HYDRAULIC FRACTURING for STRESS MEASUREMENTS

The in situ state of stress in the earth's crust has been i!e"# reco$ni%e! as a basic &ara'eter necessar# in the en$ineerin$ !esi$n of un!er$roun! o&enin$s( )uantitati*e e*a"uation of hori%onta" in situ stresses in roc+ at a s&ecific site cannot be 'a!e since $ra*itationa" forces are &ractica""# the on"# one c"ear"# un!erstoo!( Therefore, these hori%onta" stresses re-uire !irect 'easure'ents in the fie"!( .resent"# the 'ost co''on 'etho! of 'easurin$ in situ stress fro' near/surface to consi!erab"e !e&ths is h#!rau"ic fracturin$ 0or h#!rofrac1( T#&ica""# h#!rau"ic fracturin$ is con!ucte! in *ertica" boreho"es( A short se$'ent of the ho"e is sea"e! off usin$ an stra!!"e &ac+er( This is fo""o e! b# the &ressuri%ation of the fracture/free se$'ent of the ho"e b# &u'&in$ in ater( The &ressure is raise! unti" the roc+ surroun!in$ the ho"e fai"s in tension at a critica" &ressure( Fo""o in$ brea+!o n, the shut/in &ressure, the "o est test/inter*a" &ressure at hich the h#!rofrac c"oses co'&"ete"# un!er the action of the stress actin$ nor'a" to the h#!rofrac( In a *ertica" test ho"e the h#!rofrac is e2&ecte! to be *ertica" an! &er&en!icu"ar to the 'ini'u' hori%onta" stress(

ELASTIC MODEL
Hubbert an! 3i""is 045671 !e*e"o&e! the first rea"istic 'o!e" re"atin$ the recor!e! h#!rau"ic fracturin$ test *ariab"es to the in situ state of stress in roc+( At the boreho"e a"" the tan$entia" stress at the t o &oints a"i$ne! &er&en!icu"ar to the 'ini'u' hori%onta" stress, Sh, i"" be the first to 'eet this criterion as the test/inter*a" &ressure is raise!( A h#!rau"ic fracture i"" thus initiate an! e2ten! in the !irection of the 'a2i'u' hori%onta" stress, SH( 3ith these assu'&tions, Hubbert an! 3i""is 045671 ere ab"e to obtain an e"astic so"ution re"atin$ the h#!rau"ic fracturin$ initiation &ressure .c 0a"so ca""e! critica" or brea+!o n &ressure1 an! the t o &rinci&a" hori%onta" stresses, Sh an! SH(

here T is the tensi"e stren$th of the roc+( In their &a&er, Hubbert an! 3i""is assu'e! that T is ne$"i$ib"e at $reat !e&th because of &ree2istin$ fissures tra*ersin$ the roc+ an! !i! not incor&orate it in the abo*e fracturin$ criterion (

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Hubbert an! 3i""is su$$este! that the "east hori%onta" stress is e-ua" to the e""bore &ressure re-uire! to e2ten! the h#!rau"ic fracture hi"e ho"!in$ it o&en( 8eh"e 0459:1 as 'ore &recise about the 'a$nitu!e of Sh an! su$$este! that it as e-ua" to the shut/in &ressure, .s, or the 'ini'u' &ressure nee!e! to +ee& the fracture o&en a$ainst the fracture/nor'a" stress 0e-ua" to Sh1 after &u'&in$ has been sto&&e!;

Thus, +no "e!$e of four test *ariab"es 0.c, .s, .o an! T1 is re-uire! to ca"cu"ate the t o hori%onta" &rinci&a" stresses &ro*i!e! the abo*e assu'&tions ho"!( To a*oi! the nee! for !eter'inin$ T, one of the 'ost a'bi$uous roc+ 'echanica" &ro&erties 0Hu!son an! Fairhurst, 45951, <re!ehoeft et a"( 045791 su$$este! re&"acin$ the brea+!o n &ressure .c ith the fracture reo&enin$ 0or refrac1 &ressure, .r, obtaine! in subse-uent &ressuri%ation c#c"es( Un!er the assu'&tion that the h#!rau"ic fracture c"oses co'&"ete"# bet een &ressuri%ation c#c"es an! that the state of stress aroun! the boreho"e thus returns to its &re/test con!ition, e-uation Hubbert an! 3i""is e-uation re!uces to;

