; gi1en in the the ry3 Sele#ted s%ita5le s#ales t re/resent the angle 4 in#iden#e al ng the X-a.is and angle 4 de1iati n al ng the Y-a.is and /l tted a gra/h3 The gra/h ga1e the 1al%e 4 D02 ,hi#h is the 0ini0%0 0 st / int 4 the /ara5 la3

O"SERV&TIO!S
S3! 3 6 7 8 9 < = > M D 6? 66 67 68 69 6< 6= 6> 6M 6D 7? 76 77 78 79 &ngle 4 In#iden#e 8<G 9?G 9<G <?G <<G =?G 8<G 9?G 9<G <?G <<G =?G 8?G 8<G 9?G 9<G <?G <<G 8<G 9?G 9<G <?G <<G =?G &ngle 4 De1iati n 7<G 79G 78G 7<G 7>G 7MG 7=G 7<G 783<G 7<G 7>G 7MG 9DG 9?G 8DG 89G 8=G 8DG 96G 8MG 8=G 8<G 8=G 8MG

!a0e

4 )i@%id

(ater

Vinegar

Vegeta5le Oil

*ly#erine

C&)CA)&TIO!S
&ngle 4 /ris0 :&; E =?G F r0%la %sed: / = Ksin ::& I Dm;B7LBKsin :&B7;L
(ater: D0E78G There4 re NE

sin 963<G E ?3==7= E 6387<7 sin 8?G ?3<

Vinegar: D0E783<G There4 re NE

sin 9637<G E ?3=<D8 E 6386M= sin 8?G ?3<

Vegeta5le Oil: D0E89G There4 re NE sin 9>G E ?3>869 E 639=7M sin 8?G ?3< *ly#erine: D0E8<G There4 re NE

sin 9>3<G E ?3>8>8 E 639>9= sin 8?G ?3<

RESA)T
The re4ra#ti1e inde.es 4 the three li@%ids ,ere 4 %nd t 5e as 4 ll ,s:(ater2 F E 6387<7 Vinegar2 F E 6386M= Vegeta5le Oil2 F E 639=7M *ly#erine2 F E 639>7=

2!

PREC&ATIO!S &!D SOARCES OF ERRORS

The / siti n 4 the /ris0 sh %ld n t 5e dist%r5ed n the ,hite sheet3 There sh %ld 5e n /aralla. 5et,een the /ins P62 P7 and their i0ages P82 P93 The angles sh %ld 5e 0eas%red #are4%lly3 The #%r1e 4 the gra/h sh %ld 5e s0 th3

"i5li gra/hy
Resni#- and Halliday :Physi#s /arts I and II;