Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL

Theme: Festivals and Food Grammar Focus: Articles Fall 2013

Based on a lesson plan developed for Structure of English (LING 8530, Spring 2012)

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL

I developed the following lesson plan for a hypothetical adult ESL class for international students in an Intensive English Program (IEP) in the United States. The IEP program environment is technology-rich, meaning that students have access to laptops and the Internet both in the classroom and at home. The course is entitled Intermediate English and the focus is to develop students vocabulary knowledge and awareness of Modern English grammar through reading authentic texts and to apply this knowledge to their own writing. I believe that students in an intermediate ESL class would have had previous exposure to and opportunities for practicing the basics of the English determiner system. The following lesson plan focuses on how to use articles in certain genres of authentic written discourse and shows that I value guided collaborative learning and strategy teaching. About 12 English learners from around the world would be enrolled in this course. They are literate in their native language(s) and possess an intermediate level of proficiency in English. The authentic materials chosen for this lesson is an online article, entitled Top Ten Foods for a 4th of July Barbeque, Plus Useful Tips (Appendix A). While working with an authentic text on a 4th of July barbecue, students participate in a variety of pre-, during-, and post-reading activities. The pre-reading activities include: sharing favorite traditional festivals in pairs and presenting two interesting statements about the 4th of July on poster paper in groups of three based on Internet research. These activities aim to activate and develop students schematic knowledge, leading to deeper comprehension of the text (Hedgcock & Ferris, 2009). The during-reading activities include vocabulary knowledge development through group reading and research, skimming and summarizing the main idea, as well as comparing and contrasting the 4th of July with traditional festivals in students home countries. Successful mastery of the second language can be attributed to an individualized battery of

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL

strategies for comprehending and producing the language (Brown, 2007, p. 69); therefore, I endeavor to help students develop strategies for handling unknown words in reading, including using an online dictionary (Graves, August, & Mancilla-Martinez, 2013). In the post-reading phase, students attention is drawn to the target linguistic forms, namely articles. I have adopted a discourse-based pedagogy, in which our students are guided to consider the meaning and use of those forms within the larger discourse context, (Nassaji & Fotos, 2011, p. 49). A noun phrase worksheet (Appendix B) is provided for students to classify which article is used and what types of head nouns the articles collocate with in a meaningful text. By demonstrating how to use Raimess (2004) flow chart and preparing them for the individual blog post writing homework assignment and the collaborative peer editing task in the subsequent class, I intend to push students to produce output accurately and also consciously reflect on, negotiate, and discuss the grammatical accuracy of their language use (Nassaji & Fotos, 2011, p. 49). Throughout the pre-, during-, and post-reading phases, I have incorporated cooperative learning, in which students share information and help each other to achieve goals (Brown, 2007). I believe that learners can increase their own L2 knowledge and extend their peers linguistic development by providing guided support to their peers (Donato, 1994). As this lesson also features an integration of all four skills, namely listening, speaking, reading, and writing, I endeavor to accommodate various learning styles as learners participate in group work (Kumaravadivelu, 2003). For example, depending on how the teacher wants to challenge the students in their linguistic development, those who are more comfortable with writing and less so with speaking can be assigned the task to write on the poster paper or to explain their poster orally in front of the class.

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL

The grammar focus of this lesson is English articles, which are particularly difficult for many English learners, as most Asian and Slavic languages and many African languages have no articles, (Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman, 1999, p. 271). The English language has three forms of articles: definite (the), indefinite (a/an), and zero (). The definite article may combine with both countable and non-countable nouns, the indefinite article with singular countable nouns, and zero article with non-countable nouns and plural countable nouns (Cowan, 2008). The choice of articles indicates the givenness/newness, definiteness/indefiniteness, referentiality/non-referentiality, and genericness/specificity of head nouns (information structure); these four pragmatic categories combined account for how people assign articles and other determiners at the discourse level (Celce-Murcia & Larsen-Freeman, 1999). It is noteworthy that when students try to decide whether a common noun is specific or generic reference in the chosen text (Raimes, 2004), they are actually considering the aforementioned four pragmatic categories of the noun at the same time. In this lesson, the flow chart serves as a teaching and learning heuristic to help students uncover why certain articles precede certain nouns in authentic written discourse. As the students have developed a working knowledge of articles, individuals may work toward using the flow chart (Appendix C) for article selection and/or error treatment in their own writing (Raimes, 2004). Undoubtedly, I want to encourage students to use this tool to produce accurate output as they develop their writing skills along with the grammar skills. Last but not least, I concur with Hedgcock and Ferris (2009) that assessment is a process and we should use assessment as a teaching and learning tool. In this lesson, I would use the noun phrase worksheet for classroom discussion and as homework (a take-home quiz). Meanwhile, I can evaluate students performance systematically by observing their

