Towards a BIO-QUANTUM MATRIX Chapter 4 QUANTIFYING BIOLOGY (can we transfer the work done on thermodynamic biology to quantum?

In quantum theory the energy, E, the angular frequency of a light quantum, w, and the circular frequency, v, are all related by the formula E = h x v, which also equals: S x w/2B. S is Plancks constant. Since the energy of light equals the momentum times the speed of light, E = p x c, where the wavelength is wl, and we can derive the following equation: p = S /wl. If k equals the wave number, and the wave number equals 2B divided by wl, the p, which is the momentum, is Plancks constant divided by 2B times the wave number, or k . Sk/2=P Via Plancks distribution formula, for the electromagnetic energy density per unit angular frequency range, within a specific cavity at a specific temperature, t, and allowing where k is the Boltzmann constant, we arrive at the following formula of classic physics: (1) ST3 B2 c3 (eS T /kT - 1) The Bohr-Wilson-Summerfield quantization rule for a cyclic variable, such as cube, labeling the momentum as p, with n as a positive integer, always referring to a quantic number, we find that the integral of pdq will always equal n times Plancks constant. (2) pdq = nh

The Compton effect tells us about the amount of energy that is needed to separate an electron of mass, m, from an atom or molecule. Knowing the wavelength, wl, at an angle 2, the wavelength after separation from the Compton effect equation, we will find that the new wavelength will equal the old wavelength plus Plancks constant over mc times 1 minus the co-sine of the angle. (3) 8 N = 8 + h / mc (1 - cos 2) The position of an item will be listed as its coordinate, q. The momentum is listed as p. Under the value of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle we cannot know q exactly, or p exactly at any time. This is related to Plancks constant, in which q times p is greater than or equal to Plancks constant divided by 2B. Biology will also need to produce and control such energy to ionize certain compounds and control the handling of such ions. Every cell uses such energy in similar fashion. The great skill and expertise that biology and life require to operate such a system is awesome. No thermodynamic system could duplicate the effects of life in its profound complexity. A quantic matrix could produce such effects. Even a quantic matrix must have its indeterminate values guided for control and accounting. Thus we now must accept the proof that some force must affect control on this indeterminacy. The question is: Is this force internal, or produced by biology itself; is this force external, produced by a God consciousness; or is this indeterminate force a combination of both? I believe the latter. The effect appears to be transferred through some subspace dimension. As we have described in the first section the space we think in is but one dimension of many. We think and live in a four dimensional world. There are at least 6 other dimensions. These dimensions can be felt and experienced with training. These dimensions offer a polymorphic constriction effect on the shape and flow of items in biology. The joined effect of these mulitdimensions is the unified field theory of consciousness. Lets return to quantum. Plancks constant is 6.67 x 10-27 ergs per second. Returning to the quanta trail, there are similar relationships involving this uncertainty principle that are related to angular momentum in the angular coordinate. The angular coordinate is N and the angular momentum is J . Thus we also have the equation: phi times J is greater than or equal to Plancks constant divided by 2B. (4) N J$S /2 B Another such mechanism is that of time of an observation, and energy of the system observed. We cannot know both of these, either. Time, t, times energy, E, will be greater than or equal to Plancks constant divided by 2B.

Towards a BIO-QUANTUM MATRIX Chapter 5 QUANTUM ENERGY (ENERGY REGULATION)

Anything above 0E K will transmit electromagnetic waves at certain wavelengths. According to Wiens law the wavelength of maximum intensity is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of the emitting body. The warmer the body, the shorter the wavelength. The Stefan-Boltzmann law states that the total rate of emissions of energy of all wavelengths is directly proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature. This equation involves a constant, where the energy equals 5.67 x 108 x T4 W Meters2. (1) 5.67x 10 -8 x T 4W E= Meters 2

