FLUID MECHANICS - I EXPERIMENTS

INDEX

Expt.
No.
Name of The Experiment
1

Determination Of Coefficient Of Discharge For Venturimeter.

2

Determination Of Coefficient Of Discharge For Orificemeter.

3

Determination Of Friction Factor Of a Given Pipe Of Circular Cross Section.

4

Determination Of Loss Of Head Due To Sudden Enlargement Of Pipe.

5

Determination Of Loss Of Head Due To Sudden Contraction Of Pipe.

6

Determination Of Type Of Flow By Reynolds Number.

7

Verification Of Bernoullis Equation For An Incompressible Fluid Flow.

8

Determination Of Coefficient Of Discharge For Rectangular Notch.

9

Determination Of Coefficient Of Discharge For Triangular Notch.

10

Determination Of Coefficient Of Discharge C
d
, Coefficient Of Contraction C
c

& Coefficient Of Velocity C
v
For An Orifice.

11

Determination Of Force Exerted On Stationary Plate By Impact Of Jet.
















Date :______________

EXPERIMENT NO :


Name of the Experiment : To determine the coefficient of discharge ( C
d
)
for Venturimeter.

Apparatus : Venturimeter fitted across a pipeline leading to a collecting tank,
Stop Watch, U-Tube manometer connected across entry and throat sections etc.

Formula : Theoretical discharge through Venturimeter

Q
th
= [A
1
.A
2
(2g.H)
1/2
] / [A
1
2
A
2
2
]
1/2


Actual discharge through Venturimeter

Q
ac
= V / t = (A.H) / t

Where:
A
1
: Cross section area of Venturimeter at entry section.
A
2
: Cross section area of Venturimeter at throat section.
H : Pressure head difference in terms of fluid flowing through
pipeline system.
V : (A.H) i.e. Volume of water collected in collecting tank
A

: Cross section area of collecting tank.
H : (H
2
H
1
) i.e. Depth of water collected in collecting tank.
t : Time required to collect the water up to a height H in the
collecting tank.

Theory : Venturimeter is a device consisting of a short length of gradual convergence
and a long length of gradual divergence. Pressure tapping is provided at the location
before the convergence commences and another pressure tapping is provided at the throat
section of a Venturimeter. The Difference in pressure head between the two tapping is
measured by means of a U-tube manometer. On applying the continuity equation &
Bernoullis equation between the two sections, the following relationship is obtained in
terms of governing variables.

Q
th
= [A
1
.A
2
(2g.H)
1/2
] / [A
1
2
A
2
2
]
1/2
-------------------------------------------------------- 1.
Where, H = H
m
[(
m
/
w
) 1]

m
&
w
be the densities of manometric liquid & fluid (water) flowing through pipeline
system.

In order to take real flow effect into account, coefficient of discharge (C
d
) must be
introduced in equation 1 then,






Q
ac
= C
d
.A.(2g.H)
1/2

Therefore, C
d
= Q
ac
/ Q
th


Theoretical discharge is calculated by using equation 1. Actual discharge is calculated by
collecting water in collecting tank & noting the time for collection.

Q
ac
= A.(H
2
H
1
) / t = V / t = (A.H) / t

Procedure :

* Note the pipe diameter (d
1
)

and throat diameter (d
2
)

of Venturimeter.
* Note the density of manometric liquid i.e. mercury (
m
) and that of fluid flowing
through pipeline i.e. water (
w
).
* Start the flow and adjust the control valve in pipeline for maximum discharge.
* Measure the pressure difference (H
m
) across the Venturimeter by using U tube
manometer.
* Measure flow rate i.e. actual discharge (Q
ac
) through Venturimeter by means of
collecting tank.
* Calculate the theoretical discharge (Q
th
) through Venturimeter by using the formula.
* Decrease the flow rate by adjusting the control valve and repeat the process for at least
five times.
* Determine the coefficient of discharge (C
d
) for each flow rate and find the mean value
of coefficient of discharge (C
d
)
mean
.
* Plot a graph of (Q
ac
) on y-axis versus (Q
th
) on x- axis.
* Calculate the slope of graph of (Q
ac
) versus (Q
th
), it gives the mean value of
coefficient of discharge (C
d
)
mean
graphically.

