Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

and Linear Amplifier

Chapter 1
BJT Amplifiers
1
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Outline
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2
Introduction
BJT Linear Amplifier
Graphical Analysis & AC Equivalent Circuit
Small-signal hybrid-t equivalent circuit
Hybrid-t Equivalent Circuit and Early Effect
Expanded Hybrid-t Equivalent Circuit
AC Load Line Analysis
Maximum Symmetrical Swing
Common-emitter Amplifier
Common-collector Amplifier
Common-base Amplifier


Introduction
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3

Analog Electronic Circuits
Analog Electronic Circuits produce an
analog signals

Linear amplifier circuit
Magnifies input signal & produce output
signal that is larger & directly
proportional to input signal

Electronic
Circuit
Signal
Input
Signal
Output
BJT Linear Amplifier
BJT needs to be biased with DC voltage at
quiescent point (Q-point) where BJT is biased in
forward active region

4
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Linear Amplifier
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5

Time-varying output voltage is directly
proportional to & larger than time-varying input
voltage


Graphical Analysis & AC
Equivalent Circuit
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6
A common -emitter circuit with time-varying
signal source in series with the base DC source
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7
Graph plots collector current (i
c
) vs collector-emitter potential (v
CE
).
For different base currents (i
B
) different curves are obtained.
AC base current superimposed on I
BQ
- time-varying base current induces
ac collector current superimposed on I
CQ

AC collector-emitter voltage = output voltage - is larger than the input =
amplification
Linear amplifier = ac added / superimposed on dc ==> superposition ==>
only if ac is small ==>small signal analysis.
Line between
V
CC
/R
C
and V
CC

= dc load line
Q-point is chosen where
distance between i
B
curves are
similar / even so that
amplification properties are
linear.
Contd
time-varying signals linearly related & superimposed
on dc values)





If signal source, v
s
= 0:
(4)
(3)
(2)
(1)
be BEQ BE
ce CEQ CE
c CQ C
b BQ B
v V v
v V v
i I i
i I i
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
(6) loop) E - (C
(5) loop) E - (B
CEQ C CQ CC
BEQ B BQ BB
V R I V
V R I V
+ =
+ =
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8
Contd
For B-E loop, considering time varying signals:

Rearrange:

Base on (5), left side of (7) is 0. So:

For C-E loop, considering time varying signals:

9
Base on (6), left side of (11) is 0. So:
(7) ) ( ) (
be BEQ B b BQ BE B B s BB
v V R i I v R i v V + + + = + = +
(8)
s be B b BEQ B BQ BB
v v R i V R I V + =
(9)
be B b s
v R i v + =
(11)
(10)
ce c c CEQ C CQ CC
ce CEQ C c CQ CE C C CC
v R i V R I V
v V R i I v R i V
+ =
+ + + = + = ) ( ) (
(12) 0 = +
ce c c
v R i
9
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I
B
versus V
BE
Characteristic
b B
T
be
BQ B
i I
V
v
I i + = + ~ ) 1 (
Time-varying signal source, v
s
applied
to base - time-varying base current
component
==> there is a time-varying base-
emitter component
Figure shows exponential relationship
between i
B
vs v
BE


IF MAGNITUDES of time-varying
signals superimposed on dc Q-pt are
small => develop linear relationship
between ac v
BE
and ac i
B

This relationship corresponds to slope
of curve at the Q-pt.
10
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Rules for AC Analysis
Replacing all capacitors by short circuits

Replacing all inductors by open circuits

Replacing dc voltage sources by ground connections

Replacing dc current sources by open circuits
11
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AC Equivalent Circuit
for Common Emitter
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12
Equations
Input loop




Output loop
be
T
BQ
b
be B b s
v
V
I
i
v R i v
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =
b c
ce C c
i i
v R i
| =
= + 0
0.026 V
The DC voltage sources have been set equal to zero or ground(V
CC
=0).
Only ACc condition are to be considered.
Small Signal AC Equivalent Circuit

ac input signal voltages and currents are in the order
of 10 percent of Q-point voltages and currents.

e.g. If dc current is 10 mA, the ac current (peak-to-
peak) < 0.1 mA.