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL

participation in class activities to check their understanding of the content of the text as well as the form, meaning, and use of articles. The blog post writing assignment, prepared for the next class, would engage students in self-assessment as they use the flow chart (Raimes, 2004) to complete the adapted worksheet after finishing writing their blog posts. Of course, the peer editing activity in the subsequent lesson would engage students in peer assessment. (word count: 994, excluding the title page)

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale Lesson Plan Setting

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL

The course focus is on building students (Ss) vocabulary knowledge, developing their awareness of Modern English grammar, and applying their grammar skills to writing; ESL class in an Intensive English Program in the United States; Technology-rich environment: Ss have access to laptops and the Internet in class and at home; Previous lesson: Introducing the English determiner system at the intermediate level; Subsequent lesson: Exploring the use of articles in Ss own writing through a blog post describing a traditional festival in Ss home country (peer editing). Learners Adult students from non-English-dominant countries; Literate in their L1, intermediate English proficiency; Approximately 12 students. Time Frame 130 minutes (with a 10-minute break). Materials and Equipment Whiteboard, markers, and poster paper; Laptops and Internet connection; Photocopies of the Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque, Plus Useful Tips article for each student (Appendix A); Photocopies of the noun phrase worksheet for each student (Appendix B); Photocopies of the article use flow chart for each student (Appendix C); The master copy of the noun phrase worksheet (Appendix D); Photocopies of the blog post assignment guidelines for each student (Appendix E); Photocopies of the adapted noun phrase worksheet for each student (Appendix F); International food blog link (Appendix G; http://iepfoodblog.wordpress.com). Instructional Aims The students will be able to: Understand the new vocabulary (e.g., food-related items) in the reading on a 4th of July barbecue; Understand the main idea and cultural information in the reading on a 4th of July barbecue; Use the flow chart to categorize nouns in terms of whether they are singular countable, plural countable, or non-countable; Distinguish different articles and apply the flow chart to explaining why certain articles are used in specific contexts; Apply the steps identified in the flow chart to using articles appropriately in their own blog post writing on a traditional festival.

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL

Time and Stage

Procedures/ Teacher & Student Behavior

5 min. Materials: N/A Announcements/ Warming-up Make announcements, telling the class that they will use laptops at some point of the lesson. Engage Ss in informal chatting about what they ate for dinner yesterday and whether they like American food or not. 15 min. Pre-reading: Background knowledge activation Materials: N/A Transition by telling Ss that the topic of the lesson is festivals and food. Ask Ss to share their favorite traditional festivals in their countries in pairs by addressing the prompts below. Inform Ss that they will need to report their partners favorite festivals to the class and write about traditional festivals in their home countries as homework. 1. What is your favorite traditional festival in your home country? 2. How do you celebrate it (what you do and what you eat)? Invite 2 to 3 pairs to report their partners favorite traditional festivals in their respective home countries.

20 min. Pre-reading: Cultural knowledge development

Materials: Laptops, markers, and poster paper Transition by telling Ss that they will talk about the 4th of July, a national holiday in the U.S., and barbecue foods. Ask Ss (in groups of three) to research information regarding the 4th of July on the Internet (e.g., do a Google keyword search: 4th of July facts) and write two one-sentence statements about the 4th of July which they think are most interesting on a piece of poster paper (e.g., The 4th of July is known as Independence Day). Ask each group to present their poster, choose one of the statements to share with the class, and explain why they think that statement is interesting.