Observation :

Diameter of pipe, d
1
= ______ m
Diameter of throat, d
2
= ______ m
Area of collecting tank, A = ______x______ = ________ m
2
Area of pipe at entry, A
1
= [(/4) d
1
2
] = [(/4) ( )
2
] = ________ m
2
.
Area of pipe at throat, A
2
= [(/4) d
2
2
] = [(/4) ( )
2
] = ________ m
2
.
Density of mercury,
m
=13600 kg / m
3
.
Density of water,
w
=1000 kg / m
3











Observation Table :

Manometric
Reading

Pressure
Head Diff.

Tank
Reading
Actual
Dischar
ge
Left
Lim
b
Rig
ht
Lim
b
Diff
.
h
2
-
h
1


H =
H
m
[(
m
/
w
) -1]


Initi
al

Final
Diff.
H
2
-
H
1

Tim
e
t Q
ac
=
(A.H)
/ t


Q
th
=

A
1
A
2
(2g
H)
1/2


[A
1
2

A
2
2
]
1/2





Sr.
No
.
h
1
m
h
2
m
H
m
m
m
H
1

m
H
2
m
H
m
sec m
3
/ sec m
3
/ sec



C
d
=

Q
ac


Q
th

1



2



3



4



5





Sample Calculation : For Observation No. ___.

* Pressure head difference,
H = H
m
[(
m
/
w
) 1]
= ______

[(13600 /1000) 1]
= ______

[12.6]
= ______ m.
* Actual discharge,
Q
ac
= (A.H) / t
= (______ x ______) / ______
= _______ m
3
/ sec.
* Theoretical discharge,
Q
th
= [A
1
.A
2
(2g.H)
1/2
] / [A
1
2
A
2
2
]
1/2

= [ ______ x ______(2 x 9.81 x ____ )
1/2
] / [( _____ )
2
( _____ )
2
]
1/2

= _______ m
3
/ sec.

* Coefficient of discharge
C
d
= Q
ac
/ Q
th

C
d
= _____ / ______
C
d
= ______.

* Mean coefficient of discharge,
(C
d
)
mean
= ( ____ +_____+_____+_____+______ ) / 5.
= _______.

* From graph,
(C
d
)
mean
= (Y) / (X)
= ______ / ______
= _______.

Result : Coefficient of discharge ( C
d
) for Venturimeter is found to be ________
experimentally & _________ graphically.



Experimental Setup :



From Storage
Flow Control Valve
Convergent Cone
Throat
Divergent Cone
Pipeline




d
1
d
2





H
m

h
2


h
1



H
U -Tube Manometer H
2

H
1



Collecting Tank



Experimental Setup To Determine
Coefficient Of Discharge ( C
d
) For Venturimeter

Date :______________

EXPERIMENT NO :


Name of the Experiment : To determine the coefficient of discharge ( C
d
)
for an Orificemeter.

Apparatus : An Orificemeter fitted across a pipeline leading to a collecting tank,
Stop Watch, U-Tube manometer etc.

Formula : Actual discharge through Orificemeter

Q
ac
= C.a
1
.a
0
(2g.h)
1/2
/ [a
1
2
a
0
2
]
1/2


Where:
C : Constant i.e. Coefficient of Orificemeter.

C = C
d
.{1 (a
0
2
/ a
1
2
)}
1/2
/ {1 C
d
2
(a
0
2
/ a
1
2
)}
1/2


C
d
: Coefficient of discharge for Orificemeter.
a
1
: Cross section area of pipe at inlet i.e. entry section.
a
0
: Cross section area of Orifice.
h : Pressure head difference in terms of fluid flowing through
pipeline system.

Again,
Actual discharge through Orificemeter

Q
ac
= V / t = (A.H) / t
V : (A.H) i.e. Volume of water collected in collecting tank
A

: Cross section area of collecting tank.
H : (H
2
H
1
) i.e. Depth of water collected in collecting tank.
t : Time required to collect the water up to a height H in the
collecting tank.

Theory : It works on Bernoullis principle and device use for measuring the rate of
fluid flowing through a pipe. It is a cheaper device as compared to venturimeter. It
consists of flat circular plate which has a circular sharp edge hole called as orifice called
as which is concentric with pipe. The orifice diameter is generally kept lines the
diameter of pipe.

An Orificemeter is used to measure the discharge in a pipe. An Orificemeter in its
simplest form consists of a plate having a sharp edged circular hole known as an
orifice. The plate is fixed inside the pipe.

