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(i) When same number is added (or subtracted) from both sides of the
equation.
(ii) When we multiply (or divide) both sides of the equation by the same non-
zero number.
(b) Linear Equations in Two Variables: -
An equation like ax + by + c = 0 {where a, b and c are real numbers and at
least one of a, b is non-zero}, i.e. 2x + 3y + 1 = 5.
This equation is having two variables x and y, that is why such equations are
known as linear equations in two variables.
EXERCISE 1
Q1. The cost of a notebook is twice the cost of a pen. Write a linear equation in two
variables to represent the above statement.
Q2. Express the following linear equations in the form ax + by + c = 0 and indicate
the values of a, b and c in each case:
y
(i) 2x + 3y = 9.3 5 (ii) x - - 10 = 0 (iii) -2x + 3y = 6 (iv) x = 3y
5
(v) 2x = -5y (vi) 3x + 2 = 0 (vii) y – 2 = 0 (viii) 5 = 2x
a = 2, b = 3, c = 9.3 5
y
(ii) x - - 10 = 0
5
1
a = 1, b = - , c = -10
5
a = -2, b = 3, c = -6
(iv) x = 3y ⇒ x - 3y = 0
a = 1, b = -3, c = 0
(v) 2x = -5y ⇒ 2 x + 5y = 0
a = 2, b = 5, c = 0
(vi) 3x + 2 = 0 ⇒ 3 x + 0y + 2 = 0
a = 3, b = 0, c = 2
(vii) y – 2 = 0 ⇒ 0 x + 1y - 2 = 0
a = 0, b = 1, c = -2
(viii) 5 = 2x ⇒ -2x - 0y + 5 = 0
a = -2, b = 0, c = 5
EXERCISE 2
y = 3x + 5 has
Sol. (i) 2x + y = 7
⇒ y = 7 – 2x …………equation (1)
Hence, four solutions for equation 2x + y = 7 are (0,7), (1,5), (2,3), (3,1).
(ii) πx+y=9
⇒ y=9– πx …………equation (1)
y=9– π × 2, ⇒ y = 9 – 2π .
Hence, four solutions for equation π x + y = 9 are (0, 9), (1, 9 – π ), (-1, 9 + π ),
(2, 9 – 2 π ).
Hence, four solutions for equation x = 4y are (0, 0), (1, 4), (-4,-1), (8, 2).
Q3. Check which of the following are solutions of the equation x – 2y = 4 and which
are not:
(i) (0, 2) (ii) (2, 0) (iii) (4, 0) (iv) ( 2 , 4 2 ) (v) (1, 1)
= 2 –2 × 4 2 = 2 –8 2 =7 2 ≠ R.H.S.
⇒ 2× 2+3 × 1=k
⇒ 4+3=k
⇒ 7=k
Hence, k=7
EXERCISE 3
Q1. Draw the graph of each of the following linear equation in two variables:
x 0 1 2
y 4 3 2
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 1 2
x 2 3 4
y 0 1 2
x-y=2
2.5
1.5
y
y
0.5
0
2 3 4
x
x 0 1 2
y 0 3 6
y=3x
7
4
y
y
0
0 1 2
x
⇒ 2x+y=3
⇒ y = 3 – 2x …………….equation (1)
⇒ y=3–2 ×0
⇒ y = 3 – 0 = 3. So the solution is (0, 3)
⇒ y=3–2 ×1
⇒ y=3–2 ×2
⇒ y = 3 – 4 = -1. So the solution is (2, -1)
x 0 1 2
y 3 1 -1
3=2x+y
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
y
y
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
0 1 2
x
Q2. Give the equations of two lines passing through (2, 14). How many more such
lines are there, and why?
Therefore, x = 2 and y = 14
∴ One equation is x + y = 2 + 14 = 16
⇒ x + y = 16
⇒ x - y = -12
Third equation is y = 7x
⇒ 0 = 7x – y
⇒ 7x - y = 0
In fact we can find infinite equations because through one point infinite lines pass.
Q3. If the point (3, 4) lies on the graph of the equation 3y = ax + 7, find the value of
a?
⇒ 3 × 4=a× 3+7
⇒ 12 = 3a + 7
⇒ 12 – 7 = 3a
⇒ 5 = 3a
5
⇒ =a
3
5
⇒ a=
3
Now putting the value of a in equation (1)
5
3y = x+7
3
Now for x = 3 and y = 4
L.H.S = 3y = 3 × 4 = 12
5 5
R.H.S = x+7= × 3 + 7 = 5 + 7 = 12
3 3
5
Or, 3y = x + 7.
3
Q4. The taxi fare in a city is as follows: For the first kilometer, the fare is Rs. 8 and
for the subsequent distance it is Rs. 5 per kilometer. Taking the distance covered as x
km and total fares as Rs. y, write a linear equation for this information, and draw its
graph.
