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Electrical Power Systems Engineering Carl J. Spezia, Constantine I. Hatziadoniu 2011 Parametric
Technology Corp.
3 Electrical transients
Section 3.2c Transformer Energization
Disclaimer
User Notices
Saturation Compensation
The effects of the transformer inrush can be minimized by adding a preinsertion resistor. This resistor is
an automated device that inserts segments of resistance in series with the transformer terminals. The first
segment has the highest resistance value. The resistance is gradually reduced to zero at predetermined
time steps. The preinsertion resistor minimizes the inrush by influencing the system response in two
ways: it reduces the transient overvoltage at the moment of energization, thereby reducing the maximum
core flux, and it increases system damping, causing the flux offset to decay more quickly. The interest in
a preinsertion resistor study is to determine the correct timing of the resistor switching and the total
energy dissipation into the resistor.
The preinsertion resistor in this simulation is defined as a time varying piece-wise linear resistor. The
description is as follows:
Define the number of segments for the piece-wise linear representation of the preinsertion resistor.
M 5 :=
M M 1 :=
Define the time and resistance at the knee of each segment.
ts
0.0
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.15
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
sec := Rs
80.0
30
20
10
5
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
ohm :=
Use ramps to define the resistor functions.
m 1 2 , M .. :=
Calculate the slope of each segment.
S
m
Rs
m
Rs
m 1

ts
m
ts
m 1

:=
m 2 M .. :=
The preinsertion resistor function is given by
r x ( ) x ( ) x :=
Rp x ( ) Rs
0
S
1
r x ( ) +
m
S
m
S
m 1
( ) r x ts
m 1
( )

+ :=
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Plot the preinsertion resistor as a function of time.
x 0.0 sec 0.003 sec , 0.15 sec .. :=
0 0.075 0.15
0
20
40
60
80
resistance
Rp x ( )
x
Fig. 3.2.9 Resistance as a function of time
The transformer saturation characteristic is defined as:
I
mo
6 amp :=
steady-state magnetizing current in pu, under
rated voltage
X
s
8 ohm :=
transformer leakage reactance in pu
V
s
7000 volt :=
rated primary voltage
K

1.1 :=
transformer voltage at saturation knee-point in pu
377
rad
sec
:=
source frequency
L
m
2
3
V
s

I
mo

:= L
m
2.527 henry =
L
s
X
s

10 := L
s
0.212 henry =
Determine the core flux at the knee point.

2
3
V
s
K

:=

16.676 weber =
Determine the magnetizing current at the knee point.
I
m

L
m
:= I
m
6.6 amp =
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I
m
x ( )
1
L
m
|

\
|
|
.
r x

+ ( ) r x

( ) ( )
1
L
s
|

\
|
|
.
r x

( ) r x

( ) ( ) I
m
:=
Similarly the source data are
Vs 7000.0 volt :=
voltage amplitude

10 deg :=
V t ( )
2
3
Vs cos t

+ ( ) :=

5 weber :=
residual flux
System data:
R
L
3.5 ohm :=
line resistance
X
L
25 ohm :=
line inductive reactance
L
X
L

:= L 0.066 henry =
X
C
200 ohm :=
shunt capacitive reactance
corresponding to
C
1
X
C

:= C 1.326 10
5
farad =
Define maximum simulation time.
T 0.2 sec := ms 10
3
sec := dt 0.3 ms :=
h
1
1.5 dt := h
2
0.5 dt :=
N floor
T
dt
|

\
|
|
.
:=
k 2 N .. :=
iteration counter
Dv
c
I
L
V
C
, ( )
I
L
I
m
V
C
( )
C
:=
capacitor voltage
derivative
Define the initial conditions for the system.
Initialize time.
t
0
0.0 sec :=
t
1
0.0 sec :=
Compute time at each interval.
t
k
k dt :=
Initialize the capacitor voltage. Assume fault condition in the system prior to energization.
v
c
0
0.0 volt :=
v
c
1
0.0 volt :=
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Initialize the line current.
i
0
0.0 amp :=
i
1
0.0 amp :=
The initial value of core flux is the residual flux defined above.

:=

:=
Due to the presence of the preinsertion resistor the total system resistance is changed. This change
affects the state equation of the line current. The new equation is
Di I
L
V
C
, t , ( )
R
L
Rp t ( ) + ( ) I
L
V
C
V t ( ) +
L
:=
i
k
v
c
k

k
|

\
|
|
|
|
|
.
i
k 1
h
1
Di i
k 1
v
c
k 1
, t
k 1
,
( )
+ h
2
Di i
k 2
v
c
k 2
, t
k 2
,
( )

v
c
k 1
h
1
Dv
c
i
k 1

k 1
( ) ,

+ h
2
Dv
c
i
k 2

k 2
( ) ,

k 1
h
1
v
c
k 1
( )
+ h
2
v
c
k 2
( )

(
(
(
(
(

:=
The system response is shown below.
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
10
0
10
20
inrush current
I
m

k
( )
t
k
Fig. 3.2.10 Magnetizing current
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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
20
10
0
10
20
core flux

k
t
k
Fig. 3.2.11 Transformer flux response
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
40
20
0
20
40
60
line current
i
k
t
k
Fig. 3.2.12 Line current response
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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
1 10
4

5 10
3

0
5 10
3

1 10
4

bus voltage
v
c
k
t
k
Fig. 3.2.13 Bus voltage response
The preinsertion resistor reduces the 2nd harmonic resonant effects. The initial case exhibited a harmonic
instability around the second harmonic (120 Hz). The preinsertion resistor increases the system damping
around this resonance, reducing the transient over-voltages and overcurrents seen in the first case.
When designing the preinsertion resistor, it's a good idea to know how much power it must dissipate, so
that it will not be overstressed thermally. The energy dissipated in the preinsertion resistor is found as
follows:
Initialize variable:
E
1
0.0 joule :=
Calculate energy at each time step:
E
k
E
k 1
Rp t
k
( ) i
k
( )
2

dt + :=
The maximum energy dissipation is
E
N
1.109 10
3
joule =
The energy is shown as function of time below.
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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
0
500
1 10
3

1.5 10
3

energy
E
k
t
k
Fig. 3.2.14 Energy dissipation of the preinsertion resistor
Additional User Notices
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