Typical Hydrofrac Pressure-Time Record

= To& =

POROELASTIC MODEL
>ne of the si'&"if#in$ assu'&tions 'a!e in the e"ast 'o!e" is that no in?ecte! f"ui! &enetrates into the surroun!in$ roc+( This con!ition 'a# be correct in oi" e""s "ine! ith i'&er'eab"e 'u! ca+e, but certain"# inaccurate in c"ean o&en ho"es of the t#&e co''on"# use! for stress 'easure'ents( The ra!ia" out ar! f"o of the in?ecte! f"ui! into the roc+ &ores creates an a!!itiona" stress fie"! aroun! the boreho"e( Hai'son an! Fairhurst 045971 in*o+e! the theor# of &oroe"asticit# 0<iot, 45:41 to incor&orate the

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effect of the in?ection f"ui! &er'eation on the stress !istribution aroun! the boreho"e, an! obtaine! the fo""o in$ h#!rau"ic fracturin$ criterion;

a is the <iot &oroe"astic &ara'eter 0<iot an! 3i""is, 45671, an! is !efine! as a @ 4 / CrACb, here Cr is roc+ 'atri2 co'&ressibi"it# an! Cb is roc+ bu"+ co'&ressibi"it#B n is the .oisson's ratio for the roc+( = To& =

FRACTURE MECHA ICS MODEL

Con*entiona" e"astic an! &oroe"astic criteria assu'e that the roc+ sub?ect to h#!rau"ic fracturin$ beha*es as a continuous 'e!iu'( Ho e*er, the &resence of natura" crac+s in the test inter*a" 'a# *io"ate this si'&"if#in$ assu'&tion( Abou/Sa#e! et( a"( 0457C1 intro!uce! a fracture 'echanics a&&roach to the h#!rau"ic fracturin$ criterion assu'in$ the e2istence of arbitrari"# oriente! crac+s in roc+( Further assu'in$ that there is a" a#s a s#''etrica" !oub"e crac+ of "en$th a 0t#&ica" of the roc+ t#&e1 hich e2ten!s fro' the ho"e a"" in the !irection of SH( Ru''e" an! 3inter 045CD1 an! Ru''e" 045C71 !eri*e! a fracture 'echanics so"ution that can be use! to ca"cu"ate SH( The# su$$est that h#!rau"ic fracturin$ i"" occur hen the 'o!e I 0o&enin$1 stress intensit# factor 8I at the ti& of the crac+ reaches a critica" *a"ue 0fracture tou$hness 8IC1( The &ea+ &ressure .c recor!e! on the &ressure/ti'e &"ot is then inter&rete! as e-ua" to;

here fE, $E, hE are !i'ension"ess stress intensit# functions ca"cu"ate! in ter's of the nor'a"i%e! crac+ "en$th aAr, here r is the ra!ius of the boreho"e( For co'&arison ith the c"assica" e"astic so"ution 0Hubbert an! 3i""is, 45671 the first ter' of the e-uation fE8ICAF r is e-ui*a"ent to the a&&arent h#!rau"ic fracturin$ tensi"e stren$th of the roc+( = To& =

HTPF
A no*e" a&&roach to ca"cu"atin$ in situ stresses fro' h#!rau"ic fracturin$ !ata has been &ro&ose! b# Cornet an! Ga"ette 045C:1( It is the Fracture .ressuri%ation Metho!, ori$ina""# ca""e! 'h#!rau"ic tests on &ree2istin$ fractures' 0HT.F1 b# Cornet 045C91( <#

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usin$ the $enera" theor# of stress in D/!i'ensiona" s&ace, the fracture/nor'a" stress can be for'u"ate! as a non"inear function of !e&th an! fracture orientation, e2&resse! in the for' of 9 un+no n &ara'eters hich uni-ue"# !efine the stress tensor( Un"i+e the con*entiona" 'o!e"s, the fracture &ressuri%ation 'etho! neither in*o+es the stress/strain re"ations nor assu'es the i!ea"istic 0ho'o$eneous, isotro&ic, an! "inear e"astic1 roc+ &ro&erties( The on"# assu'&tions 'a!e here the fracture &ressuri%ation criterion is use! are;

The shut/in &ressure is e-ua" to the 'a$nitu!e of the stress nor'a" to the &ressuri%e! fracture Sn e*en if it is not oriente! a"on$ Sh(

Each non/%ero co'&onent of the stress tensor *aries "inear"# ith !e&th( S* is ta+en e-ua" to the ei$ht of the o*erbur!en an! assu'e! to be a &rinci&a" co'&onent of the in situ stress tensor(

