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After completing this lesson, the student will be able to Understand the book publishing industry scenario in Malaysia Identify the types of publishers Describe the scholarly and journal publishing Describe book trade organizations in Malaysia

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2.1

Introduction
Malaysia has a natural resources-rich land area of 329,847 square kilometers, the 66th largest country in the world. On independence, many predicted that Malaysias multi-ethnic society would collapse. Malaysia has not only survived, but has also prospered, with its economy registering one of the highest growth rates in the world. Today Malaysians are bristling with self-confidence as they march towards the vision of a fully developed nation by 2020. The book industry in Malaysia, like most other sectors, has also benefitted from the nations economic boom. Almost every aspect of the book industry output of local book publishers, number and quality of retail outlets, representation of overseas publishers in the local market, participation in international trade fairs, and governmental support for the industry has witnessed very positive and encouraging figures. For example, the average daily output of new titles in 1966 was less than 2; currently, it is nearly 20. At the international level, the size of the national stand at the Frankfurt Book Fair never exceeded 4 square meters up to the mid-1980s; in 1995, the national stand covered an area of 50 square meters. The main feature of Malaysias book publishing industry is that it is primarily domestic market focused, with school textbooks/revision guides/model answer books publishing constituting the major area of publishing.

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2.2

Types of Publishers
Religious Materials Publishers Professional Materials Publishers Academic Materials Publishers

2.2.1 Religious Materials Publishers

Examples of publishers: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Pustaka Salam Hizbi Darul Numan Pustaka Fajar Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Jabatan Kemajuan Islam (JAKIM) JPM Pustaka Aman GC Edar, etc.

Among the types of religious materials i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. How to & Guide Tafsir Hadith & Al-Quran Other areas of interest Mostly translated from Arabic or English Books written by great scholars such as Syed Quth, Fathi Yakan, etc. It is suspected that the publishers didnt pay royalty to the original authors or publishers

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2.2.2 Professional Materials Publishers

For the professionals and related to their professions In Malaysia, this type of publishing is not done in the great scale Only Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP), University Publishers and the western-based companies such as Fajar Bakti and Longman publish this type of materials

2.2.3 Academic Materials Publishers

Not profit oriented University publishers Research Institutions Government think tanks such as Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS), Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia (IKIM), Institut kajian Dasar (IKD), etc Academic Publishing the world over has a direct link to peer assessment and recognition Almost always, an academic manuscript received from an academic is sent to another academic in the same field for assessment or evaluation based on definite criteria It is only on confirmation that these criteria are met that the production process in initiated to produce a book

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2.3

Scholarly Publishing
Scholarly publishing or academic publishing in Malaysia began with the establishment of the first research institute in the country, the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), in 1900. The earliest published works were research reports, but as universities and other research institutes were founded and research activities increased, scholarly publishing grew in scope and importance. Today scholarly publications emanate from four main sources: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP), the university presses, various research institutes, and several government departments. These bodies now publish a diverse range of journals, bulletins, monographs, and papers, and the list keeps growing, although still merely scratching the surface of the proverbial publications barrel. Computers and telecommunications are changing the ways in which scholars communicate with each other. Some day in the future a scholar may be better served by sitting at a personal computer connected to a communications network than by making a visit to a library. From the personal computer the scholar will be able to consult documents that are stored on computer around the world. Not every scholar considers this scenario desirable; not everybody believes it to be technically, economically, or legally feasible; nobody expects an overnight transformation. Printed documents are so much part of scholarship that their dominant role cannot change except gradually, but many normally cautious people believe that some important uses of printing may be replaced by electronic information within comparatively few years. The scholarly works published are of two kinds; textbooks and reference materials. Textbooks are either original works or translations, and reference materials include monographs, journals, occasional papers, research papers, and mimeographs.