A mercury U-tube manometer is inserted to know the difference of pressure head between
the two tapping.
Orificemeter works on the same principle as that of Venturimeter i.e. by reducing the area
of flow passage a pressure difference is developed between the two section and the
measurement of pressure difference is used to find the discharge.

By applying Bernoullis equation between inlet of pipe & throat i.e. orifice section.

(p
1
/ w) + (v
1
2
/ 2g) + z
1
= (p
2
/ w) + (v
2
2
/ 2g) + z
2


When Orificemeter is connected in horizontal pipe, then z
1
= z
2


Therefore (p
1
- p
2
) / w = (v
2
2
/ 2g) - (v
1
2
/ 2g)
h = (v
2
2
/ 2g) - (v
1
2
/ 2g) --------------------------------------------- 1.

Further if a
1
& a
2
be the

cross section area of Pipe at inlet & that of jet respectively, then
by continuity equation

Q = a
1
v
1
= a
2
v
2
a
2
= a
1
v
1
/ v
2
------------------------------------------------------- a

If C
c
= Coefficient of contraction = a
2
/ a
0

C
c
= Area of jet at vena contracta / Area of orifice
a
2
= C
c
a
0
------------------------------------------------------- b

v
1
= C
c
v
2
(a
0
/ a
1
)

From equation 1; v
2
= ( 2gh + v
1
2
)
1/2
in this equation losses has not been
considered and gives theoretical velocity.
v
2
= ( 2gh + v
1
2
)
1/2

If C
v
= Coefficient of velocity = Actual velocity / Theorotical velocity
Actual velocity of jet at vena contracta i.e. at section 2
v
2
= C
v
( 2gh + [C
c
v
2
(a
0
/ a
1
)]
2
)
1/2
v
2
= C
v
{(2gh )
1/2
/(1- [C
c
C
v
(a
0
/ a
1
)]
2
)
1/2
}

But Coefficient of discharge C
d
= C
c
C
v

By continuity equation Q = a
2
v
2

Q = C
c
a
0
v
2
Q = C
c
C
v
a
0
{(2gh )
1/2
/(1- [C
c
C
v
(a
0
/ a
1
)]
2
)
1/2
}

Q = C
d
a
0
{(2gh )
1/2
/(1- [C
d
(a
0
/ a
1
)]
2
)
1/2
}


If C= Constant of orificemeter, then

C = C
d
{1 (a
0
2
/ a
1
2
)}
1/2
/ {1 C
d
2
(a
0
2
/ a
1
2
)}
1/2


Q
ac
= C.a
0
(2g.h)
1/2
/ {1 (a
0
2
/ a
1
2
)}
1/2

Q
ac
= C.a
1
.a
0
(2g.h)
1/2
/ (a
1
2
a
0
2
)
1/2





Procedure :

* Note the diameter at the inlet of pipe (d
1
)

and the diameter of an orifice (d
o
).


* Note the density of manometric liquid i.e. mercury (
m
) and that of fluid flowing
through pipeline i.e. water (
w
).
* Connect the U-tube manometer to the pressure toppings of orificemeter, one end at the
inlet section and the other end at the section where jet of water leaves from orifice
forming a vena contracta.
* Start the flow and adjust the control valve in pipeline to get the required discharge.
* Measure the pressure difference (H
m
) between two sections of orificemeter by using U
- tube mercury manometer.
* Convert the pressure head difference in meters of fluid flowing through pipeline ( i.e.
water ) by using the equation h = H
m
[(
m
/
w
) -1]
* Measure flow rate i.e. actual discharge (Q
ac
) through Venturimeter by means
collecting the water in collecting tank for a specified period of time.
Q
ac
= V / t = (A.H) / t
* Change the flow rate by adjusting the control valve and repeat the process or at least
five times.
* Determine the constant (C) of orificemeter and then calculate coefficient of discharge
(C
d
) for each flow rate and find the mean value of coefficient of discharge (C
d
)
mean
.

Observation :

Diameter of pipe, d
1
= ______ m
Diameter of orifice, d
o
= ______ m
Area of collecting tank, A = ______x______ = ________ m
2
Area of pipe at entry, a
1
= [(/4) d
1
2
] = [(/4) ( )
2
] = ________ m
2
.
Area of orifice, a
o
= [(/4) d
o
2
] = [(/4) ( )
2
] = ________ m
2
.
Density of mercury,
m
=13600 kg / m
3
.
Density of water,
w
=1000 kg / m
3

Observation Table :


Manometric
Reading

Pressure
Head Diff.