Un!er these assu'&tions, the state of stress at !e&th D can be re&resente! b# the fo""o in$ tensor 0Cornet an! Ga"ette, 45C:1;

here $ is the 'ean ei$ht !ensit# of the roc+B D is the !e&thB 0S1 is s#''etric ith four in!e&en!ent co'&onentsB 0A1 is the stress tensor at the surface 0D@H1B an! 0<1 is a tensor re&resentin$ the "inear *ariation of the stress co'&onents ith !e&th( McGarr 045CH1 ha! sho n that the stress "inear re"ationshi& ith !e&th is a !irect resu"t of the e-uations of static e-ui"ibriu' hen the hori%onta" stresses are unifor' o*er "ar$e area( Usin$ the !efinitions in the abo*e e-uations A4 an! AI are the &rinci&a" hori%onta" stresses at the surface 0D@H1( Denotin$ the !irection of A4 ith res&ect to north as " A, ei$en*a"ues of 0<1 as <4 an! <I, an! the !irection of the ei$en*ector corres&on!in$ to <4 ith res&ect to A4 as " <( Then each nor'a" 0i@?1 an! shear 0iJ ?1 stress co'&onent Si? 0i,?@2,#1 can be re"ate! to the si2 un+no n &rinci&a" co'&onents A4,AI,<4,<I," A an! " < b# 0Kae$er an! Coo+, &( I:/I9, 45791;
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The 'easure! attitu!e 0!i& f i, !i& !irection # i1 of the &ressuri%e! fracture !efines the unit nor'a" *ector 0n1 of each fracture/nor'a" stress Sn,i across ith fracture, 'easure! b# the res&ecti*e shut/in &ressure .s,i can be re"ate! to each stress co'&onent of 0S1;

<# con!uctin$ a 'ini'u' of si2 &ressuri%ation tests in se&arate inter*a"s ithin the sa'e stress re$i'e, the si2 un+no n &ara'eters 0A4, AI, <4, <I, " A an! " <1 in the fracture/ nor'a" stress e-uation can be !eter'ine!, usin$ one of se*era" a*ai"ab"e "east s-uares techni-ues( The si2 &ara'eters co'&"ete"# !efine three in!e&en!ent co'&onents 0S22, S##, S2#1 of hori%onta" stresses as a function of !e&th( Thus, the hori%onta" &rinci&a" stresses an! their !irections are ca"cu"ate! as fo""o s;

8no "e!$e of the in situ stress in roc+ 'ass is re-uire! in the !esi$n of un!er$roun! o&enin$s, in the earth-ua+e stu!ies, an! in the e2traction of oi" an! $as( The 'a$nitu!es an! !irections of in situ stresses, obtaine! b# h#!rau"ic fracturin$, &ro*i!e the crucia" !esi$n &ara'eters / "a#out 0orientation, !e&th, an! cross/sectiona" sha&e1 of the o&enin$, frictiona" stren$th of the fau"t, an! orientation of the fracture &ro&a$ation( The fo""o in$ are the e2a'&"es of un!er$roun! acti*ities re-uirin$ the state of in situ stresses(

Nuc"ear aste !is&osa" re&ositor# !esi$n 0YM., 3I..1 >i" L $as stora$e !esi$n 0S.R1

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Co'&resse! Air Ener$# Stora$e 0CAES1 !esi$n 0Norton1 .u'&e! ener$# stora$e !esi$n 0<ath Count#, S'ith Mt( La+e, Tianhuan$&in$, Sno # Mountains Sche'e1 Trans&ortation tunne" !esi$n Earth-ua+e &re!iction 0Earth-ua+e "ist, San An!reas, .ar+fie"!1 Man/'a!e earth-ua+e stu!ies ."ate tectonics 0USGS, Earth-ua+es, &"atetectonics(co'1 3aste in?ection for en*iron'enta" restoration 0S.E1 Enhance'ent of oi" A $roun! ater reco*er# 0Fracture tou$hness1 Geother'a" ener$# e2traction 0Fenton Hi"", Sou"t%, Dee& Heat Minin$, Geocrac+, Lon$ Ga""e#1 <oreho"e stabi"it# &rob"e's 0DEM, 8ar"sruhe1