In the case of the body, where body temperature is approximately 37E C, or 300E K, we put 300E K into the formula, and get 81 x 108 as a factor of the temperature to the fourth power. The 108 crosses off, leaving 459.27 watts per meter2. If we convert this to watts per centimeter2, we get .45927. In the case of the smallest cell in biology, at 10-5 centimeters, we will find that this converts to 4.59 x 10-6 watts per surface area of the cell, allowing for the surface area. The surface area would be increased by a factor of over ten, meaning that we would have 4.59 x 10-5 watts produced by any of these very small cells. The frequencies and wavelengths of the emission of these cells will vary, but they will be primarily involved in the infrared area of the spectrum, and also a touch of the visible and a touch of the UV. This helps support the hypothesis of the photons effect in biology. The energy of any photon is directly proportional to its frequency. This was discovered by Planck, and involves Plancks constant, an extremely valuable number in quantum theory, where the energy of a photon equals Plancks constant times the frequency. (2) E = 6.63 x 10-27 erg. sec. x (Freq.) Plancks constant has a value of 6.63 x 10-27 erg seconds, or 6.63 x 10-34 joule seconds. Another factor that must be dealt with here is that of the photoelectric effect of a photon producing energy in terms of electron mobilization. There are several observations that can be made concerning experimental results regarding these photons. Since we can demonstrate that there is photon release in biology, let us now pursue some photon control factors of minerals. This is one reason that various minerals are needed in biology to stabilize the photon bath (see Quantum Biology ). 1. For a given frequency the number of electrons produced by the photoelectric effect is directly pro portional to the intensity of the radiation. The velocity of the emitted electrons remains the same, no matter what the intensity of the radiation. When radiation of varying frequencies is measured, the energy of the emitted electrons increases in frequency. This has a direct relationship. As we increase the frequency we increase the kinetic energy. When various metals are used, they might have the same slope of their direct relationship, but each metal will have a different threshold frequency in which they will start to emit the electrons.

2.

3.

There are three general and basic types of electrical conductive properties that we can divide compounds into: insulators, conductors , and semiconductors . Metals usually have a high conductivity, lying in the range of 106 ohms per cm. The conductivity of these metals is usually only slightly temperature-dependent, falling slowly if the temperature is raised. Insulators have low conductivities, usually in the area of 10-12 ohms per cm. Intermediate values are found in semiconductors. As we have shown, the conductivity of these various compounds can be changed not only from temperature but also from light, or photoconductivity. These types of photons, found in temperature and light, can change the conductivity of a compound, and allow it to increase or decrease the ability to conduct electrons. This is the phenomenon of the tran-