Tank
Reading
Actual
Discha
rge
Le
ft
Li
mb
Rig
ht
Lim
b
Diff
.
h
2
-
h
1


h =
H
m
[(
m
/
w
) -1]


Initi
al

Fin
al
Diff.
H
2
-
H
1

Tim
e
t Q
ac
=
(A.H
) / t




Sr.
No
.
h
1
m
h
2
m
H
m
m
m
H
1

m
H
2
m
H
m
sec
m
3
/
sec

Constant of
Orificemet
er

C =
Q
ac
[a
1
2

a
0
2
]
1/2

[a
1
.a
0
( 2g.h
)
1/2
]
Coeffi
cient
of
Disch
arge

C
d

1



2



3



4



5







Sample Calculation : For Observation No. ___.

* Pressure head difference,
h = H
m
[(
m
/
w
) 1]
= ______

[(13600 /1000) 1]
= ______

[12.6]
= ______ m.

* Actual discharge,
Q
ac
= (A.H) / t
= (______ x ______) / ______
= _______ m
3
/ sec.

* Constant of Orificemeter,

C = Q
ac
[a
1
2
a
0
2
]
1/2
/ [a
1
.a
0
( 2g.h )
1/2
]
= ______ [ _____
2
_____
2
]
1/2
/ [ _____ x _____( 2 x 9.81 x ______ )
1/2
]
= ___________ / __________
= __________


* To Find Coefficient of Discharge (C
d
),
By Using Relation
C = C
d
.{1 (a
0
2
/ a
1
2
)}
1/2
/ {1 C
d
2
(a
0
2
/ a
1
2
)}
1/2

_______ = C
d
.{1 ( _____
2
/ _____
2
)}
1/2
/ {1 C
d
2
(______
2
/ _______
2
)}
1/2


C
d
= _________
* Mean Constant of Orificemeter,
(C)
mean
= ( ____ +_____+_____+_____+______ ) / 5.
= _______.
* Mean Coefficient of Discharge for Orificemeter,
(C
d
)
mean
= ( ____ +_____+_____+_____+______ ) / 5.
= _______.
Result :

* Constant of orificemeter ( C

) is found to be ________

* Coefficient of discharge for orificemeter (C
d
) is found to be ________





Date : ____________

EXPERIMENT NO :


Name of the Experiment : To determine the Friction Factor F for a
pipe.

Apparatus : U tube manometer connected across a pipe line, Stop Watch,
Collecting tank etc.

Formula : Head loss due to friction in pipe
h
f
=
d g
V l f
. . 2
. . 4
2

OR
h
f
=
d g
V l F
. . 2
. .
2

Where :
F = friction factor = (4f)
l = length of pipe
V = Velocity of flow through pipe.
d = Diameter of pipe.
g = Acceleration due to gravity.
f = Coeff. of friction

Theory : The experimental set up consists of a large number of pipes of different
diameters. The pipes have tapping at certain distance so that a U Tube manometer
is connected in between them.

The flow of water through a pipeline is regulated by operating a control valve which is
provided in main supply line, for measuring the head loss. The length of the pipe is
considered as a distance between the two pressure tapping, to which a U Tube mercury
manometer is fitted.

Actual discharge through pipeline is calculated by collecting the water in collecting tank
and by noting the time for collection.
Velocity of flow = V =
a
Q
a
t H A / ) . (
=
Where :
A = Area of tank.
H = Depth of water collected in tank.
t = Time required to collect the water up to a height H in the tank.
a = Area of pipe.
Q = Discharge through pipe.

Now applying Bernoullis equation between two pressure tapping, we have


w
g h
h z
w
P
z
w
P
m m
m
B A
. .
) (

+ + = + = W Weight of water
g W
w
. =

m
w
m m
w
B
w
A
h
g
g h
g
P
g
P
=
.
. .
. .

g
g Z
Z
w
w
.
. .

=


|
|
.
|

\
|
=

1
.
w
m
m
w
B A
h
g
P P

g
g h Z
h Z
w
w m
m
.
. ). (

=

|
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
w
m
m f
h h

g
P P
h
w
B A
f
.