H#!rau"ic fracturin$ fie"! testin$ is a t o/ste& &roce!ure( Se-uentia""#, it consists of 0a1 &ressuri%ation of the se"ecte! boreho"e se$'ent unti" fracturin$ occurs, an! 0b1 !e"ineation of the in!uce! fracture( T#&ica""#, a co'&"ete test i"" consist of t o tri&s !o nho"e to the test inter*a", each ith !ifferent e-ui&'ent asse'b"ies( The 'ost co''on too" for fracturin$ is a stra!!"e &ac+er s#ste'B for fracture tracin$ on the boreho"e a"" the o"!est an! sti"" the 'ost re"iab"e is the i'&ression/orientin$ too"( In its si'&"est for' the stra!!"e &ac+er s#ste' inc"u!es t o inf"atab"e rubber &ac+er e"e'ents stra!!"e! b# an inter*a" s&acer( The &ac+er e"e'ents are use! to sea" off a se$'ent of the ho"e so as to enab"e its "ea+/free h#!rau"ic &ressuri%ation( The i'&ression &ac+er/orientin$ too" asse'b"# co'&rises of a co'&ass/"i+e 0or $#rosco&ic1 !e*ice an! a &ac+er e"e'ent co*ere! ith a &artia""# cure! thin rubber s"ee*e for ta+in$ an i'&rint of the boreho"e a"" hen &ressuri%e! a$ainst it( A co''on 'etho! has been !escribe! in ASTM stan!ar! D:9:6/C7 045C51(

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Wireline Straddle Packer System (Haimson and Lee, 1984)

Selec!ed Refere"ces for Hydraulic Frac!uri"#

ASTM Desi$nation D:9:6/C7, Stan!ar! test 'etho! for !eter'ination of the in/situ stress in roc+ usin$ the h#!rau"ic fracturin$ 'etho!, Annua" <oo+ of ASTM Stan!ar!s, :(HC, C64/C69 045C51( Aa'o!t R( an! M( 8uri#a$a a, Measure'ent of Instantaneous Shut/in .ressure in Cr#sta""ine Roc+, in H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents, Nationa" Aca!e'# .ress, 3ashin$ton, D( C(, IC/:D 045CD1( Abou/Sa#e!, A( S(, C( E( <rechte" an! R( K( C"ifton, In Situ Stress Deter'ination b# H#!rofracturin$; A Fracture Mechanics A&&roach, K( Geo&h#s( Res(, CD, IC64/IC9I 0457C1( Aha$en, H(, Instru'ents for H#!ro$eo"o$ica" an! Geoche'ica" Measure'ents in Dee& <oreho"es, Internationa" S#'&osiu' on Fie"! Measure'ents in Geo'echanics, Murich, 4IC5/4I5I, 045CD1( <au'$artner, K( an! F( Ru''e", E2&erience ith H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ as a Stress Measurin$ Techni-ue in Kointe! Roc+ Mass, in .roc( In! Internationa" 3or+sho& on

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H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents, Uni*ersit# of 3isconsin/Ma!ison, &&( 49C/ IH:, 045CC1(