sistor, and the ability to have different types of semiconductors. Silicon Valley owes its existence to this theory. These compounds also have optical properties. They will have refractive indexes, as they can help to shape the photons flowing through them. They will have photo-dependence, and also activation energy, or the energy needed to allow changes in the item. Metals have high absorption coefficients of the optical property, from the ultraviolet to very long wavelengths. Metals are generally opaque, and are often very good reflectors. Insulators are generally transparent in the visible region, or at least part of it; but possess some strong selective absorption bands at shorter, and sometimes longer, wavelengths. These insulators will often have low reflection coefficients. The semiconductors are in the middle, are generally opaque in the visible, but are transparent at the infrared region of the spectrum (see Chapter 14). Thus biology would use all of these phenomena in developing an ability to control not only heat, but visible, ultraviolet, and the electron conductivity bands. The impurity levels in mixing these in various compounds makes studying them in biological situations very difficult because of our indeterminacy principle. But we will try to analyze some of the procedures in developing our matrices, so that we can understand some of the factors that these various elements involve. In the semiconductor field there are intrinsic, or full-band systems, or extrinsic, where impurity centers can come along and localize the energy, often into a forbidden zone. Two kinds of impurity levels are possible: donor and acceptor. At zero temperature, donor levels are occupied by electrons, which can be excited in the conduction band if the temperature is raised. Acceptor levels are empty at zero temperature, but electrons may be excited thermally to these levels from the full band of positive Halls, thus creating a Hall conductivity. The Hall effect is when the transverse voltage can be produced when a current is passed through a conductor lying in a magnetic field at right angles to the current. Both conductivity and Hall effect will come into play in development of our semiconductor. The activation energy follows the formula (3) Activation Energy = Y = 2(2 BmkT)3/2 / h3 m in this formula is the effective mass of the electron in the conduction band, T is the temperature. Thus we can see in many compounds that there are also effects on the magnetic ability, so that the entities of metals, conductors and insulators all have different effects from light, magnetic, resistance, and conductivity, as well as dielectric refractive index and inductance effects. Impurity centers which provide donor and acceptor levels are likely to be one of the following types: a) substitutional impurities of valency different from the valency of the main lattice atoms; for example, phosphorous or boron in germanium. b) vacant lattice sites these can occur in both valence and ionic crystals. In the latter, either anions or cations may be missing. A missing anion, an electron bound to the valency, is known as an F center. c) interstitial ions. In zinc oxide, for example, an excess of zinc is taken up interstitially. d) crystal dislocations. There are two types of photoconductive crystals: idiochromatic crystals, whose properties are determined by the basic material alone, and not by artificially introduced impurities; and allochromatic crystals, which are not photoconductive when pure, but become so when four atoms or particles are introduced into the crystal. There are also differences in these primary and secondary currents. Primary Currents a. `Instantaneous with illumination b. Little temperature dependence c. Quantum efficiency unity d. Occur in perfect crystals e. Proportional to light intensity f. Current initially proportional to applied field, finally saturating Secondary Currents Found in Biology Appreciable time lag Marked temperature dependence May exceed unity Usually larger in less perfect crystals Often hysteresis effects No simple function of applied field

If a crystal is exposed to light at a certain wavelength, electrons inside a crystal will be raised into conduction levels. They will then be able to freely move about in the crystal lattice under an applied field. The positive charges may also be mobile, and if so, they also may contribute to the primary photo current. All of the photoelectrons do not in general succeed in reaching the anode. After traveling some irregular paths in the crystals, some electrons become trapped at crystal imperfections, but by recombination with a positive hole. Thus the total distance that an electron can travel in a primary crystal may be very large, sometimes on the order of 1 cm, but unless the applied field is very high, that movement towards the anode is often only a small fraction of this distance. In biology interstitial electrons in the body can gravitate to larger distances, as in neuronal conduction or lymphatic dipole cascade. The liquid crystal effects of both water and the biology of the cells can come into play here, and affect the photoconductivity of the different items we measure. Any electron transfer involves photon release and absorption. All biology is photon- and electron-dependent. We will graph out some of the categories of atoms, insulators, metals, etc., in a basic ability to understand some of their variances. This chart is very simplistic, and usually can only tell the averages, as there are very subtle differences and control factors which all of these atoms will show in a biological system. Thus the refractive index can change in light of temperature. The magnetic effect can change in light of photoconductivity. Temperature has a great effect on all of

these different entities. What we have reported in this chart are merely some of the averages as a way of a base understanding in our development towards the matrix (see Chapter 14). Platinums threshold frequency is 1.51 x 1015 Hz, or a wavelength of 1,980 angstroms. Silver is 1.13 x 1015 Hz, or 2,640 angstroms. Potassium has a threshold frequency of 4.2 x 1014 Hz and a wavelength of 7,100 angstroms. Zinc has a frequency of .96 x 1015 Hz.