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You have now reached the stage where you should be able to discuss the content of the topic with your group. Discuss the role of scholarly or academic publishing in Malaysia

2.4

Journal Publishing
Most academic work is published in journal articles, books or thesis forms Most established academic disciplines have their own journals. For example in medicine, dentistry, law, education, information science, etc. Most scientific and scholarly journals are based on some form of peer review or editorial refereeing to quality texts for publications A peer-reviewed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of the existing research

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2.5

Law and the Book Industry

a) i. Internal Security Act (ISA) This act is aimed at a variety of activities considered as threats to national security. ii. Under this act, book can be banned. Being a multi-ethnic and multireligious nation, Malaysia has to be highly sensitive to publications that can contribute to the outbreak of racial riots and religious conflicts. Books that fall under this category of publications are banned. This decision is made only after the books have become available. iii. In other words, prior clearance from the Home Affairs Ministry is not required. In the case of imported books, if particular titles in the invoice arouse the suspicion of the inspecting customs officer, then sample copies have to be submitted for examination. iv. Up to 1980s, a lot of the books banned came under the communist propaganda category. The current focus is more on books that touch on racial and religious sensitivities.

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b)

Deposit of Library Materials Act, 1986

i. ii.

This act replaced The Preservation of Books Act, 1966. The main aim of this act is to ensure that all materials published in the country are preserved for current and future use.

iii.

Under this Act, it is mandatory for all publishers (private companies, individuals, government departments and agencies, research

institutes, etc.) to submit 5 copies of all printed materials (e.g., books, journals, newsletters, maps, newspapers) and 2 copies of non-printed materials (e.g., CD-ROM, audio and video recordings,

cinematographic films) to the National Library. iv. A penalty can be imposed for failure to submit. Reminder letters from the National Library and increasing awareness of this requirement have ensured a high degree of compliance. v. In the past, it was difficult for the national Library to monitor the numerous titles published in the country. Now, with more

organizations using the ISBN (which is issued by the National Library), it has become easier to monitor and take follow-up actions.

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c)

Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984

i.

This is important act which everyone in the book industry must understand and comply with. Though book publishing, importing, wholesaling and retailing do not require government licenses, there are important provisions relating to undesirable publications which affect the book industry.

ii.

Under this Act, such publications are those prejudicial to public order, morality, security, the relationship with any foreign country or government, or which is likely to alarm public opinion, or which is country to any law or is otherwise prejudicial to public interest or national interest. Any person who publishes, imports, or distributes such publications can be fined up to US$8000 or jailed for 3 years.

iii.

This Act is currently being viewed to tighten some of the provisions. For example, those involved in selling pornographic materials are allegedly making big profits from this business and many have returned to this business after paying the fines. There is a proposal to increase the fine to the maximum amount and jail sentence to 5 years.

d)

Copyright Act 1987

i.

This is a comprehensive Act covering numerous aspects relating to copyright protection for published editions and other creative works.

ii.

This Act provides copyright protection for 50 years for published editions from the beginning of the calendar year following the year in which the edition was first published. Under this Act, copyright is considered as movable property which can be transferred by assignment or by operation of law. Penalties under this Act for copyright offences are severe.

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iii.

A fine not exceeding US$4000 for each infringing copy, or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years, or both, can be imposed on first offenders. For any subsequent offence, a fine not exceeding US$8000 for each infringing copy, or imprisonment for a term not exceeding 10 years, or both, can be imposed.

iv.

Book piracy in Malaysia has declined over the years. Today, it is no longer considered a serious enforcement matter, though reports of infringement do surface once in a while. There is widespread feeling, however, that book piracy is quite widespread in the area of Islamic publications.

v.

The Malaysian book market for this type of publication is currently enjoying a boom. One can pick up several Islamic books in retail stores and from roadside vendors without proper copyright credit in the books or claims of permission to reprint. As the original owners have not lodged reports with the ministry, it is difficult to take action against this kind of illegal activity.

vi.

Book piracy can take a variety of forms. Today, photostating of entire books is considered an important problem area requiring action. This type of book piracy is big business for several photostating shops. In particular, expensive tertiary-level student textbooks and reference books attract this type of piracy.

vii.

To deal with this problems, three book trade associations (MAPOBA, MBIA, IKATAN) have formed a private limited company, Copyright Clearance Centre Malaysia Sdn Bhd, to license photostating companies to collect royalties on behalf of publishers. Because of various difficulties, this company has yet to start its activities.

viii.