<au'$artner, K(, F( Ru''e", <( C( Hai'son, an! M( Y( Lee, In Situ Stress Measure'ents an! Natura" Fracture Lo$$in$ in Dri"" Ho"e CY/:, the Troo!os o&hio"ite, C#&rus, In C#&rus Crusta" Stu!# .ro?ect, Initia" Re&ort, Ho"e CY/:, Geo"o$ica" Sur*e# of Cana!a, &a&er CC/5, &&( D46/DDH 045C51( <iot, M( A, Genera" Theor# of Three/!i'ensiona" Conso"i!a/tion( K( A&&"( .h#s( 4I, 466/ 49: 045:41( <iot, M( A( an! 3i""is, D(G(, The E"astic Coefficients of the Theor# of Conso"i!ation, K( A&&"ie! Mechanics, 65:, 045671( <?arnason, <, C( L?un$$ren, an! >( Ste&hansson, Ne De*e"o&'ents in H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents at Lu"ea Uni*ersit# of Techno"o$#, Int( K( Roc+ Mech( Min( Sci( L Geo'ech( Abstr(, I9, 675/6C9 045C51( <ra!"e#, 3( <(, Fai"ure of Inc"ine! <oreho"es( K( Ener$# Res( Tech(, Trans( AIME, 4HI, IDI/ID5 045751( <re!ehoeft, K(, R( 3o"ff, 3( 8e#s, an! E( Shuter, H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ to Deter'ine the Re$iona" In/situ Stress Fie"!, .iceance <asin, Co"ora!o, Geo"( Soc( A'erica <u""(, C7, I6H/I6C 045791( Cheun$, L( S( an! <( C( Hai'son, Laborator# Stu!# of H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ .ressure Data/Ho Ga"i! Is Their Con*entiona" Inter&retationN, Int( K( Roc+ Mech( Min( SCI L Geo'ech( Abstr(, I9, 656/9H: 045C51( Cheun$, L(S(, Laborator# Si'u"ate! H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents in Intact an! .refracture! Roc+s, .h(D( thesis, Uni*ersit# of 3isconsin/Ma!ison 0455H1( C"ar+, K( <(, A H#!rau"ic .rocess for Increasin$ the .ro!ucti*it# of 3e""s, Trans( AIME, Go"( 4C9, 45:5( Cornet, F( H( an! <( Ga"ette, In Situ Stress Deter'ination fro' H#!rau"ic In?ection Test Data, K( Geo&h#s( Res(, C5, 446I7/446D7 045C:1( Cornet F( H(, Stress Deter'ination fro' H#!rau"ic Tests on .ree2istin$ Fractures/ the H(T(.(F( Metho!( in .roc( Int"( S#'&( Roc+ Stress an! Roc+ Stress Measure'ents, CENTE8 .ub"(, Lu"ea, &&( DH4/D44 045C91( Danesh#, A( A(, A Stu!# of Inc"ine! H#!rau"ic Fractures( Soc( .etr( En$rs( K(, 4D, 94/9C 0457D1( De "a Cru%, R( G( an! C( <( Ra"ei$h, Abso"ute Stress Measure'ents at the Ran$e"# Antic"ine, North estern Co"ora!o, Int( K( Roc+ Mech( Min( SCI L Geo'ech( Abstr(, 5, 9I6/9D: 0457I1(

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Disch"er, S( A( an! 8( 8i', Deter'ination of Roc+ Defor'ation Mo!u"us !urin$ H#!rau"ic Fracturin$, in .roc( I9th U(S( S#'&osiu' on Roc+ Mechanics, South Da+ota Schoo" of Mines an! Techno"o$#, D9D/D7D, 045C61( Doe, T(3(, 3(A( Hustru"i!, <( Lei?on, 8( In$*a"! an! L( Strin!e"", Deter'ination of the State of Stress at the Stri&a 'ine, S e!en, in H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents, Nationa" Aca!e'# .ress, 3ashin$ton, D( C(, &&( 445/4I5 045CD1( Ene*er, K( R( an! <( A( 3oo"torton, E2&erience ith H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ as a Means of Esti'atin$ In/Situ Stress in Austra"ian Coa" <asin Se!i'ent, in H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents, Nationa" Aca!e'# .ress, 3ashin$ton, D( C(, &&( IC/:D, 045CD1( Ene*er, K( R( an! .( N( Cho&ra, E2&erience ith H#!rau"ic Fracture Stress Measure'ents in Granite, in .roc( Internationa" S#'&osiu' on Roc+ Stress an! Roc+ Stress Measure'ent, CENTE8 .ub"(, Lu"ea, &&( :44/:IH 045C91( E*ans, 8(, A Laborator# Stu!# of T o Stra!!"e/.ac+er S#ste's un!er Si'u"ate! H#!rofrac Stress/Measure'ent Con!itions, K( Ener$# Resources Techno"o$#, 4H5, 4CH/ 45H 045C71( Gronseth K(M( an! .( R( 8r#, Instantaneous Shut/in .ressure an! its Re"ationshi& to the Mini'u' In/situ Stress, in H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents, Nationa" Aca!e'# .ress, 3ashin$/ton, D( C(, 66/9H 045CD1( Hai'son, <( C(, Earth-ua+e Re"ate! Stresses at Ran$e"#, Co"ora!o, in .roc( 4:th US Roc+ Mech( S#'&(, A'( Soc( Ci*i" En$rs, Ne Yor+, NY, &&( 9C5/7HC 0457D1( Hai'son, <( C(, A Si'&"e Metho! for Esti'atin$ In Situ Stresses at Great De&ths, In Fie"! Testin$ an! Instru'entation of Roc+, ASTM ST. 66:, A'erican Societ# for Testin$ an! Materia"s, &&( 469/4CI 0457:1( Hai'son, <( C(, Desi$n of Un!er$roun! .o erhouses an! the I'&ortance of .re/ e2ca*ation Stress Measure'ents, in .roc( 49th US Roc+ Mech( S#'&(, A'( Soc( Ci*i" En$rs, Ne Yor+, NY, 457/IH: 045771( Hai'son, <( C(, Crusta" Stress in the Michi$an <asin( K( Geo&h#s( Res( CD, 6C67/6C9D 0457Ca1( Hai'son, <( C(, The H#!rofracturin$ Stress Measurin$ Metho! an! Recent Resu"ts, Int( K( Roc+ Mech( Min( SCI L Geo'ech( Abstr(, 46, 497/47C 0457Cb1( Hai'son, <( C(, Fie"! Measure'ents an! Laborator# Tests for the Desi$n of Ener$# Stora$e Ca*erns, in .roc( :th ISRM Con$ress, I, <a"+e'a, Rotter!a', &&( 456/IH4 045751( Hai'son, <( C(, Near Surface an! Dee& H#!rofracturin$ Stress Measure'ents in the 3ater"oo )uart%ite, Int( K( Roc+ Mech( Min( SCI L Geo'ech( Abstr(, 47, C4/CC 045CH1( Hai'son, <( C(, Stress Measure'ents at Hanfor!, 3ashin$ton for the Desi$n of a Nuc"ear 3aste Re&ositor# Faci"it#, in .roc( 9th Con$ress of the Internationa" Societ# for Roc+ Mechanics, <a"+e'a, Rotter!a', &&( 445/4ID 045C71(