The effects of these and other metals account for why these trace minerals are needed in the cells. They help to modulate these different types of frequencies that mobilize electrons. The energy of the quantum photon is Plancks constant times the frequency, which is expressed in watts. If one half the mass times the velocity2 is the kinetic energy of the electron as it leaves, then we will see from the following equation that Plancks constant times the frequency minus w equals 1/2 mass velocity2. (4) 8 xR -w= 2 mV2

The size of these various atoms is what makes the variant type of frequency needed as threshold frequency to pull off an electron and give it kinetic energy. The energy must be absorbed from a single photon. If the radiation wavelengths are longer, they will not have sufficient energy quanta to pull the electron free; thus none will be admitted. If the shorter wavelengths are used, there will be enough energy, and the excess energy will result in excess kinetic energy in the electron emitted. This is why certain short wavelengths such as x-ray and gamma rays are very ionizing, in that they can pop off electrons and leave ions. This ionizing radiation has mutagenic or metabolic effects on biology. If ionizing radiation such as x-ray strikes a gene, it can have dramatic, negative consequences. Bohr laid out some classical laws of quantum mechanics and electrodynamics. We deal with three of them now in our description of the atomic process. 1. Of the infinite number of possible mechanical orbits for an electron revolving about a nucle us, only a few are permitted. These are the orbits in which the angular momentum of the electron is an integral multiple of h + 2 pi. While circling around these permitted orbits the electrons do not emit any electromagnetic radiation. Electrons may jump from one orbit to another, in which case the difference in energy between the two states in motion is radiated as a photon whose frequency is determined by the quantum rule: )E = h x f.

2.

3.

BOHR BASIC COMBINATION PRINCIPLE

V=

E1 - E2 S

) sec-9

V = Freq. (Hz) of emitted spectral line E1 + E = Atomic Energies in ergs giving spectral lines

S = Plancks Constant

V V= c =

1 = 8

E1 hc

E2 cm -1 hc

8 = Wawelenght of the observed line in cm V = Wawe number of the observed 1 Kayser spectral line in cm-1 E = Spectroscopic energy levels hc

Ryberg Equation R VN = V infinity (N + :)2

VN = Wave number of observed line V infinity = Asymotope of limit of series : = Constant 1 Lyman series Vn = R 12 -

R = Ryberg Constant N = Integral

1 ; N2 = 2, 3, 4, 5, ... N 22

Balmer series Vn = R

1 22

1 ; N2 = 3, 4, 5, 6, ... N2 2

Paschen series Vn = R

1 32

1 ; N2 = 4, 5, 6, 7, ... N2 2

1Ryberg = 1 Ry = 3.6 eV

Bohr was thus able to determine the various electron shells that might be possible within the hydrogen atom. Several other researchers such as Balmer, Lyman, and Paschen found other possible places where the hydrogen atom might orbit. These are outlined in the frequencies below.

1 3.29 x 1015 22 -

1 = 3.29 x 10 15 32

1 4

1 = 4.57 x 10 14 Hz 9

1 3.29 x 1015 22 -

1 = 3.29 x 10 15 42

1 4

1 = 4.57 x 10 14 Hz 16

1 3.29 x 10 15 22 -

1 = 3.29 x 10 15 52

1 4

1 = 4.57 x 10 14 Hz 25

1 3.29 x 10 15 22 -

1 = 3.29 x 10 15 62

1 4

1 = 4.57 x 10 14 Hz 36

1 (Lyman) = 3.29 x 10 15 x 12 -

1 n2

in which n took on successive integral values of 2, 3, 4,... 1 (Paschen) = 3.29 x 10 15 x 32 n2 1

in which n took on successive integral values of 4, 5, 6,...