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale Time and Stage 20 min. During-reading: Skimming, comparing and contrasting, and vocabulary development

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL

Procedures/ Teacher & Student Behavior Materials: Photocopies of the Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque, Plus Useful Tips article for each student (Appendix A), the international food blog (Appendix G), laptops, and poster paper Pass out the photocopies of the Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque, Plus Useful Tips article to Ss. Give Ss five minutes to skim the text and get ready to tell the class what the top ten foods for a July 4th barbecue are and briefly comment on the similarities and differences in foods they noticed between the 4th of July and the traditional festivals they have shared with the class. Assign two paragraphs (corresponding with the description of two food items) to each group and make sure that there are overlaps between the groups in terms of their assigned paragraphs. Ask each group to read through the assigned paragraphs, identify the words and phrases that they are not familiar with, check the Internet (e.g., Wikipedia, urbandictionary, Merriam-Webster) for explanations and pictures, and present their findings to the class. Ss may choose to create a poster to present their vocabulary list. As students work on the vocabulary self-study task, walk around and provide assistance when necessary. When necessary, show the food pictures (serving as a glossary) to the students (Appendix G; link: http://iepfoodblog.wordpress.com/2012/04/24/4th-of-july-pictures/)

10 min. Break

N/A

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale Time and Stage 20 min. Post-reading: Noun phrase labeling

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL

Procedures/ Teacher & Student Behavior Materials: Photocopies of the Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque, Plus Useful Tips article for each student (Appendix A), photocopies of the noun phrase worksheet for each student (Appendix B), and the master copy of the noun phrase worksheet (Appendix D) Transition by asking Ss to look at the title of the given text and discuss with them why the author used the indefinite article a in a July 4th Barbecue. Pass out the photocopies of the noun phrase worksheet to Ss. Explain how to complete Task 1 in the worksheet by modeling the first paragraph. Emphasize that some nouns can be either countable or noncountable. Their countability depends on the context. Make sure that Ss understand how to fill out the worksheet and tell them that the worksheet should be completed and will be collected (informal quiz) at the beginning of the next class and then marked. Ask each group to work on their assigned paragraphs and complete Task 1 in the worksheet. Work individually first and then compare answers within each group. As Ss fill out the worksheet, walk around and provide assistance when necessary.

25 min. Post-reading: Article use flow chart application

Materials: Photocopies of the Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque, Plus Useful Tips article for each student (Appendix A), photocopies of the noun phrase worksheet for each student (Appendix B), photocopies of the article use flow chart for each student (Appendix D), and the master copy of the noun phrase worksheet (Appendix C), Pass out the article use flow chart. Explain to Ss how to complete Task 2 in the worksheet and how the flow chart works in determining which article to use by modeling the first paragraph. Ask each group to work on their assigned paragraphs and complete Task 2 in the worksheet. Work individually first and then compare answers within each group. As Ss fill out the worksheet, walk around and provide assistance when necessary. Ask each group to report and discuss their answers to Task 1 and Task 2 in class. Ask Ss to finish the rest part of the worksheet on their own as homework.

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale Time and Stage 15 min. Closing: Assignment clarification and preparation for the next class

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 10

Procedures/ Teacher & Student Behavior Materials: Photocopies of the article use flow chart for each student (Appendix D), photocopies of the blog post homework assignment guidelines for each student (Appendix E), photocopies of the adapted noun phrase worksheet for each student (Appendix F) Pass out the blog post assignment guidelines and preview them with Ss. Make sure that Ss are clear about the instructions. Inform Ss that they can use the flow chart to check their own article use as they write the blog post and they will also use the flow chart for peer editing of blog posts in the next class. Pass out the adapted noun phrase worksheet and ask Ss to categorize the noun phrases used in their own blog posts after they finish writing them.

Contingency plan As the flow chart also includes the use of other determiners, depending on the teaching context (e.g., time, questions from students), the instructor may introduce how to apply the flow chart to choosing determiners in general.