13
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Small-signal hybrid-t
equivalent circuit
BQ F CQ
CQ
T F
BQ
T
b
be
I I
I
V
I
V
r
i
v
|
|
t
=
= = = ,
g
m
=I
CQ
/V
T
r
t
=|V
T
/I
CQ
v
be
=i
b
r


r

= diffusion
resistance /
base-emitter input
resistance

1/r

= slope of i
B

V
BE
curve
14
Phasor signals are shown in parentheses.
|
t
= r g
m
Common-Emitter Current Gain, | as constant;
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) (
b
b
I
i
|
|
Using common-emitter current gain () parameter
Small-signal hybrid-t
equivalent circuit
15
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How to construct Small-signal hybrid-t
Place a terminal for the transistor
Common Terminal as ground
B
E
C
We know that
i across B ib
i across C ib
i across E (+1)ib
r

between B -E
R
C
R
B
v
s
v
O
V
BB
V
CC
B
E
C
ib
r

16
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( )
C be m ce o
R V g V V = =
s
B
be
V
R r
r
V
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
t
t
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
B
C m
s
o
v
R r
r
R g
V
V
A
t
t
gain, voltage signal Small
Output signal voltage
Input signal voltage
17
Small-signal Voltage Gain
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Problem-Solving Technique:
BJT AC Analysis
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18

1. Analyze circuit with only dc sources to find Q
point.
2. Replace each element in circuit with small-
signal model, including the hybrid t model for
the transistor.
3. Analyze the small-signal equivalent circuit
after setting dc source components to zero.

Transformation of Elements
Element DC Model AC Model
Resistor R R
Capacitor Open C
Inductor Short L
Diode +V

, r
f



r
d
= V
T
/I
D
Independent Constant
Voltage Source
+ V
S
-


Short
Independent Constant
Current Source
I
S

Open

19
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Example 1
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20
Determine the small signal
voltage gain, including the
effect of the transistor
output resistance, r
o
.
Assume the transistor &
circuit parameter are =100,
V
CC
=12V, V
BE
=0.7V,
R
C
=6k, R
B
=50k and
V
BB
=1.2V.
21
Solution 1
Do the dc analysis to find Q-point values




Determine the small signal output resistance,


Do the ac analysis to find the small signal base-emitter input resistance,
r , transconductance, g
m
and then voltage gain, A
V
V k m R I V V
mA I I
A
R
V V
I
C CQ CC CEQ
BQ CQ
B
BE BB
BQ
6 ) 6 )( 1 ( 12 then,
1 ) 10 ( 100 that so
10
50
7 . 0 2 . 1
= = =
= = =
=

=
|

O = = = k
m I
V
r
CQ
A
o
50
1
50
4 . 11
50 6 . 2
6 . 2
) 6 ( 5 . 38 ) (
/ 5 . 38
026 . 0
1
6 . 2
1
) 026 . 0 ( 100
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
= = =
O = = =
m
R r
r
R g
V
V
A
V mA
m
V
I
g
k
m I
V
r
B
C m
S
o
V
T
CQ
m
CQ
T
t
t
t
|
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Hybrid-t Equivalent Circuit
and Early Effect
transconductance
parameter
current gain
parameter
r
o
=V
A
/I
CQ
r
o
= small-signal
transistor output
resistance
V
A
= early voltage
22
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Early Voltage
(V
A
)

Early Effect
23
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Example 2
If the Early voltage, V
A
is 50 V, reconsider the
circuit in example 1 and determine the small-
signal voltage gain including the effect of the
transistor output resistance, r
0
.

24
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Solution 2
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25
The transistor output resistance, r
0





The small-signal voltage gain
O = = = k
mA
V
I
V
r
CQ
A
o
50
1
50
2 . 10
50 6 . 2
6 . 2
) 50 // 6 ( 5 . 38 ) // (
0
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= = m
R r
r
r R g
V
V
A
B
C m
S
o
V
t
t
Example 3
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26
Given : | = 100, V
CC
= 12V, V
BE(ON)

= 0.7V, R
S
= 0.5kO, R
C
= 6kO, R
1
=
93.7kO, R
2
= 6.3kO and V
A
= 100V.
Calculate the small-signal voltage
gain.

Solution 3
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27
( )( )
C o m o
R r V g V
t
=
t
r R R R
i 2 1
=
C o o
R r R =
s
S
V
R r R R
r R R
V
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
t
t
t
2 1
2 1
( )
C o
S
m
s
o
v
R r
R r R R
r R R
g
V
V
A
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
t
t
2 1
2 1
Expanded Hybrid-t Equivalent
Circuit
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28

h-Parameter Model for npn
|
t
=
+ =
fe
b ie
h
r r r h
o
oe
re
r r
h
r
r
h
1 1
+
+
=
~

t
|
29
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T-Model of an npn BJT
30
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4 Equivalent 2-port Networks
Voltage Amplifier
Current Amplifier
31
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Cont
Transconductance
Amplifier
Transresistance
Amplifier
32
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33
Basic Transistor Amplifier
Configuration
3 basic configuration depending on three terminals
Common emitter
Common collector (Emitter follower)
Common base