There are forces that pull the electron towards the center of the nucleus, the attractive forces between the proton and electron. There is also centrifugal action that pulls the electron away. As an electron travels, it produces magnetic and static fields. This requires energy. But in the atomic orbits it is different. There are certain shells in which the electron can orbit safely without the expenditure of electrodynamic energy. At this balance point there must be a balance of energy. These balance shells or orbit patterns will follow precise laws known to quantum dynamics. There are many more laws of spin, angular momentum, etc. Biology will thus be influenced by these laws and reflect these patterns. This new study of biology offers dramatic new frontiers, and exciting new discoveries await us in our new energetic medicine field. The computer memory chip of biology might be the molecular quantic energy of the energy states in an atom, molecule, or system. These numbers also fall out of the Isaacs matrix, showing that biology must have integral knowledge of hydrogen. Hydrogen nucleus or a free proton is fundamental for biology. The energy stored in these atomic orbitals is essential for biological life in the interaction, storage and retrieval process, and to handle information, mass energy, charge, and momentum. This part of biology is ignored completely by synthetic chemical concerns. This glaring error is due to their lack of quantic sophistication, and has continued to promote iatrogenic disease due to this inappropriate simulation. The balance that must be met between the electrons attraction to the nucleus and the centrifugal force forcing it out must be of quantum dynamics and common to all matter entering this universe. One such law is (1) ke 2 = r2 r mv2 ; r= mu2 ke 2

In fixing the equation for Bohrs quantum numbers and Plancks constant, we get the second equation (2) nh mvr = 2B ; r= 2 Bmu nh

leading us to the third equation (3) ke 2 = mu2 2Bmu nh

2B ke 2 u= nh or

1 x n

2Bke2 h

and finally, solving for r with the fourth equation (4) nh x nh r= 2 Bm x 2B ke 2 = n2 x 4B2 kme 2 h2

with n = 1, Plancks constant being 6.63 x 10-34 joule seconds, k with a value of 9 x 109, the mass of an electron as 9.1 x 10-31 kilograms, and the electron charge always 1.602 x 10-19 coulombs. Then the value of the Bohr radius will be (5) (1)2 x (6.63 x 10 -34)2 r= 4B2 x 9 x 10 9 x 9.11 x 10-31 x (1.602 x 10-19) 2 = 5.3 x 10-11 m = 0.53 D

This is important for biology in calculating the exchange energies of our electron transport chain. The velocity of the electron inside the atom will be (6) e2 V8 = S - 2 x 106 M/sec

This is about 400 miles a second, or one tenth the speed of light. To supply energy we speak of electron potential. The electron volt is a microscopic measure of molecular binding energy. An electrical volt in macroscopic terms is expressed by the ratio (7) Electron Volt Volt = Charge of the electron 1 Since a Coulumb = ( 4BE0 which in quantic terms yields e2 Qe2/4BE0. e2 has dimensions mass length3 time3. Thus (8) 1 1 Volt = 25 4BE0 S2 1 2 MQe 2 = 100BE0 A0 Qe QQ N/ R2 ), = Coulumb EV

with 1 / 4B E0 relating to the constant of electromagnetism. Thus the macro world owes its existence to its deeper quantum nature, just as biology owes its existence to its deeper quantum nature. With larger orbits we find that there are different quantum numbers.

(10) r2 = 4r 1, So our matrix for biology will need a quadratic series. r3 = 9r1, r4 = 16r 1, etc.

It would be useful to solve for the kinetic energy of the electron in its orbits, using the formula (11) m KE = 1/2 mv2 = 2 x nh 2 Bke2 2

2 B2k 2me4 = n2h 2 , or

2B 2k 2me 4 x2 n 2h2

Calculating the potential energy we use the formula (12) -ke2 PE = r -4B2 k2 me4 = n 2h 2 , or n2h 2 B 2k 2me 4 x (-4) = -ke2 x n 2h2 4B 2kme2

The total energy is supplied by kinetic energy plus potential energy. B 2k 2me 4 x (-2) n2h 2 1 =n2 x 2B2 k2 h2 me 2

(13) 1 =n2 1 =n2 x 2.18 x 10 -18 J x (6.63 x 10 -34 )2 2B 2 x (9 x 109 )2 x 9.11 x 10-31 x (1.6002 x 10-19) 4