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale References

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Brown, H. D. (2007). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy. White Plains, NY: Pearson Education. Celce-Murcia, M., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (1999). The grammar book: An ESL/EFL teachers course (2nd ed.). Boston: Heinle. Cowan, R. (2008). The teachers grammar of English: A course book and reference guide. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Donato, R. (1994). Collective scaffolding in second language learning. In J. P. Lantolf & G. Appel (Eds.), Vygotskian perspectives to second language research (pp. 33-56). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Graves, M.F., August, D., & Mancilla-Martinez, J. (2013). Teaching vocabulary to English language learners. New York, NY: Teachers College Press. Hedgcock, J. S., & Ferris, D. R. (2009). Teaching readers of English: Students, texts, and contexts. New York, NY: Routlege. Kumaravadivelu, B. (2003). Beyond methods: Macrostrategies of language teaching. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Nassaji, H., & Fotos, S. (2011). Teaching grammar in second language classrooms: Integrating formfocused instruction in communicative context. New York, NY: Routledge. Raimes, A. (2004). Grammar troublespots (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

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Appendix A Reading: Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque, Plus Useful Tips

Keep Your 4th of July Barbeque Traditional by Serving These Foods

By Amy Brantley, Yahoo! Contributor Network June 1, 2007 Theres one thing you can expect at the holidays. There will always be food that is very traditional to that holiday. The 4th of July is no different. Many people have several favorites that they always serve at their 4th of July barbeque. These are the top ten foods you can always expect to see at a 4th of July barbeque. Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #1: Potato Salad It wouldnt be the 4th of July without potato salad. Potato salad is very popular at a 4th of July barbeque because it goes so well with grilled meats. Potato salad tastes good with steak, chicken, hot dogs, and even hamburgers. Just remember to keep it nice and cold or you'll get salmonella. Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #2: Fresh Lemonade July is always hot and humid, thats why lemonade is so popular at a 4th of July barbeque. Instead of adding ice to your lemonade, add frozen cubes of lemonade. This way, your lemonade will not become watered down. Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #3: Pasta Salad Another great side dish for your 4th of July barbeque is pasta salad. This dish is refreshing and not too heavy, which makes it perfect for a hot summer day. If youre worried about keeping your pasta salad chilled, skip the mayonnaise and make a dressing using oil and vinegar. Then you won't have to worry about keeping it cold. Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #4: Watermelon Watermelon is popular at 4th of July barbeques because people enjoy having contests to see who can eat the most watermelon in the shortest amount of time. But, watermelon can also be made into delicious desserts and drinks. Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #5: Hot Dogs What 4th of July barbeque would be complete without hot dogs? Hot dogs, fresh off the grill, are absolutely delicious. If you want to make your 4th of July barbeque a little more gourmet, try making homemade hot dog buns.

Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque, Plus Useful Tips

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #6: Potato Chips

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 13

The perfect side dish for hot dogs and hamburgers is potato chips and not just any brand will do. The best potato chips for your 4th of July barbeque is Lays. Yes, theyre greasy and full fat, but hey its a holiday. Live a little. Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #7: Red, White, and Blue Cake You will of course need a patriotic dessert for your 4th of July barbeque so why not make a red, white, and blue cake? This dessert is so simple. It's just cake, berries, and Cool Whip. But, it has become very traditional over the past few years. Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #8: Hamburgers Well, of course, hamburgers must be served at your 4th of July barbeque. If you plan on cooking several other dishes, it may be best to just buy hamburger patties at the store. This way, you don't have to take time to make them yourself and risk them falling apart on the grill. Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #9: Baked Beans Baked beans just scream summertime. This side dish is also a breeze to prepare. Simply open a can of Bush's baked beans and heat them up. If you have a side burner on your grill, you can avoid heating up your entire home by heating them on the grill instead. Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #10: BBQ Chicken You must have barbequed chicken for your 4th of July barbeque. Just remember to put the barbeque sauce on when the chicken is almost done. If you put the sauce on too early, the sugars in the sauce will burn.