Other legislation relevant to the book industry include the Trade Marks Act 1976, Trade Description Act 1972 and Cheap Sale Price Regulations 1987. In some instances, it would be easier to take action under the Trade Marks or Trade Descriptions Act for copyright infringement. For those planning to hold book warehouse or retail sales, familiarity and compliance with the regulations concerning them are required.

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e)

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA)

i.

The DMCA was forged to protect the various entertainment industries. It proposed a set of very severe penalties on those who would get caught copying digital materials. If you read the FBI warning on a made for home entertainment DVD you will see threats of nes in the hundreds of thousands of dollars for unlicensed copying of the lm. This threat has appeared so many times in so many places that the threat is not taken seriously by most people, but to those few who are singled out as examples by the legal machinery of the lm industry, it can be quite intimidating. As Cass (2010) reports:

ii.

Piracy of copyrighted work is rampant on the Internet. The plague of scraper sites is just one example: they copy content belonging to other sites in hopes of snagging readers and advertising revenue from automated networks such as Googles AdSense. In the United States, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) lets copyright holders protect themselves by sending online service providers a takedown notice if one of the providers users uploads content belonging to the rights holder.

iii.

As long as the provider removes the offending material in a timely manner, they cannot be considered as partners to intellectual piracy. Any links to sites providing illegal content can be ordered removed (Cass, 2010).

iv.

There is nothing automatic about spotting copyright infringement. The holder of the copyright, once they have spotted an infringement, must then serve notice on the infringer. Companies such as Attributor in California, have methods to crawl the internet for their clients, looking for copyright violators. Attributor can act on behalf of its client and ask the poster of the information to attribute the item properly, or in more extreme circumstances ask them to take the offending article off-line (Cass, 2010).

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f)

Digital rights management (DRM)

i.

Digital rights management (DRM) can be difcult to deal with as well. Obtaining a specic e-book and trying to mount it on several devices can be a disturbing experience. DRM technology is specically geared to prevent you from using the original material, whether it is music, lm or e-book on more than one device.

ii.

Publishers are already claiming losses of $600 million dollars due to ebook piracy (Masnick, 2009), but these claims are probably outrageously inaccurate. Consumers buying habits must be changed. The best way to do this is to get a potential e-book customer accustomed to buying from a legitimate source. Customers should be allowed to move a legally purchased object from machine to machine, even if it only allows usage on one machine at a time.

iii.

There is also the issue of up-to-date content. When an unscrupulous person downloads e-content is usually one time per object. In other words, there is usually no need to update that content from the same source. Technology e-books must constantly be updated as content changes. This can become an ongoing service and can be extremely valuable to the purchaser.

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2.6

Great Books and Popular Literature

Many books have changed peoples mind and becoming the proud of a nation Books are also cultural heritage of a country For examples, Mega trends 2000 (John Nasbit), The age of paradox, Power shift, War and anti war (Alvin Tofler) In Malaysian context Sejarah Melayu, Salina, Ranjau Sepanjang Jalan, Hujan Pagi, Revolusi Mental, The Malay Dilemma All that mankind has done, thought, gained or been; it is lying as in magic preservation in the pages of books

You have now reached the stage where you should be able to discuss the content of the topic with your group. Identify one title of great book that you know and discuss its contribution in changing peoples mind.

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2.7

Book Trade Organizations

a) National Book Industry Council Formerly known as the National Book Trade Council, it is an informal set-up composed of representatives from various book trade associations. It meets to discuss matters of mutual interest amongst the trade associations and organizes the annual book trade convention. These conventions have substantives themes with presentations by representatives from within and outside the book industry. They are held at different locations each year and have served important social objectives by bringing together members of the book industry in very relaxed settings.

b)

Malaysian Book Importers Association (MBIA) Established in 1980, it represents book wholesalers and distributors. It has a membership of 56 companies. Of these, 30 are full members and 26 are associate members. Nearly, all companies involved in book wholesaling and distribution are members.

c)

Malaysian Booksellers Association (MBA) With 112 companies as members, the MBA represents the book retailers in the country. Established in 1969, it is the oldest book trade association. Together with the MBA, it fixes the conversion rates for the sale of imported books.