The input signal source can be modeled as either a
Thevenin or Norton equivalent circuit

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34
Basic Common Emitter Amplifier
Circuit
The signal from signal source is couple into the base through the
coupling capacitor.
The coupling capacitor provide dc isolation between source and
amplifier.
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Small Signal Equivalent Circuit
If

The coupling capacitor is assumed to be a short
circuit. (If signal source >>> 2kHz)

TH
c
C
R
fC
Z <<< =
t 2
1
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36
Example
Determine the small voltage gain for the circuit below if
=100, V
CC
=5V, V
BE
=0.7Vand V
A
=100V
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Solution
Do the dc analysis to find Q-point values

V k m R I V V
mA I I
A
k R
V V
I
V V
R R
R
V
k
k
k k
R R
R R
R
C CQ CC CEQ
BQ CQ
TH
BE TH
BQ
CC TH
TH
31 . 6 ) 6 )( 95 . 0 ( 12 then,
95 . 0 ) 5 . 9 ( 100 that so
5 . 9
9 . 5
7 . 0 756 . 0
756 . 0 ) 12 (
100
3 . 6
9 . 5
100
) 3 . 6 )( 7 . 93 (
2 1
2
2 1
2 1
= = =
= = =
=

=
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
O = =
+
=
|

2013/2014 EKT204 38
Solution
Determine the small signal output resistance,



Do the ac analysis to find the small signal base-emitter input resistance,
r , transconductance, g
m
and then voltage gain, A
V
O = = = k
m I
V
r
CQ
A
o
3 . 105
95 . 0
100
163
5 . 0 87 . 1
87 . 1
) 3 . 105 // 6 ( 5 . 36
//
//
) // (
/ 5 . 36
026 . 0
95 . 0
74 . 2
95 . 0
) 026 . 0 ( 100
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
= = =
O = = =
k
m
R R r
R r
r R g
V
V
A
V mA
m
V
I
g
k
m I
V
r
S TH
TH
o C m
S
o
V
T
CQ
m
CQ
T
t
t
t
|
The basic common-emitter circuit used in
previous analysis causes a serious defect :
If BJT with V
BE
=0.7 V is used, I
B
=9.5 A & I
C
=0.95 mA
But, if new BJT with V
BE
=0.6 V is used, I
B
=26 A & BJT
goes into saturation; which is not acceptable Previous
circuit is not practical
So, the emitter resistor is included: Q-point is stabilized
against variations in , as will the voltage gain, A
V
Assumptions
C
C
acts as a short circuit
Early voltage = ==> r
o
neglected due to open circuit
Basic Common-Emitter Amplifier
39
2013/2014 EKT204 40
Circuit with Emitter Resistor
To improve dc biasing design
A
V
with R
E
less dependent on
.
V
A
infinite, r
o
open circuit.
C b o
R I V ) ( tage, output vol ac | =
Common-Emitter Amplifier
with Emitter Resistor
ac output voltage


Input voltage loop


Input resistance, R
ib


Input resistance to amplifier, R
i


Voltage divider equation of V
in
to V
s
Remember: Assume V
A
is infinite,
r
o
is neglected
( )
C b o
R I V | =
( )
E b b b in
R I I r I V |
t
+ + =
( )
E
b
in
ib
R r
I
V
R |
t
+ + = = 1
ib i
R R R R
2 1
=
s
S i
i
in
V
R R
R
V
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
41
2013/2014 EKT204 42
E
C
E
C
V
E s i
s i
i
E
C
ib
in
s
C
s
C b
s
o
V
s
s i
i
in
ib i
E
b
in
ib
E b b b in
R
R
R
R
A
r R R R
R R
R
R r
R
R
V
V
R
V
R I
V
V
A
V
R R
R
V
R R R R
R r
I
V
R
R I I r I V

~
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

~
>> + >>
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
=
= + + = =
+ + =
) 1 (
) 1 ( and if
) 1 (
) (
// // , resistance input
effect rule reflection resistance ) 1 (
) (
2 1
|
|
|
|
| | |
|
|
t
t
t
t
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43
Example
Determine the small voltage gain for the circuit
with an emitter resistor below if =100,
V
BE
=0.7Vand V
A
=.