(Our biological matrix will have to perform this calculation in many ways for conservation and stabilization of kinetic versus potential energy.) Potential energy was a bit irregular in the way this was chosen to be manipulated. For time and space considerations it was necessary. In the third postulate of Bohr we find that as the electron jumps from level to level there is a change in the energy, and this is radiated as a photon. All electron charge transfer and electron transport are photonic. The mitogenic energy phenomenon is a reflection of photon control at its finest. )E = E4 - E2 1 =42 (14) 1 =16 x 2.18 x 10-18 + 4 1 x 2.18 x 10-18 x 2.18 x 10-18 22 1 x 2.18 x 10-18

1 = 2.18 x 10 -18 x 4 -

1 16

)E = h =

2.18 x 10-18 x 6.63 x 10-34

1 4

1 16

= (3.29 x 1015 ) x 0.1875 = 6.17 x 1014 Hz (15) 1 = 3.29 3.29 x 10 15 x n12 n22 1

This formula tells us about the possibilities in the hydrogen spectrum of potential photons that might fall out. Our analysis of hydrogen is basic to our understanding of biological phenomena. Understanding of this simplest atom and its quantic secrets is basic to our next step of maneuvering our mathematical constructs to plot other atoms, molecules, vions, cells, multi-cell structures, organs, organ systems, organisms, societies, environments and beyond. The complexity of each new step will involve new multiplicities of dogma that will blossom into new studies and new fields of study previously unthought of. By including all our present physics in our life science, we can see that biology was indeed economical in its development. Present medical and biological thought has not included photons, electrons, EMR, inductance, capacitance,

or indeterminacy, to name just a few. Present medicines clinging to chemical process by exclusion of other data and philosophy serves only chemical profiteering motives. As medicine grows up, perhaps it can meet this new challenge. In our analysis for biology let us approach some nuclear models and briefly work with the magic numbers of atomic physics. These well-known magic numbers are 2, 10, 18, 36, 54, 80 and 86. This shows stable amounts of electrons around atoms that produce nuclear stability. These correspond to the elements of helium, neon, argon, krypton, zion, mercury, and radon. Apart from mercury all of these are noble gasses. We know that their electronic structure is characterized either by a closed shell of two electrons such as helium, or by one or more closed shells. This is perhaps one of the problems with mercury; that it has become so stable that it will interfere with biology, and have a toxic occurrence because of its large size and its stability. Its large size will allow it to interfere with any cellular processing, and its stability causes difficulty in liver and kidney to detoxification. Similar problems are expressed with radon. Of particular importance here also are the unstable elements that fall out from these magic numbers. This is shown in the figure below.

Here in the unstable element section we can see some of the elements which have the most attraction to electrons, and repulsion forces as well. These are the elements which will have the most particular effect on the processing of biological material. From this figure we can see that the peaks indicate the magic stability numbers, whereas the valleys indicate the unstable entities.

Nuclear Magic Numbers: 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Deviations in nuclear binding energy near magic number Neutron (proton) separation energies have peak where N(Z) in magic Elements with Z(N) magic have more isotopes Elements with Z(N) magic have natural abundances greater than other elements N Magic nuclei have slow neutron absorption cross section very much longer than others The first 2+ excited state of even-even nuclei has exceptionally large excitation energies The existence of islands of isomerism

The above table supplies some evidence for the nuclear magic numbers.

From this final diagram we can see the spin orbit interaction which implies different energy states which will need to be handled by our biological matrix. Electromagnetic moments, the magnetic dipole, will also have to be dealt with.

Energy of a Magnetic Dipole M in a Magnetic Field B is

The units of magnetic dipole moment The energy E of a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field B is given by

so that the units of are joules per tesla. The magnetic moment of a classical electron (no spin) in an orbit with angular momentum S is -e S/2m e1 e being the magnitude of the electronic change and me the mass of the electron. The magnitude of this quantity is one Bohr magneton. Therefore

In nuclear physics the same quantity for a proton is e S/2 Mp1 which is one nuclear magneton, Mp being the mass of the proton.