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d)

Malaysian Book Publishers Association (MABOPA) With 74 publishers as members, MABOPA represents the interests of the local book publishing industry. Its representatives participate in various dialogue sessions with the Ministry of Finance, Trade, and Consumer Affairs. Among the issues that MABOPA has continuously addressed are those relating to textbook publishing, fair trade practices in the book industry, discount structures, copyright, piracy, and governmental support for the industry.

e)

National Bumiputra Book Publishers Association With 47 Bumiputra owned companies as members, IKATAN represents the specialized interests of Bumiputra businessmen in the book industry. It has been active in governmental forums seeking greater governmental support for its members. The government has responded positively and many have benefited considerably from the government dictated textbook publishing program.

f)

Malaysian Book Contractors Association It has 29 companies as members. They are all Bumiputra companies registered with the Ministry of Finance as book suppliers to government departments and agencies, and public libraries. All companies seeking to supply books to governments departments and agencies in excess required to register with the Ministry.

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g)

National Book Development Council (MBKM)

This council is part of the Ministry of Education. The Council is composed of representatives from various book trade associations, other related associations, and relevant government departments and agencies. It activities include holding seminars and forums, organizing the National Book Awards, coordinating book fair activities, participating in dialogue sessions with relevant government bodies, and supporting research activities.

In addition to the above, there are other associations whose activities directly or indirectly affect the development of the book industry. Among these are Malaysian Reading Association (MRA), National Writers Association

(GAPENA), Malaysian Academic Publishers Association (PAPIM).

National Book Council of Malaysia established under the Ministry of Education in 1968, the council is a professional and advisory body in book development in Malaysia, which has the full support of the government and the private sectors that are involved in the development of the book for social and national interests. As a non-profit making body, its sources of income are mainly from occasional government grants and from private donation.

The council works on a voluntary basis. Its strength and support come from members, both the public as well as the private sector. But the administrative function is provided by a professional secretariat in the Ministry of Education. Among other things, the councils main objectives are to promote professionalism in the book industry, co-ordinate book development activities, encourage reading habits and facilitate negotiations among the parties that are involved in the production and consumption of books.

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2.8

Electronic Publishing in Malaysia

Source : taken from Google image In Malaysia, most of the major publishers have published their materials in the CD-ROM formats as well as online publications (i.e., e-books and e-journals) However, the printed format is still dominant. Currently, the users of libraries and information centres are becoming more and more familiar with electronic resources, such as reference works, databases and electronic journals with full texts. These resources have been easily adapted to the digital format, and they have been rapidly accepted and assimilated by the users. A few years ago, there were very few readers that could give documented answers about the use and knowledge of e-books (IDPF, 2006). However, nowadays more and more people know and handle these new formats. On the other hand, until very recently, e-book reading devices were almost non-existent in the libraries, in view of the many deciencies they presented. Currently, many of those deciencies have been solved. Electronic books are emerging as the last frontier that publishers, libraries and information centres alike must cross in order to adapt their resources to the digital revolution.

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The impact of electronic publishing in libraries

The impact of electronic publishing (e-publishing) on library collections, services and administration is complex. There are no simple solutions to the problems of managing the collection, archiving and access to e-publications as well as including them in library services. There are, however, many good usable solutions that libraries can learn from each other. No one needs to recreate the wheel to cope with epublications.

Many librarians feel that the technology to solve the problems and take advantage of e-publishing is either currently available or clearly under development. How the advent and increasing presence of e-publications will impact the people who will read them may ultimately be of more importance than what will do with the machines, the storage media or the delivery mechanism. Therefore, emphasis in this special theme issue is more on the humaninteraction aspects of e-publishing rather than on the technology or delivery mechanisms.

Problems and advantages confront libraries in the increasing availability of electronic format publications delivered through the Internet as well as other kinds of electronic delivery mechanism.

The impact of electronic publishing (e-publishing) on library collections, services and administration is complex. There are no simple solutions to the problems of managing the collection, archiving and access to e-publications, as well as including them in library services. There are, however, many good usable solutions that libraries can learn from each other. No one needs to recreate the wheel to cope with e-publications.

