International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 5, September October 2013 ISSN 2278-6856

Design & Optimization of Microstrip Patch Antenna

(Assistant Professor) Joshua Madhukar Singh1, Mayank Mishra2 Prafull Sharma3
Teerthanker Mahaveer University Moradabad (U.P), India

Abstract The design &optimization of rectangular patch

antenna have been investigated keeping in view of vital parameters such as s parameters, VSWR, axial ratio, bandwidth &operating frequency a navel approach is followed in the optimization process using Particle Swarm Optimization. This PSO technique gave more easy calculation in the design of microstrip patch antenna and analysis the effect of various design parameter like dimensions (L & W) and substrate of antenna. .The improvement in the results has been incorporated in the design.

patch antenna to be used in cellular phones, it is essential that the antenna is not bulky. Hence, the height of the dielectric substrate is selected as 1.58 mm. Hence, the essential parameters for the design are: fo = 2.4 GHz r = 2.45 h = 1.58 mm Step 1: Calculation of the Width (W): The width of the Microstrip patch antenna is given as:

Keywords SWR (standing wave ratio) gain, length (L), width (W) &S Parameter

W 2 f0

I. INTRODUCTION
In its most fundamental form, a Microstrip Patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on the other side .The radiating patch and the feed lines are usually phototched on the dielectric substrate. Microstrip patch antennas radiate primarily because of the fringing fields between the Patch edge and the ground plane. For good antenna performance, a thick dielectric substrate having a low dielectric constantis desirable since this provides better efficiency, larger bandwidth and better radiation [7] Microstrip patch antennas are increasing popularity for use in wireless applications due to their low-profile structure. Therefore they are extremely compatible for embedded antennas in handheld wireless devices such as cellular phones, pagers etc.

r 1
2

Substituting c = 3.00e+008 m/s, r = 2.45 and fo = 2.4 GHz, we get: W = 0.0475 m = 47.5 mm Step 2: Calculation of Effective dielectric constant (reff): The effective dielectric constant is: Substituting r = 2.45, W = 47.5 mm and h = 1.58 mm we get: reff = 2.3368 Step 3: Calculation of the Effective length ( Leff): The effective length is:

Leff

c 2 f 0 reff

II. DESIGN OF THE ANTENNA ELEMENT

Design Specifications The three essential parameters for the design of a rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna: Frequency of operation (fo): The resonant frequency of the antenna must be selected appropriately. The Mobile Communication Systems uses the frequency range from 2100-5600 MHz. Hence the antenna designed must be able to operate in this frequency range. The resonant frequency selected for my design is 2.4 GHz. Dielectric constant of the substrate (r): The dielectric material selected for our design is RT Duroid which has a dielectric constant of 2.45. A substrate with a high dielectric constant has been selected since it reduces the dimensions of the antenna. Height of dielectric substrate (h): For the microstrip Volume 2, Issue 5 September October 2013

Substituting reff = 2.3368, c = 3.00e+008 m/s and fo = 2.4 GHz we get: Leff = 0.0406 m = 40.625 mm Step 4: Calculation of the length extension ( L): The length extension is: d Substituting reff = 2.3668, W = 47.5 mm and h = 1.58 mm we get: L = 0.81 mm Step 5: Calculation of actual length of patch (L): The actual length is obtained by: L = Leff - 2L Substituting Leff = 40.625 mm and .L = 0.81 mm we get: L = 39 m = 39 mm Step 6: Calculation of the ground plane dimensions (Lg and Wg): The transmission line model is applicable to infinite Page 139

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 5, September October 2013 ISSN 2278-6856
ground planes only. However, for practical considerations, it is essential to have a finite ground plane. It has been shown by [5] that similar results for finite and infinite ground plane can be obtained if the size of the ground plane is greater than the patch dimensions by approximately six times the substrate thickness all around the periphery. Hence, for this design, the ground plane dimensions would be given as: Lg = 6h + L = 6(1.5) + 39 = 48 mm Wg = 6h + W = 6(1.5) + 47.5 = 56.5 mm

III .DEVELOPMENT MODEL

We use to pre-emptive parameters to check the veracity of the PSO, before we begin to optimize the parameters of the Microstrip patch antenna. Case I: Resonant frequency: We calculate the resonant frequency a Microstrip antenna, using its parameters like width (W), length (L), permittivity of the substrate (r) and height (h) of the substrate. We apply Particle Swarm Optimization technique for optimization of L. The optimized L is used for calculating the resonant frequency of rectangular Microstrip patch antenna. Case II: Feed point calculation The input impedance of rectangular Microstrip patch antenna is a vital parameter in deciding the amount of input power delivered to the antenna, thus, reducing the coupling effect of the RF signal to the nearly circuits. The calculation of an exact 50 ohms input impedance of a rectangular Microstrip patch antenna becomes extremely difficult when the antenna size is drastically small. Rin ( y = y 0 ) = Rin ( y = 0 ) cos4(*y0/L) Using these two cases, we get an approximated optimization values as: L = 39.4 mm W = 46.9 mm y0 = 13.2 mm We use the above values to verify the final optimization results generated by the PSO.

Fig: S-Parameter Display

IV. ANTENNA DESIGN AND RESULTS

V. CONCLUSIONS
The present state of work includes the design procedure of microstrip patch antenna using PSO which shows the improved bandwidth then the conventional results, the gain is high and the s parameters graphical results shows the increase in the efficiency and wide radiation patterns detailed experimental studies can be taken up at a later stage to find out a design procedure for balanced amplifying antennas.

REFERENCES
[1] Jain N, and B. Brown, "Dispersion Characteristics of Microstrip Transmission Line on Glass Microwave IC's , "IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, Vol. 7, pp. 344 346,(1997). [2] F. E. Gardiol, Broadband Patch Antennas, Artech Flow chart illustrating the steps of a PSO algorithm Volume 2, Issue 5 September October 2013 Page 140

International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS)

Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 5, September October 2013 ISSN 2278-6856
House. [3] D. R. Jackson, S. A. Long, J. T. Williams, and V. B. Davis, Computer- aided design of rectangular microstrip antennas, ch. 5 of Advances in Microstrip and Printed Antennas, K. F. Lee, Editor, John Wiley,1997 [4] RKala, R. Pant, S.S.Patnaik and R.C.Saraswat, Short-Circuited Quarter Wavelength Cylindrical Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna, International Journal of Micro wave and Optical Technology, Vol .3, No.2, pp.110-118,2008. [5] C. Kamtongdee, A Novel Design Of Compact 2.4 GHz Microstrip Antennas, Department of Electrical Engineering, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, pp.766- 769, 2009. [6] S. Bellotioe, C. J. Foutz and A. Spanias Bean farming in the presence of Mutual coupling based on constrained particle Swarm Optimization 2003. [7] Wong K. L., Planar Antennas for Wireless Communications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey, 2003.

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