Sol. Given,
Taxi fare for first kilometer = Rs. 8
Taxi fare for subsequent distance = Rs. 5
According to problem,
∴ y = 5(x-1) + 8
⇒ y = 5x – 5 + 8
⇒ y = 5x + 3
y = 5x + 3 …………….equation (1)
⇒ y = 5× 0 + 3
⇒ y = 5× 1 + 3
⇒ y = 5× 2 + 3
x 0 1 2
y 3 8 13
y=5x+3
14
12
10
8
y
y
0
0 1 2
x
Q5. From the choices given below, choose the equation whose graphs are given in
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
(i) y = x (i) y = x + 2
(ii) x + y = 0 (ii) y = x – 2
(iii) y = 2x (iii) y = -x + 2
(iv) 2 + 3y = 7x (iv) x + 2y = 6
1.5
0.5
0
y
y
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-1 0 1
x
3.5
2.5
2
y
y
1.5
0.5
0
-1 0 2
x
Sol. From the given Fig. 1, the solutions of the equation are (-1, 1), (0, 0) and (1,
-1)
Therefore the equation which satisfies these solutions is the correct equation.
Proof:
L.H.S = x + y = -1 + 1 = 0 = R.H.S
L.H.S = x + y = 0 + 0 = 0 = R.H.S
From the given Fig. 2, the solutions of the equation are (-1, 3), (0, 2) and (2, 0)
Therefore the equation which satisfies these solutions is the correct equation.
Proof:
L.H.S = x + y = -1 + 3 = 2 = R.H.S
L.H.S = x + y = 0 + 2 = 2 = R.H.S
L.H.S = x + y = 2 + 0 = 2 = R.H.S
Sol. Let x units be the distance traveled by the body and y units be the work done by
constant force.
According to problem, y = 5x …………….equation (1)
x 0 1 2
y 0 5 10
y=5x
12
10
6
y
y
0
0 1 2
x
y = 5x
⇒ y=5 × 2 = 10.
y = 5x
⇒ y=5 × 0 = 0.
Q7. Yamini and Fatima, two students of class IX of a school, together contributed Rs.
100 towards the Prime Minister’s Relief Fund, to help the earthquake victims. Write a
linear equation which this data satisfies. (You may take their contributions as Rs. x
and Rs. y). Draw the graph of the same.
⇒ 0 + y = 100
⇒ 50 + y = 100, ⇒ y = 100 – 50
x 0 50 100
y 100 50 0
x+y=100
120
100
80
60
y
y
40
20
0
0 50 100
x
Q8. In countries like the USA and Canada, temperature is measured in Fahrenheit,
whereas in countries like India, it is measured in Celsius. Here is a linear equation
that converts Fahrenheit to Celsius.
9
F=( ) C + 32
5
(i) Draw the graph of the linear equation above using Celsius for x-axis and
Fahrenheit for y-axis.
9
Sol. Given equation is F = ( ) C + 32
5
(i) We have to take Celsius along x-axis and Fahrenheit along y-axis
Let C be x and F be y
So the equation will be
9
y=( ) x + 32 ………………equation (1)
5
Now , putting the value x = 0 in equation (1)
9
⇒ y=( ) x 0 + 32 = 0 + 32 = 32. So the solution is (0, 32)
5
9
⇒ y=( ) x 5 + 32 = 9 + 32 = 41. So the solution is (5, 41)
5
9
⇒ y=( ) x (-5) + 32 = -9 + 32 = 23. So the solution is (-5,
5
23)
x 0 5 -5
y 32 41 23
y=(9/5)x+32
45
40
35
30
25
20 y
y
15
10
5
0
0 5 -5
x
9
F= × 30 + 32 = 9 × 6 + 32 = 54 + 32 = 86°
5
9
95 = × C + 32
5
9 9
⇒ 95 – 32 = C ⇒ 63 = C
5 5
9 63× 5
⇒ C = 63 ⇒ C = = 7 × 5 = 35°.
5 9
(iv) When C = 0,
9
F= × 0 + 32 = 0 + 32 = 32°.
5
(v) When x° F = x° C
9
F=( ) C + 32
5
9
⇒ x=( ) x + 32
5
9 5x − 9x
⇒ x- x = 32 ⇒ = 32
5 5
− 4x
⇒ = 32 ⇒ - 4x = 32 × 5
5
32 × 5
⇒ x= = -8 × 5 = - 40°C.
−4
EXERCISE 4
Sol. (i) y = 3
0 1 2 3
It is a line parallel to x-axis at a positive distance of 3 from it. We have two solution
for it. i.e. (0, 3), (1, 3).
Y
X’ -2 -1 1 2 3 X
-1
-2
Y’
Sol. (i) 2x + 9 = 0
9
⇒ 2x = -9 ⇒ x=- = - 4.5
2
-4.5
9
⇒ x=- = - 4.5
2
It is line parallel to y-axis at a negative distance we have the two points lying it, the
points are A(-4.5, 0), B(-4.5, 2).
B (-4.5, 2) 2
1
A (-4.5, 0)
X’ 0 X
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
-1
-2
Y’