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale Flesch-Kincaid Readability Statistics for the Text

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 14

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 15

Appendix B Noun Phrase Worksheet (Student Copy)

Instructions: Please fill out the charts below. Read each paragraph. Notice that there are underlined noun phrases in each paragraph. Complete Task 1 and Task 2. Task 1: For each paragraph, 1. Read the sentences in the paragraph. 2. Look at the noun phrases in the chart (also underlined in each paragraph). 3. Check whether the bolded head noun is singular countable, plural countable, or non-countable. Task 2: For each paragraph, 1. Read the sentences in the paragraph. 2. Look at the noun phrases in the chart (also underlined in each paragraph). 3. Identify whether the bolded noun carries definite article (the), indefinite article (a/an), or zero article (). 4. Check whether the bolded noun is specific or nonspecific reference using the flow chart. 5. Follow the four basic questions in the flow chart, decide which article the bolded noun should carry, and compare your choice with what is used in the text.

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 16

Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque, Plus Useful Tips Keep Your 4th of July Barbeque Traditional by Serving These Foods By Amy Brantley, Yahoo! Contributor Network June 1, 2007 Theres one thing you can expect at the holidays. There will always be food that is very traditional to that holiday. The 4th of July is no different. Many people have several favorites that they always serve at their 4th of July barbeque. These are the top ten foods you can always expect to see at a 4th of July barbeque. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference X X X Specific Reference

Food Ex. the top ten foods a 4th of July barbeque X X

the a

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 17

Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #1: Potato Salad It wouldnt be the 4th of July without potato salad. Potato salad is very popular at a 4th of July barbeque because it goes so well with grilled meats. Potato salad tastes good with steak, chicken, hot dogs, and even hamburgers. Just remember to keep it nice and cold or youll get salmonella. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference Specific Reference

potato salad grilled meats 1 steak chicken hot dogs

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 18

Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #2: Fresh Lemonade July is always hot and humid, thats why lemonade is so popular at a 4th of July barbeque. Instead of adding ice to your lemonade, add frozen cubes of lemonade. This way, your lemonade will not become watered down. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference Specific Reference

lemonade 2 a 4th of July barbecue ice frozen cubes of lemonade

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 19

Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #3: Pasta Salad Another great side dish for your 4th of July barbeque is pasta salad. This dish is refreshing and not too heavy, which makes it perfect for a hot summer day. If youre worried about keeping your pasta salad chilled, skip the mayonnaise and make a dressing using oil and vinegar. Then you wont have to worry about keeping it cold. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference Specific Reference

pasta salad the mayonnaise 3 a dressing oil vinegar

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 20

Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #4: Watermelon Watermelon is popular at 4th of July barbeques because people enjoy having contests to see who can eat the most watermelon in the shortest amount of time. But, watermelon can also be made into delicious desserts and drinks. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference Specific Reference

Watermelon 4th of July barbeques 4 the most watermelon watermelon desserts drinks

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 21

Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #5: Hot Dogs What 4th of July barbeque would be complete without hot dogs? Hot dogs, fresh off the grill, are absolutely delicious. If you want to make your 4th of July barbeque a little more gourmet, try making homemade hot dog buns. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference Specific Reference

hot dogs 5 Hot dogs the grill homemade hot dog buns

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 22

Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #6: Potato Chips The perfect side dish for hot dogs and hamburgers is potato chips and not just any brand will do. The best potato chips for your 4th of July barbeque is Lays. Yes, theyre greasy and full fat, but hey its a holiday. Live a little. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference Specific Reference

hot dogs 6 hamburgers potato chips The best potato chips

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 23

Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #7: Red, White, and Blue Cake You will of course need a patriotic dessert for your 4th of July barbeque so why not make a red, white, and blue cake? This dessert is so simple. Its just cake, berries, and Cool Whip. But, it has become very traditional over the past few years. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference Specific Reference

a patriotic dessert 7 a red, white, and blue cake cake berries

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 24

Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #8: Hamburgers Well, of course, hamburgers must be served at your 4th of July barbeque. If you plan on cooking several other dishes, it may be best to just buy hamburger patties at the store. This way, you don't have to take time to make them yourself and risk them falling apart on the grill. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference Specific Reference

hamburgers 8 hamburger patties the grill

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 25

Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #9: Baked Beans Baked beans just scream summertime. This side dish is also a breeze to prepare. Simply open a can of Bush's baked beans and heat them up. If you have a side burner on your grill, you can avoid heating up your entire home by heating them on the grill instead. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Specific Reference Nonspecific reference