=

Procedure :

* Note down the diameter of pipe (d).
* Note the density of manometric liquid (
m
) and that of fluid (water) flowing
through a pipe i.e. (
w
).
* Connect the U tube manometer to the pipe in between two pressure
tappings.
* Start the flow and adjust the control valve in pipe line for required discharge.
* Measure the pressure difference at two points A & B of a pipe by means of a
U tube manometer.
* By collecting the water in collecting tank for a particular period of time.
* Determine the velocity of flow (V) and frictional head loss (h
f
) by using
appropriate equations.
* Determine the friction factor (f) in pipe by using Darcy Weisbach formula.
* Change the flow rate by adjusting the control valve & repeat the process for at
least five times.
* Find out the mean friction factor (f) mean of the pipe.
* Plot a graph of velocity of flow (V) on y axis verses frictional head loss (h
f
)
on x axis which shows a straight line.

Observation :

l = Length of Pipe = ______ m
d = Dia of Pipe = cm
A = Area of collecting tank = _______ x _______ = _______ m
2


m
= Density of mercury = 13600 kg / m
3



w
= Density of water = 1000 kg / m
3



Observation Table :

Sr.
No.
Manometic
Reading
Tank Reading

Left
Lim
b
Righ
t
Lim
b
Diff.
(h
B
-
h
A
)
Initia
l
heigh
t
Final
height
Diff
H
2
-
H
1


H
A

m
H
B

m
h
m

m
Frictional Head
Loss
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
w
m
m f
h h

g
P P
h
w
B A
f
.

=
Meter

H
1

m

H
2

m

H
m
Tim
e
t






Sec
Actual
Discharge


t
H A
Q
ac
.
=



m
3
/sec
Veloci
ty of
flow


a
Q
V
ac
=



m/sec
frict-
ion
facto
r F
f
mean

01.
02.
03.
04.
05.


Sample Calculation : 1)

* a = c/s area of pipe =
( )
= =
4
.
4
.
2 2
d
m
2


* A = Area of tank = _______ x ________ = _________ m
2


For Reading No. 1

* Frictional head loss =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
w
m
m f
h h

|
.
|

\
|
= 1
1000
13600
f
h = __________ m

* Actual Discharge =

= =
t
H A
Q
ac
.


ac
Q = ______ m
3
/ Sec

* Velocity of flow =
a
Q
V
ac
= =
= V _____ m / Sec

* Friction factor = = =
2
.
. . 2
V l
d g h
F
f
=




OR

* Coeff. of friction = f = =
2
. . 4
. . . . 2
V l
d g h
f


* Mean friction factor = f
mean
= =
+ + + +



Result : The friction factor F for the pipe is found to be ________.











Date : ____________

EXPERIMENT NO :


Name of the Experiment : To determine loss of head & power Loss due to
Sudden Expansion.

Apparatus : Pipe of smaller diameter connected to larger diameter, inlet,
outlet valves, collecting tank, stop watch etc.

Formula : Losses due to Sudden Expansion :


g
V V
h
e
. 2
) (
2
2 1

=

Where : he = Loss of head due to sudden expansion.
V
1
= Velocity of flow at smaller section.
V
2
= Velocity of flow at larger Section.


Theory : Loss of energy duet to change of velocity of the flowing fluid
in magnitude or direction is called as minor loss of energy.

Consider a fluid flowing through a pipe line which has sudden enlargement. Consider
two section 1 1 and 2 2 before and after enlargement.

Let,

P
1
= Pressure intensity at section 1 1.
V
1
= Velocity of flow at section 1 1.
A
1
= Area of pipe at section 1 1.
P
2
, V
2
and A
2
= Corresponding values of pressure, velocity & area at section 2 - 2.

Due to sudden change of diameter, the liquid flowing from smaller pipe is not able
to fallow abrupt change of boundary and turbulent eddies are formed, since the
flow separates from the boundary.

Let,
P
1
= Pressure intensity of the liquid eddies on Area A
2
A
1
,
h
e
= Loss of head due to expansion.

Applying Bernoullis equation at section 1 1 and 2 2.

= + +
1
2
1 1
. 2
Z
g
V
w
P
e
h Z
g
V
w
P
+ + +
2
2
2 2
. 2


But Z
1
= Z
2






|
|
.
|

\
|
+ |
.
|

\
|
=
g
V
g
V
w
P
w
P
h
e
. 2 . 2
2
2
2
1 2 1
------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.

Consider the control volume of liquid between 2 sections.

F
x
= P
1
A
1
+ P
1
(A
2
- A
1
) P
2
A
2
= ( P
1
- P
2
) A
2
----------------------------------------- 2.