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Hai'son, <( C(, Current H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Inter&retation, Ho Correct"# Does It Esti'ate the Ma2i'u' Hori%onta" Crusta" StressN( E>S, Trans( A'( Geo&h#s( U(, 95, 4:6: 045CC1( Hai'son, <( C( an! T( 3( Doe, State of Stress, .er'eabi"it#, an! Fractures in the .reca'brian Granite of Northern I""inois, K( Geo&h#s( Res(, CC, 7D66/7D74 045CD1( Hai'son, <( C( an! K( N( E!", H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ of Dee& 3e""s, S.E :H94, &resente! at the :7th annua" fa"" 'eetin$, AIME, Soc( of .etr( En$r( 0457I1( Hai'son, <( C( an! C( Fairhurst, Initiation an! E2tension of H#!rau"ic Fracture in Roc+s, Soc( .etr( En$rs( K(, Se&t(, D4H/D4C 045971( Hai'son, <( C( an! O( Huan$, H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ <rea+!o n .ressure an! In Situ Stress at Great De&th( In Roc+ at Great De&th 0E!ite! b# Maur# an! Four'aintrau21, <a"+e'a, Rotter!a', &&( 5D5/5:9 045C51( Hai'son, <( C( an! C( F( Lee, H#!rofracturin$ Stress Deter'inations at Dar"in$ton, >ntario( In .roc( 4Dth Cana!ian Roc+ Mech( S#'&(, Cana!ian Inst( Min( Met, Toronto, >ntario, &&( :I/6H 045CH1( Hai'son, <( C( an! M( Y( Lee, De*e"o&'ent of a 3ire"ine H#!rofra/cturin$ Techni-ue an! Its Use at a Site of In!uce! Seis'icit#, in .roc( I6th US Roc+ Mech( S#'&(, Soc( Minin$ En$rs, Ne Yor+, NY, &&( 45:/IHD 045C:1( Hai'son, <( C( an! M( Y( Lee, Stress Measure'ents at the Kor!ane""e Da' Site, Centra" Utah, Usin$ 3ire"ine H#!rofracturin$, fina" re&ort to US Geo"o$ica" Sur*e#, 4:/HC/ HHH4/I4C5H 045C61( Hai'son, <( C( an! M( Y( Lee, The State of Stress in a Kointe! Rh#o"ite, in .roc( ICth US Roc+ Mech( S#'&(, Rotter!a', <a"+e'a, &&( ID4/I:H 045C71( Hai'son, <( C( an! <( Goi$ht, Crusta" stress in Ice"an!( .a$eo&h, 446, 46D/45H 045771( Hai'son, <( C(, M(Y( Lee, N( Fe+nous, an! .( !e Cour*a", PStress Measure'ents at the Site of the SMD H#!roe"ectric Sche'e, Near Se&t/I"es, )uebecP, Int"( K( Roc+ Mech( an! Minin$ Sci(, *o"(DD, :C7/:57, 045591( Hai'son, <( C(, M( Y( Lee, an! N( Chan!"er, Esti'atin$ the State of Stress at the Un!er$roun! Research Laborator# fro' H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Tests in Three Ho"es of Different ."un$es, in Roc+ Mechanics Too"s an! Techni-ues, E!s( M( Aubertin, F( Hassani an! H( Mitri, <a"+e'a .ub(, *o"( I, 54D/545 045591( Hea"#, K( H( an! M( D( Mobac+, H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ In Situ Stress Measure'ents to I(4 +' De&th at Ca?on .ass, Ca"ifornia, Geo&h#s( Res( Lett(, 46, 4HH6/4HHC 045CC1( Hic+'an, S( H( an! M( D( Mobac+, The Inter&retation of H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ .ressure/ Ti'e Data fro' In/situ Stress Deter'ination, in H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents, Nationa" Aca!e'# .ress, 3ashin$ton, D( C(, ::/6: 045CD1(