The electric quadrupole is also of consideration.

Finally, most important for our analysis will be the consideration of the excited states in the shell model.

The shifting of energy states within the nucleus and of the orbital electrons allows biology to make information storage processing and retrieval possible. Thus we can see the ability of biology to use a single molecule as a computerized chip to maintain and store information from an electromagnetic transfer of potential. Let us now return to Bohr. Bohr introduced the principle quantum number, known as N. He did this by quantizing and assigning certain specific values to the angular momentum of the electron. This will be the first factor in our biology matrix. Now we talk about N as the principle quantum number, referring to the general energy level of the electron. There are subtle levels inside this N, but this N refers to general bands of energy levels that the electron might occupy.

Circular and Elliptical Orbits of Nearly Identical Energy But With Different Long-Range Effects The second quantum number, L , is the orbital quantum number reflecting magnitude. This came into existence because of Summerfields introduction of elliptical orbits. This second number is a measure of the angular momentum of the electron, and it depends on the ellipticity of the orbit. A perfectly circular orbit will have the maximum angular momentum. Our matrix will need an elliptical conversion of harmonic series. An oscillation along a straight line penetrating the nucleus has 0 angular momentum. L can only have integral values ranging from 0 to N-L for N = 1; thus N can only have a value of 0. For N = 3, L can be 0, 1, or 2. Poor and Summerfield found that the angular momentum of the electron in its orbit will turn out to be the square root of (L x L + 1) x Plancks constant 2 pi. (L x L +1) h Angular Momentum = 2B

This led to the discovery of another quantum number of M. This is the magnetic momentum. It is directly proportional to the angular momentum system, and must be quantized in the direction of the magnetic field. Yourgrau subdivides M into ML and M S. ML refers to the Z component of the angular momentum. MS reflects spin coordinate of M. Others have referred to MS, giving it its own quantum number.

MAGNETIC FIELD

Vectors representing the orientation of an electrons magnetic moment in a magnetic field Another quantum number is known as S, or the spin quantum number, which is established by the electron spin. This can have only two values, -1/2 or +1/2. Thus there are four basic quantum numbers: N , L, m and S. There are many more with a more subtle nature. These are J , R, possibly G , and others. Yourgrau writes: Indeed, an astronomic number of quantum states or of microstates is usually compatible with a given set of macroscopic parameters, defining a macro-state of a thermo-physical system. One then therefore resorts to the use of a virtual quantum mechanical ensemble of systems, which is representative of the real physical system. Each system of the ensemble must replicate the real system with respect to molecular composition, environment, and macroscopic parameters. Such a representative system is our biological matrix. The Pauli exclusion principle states that in any atom no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers. As the elements become more and more complex they start to fall into a periodic chart based on the descriptive processes of these quantum numbers. It was Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev (1834 to 1907) who found that there must be a regular periodicity in the natural sequence of elements. He made the bold jump into a periodic table from observations that were later borne out to be proven by quantum numbers. We can at this time extrapolate a biological periodic table based on our understanding to date (see Chapter 12).

In the center of these tables we will find that there are the transition elements that have easily changeable electrons in different shells. Table 1. s-electrons: p-electrons: d-electrons: f-electrons:

I = 0; subshell holds 2 electrons I = 1; subshell holds 6 electrons I = 2; subshell holds 10 electrons I = 3; subshell holds 14 electrons

In these atoms that have multiple electrons there are many ways that these quantum shells can be variant as the photons go back and forth in subatomic communication.

This shift in energy shells is one way in which biologys information is stored in transition elements used to regulate and control the process of life. Dr. Isaacs has developed a guess for a biological periodic table using this type of pathways, so that biology could control the processes of metabolism and reproduction. The DeBroglie hypothesis came into existence later, stating that the motion of electrons within an atom is associated with a peculiar kind of wave, which DeBroglie called pilot waves. With an electron orbiting the nucleus DeBroglie hypothesized about the DeBroglie wave phenomena, in which the electron would actually cycle through waves in its orbit.

