INTRODUCTION In this assignment students were assessed based on their knowledge and skill in establishing both horizontal and

vertical control for the area around the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Students Administration Building. Students were expected to traverse and to undertake a leveling loop and appropriately reduce all data to establish a vertical datum. The following defines a methodology which can be applied for any area needed to undertake leveling loops as well as traverse circuits, as well as any corrections, reductions needed, checks to ensure accuracy and verify said methodology, lastly presents results, sample calculations, assumptions and scopes for improvement. AIM In this assessment, it was required to undertake a traverse to establish XY coordinates for the Students Administration Building and to also undertake a leveling loop and thus appropriately reduce all data to the established datum. LITERATURE REVIEW The Group is given a range of 4-5 points to undertake traverse circuit, 4 points were chosen since the area was considered reasonably small and visibility towards each corner was very high. A primary bearing was assumed to be 000. The solution to this problem is as thus; An initial sketch on site was performed of the area, labeling each of the four corners A, B, C, or D respectfully. The total station is then set up at point A and focused to Point B, readings of angle and distance were taken for both face and face left, three times each, the same was repeated for all corners, each time sighting the two visible points. Data was then organized, tabulated on site, next angle of misclosure was determined, bearing in mind: Sum of deflection angles = 360 Sum of internal angles = (2n-4) x 90 Sum of external angles = (2n+4) x 90. Since there were four stations set ups the sum of internal angles were to add up to 360 and external angles 720. The distributed angular error was taken into account this is taken as 15 cumulative and therefore after each angle, the adjusted angle is given as: Angle-4. In the Computation of bearings, after finding the first bearing (in this case it was assumed to be 000, the next bearing is determined by the back-bearing (previous bearing 180) + angle (if >360 subtract 360). The Polar coordinates must now become rectangular coordinates; these are the Eastings and Northings. The primary easting for a localized site is set to 3000 and primary northing set to 4000. Therefore the E & N can be computed from the following; E= L sin B N = L cos
L A 1|Page N

The changes in Eastings and Northings can now be computed and added to the original 3000 and 4000 readings assumed primarily or from whichever point L is taken from; these new values are the coordinates of the points plotted before, in space. Tabulating all values of E & N some will be negative, some positive, their sum should add up to 0, if not for this error, the linear misclosure must be determined, here e= needs to be computed; this is the ratio of 1: )) . Now the Proportional Misclosure . If the linear misclosure is

within the proportional misclosure, the error can be fixed by use of the Bowdich Method, if not, transverse must be retaken. The Bowdich method of Correction, firstly dividing distance L by the perimeter then multiplying it by the error to obtain N or to obtain E. The difference between both E&E and N&N, added to the coordinates reason out errors and produce accurate readings. Leveling loops are achieved when the surveyor starts and ends on the same position, on viewing from the levels telescope; the lowest staff reading is the vertical height. This is firstly taken as a backsight, from a benchmark of known height (can either be a Temporary Bench Mark, TBM or Permanent Bench Mark), succeeding this all points where there seems to be a change in slope is observed these are taken as foresight. If there comes a point where the staff can no longer be seen from the Level then a change point is needed, the level is set up at a new location where the staff can once again be read also once again a backsight from a known benchmark (usually last point measured from level) is needed to start. Booking Data, using the method known as Rise and Fall method, this is achieved by starting off with the primary backsight reading, using the following foresight simply subtract the latter from the former, if it is positive it is recorded as a rise by the amount of the difference, if negative it is recorded as a fall by the amount of the difference and the minus sign disappears. This comes in handy when dealing with the reduced level; as the leveling loop started off at a known bench mark height whenever there is a fall the height drops by the amount of the fall, whenever there is a rise it increases by the amount of the rise. To ensure proper readings were taken sum of BS&FS readings should be equal to the sum of rise & falls. On average, the acceptable misclosure allowed in construction applications is 12mm, if the achieved misclosure goes over, re-observations are needed, if not, then the error must be dived by the number of setups and added to the final level reading. Levels are considered accumulative and therefore the error is as well, therefore the ratio of

)must be implemented where x represents the setup currently

being calculated, e represents the error and n the number of setups. This ratio is added to each reading corresponding to x and adjustment is recorded.