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Hubbert, M( 8( an! D( G( 3i""is, Mechanics of H#!rau"ic Fracturin$, Trans( AIME, I4H, 46D/499 045671( Hu!son K( A( an! C( Fairhurst, Tensi"e Stren$th, 3eibu""'s Theor# an! a Genera" Statistica" A&&roach to Roc+ Fai"ure, in .roc( Southa'&ton 4595 Ci*i" En$ineerin$ Materia"s Conference, &&( 5H4/54: 045951( 8eh"e, R( >(, The Deter'ination of Tectonic Stresses Throu$h Ana"#sis of H#!rau"ic 3e"" Fracturin$( K( Geo&h#s( Res( 95, I65/I7D 0459:1( Lee M( Y( an! <( C( Hai'son, .C/base! Data Ac-uisition an! Ana"#sis Soft are for H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents, in Fie"! Measure'ents in Geotechnics, E! 0Soru'1, :66/:9: 045541( Lee M( Y( an! <( C( Hai'son, Statistica" E*a"uation of H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ent .ara'eters, Int( K( Roc+ Mech( Min( Sci( L Geo'ech( Abstr(, I9, ::7/:69 045C51( Li, F(, )( Mhai, M( D( Mobac+, <( C( Hai'son, an! M( Y( Lee, Stress Measure'ent in the Re! Ri*er Fau"t Re$ion of Yunnan &ro*ince, China, E>S, Trans( A'( Geo&h#s( U(, 99, 4H9H 045C61( Ma, M(, H#!rau"ic Con!ucti*it# E*a"uation of .otentia" Un!er$roun! Sites for Housin$ Su&ercon!ucti*e Ma$net Usin$ Fie"! an! Laborator# Metho!s, M( S( thesis, Uni*ersit# of 3isconsin/Ma!ison 045751( Mar!ia, L(, The Statistics of >rientation Data, Aca!e'ic .ress, Lon!on 0457I1( Martin, C( D(, Characteri%in$ In Situ Stress Do'ains at the AECL Un!er$roun! Research Laborator#, Can( Geotech( K(, I7, 9D4/9:9 0455H1 Mus+at, M(, Use of Data on <ui"!/u& of <otto' Ho"e .ressures, Trans( AIME(, 4ID, ::/ :C 045D71( Ren, N( 8(, E2&eri'enta" E*a"uation of Mechanica" Anisotro&# in the 3ater"oo )uart%ite, M( S( thesis, Uni*ersit# of 3isconsin/Ma!ison 045751( Richar!son, R( M(, H#!rau"ic Fracture in Arbitrari"# >riente! <oreho"es; An Ana"#tic A&&roach, in H#!rau"ic Frac/turin$ Stress Measure'ents, Nation/a" Aca!e'# .ress, 3ashin$/ton, D(C(, &&( 497/476 045CD1( Ro$iers, K( C(, C( Fairhurst an! R( <( Rosene, The DS. / A Ne Instru'ent for Esti'ation of the In/Situ Stress State at De&th, &a&er S.E :I:9 &resente! at 9th Conference on Dri""in$ an! Roc+ Mechanics of S.E/AIME, Austin, Te2as 0457D1( Ru''e", F(, Fracture Mechanics A&&roach to H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents, in Fracture Mechanics of Roc+ 0E!ite! b# <(8( At+inson1, Aca!e'ic .ress, Lon!on, &&( I47/ID5, 045C71(