Baked beans 9 a can of Bushs baked beans the grill

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 26

Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #10: BBQ Chicken You must have barbequed chicken for your 4th of July barbeque. Just remember to put the barbeque sauce on when the chicken is almost done. If you put the sauce on too early, the sugars in the sauce will burn. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference Specific Reference

barbecued chicken the barbeque sauce 10 the chicken the sauce the sugars the sauce

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale Appendix C Article Use Flow Chart

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1. Is the noun in question a proper noun or a common noun? Proper nouns include the names of specific people, places, or things that are capitalized; common nouns are the names of everyday objects, animals, and entities. If the noun is proper and singular, select ; if it is proper and plural, select the. If the noun is common, proceed to number 2. 2. Does the common noun make a specific reference to a person, place, or thing that is known to both the speaker and listener as unique? If yes, select the. If no, continue to number 3.

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

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3. Is the noun countable? Certain words cannot be counted, such as rice and sheep (e.g., *Id like a pound of rices, please; *Look at all the sheeps in the field!). If yes, use for larger generalizations, or another central determiner such as some, a little, much if there is a smaller quantity involved. If no, go on to number 4. 4. Is the noun singular or plural? If the noun is singular, select a or an. If it is plural, select or plural quantity word such as some, a few, many, or several.

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

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Appendix D Noun Phrase Worksheet (Master Copy)

Instructions: Please fill out the charts below. Read each paragraph. Notice that there are underlined noun phrases in each paragraph. Complete Task 1 and Task 2. Task 1: For each paragraph, 1. Read the sentences in the paragraph. 2. Look at the noun phrases in the chart (also underlined in each paragraph). 3. Check whether the bolded head noun is singular countable, plural countable, or non-countable. Task 2: For each paragraph, 1. Read the sentences in the paragraph. 2. Look at the noun phrases in the chart (also underlined in each paragraph). 3. Identify whether the bolded noun carries definite article (the), indefinite article (a/an), or zero article (). 4. Check whether the bolded noun is specific or nonspecific reference using the flow chart. 5. Follow the four basic questions in the flow chart, decide which article the bolded noun should carry, and compare your choice with what is used in the text.

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

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Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque, Plus Useful Tips Keep Your 4th of July Barbeque Traditional by Serving These Foods By Amy Brantley, Yahoo! Contributor Network June 1, 2007 Theres one thing you can expect at the holidays. There will always be food that is very traditional to that holiday. The 4th of July is no different. Many people have several favorites that they always serve at their 4th of July barbeque. These are the top ten foods you can always expect to see at a 4th of July barbeque. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference X X X Specific Reference

Food Ex. the top ten foods a 4th of July barbeque X X

the a

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 31

Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #1: Potato Salad It wouldnt be the 4th of July without potato salad. Potato salad is very popular at a 4th of July barbeque because it goes so well with grilled meats. Potato salad tastes good with steak, chicken, hot dogs, and even hamburgers. Just remember to keep it nice and cold or youll get salmonella. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference X X X X X Specific Reference

potato salad grilled meats 1 steak chicken hot dogs X X

X X

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

Yinghua Cai MA TESOL 32

Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #2: Fresh Lemonade July is always hot and humid, thats why lemonade is so popular at a 4th of July barbeque. Instead of adding ice to your lemonade, add frozen cubes of lemonade. This way, your lemonade will not become watered down. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference X X X X Specific Reference

lemonade 2 a 4th of July barbecue ice frozen cubes of lemonade X

X X

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

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Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #3: Pasta Salad Another great side dish for your 4th of July barbeque is pasta salad. This dish is refreshing and not too heavy, which makes it perfect for a hot summer day. If youre worried about keeping your pasta salad chilled, skip the mayonnaise and make a dressing using oil and vinegar. Then you won't have to worry about keeping it cold. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference X X X X X Specific Reference

pasta salad the mayonnaise 3 a dressing oil vinegar X

X X

the A

X X

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale

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Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #4: Watermelon Watermelon is popular at 4th of July barbeques because people enjoy having contests to see who can eat the most watermelon in the shortest amount of time. But, watermelon can also be made into delicious desserts and drinks. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference X X X X X X Specific Reference