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METHODOLOGY This methodology is broken up into two parts: Traverse Leveling loop Four control points, labelled A, B, C and D were stationed along the building at strategic points so as to ensure visibility when acquiring readings from the total station. This was done by positioning range poles at each control point and checking visibility from each point. The control network set up can be seen in the witness diagram. The assignment itself took two days to complete therefore the witness diagram was necessary so as to provide easy access to the points. All measurements made on the witness diagram was done via the measuring tape. The traverse and leveling loop were carried out separately but it should be noted the same control points were used. It also should be noted that for the site diagram drawn up for the level that the level was located approximately midway between each point for which backsight and foresight readings were to be obtained. Below is a list of equipment used in this assignment: Prism Pole Prism Total Station 4 pegs 3 chaining pins (pairs) Measuring tape Hammer Level (automatic) Staff

Traverse 1) The total station was set up and properly leveled at point A. 2) A prism pole along with its prism was located at point B then D and sighted respectively through the total station so as to obtain to corresponding distances for those points 3) Next chaining pins were placed at control points B and D. 4) The total station was then sighted at the base of the chaining pin situated at point B. This reading was then recorded and placed in the data sheet. 5) The total station was after targeted at the base of the chaining pin situated at point D. This reading was then recorded and placed in the data sheet. 6) Steps 3-4 were repeated to obtain multiple readings of different zeroes on the total station to ensure consistency of the horizontal angles which were all reduced in the field notes before proceeding to another point. 7) Steps 1-5 were repeat at points B through D ensuring that all data was reduced and consistent or acceptable before proceeding to a next control point.
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Leveling loop 1) A two-peg test was firstly done to ensure that the instrument was fully functioning before proceeding with assignment. 2) A site map was drawn up of the area locating points on the diagram where turning points (black markers) were to be located and thus the position where the level was to be set up (blue markers). (see site map for more clarity) 3) The level instrument was set up at station A. 4) A staff was then placed at the benchmark (stp5) so as to obtain a backsight reading of the point by sighting the staff through the level. 5) Next point P, with a staff placed at its location, was sighted through the level so as to obtain a foresight reading for that point. 6) Both foresight and backsight readings were then placed in the booking sheet given. 7) Steps 2-5 were repeated for points B-F on the site diagram being where the level was set up each time so as to obtain backsight and foresight readings for points A-D. 8) Step 6 was repeated in an anti-clockwise direction i.e. from F-B thus obtained backsight and foresight readings for turning points D-A respectively. This was done as a filed check to ensure that all points are on par with each other. 9) Finally to complete the loop, the level was set up at position A so as to sight the benchmark and obtain final foresight and backsight readings.

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FIELD DATA AND DIAGRAMS Traverse Horizontal Angles Target Face Left Station " 195 29 50 A-B 287 0 59 A-D B-C B-A B-C B-A B-C B-A C-D C-B D-A D-C D-A D-C D-A D-C 291 9 230 307 170 247 290 27 290 22 230 322 170 262 19 7 0 47 0 47 0 48 0 47 0 48 0 49 20 33 3 58 0 54 0 40 0 35 0 45 0 0 Mean FL and FR Reduced to RO " 59 17 38 30 19 13 16 4 18 34 39 42 10 52 2 2 Distance (m) 56.333 43.194 47.872 56.338 47.872 56.338 47.872 56.338 47.534 47.878 43.198 47.538 43.198 47.538 43.198 47.538

Face Right " 15 30 7 107 1 35 111 189 50 127 350 67 109 207 109 202 50 142 350 82 19 7 0 48 0 48 58 46 59 47 0 48 0 49 56 18 35 28 31 13 35 27 18 49 20 58 4 3

195 287 291 9 230 307 170 247 289 27 289 22 230 322 170 262

29 1 19 7 0 48 0 48 59 47 59 47 0 48 0 49

0 91 0 282 0 282 0 282 0 262 0 267 0 267 0 267

0 31 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 11 0 11 0 11 0 11

" 0 18 0 8 0 6 0 12 0 44 0 57 0 18 0 0

N B C

ADMIN

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Leveling loop
FROM STP5 A B C D E F G H I J K L B.S I.S F.S Height of Collimation Distance Reduced Level Remarks and Diagram

1.324 1.832 1.778 1.611 1.204 1.343 1.488 1.725 1.559 1.225 1.025 0.613

0.568 0.970 1.233 1.499 1.648 1.555 1.277 1.282 1.669 1.769 1.886 1.367

15.050 15.912 16.720 17.098 16.803 16.498 16.431 16.879 17.156 16.712 15.968 14.695 13.328

13.726 14.08 14.942 15.487 15.599 15.155 14.943 15.154 15.597 15.487 14.943 14.082 11.961

B.M STP5 to P P-A A-B B-C C-D D-A A-D D-C C-B B-A A-P P to B.M STP5

Green Anti-Clockwise Purple Clockwise

C'

D'

SITE MAP
ADMIN

E'

F'

CARPARK
B'

LRC CAR PARK

STP 5

A'

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Error in leveling loop = Total Backsight Total Foresight = 0.004m Allowable error = 5* (where n=number of turning points) = 5* = 0.012m RESULTS Traverse From To Observations Bearing Corrected Distance bearing DN DE Northing Easting