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Ru''e", F(, K( <au'$artner H( K( A"hei!, H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents A"on$ the Eastern <oun!ar# of the S3/Ger'an <"oc+, in H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents, Nationa" Aca!e'# .ress, 3ashin$ton, D( C(, &&( D/47 045CD1( Ru''e", F( an! 3inter, R( <(, Fracture Mechanics as A&&"ie! to H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents, Earth-( .re!ict( Res( I, DD/:6 045CD1( Sch'itt, D( an! M( D( Mobac+, Laborator# Tests of the Effects of .ore .ressure on Tensi"e Fai"ure, in Roc+ at Great De&th 0 E!ite! b# Maur# an! Four'aintrau21, <a"+e'a, Rotter!a', &&( CCD/CC5 045C51( Su'ner, K( S(, Geo&h#sica" Stu!ies of the 3ater"oo Ran$e, 3isconsin, .h(D( thesis, Uni*ersit# of 3isconsin/Ma!ison 045691( Taranto"a, A( an! <( Ga"ette, Genera"i%e! Non"inear In*erse .rob"e' So"*e! Usin$ the Least S-uares Criterion, Re*( Geo&h#s( S&ace .h#s(, IH, I45/IDI 045CI1( Ter%a$hi, 8(, Theoretica" Soi" Mechanics, K( 3i"e#, Ne Yor+ 045:D1( Th aites, F(T(, <urie! .reca'brian of 3isconsin, 3isconsin Geo"o$ica" an! Natura" Histor# Sur*e# Ma& 045671( Tsu+ahara, H(, Stress Measure'ents Uti"i%in$ the H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Techni-ue in the 8anto/To+ai Area, Ka&an, in H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents, Nationa" Aca!e'# .ress, 3ashin$ton, D( C(, &&( 4C/I7 045CD1( Tunbri!$e, L( 3(, Inter&retation of the Shut/In .ressure fro' the Rate of .ressure Deca#, Int( K( Roc+ Mech( Min( Sci( L Geo'ech( Abstr(, I9, :67/:65 045C51( Tunbri!$e, L( 3(, C( M( Coo"in$, an! <( C( Hai'son, Measure'ent of Roc+ Stress Usin$ the H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Metho! in Corn a"", U(8(/.art I( Fie"! Measure'ents, Int( K( Roc+ Mech( Min( Sci( L Geo'ech( Abstr(, I9, D64/D9H 045C51( 3ar&ins+i, N( R(, .( <rana$an an! R( 3i"'er, In/Situ Stress Measure'ents at U(S( D>E's Mu"ti e"" E2&eri'ent Site, Mesa*er!e Grou&, Rif"e, Co"ora!o, K( .etr( Tech(, 6I7/6D9 045C61( Me'ane+, K(, R( L( Ca"! e"", E(E( G"enn Kr(, S( G( Ho"co'b, L(K( Norton an! A( K( D( Straus, The <oreho"e Te"e*ie er/A Ne Lo$$in$ Conce&t for Fracture Location an! >ther T#&es of <oreho"e Ins&ection, K( .etr( Tech(, 79I/77: 045951( Mobac+, M( D( an! <( C( Hai'son, Status of H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Metho! for In/situ Stress Measure'ents, in Issues in Roc+ Mechan/ics, .roc( IDr! U(S( S#'&osiu' on Roc+ Mechanics, Soc( of Minin$ En$ineers of AIME, Ne Yor+, &&( 4:D/469 045CI1( Mobac+, M( D( an! S( H( Hic+'an, In Situ Stu!# of the .h#sica" Mechanis's Contro""in$ In!uce! Seis'icit# at Montice""o Reser*oir, South Caro"ina, K( Geo&h#s( Res(, C7, 9565/ 957: 045CI1(

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Mobac+, M( D( an! D( D( .o""ar!, H#!rau"ic Fracture .ro&a$ation an! the Inter&retation of .ressure Ti'e Recor!s for IN/Situ Stress Deter'ination, in .roc( 45th U(S( Roc+ Mech( S#'&(, &&( 4:/II 0457C1( Mobac+, M( D(, H( Tsu+ahara an! S( Hic+'an, Stress Measure/'ents Near the San An!reas Fau"t, K( Geo&h#s( Res(, C6, 9467/947D 045CH1( Mobac+, M( L( an! M( D( Mobac+, State of Stress in the Conter'inous Unite! States, K( Geo&h#s( Res(, C6, 944D/9469 045CH1( Mobac+, M( D( an! <( C( Hai'son, E!itors, H#!rau"ic Fracturin$ Stress Measure'ents I Nationa" Aca!e'# .ress, 3ashin$ton, D(C(, I7H &(, 045CD1(

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