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44
Solution
0 . 5
) 1 ( and if
53 . 4
06 . 8 // //
6 . 41 ) 1 (
/ 1 . 83
2 . 1
81 . 4 ; 16 . 2
2 1
~
>> + >>
= =
O = =
O = + + = =
= =
= =
O = =
= =
V
E s i
s
o
V
ib i
E
b
in
ib
CQ
A
o
T
CQ
m
CQ
T
CEQ CQ
A
r R R R
V
V
A
k R R R R
k R r
I
V
R
I
V
r
V mA
V
I
g
k
I
V
r
V V mA I
t
t
t
|
|
|
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45
Circuit with Emitter Bypass
Capacitor
Use to effectively to short out a portion @ all of emitter
resistance by the ac signal.
R
S
R
1
R
2
R
E
R
C
v
s
v
O
C
C
V
CC
C
E
B C
E
V
o
V
s
R
C
R
S
r
t
r
o
R
1
||
R
2
g
m
V
t
Emitter bypass capacitor, C
E

provides a short circuit to
ground for the ac signals
Common-Emitter Amplifier
with Emitter Bypass Capacitor
Small-signal hybrid-
equivalent circuit
Emitter bypass capacitor is
used to short out a portion or
all of emitter resistance by
the ac signal. Hence no RE
appear in the hybrid-
equivalent circuit
46

Common-emitter Amplifier with
Emitter Bypass Capacitor
47
DC Load line: KVL on C-E loop


2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
1
1
1
1
1 1
E E C
E E C CQ CEQ
E E C C C CE
E E C CE C C
E E E CE C C
R R R
-
R R R I V V V
R R I R I V V V
IC IE V R R I V R I
V R R I V R I V
+ +
=
+ + + = +
~
|
|
.
|

\
| +
>>
+
|
|
.
|

\
| +
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
| +
= + +
|
|
.
|

\
| +
+ + =
+ + + + =
+

+
Slope
So,
1, when point, - Q For
when
) (
) (
, ) (
) (
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
48
Visualized the
relationship
between Q-point
& transistor
characteristics

AC Load Line - KVL on C-E loop
1
1 1
1
1 -
Slope
) (
Assuming
0
E C
E C c E c C c ce
e c
E e ce C c
R R
R R i R i R i v
i i
R i v R i
+
=
+ = + =
~
= + +
49
Visualized the relationship
between small-signal
response & transistor
characteristics
Occurs when capacitors
added in transistor circuit

50
Example (DC & AC Load Line)
Determine the dc and ac load line. V
BE
=0.7V, =150, V
A
=
51
Solution
To determine dc Q-point, KVL around B-E loop
O

=
+
=
= =
= + = = =
=
+ +

=
+ + + = + + =
+

k R R
-
R I R I V V V
mA I I mA I I
A
R R
V V
I
R I V R I R I V R I V
E C
E EQ C CQ CEQ
BQ EQ BQ CQ
E B
EB
BQ
E BQ EB B BQ E E EB B BQ
15
1 1
Slope
53 . 6 ) ( point, - Q For
9 . 0 ) 1 ( & 894 . 0 Then
96 . 5
) 1 (
) 1 (
| |

|
|
52
) // ( ) // )( (
/ 4 . 34
36 . 4
53 . 6 ; 894 . 0
L C c L C m e o
CQ
A
o
T
CQ
m
CQ
T
ECQ CQ
R R i R R v g v v
I
V
r
V mA
V
I
g
k
I
V
r
V V mA I
= = =
= =
= =
O = =
= =
t
t
|
53
DC & AC Load Line
54
Maximum Symmetrical Swing
When symmetrical sinusoidal signal applied to the
input of an amplifier, the output generated is also
a symmetrical sinusoidal signal

AC load line is used to determine maximum
output symmetrical swing
If output is out of limit, portion of the output signal will
be clipped & signal distortion will occur

55
Maximum Symmetrical Swing
Steps to design a BJT amplifier
Write DC load line equation (relates of I
CQ
& V
CEQ
)
Write AC load line equation (relates i
c
, v
ce
; v
ce
= - i
c
R
eq
,
R
eq
= effective ac resistance in C-E circuit)
Generally, i
c
= I
CQ
I
C
(min), where I
C
(min) = 0 or some
other specified min collector current
Generally, v
ce
= V
CEQ
V
CE
(min), where V
CE
(min) is
some specified min C-E voltage
Combination of the above equations produce optimum
I
CQ
& V
CEQ
values to obtain maximum symmetrical
swing in output signal
56
Example (Maximum Symmetrical Swing )
Determine the maximum output symmetrical swing for the ac load
line in previous figure.