N B C

ADMIN

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Leveling loop
FROM STP5 A B C D E F G H I J K L B.S I.S F.S Height of Collimation Distance Reduced Level Remarks and Diagram

1.324 1.832 1.778 1.611 1.204 1.343 1.488 1.725 1.559 1.225 1.025 0.613

0.568 0.970 1.233 1.499 1.648 1.555 1.277 1.282 1.669 1.769 1.886 1.367

15.050 15.912 16.720 17.098 16.803 16.498 16.431 16.879 17.156 16.712 15.968 14.695 13.328

13.726 14.08 14.942 15.487 15.599 15.155 14.943 15.154 15.597 15.487 14.943 14.082 11.961

B.M STP5 to P P-A A-B B-C C-D D-A A-D D-C C-B B-A A-P P to B.M STP5

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DISCUSSION OF MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS Whilst conducting the Transverse loop many assumptions were made firstly we assumed our primary bearing, from a known point to be 000, following we assumed the primary XY coordinates to be 3000, 4000. Angles are always made to never be 90 each either had to be between 0 and 90 or between 90 and 180, witness points were placed as permanent structures so checks can easily be made, reading were taken three good rounds each for both face right and face left angles were reduced by subtracting 180from the face right and comparing to face left, this also provided a check. Distances were measured both with total station and measuring tape for accuracy. Whilst conducting the leveling circuit readings; firstly, the two peg test was conducted to calculate the error within the instrument, this error was later reduced from readings accumulatively (in ratios). Readings were ensured to be less than 50 meters for the sake of readability of the staff, the settlements were always taken into account for placement of staff (always on concrete, never on grass), placement of tripod (no flowing soils). All checks were conducted on sight meaning the sum of BS&FS= sum of rise & falls. Small errors occurred throughout the both procedures meaning both the prism for the traverse and the staff for the leveling were not always held upright, there maybe was leveling bubble errors in any of the pieces of equipment. But mostly the greatest errors occurred due to the curvature and refractions of the land as well as the inclement weather, which always caused the stopping of the operation for the sake of the protection of equipment. Validations In terms of a validation method, in addition, two measurements for distance between two points were acquired and assessed between each other. The compared distance values were shown to be similar with a difference of 4mm, 5mm and 6mm. In addition, three sets of angles were taken, both a Face Left and a Face Right. The zeroes which was different for each angle were taken at 60 degrees angle intervals each until the third zero. The difference was taken between the first and second angle reading, and the third and fourth angle reading. The differences were compared with the intervals of the zero and was shown to be comparable with a difference of 11919, 3, 11917, 9, 1 10, 10, 31, 8. Also another way the readings were validated was that of the anti-clockwise method used in the leveling loop where the difference in height between the first clockwise loop would be equal to the difference in height in the anticlockwise loop seeing that the level is being done of the same building based on the same control points. Distances were also measured using the measuring tape along with the total station by means of a way to ensure that the readings obtained from the total station was accurate. Finally for the leveling loop it was validated by means of the loop method itself seeing that it started and ended at the benchmark meaning the heights at both points could be validated.

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LIMITATIONS Traverse 1) The locking mechanism on the total station was not functioning properly meaning shifts could have taken place during readings and measurements. 2) Visibility was obstructed at certain times since the building under survey was surrounded by car parks on the east and south side of the building. 3) The building was located in an area where heavy student traffic took place also a Passerby knocked down one of the chaining pins situated at a control point thus affecting the readings. 4) Rain was a pressing factor seeing as the instruments could not be exposed to water, therefore in some cases readings were taken hurriedly introducing some form of error in readings. Leveling loop Limitations with respect to the leveling loop was almost negligible seeing as the error with the loop (4mm) falls far below the allowable limit (12mm) therefore it can be assume that there is no real error with this procedure. The only limitation that may seem important to mention is the holding of the leveling staff which is prone to human error as the individual may sway it at random intervals thus affecting the readings. SCOPE FOR IMPROVEMENT Traverse 1) Acquire a fully functioning device i.e. with proper locking mechanisms. 2) Further reduce results before proceeding. 3) Firmly plant chaining pins in the ground so as to avoid passers by causing an interference. 4) Account for an influx of cars at certain times because of surrounding parking lots. Leveling loop As mentioned in the limitations section, there is no real error in the procedure but there is always a place for improvement. With respect to the improvement itself, the only area of improvement can be in the holding of the leveling staff and with the setting up of the instrument seeing as the error in the device was gotten rid of at the start using the two-peg test.

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CONCLUSION The traverse was undertaken and hence XY coordinates were established along with a leveling loop of said building. All data was reduced to UWI control network and can be seen in the tables of results.

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