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Problems in managing e-publications for libraries and their users include: a) Providing access that matches the technological capabilities of both library and user. b) Providing access that satisfies the profit motive of commercial epublishers. c) Collection development planning that requires knowledge of the electronic delivery mechanisms, as well as the subject content of epublications. d) Archiving e-publications in ways that avoid problems with electronic media degradation.

Some of the advantages to libraries and their users in solving these problems and using the solutions in providing library services are: a) Access is increased for more patrons to more publications than individual libraries can acquire and store. b) Collection development and cooperative collecting are simplified because libraries can share central storage and retrieval facilities. c) Preservation is made easier because of the relative ease of duplication and archiving of electronic publications. d) There are wonderful opportunities also for libraries to do their own epublishing through the Internet services such as e-mail and World Wide Web.

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Enter the Internet In addition to individuals with the know-how to crack these les, there was an even easier way to acquire these les. The internet has provided us with not only a publishing technology, but also provided a home for entities such as USENET and bitTorrent. USENET has actually been around much longer than the world wide web. It consists of many user groups that have banded together for their own singular purposes. That is not to say that all individuals who frequent the USENET sites are evil, but it is known to be a hot bed of le and interest sharing. Torrents, on the other hand, work differently but are reviled as le sharing neighborhoods just the same. To date, most of the digital rights management types of software have not been very effective. Every time a company comes out with a new type of digital rights management, someone in the internet community will nd a crack in the armor of the DRM and publish it online for everyone to see. It is just like the constant battle between the arms maker and the armorer, each one besting the other until a new and more effective scheme can be hatched.

Source : taken from www.sxc.hu

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Impact of new technologies An information message consists of three components: 1) 2) information content that conveys the meaning of the message information form that consists of two sub-components: information format is the type of information such as text, mathematical models of numeric data; information structure is the means of expression of information content such as specic language used in the text, or types of graphs 3) information medium is the package in that information being captured and communicated, whether on paper or electronic format.

When reprography was rst introduced, it challenged and threatened the principle of intellectual property. When the computer became a powerful tool for large volumes of information processing, the reference work along with the abstracting and indexing sources, were the rst to be converted into electronic databases. It has taken longer for full text to go digital.

This could be attributed to the unfriendliness of computer screens for reading text. Though the acceptance of reading on monitors is on the increase, in most cases the information is being printed and then read. The next generation would certainly be more receptive to screen based text.

In the electronic age the barriers between informal communications and formal publications are disappearing. The communications cover papers offered for publication, papers accepted for publication in a specic journal, publications with paper numbers, a publication date, etc.

The changes that are taking place in publishing are much more a revolution than a transition. The development of electronic methods of communication has been tremendously benecial to the user community in facilitating the rapid transfer of ideas between them, with no barriers, wherever in the world.

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The emergence of the Internet as the medium of scholarly creating messaging more is

increasingly

profound

impact on the relationship between the author and the reader. Major

developments include word processing, text and pixel retrieval, storage, local and other networks, personal computers, the workstation, laser printer, network computer, Internet, Intranets, Java, digital broadcasting, etc. Many new products emerge based on hypertext and other navigation systems with clickthrough facilities. Services like alerts, based on personal proles would come into existence. The information industry is working on meta indexes and intelligent agents. Information could be searched and presented in different layers, using standard generalized markup language (SGML), that makes rich indexing. A new world for 3D simulation, video and sound embedded documents would be possible due to multimedia. Virtual reality allows for a new vision and could be used extensively in design, production, education, telelearning and teleteaching. The future would be InterCast, a combination of cable or digital broadcast television with a telephone line for interactive communications.
Source : taken from Google image

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At this point you should be able to: Understand the book publishing industry scenario in Malaysia Identify the types of publishers Describe the scholarly and journal publishing Describe book trade organizations in Malaysia

a)

To what extent has scholarly publishing promote the reading culture among Malaysians?

b) c)

What are the major threats and opportunities associated with electronic publishing? Discuss how the National Book Development Council promotes reading and publishing in Malaysia.

d)

Elaborate the scholarly publishing challenges and opportunities in Malaysian publishing scenario.

e)

Discuss the importance of the copyright laws in protecting the publishing industry.

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