Solution
From the dc & ac load line, the maximum negative swing in the I
c
is from
0.894 mA to zero (I
CQ
). So, the maximum possible peak-to-peak ac
collector current:


The max. symmetrical peak-to-peak output voltage:


Maximum instantaneous collector current:

mA 79 . 1 ) 894 . 0 ( 2 (min)) ( 2 = = = A
C CQ c
I I i
V 56 . 2 ) 2 || 5 )( 79 . 1 ( ) || ( | | | | | | = = A = A = A
L C c eq c ce
R R i R i v
mA 79 . 1 894 . 0 894 . 0 | |
2
1
= + = A + =
c CQ C
i I i
57
C-C Small Signal Voltage Gain
Common
Collector Circuit
Small Signal
Equivalent
Circuit
58
) // (
) 1 (
E o o o
b o
R r I V
I I
=
+ = |
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
+
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+ + =
= + + = + =
s i
i
E o
E o
s
s i
i
in
E o ib
ib b E o b o b in
R R
R
R r r
R r
V
R R
R
V
R r r R
R I R r r I V r I V
) // )( 1 (
) // )( 1 (
V
V
A
gain voltage signal Small
)] // )( 1 ( [
)] // )( 1 ( [
s
o
v
|
|
|
|
t
t
t t
59
C-C Input & Output Impedance
x
x
o
I
V
R =
o E
s
o
o o E s x
x
m
s
x
o
x
E
x
x
s
m
x
s
x
o
x
E
x
m x
x
s
s
x
o
x
E
x
m x
r R
R R R r
R
R r R R R R r V
I
r g
R R R r
V
r
V
R
V
V
R R R r
r g
I
R R R r
V
r
V
R
V
V g I
V
R R R r
r
V
R R R r
V
r
V
R
V
V g I
// //
1
// //
therefore,
1 1 1
// //
1
that Note
// // // //
// //
therefore,
// //
// //
node output at currents Summing
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
= + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
=
=
+
+ + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
+ + + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
+
+ + = +
|
|
|
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
60
Example
Calculate
the small signal voltage gain,
the input and output resistance.
Assume the transistor & circuit parameter are;=100, V
CC
=5V,
V
BE
=0.7V, V
A
=80V and r
o
=100k.

61
C-C Small Signal Current Gain
Can be determine by using the input resistance & the concept of
current dividers.
) 1 (
then , R r and R //R R that assume If
//
//
) 1 (
Therefore,
//
//
) 1 ( ) 1 (
//
//
E o ib 2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
|
|
| |
+ ~
>> >>
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ = + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
=
i
E o
o
ib i
e
i
o
E o
o
e
i
ib
b o
i
ib
b
i
e
i
A
R r
r
R R R
R R
I
I
A
I
R r
r
I
I
R R R
R R
I I
I
R R R
R R
I
I
I
A
62
Common Base Amplifier
63
C-B Small Signal Equivalent
Circuit
64
C-B Small Signal Voltage Gain
zero] approaches R [as ) // (
// //
1
1
) // (
// //
1
then,
since
1 1 1
E] node at Equation [KCL 0
) (
) // )( (
S L C m V
S E
S
L C m
s
o
V
S E
S
s
m
S
s
S E
S
s
E
m
L C m o
R R g A
R R
r
R
R R g
V
V
A
R R
r
R
V
V
r g
R
V
R R r
V
R
V V
R
V
r
V
V g
R R V g V
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
+
=

+ + +
=
|
|
|
|
t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t
t
t
t
65
C-B Small Signal Current Gain
infinity] approaches RE and zero approaches R [as
1 1
//
1
then,
) (
//
1
E] node at Equation [KCL 0
L
o
|
|
|
|
|
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
=
+
=
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
= + + +
r g
A
R
r
R R
R
g
I
I
A
R R
R
V g I
R
r
I V
R
V
r
V
V g I
m
i
E
L C
C
m
i
o
i
L C
C
m o
E i
E
m i
66
Input Impedance
e
i
ie
m m b i
r
r
I
V
R
r
V V g
r
V
V g I I

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= + = + =
|
|
t t
t
t t
t
t
t
1
resistance Input
1
input at the KCL
67
Output Impedance
C o
S E
m
R R
R
V
R
V
r
V
V g
=
= =
= + + +
resistance output The
0 V g means 0, V implies This
0
emitter at the KCL
zero. to equal set been has v
m
s
t t
t t
t
t
t
68
Summary & Comparison
Configuration Common
Emitter
Common
Collector
Common Base
Voltage Gain A
v
> 1 A
v
~ 1 A
v
> 1
Current Gain A
i
> 1 A
i
> 1

A
i
~ 1

Input
Resistance
Moderate
(k)
High
(50-100k)
Low
()
Output
Resistance
Moderate to
High
Low Moderate to
High

69