Watermelon 4th of July barbeques 4 the most watermelon watermelon desserts drinks X X X

X X

the

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Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #5: Hot Dogs What 4th of July barbeque would be complete without hot dogs? Hot dogs, fresh off the grill, are absolutely delicious. If you want to make your 4th of July barbeque a little more gourmet, try making homemade hot dog buns. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference X X X X Specific Reference

hot dogs 5 Hot dogs the grill homemade hot dog buns X

X X

the X

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Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #6: Potato Chips The perfect side dish for hot dogs and hamburgers is potato chips and not just any brand will do. The best potato chips for your 4th of July barbeque is Lays. Yes, theyre greasy and full fat, but hey it's a holiday. Live a little. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference X X X X Specific Reference

hot dogs 6 hamburgers potato chips The best potato chips

X X X X

the

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Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #7: Red, White, and Blue Cake You will of course need a patriotic dessert for your 4th of July barbeque so why not make a red, white, and blue cake? This dessert is so simple. Its just cake, berries, and Cool Whip. But, it has become very traditional over the past few years. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference X X X X Specific Reference

a patriotic dessert 7 a red, white, and blue cake cake berries

X X X X

a a

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Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #8: Hamburgers Well, of course, hamburgers must be served at your 4th of July barbeque. If you plan on cooking several other dishes, it may be best to just buy hamburger patties at the store. This way, you don't have to take time to make them yourself and risk them falling apart on the grill. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference X X X Specific Reference

hamburgers 8 hamburger patties the grill X

X X

the

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Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #9: Baked Beans Baked beans just scream summertime. This side dish is also a breeze to prepare. Simply open a can of Bushs baked beans and heat them up. If you have a side burner on your grill, you can avoid heating up your entire home by heating them on the grill instead. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Specific Reference Nonspecific reference X X X

Baked beans 9 a can of Bushs baked beans the grill X

X X

the

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Top Ten Foods for a July 4th Barbeque #10: BBQ Chicken You must have barbequed chicken for your 4th of July barbeque. Just remember to put the barbeque sauce on when the chicken is almost done. If you put the sauce on too early, the sugars in the sauce will burn. Article Section # Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable Task 2 Nonspecific reference X X X X X X Specific Reference

barbecued chicken the barbeque sauce 10 the chicken the sauce the sugars the sauce X

X X X X

the the the the

the

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Appendix E Blog Post Assignment: Festivals in My Home Country Now that we have all learned a little about the 4th of July in America, its time to learn a little bit about some of the festivals in your own countries! The goal of this assignment is to write your own blog post about a special festival in your home country to bring with you to our next class meeting to share with everyone. Steps to writing your blog post: 1. Think of a traditional festival that takes place in your country that you feel is important to you personally or that you think would be a fun cultural event to share with the class (e.g., something that your classmates are not likely to know about your culture or traditional foods). 2. Write two or three paragraphs describing what your festival is like and what kinds of traditional foods are served. If there are foods that you think your classmates might be unfamiliar with, please find pictures of those foods to bring with you or write out a description of the food if pictures or photos cannot be found. 3. In your description of the foods served during your festival, please make sure to tell us if there are any special rituals involved using the foods or if certain foods are served for special reasons. 4. Print out your blog post (or if you prefer to write it by hand on paper first, that is fine, too), and bring it with you to class.

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Appendix F Adapted Worksheet for the Blog Post

Task 1 Plural countable Non-countable Article Noun Phrase Singular countable

Task 2 Nonspecific reference Specific Reference

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale Appendix G International Food Blog

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Here are some pictures of the foods we read about in this weeks article! A full barbeque with all the fixings!

red potato salad

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale steak

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barbequed (BBQ) chicken

hot dog

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale hamburger patties

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lemonade

frozen cubes of lemonade

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale pasta salad

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mayonnaise

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale oil and vinegar salad dressing

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watermelon

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale Lays potato chips

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red, white, and blue cake

Cool Whip dessert topping

Component 3 Lesson Plan and Rationale Bushs baked beans

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BBQ sauce

BBQ grill