DeBroglie wave applied to first three orbits in Bohrs hydrogen atomic model For incomplete wavelengths to fit into orbits, the following relationship must be true: (1) In Bohrs theory of the hydrogen atoms he found (2) After substituting, we find (3) Bohr found from this equation that it was an inverse of the electron velocity

(4) and by dividing and simplifying we find (5) DeBroglies modified hypothesis states that the length of a wave associated with a moving particle is equal to Plancks quantum constant divided by the momentum of the particle. This wavelength phenomenon allows for the understanding of interference in diffraction patterns that electrons might exert. The wavelength of an item is equal to Plancks constant divided by the mass times the velocity.

This wave phenomenon also brought up the idea of the uncertainty principle. As an item is moving through a wave phenomenon, we cannot be quite sure exactly where it is. In the micro world of subatomic physics the uncertainty principle is very large, and science admits that we cannot completely know an item. The new concept of the quanton is an interesting approach to satisfying the dilemma. Subatomic entities can be wave and particle. Duality is in all things. Perhaps now a concept of medicine, such as yin/yang and acupuncture, is understandable. This duality rejects reductionism, and complexity challenges simplicity for science and medicine. Indeterminacy led to the classic discovery of Heisenbergs uncertainty principle, in which the ability to know momentum times the ability to know position is equal to Plancks constant divided by 2 pi. This became the law, not the limitation, of technology. This formula was later modified to show that it was an inequality relationship, where the uncertainty was greater than or equal to Plancks constant divided by 2 pi. Certain situations allow indeterminacy to expand. Applied to biology, it opens new doors to homeopathy and naturopathy while closing doors on allopathic thought. Only nature knows. Compensating for mass, we have the following formula: (6)

If we apply it to a particle, then we come up with (7)

This brought into the existence of quantum theory the concept of probability, as we are not completely sure of all the variables. Nature seems to use this indeterminacy. In addition there appears to be an ability for nature to influence and control this indeterminacy. Thus a new addition to science must occur; a control factor which life has on subtle indeterminacy.

SUMMARY

1.

H ERE WE FURTHER PROVED THE

RELATIONSHIP OF THE PHOTON IN ELECTRON TRANSFER, OUTLINING HOW THE ELECTRON AND PHOTON INFLUENCE EACH OTHER .

2.

W E HAVE

SHOWN SOME OF THE BASIC B OHR COMBINATION PRINCIPLES AND THE RYBERG EQUATION, OUTLINING SOME OF THE PROCEDURES OF THE ELECTRONS IN THE HYDROGEN ATOM. THIS SIMPLE SET OF MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS WILL LATER BE UTILIZED IN MATRICES THAT WE DEVELOP FOR BIOLO GY.

3.

W E HAVE SHOWN HOW THE VOLT WAS DEVELOPED FROM ITS QUANTUM TERMS INTO ITS MACROSCOPIC TERMS , ALLOWING IN THE CONNECTION FOR THE ELECTRONICS OF THE BODY TO BE RELATED TO THE MICROSCOPIC , QUANTUM FIELDS OF THE BODY. THIS FURTHER REINFORCES OUR PHILOSOPHY OF THE QUANTUM THEORY CONNECTION INTO THE REALM OF BIOLOGY, BEYOND JUST THE MICROSCOPIC REALM. W E HAVE
PROVEN THE MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP THROUGH QUANTUM TERMS WHICH WE WILL NOW USE TO CHART OUR MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIPS FOR THE HERMITIAN MATRICES OF BIOLOGY .

4.

5.

W E HAVE
IT.

BROUGHT UP THE CONCEPT OF WAVE FUNCTION, AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO INDETERMINACY PRINCIPLE . THIS OPENS THE DOOR FOR A VIBRATIONAL MEDICINE , AND GIVES US QUANTUM PROOF FOR