Momentum of liquid / sec at section 1 1 = Mass x Velocity
= A
1
V
1
V
1

= A
1
V
1
2


Similarly Momentum of liquid / sec at section 2 2 = A
2
V
2
2

Change of momentum / Sec = A
2
V
2
2
A
2
V
2
x V
1

= A
2
(V
2
2
V
1
V
2
) ----------------------------------- 3.

Net force acting on the control vol. in the direction of flow must be equal to the rate
of change of momentum per second. Hence equating equation 2 and 3..
( P
1
- P
2
) A
2
= A
2
(V
2
2
V
1
V
2
)

2 1
P P
= V
2
2
V
1
V
2

Dividing throughout by g


g
V V V
g
P P
2 1
2
2 2 1
.
.

=

OR
g
V V V
w
P
w
P
2 1
2
2 2 1
.
=

Substituting in equation 1.


|
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
g
V
g
V
g
V V V
h
e
. 2 . 2
.
2
2
2
1 2 1
2
2

On solving


g
V V
h
e
. 2
) (
2
2 1

=

Procedure :

* Arrange and check the apparatus as shown in fig.
* Measure diameter of pipe and dimensions of measuring tank and record.
* Open the inlet valve, keeping the outlet valve opened.
* Connect the manometer to sudden fallings & to one of the pipes / pipe fittings
and check that there is no air bubble entrapped.
* Open partially the outlet valve, keeping the common inlet valve fully open.

* Let the flow become constant and take the readings.
* Open both the valves, slightly about 2 minutes. Open the pressure tapping and
wait till mercury surface in both limbs of the manometer becomes constant or
still. Take readings of each limb, record and check.
* Collect the discharge and measure the time require to fill up to 5 cm.
* Simultaneously take manometer reading. Repeat procedure up to 6 to7 times.

Observation :
A
1
= Area of flow at section 1 -1 = ____________ cm
2

V
1
= Velocity of flow at section 1 - 1 = ________ cm / sec.
A
2
= Area of flow at section 2 - 2 = __________ cm
2

V
2
= Velocity of flow at section 2 - 2 = ________ cm / sec.
h
e
= Loss of head due to sudden expansion.


Observation Table :


Manomete
r Reading
(cm)
Sr.
No
. h
1

h
2

h
m
=
h
2

-
h
1

h
w
=12.
6 x h
m

V
cm
3

t
(Sec
)
Q
cm
3
/s
V
1
cm/
s
V
2

cm/
s
g
V V
h
e
. 2
) (
2
2 1

=
cm
Power
Lost
P=.Q.g.h
w
Watt
Mean
Power
Watt
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.


Sample Calculation :

* h
m
= h
2
h
1
= _______-_______ = _______ cm

* h
w
= 12.6 x h
m
= _______ x ________ = _______ cm

* Actual Discharge =

= =

=
t
H A
t
V
Q
.

Q = ______ cm
3
/ Sec

* Inlet Velocity = V
1
=
( )
2
1
. 4
d
Q

1
V = = cm / sec


* Outlet Velocity = V
2
=
1
2
2
2
1
V
d
d
= = cm / sec

* Loss of head due to Sudden Expansion =
g
V V
h
e
. 2
) (
2
2 1

=

e
h = = cm

* Power Lost = P = .Q . g .hw =________________ = ____________ Watt



Result : Head loss due to sudden expansion was found to be ________
and corresponding power loss is found to be __________.








































Date : ____________


EXPERIMENT NO :


Name of the Experiment : To determine loss of head & power Loss due to
Sudden Contraction.

Apparatus : Pipe of larger diameter connected to smaller diameter, inlet,
outlet valves, collecting tank, stop watch etc.

Formula : Losses due to Sudden Contraction :
:
g
V
h
c
. 2
. 5 . 0
2
2
=

Where : hc = Loss of head due to sudden contraction.

Theory : Loss of energy duet to change of velocity of the flowing fluid in
magnitude or direction is called as minor loss of energy.

Consider a liquid flowing in a pipe which has a sudden contraction in area. Consider
tow section 1 1 and 2 2, before and after contraction.

As the fluid flows from larger pipe to smaller pipe, the area of flow goes on decreasing
and becomes minimum at section C C. This section is called vena- contracta. After
section C C sudden enlargement takes place. The loss of head duet to sudden
enlargement from Vena-contract to smaller pipe.

Let;

A
c
= area of flow at Vena-contracta
V
c
= Velocity of flow at Vena-contracta
A
2
= area of flow at section 2 2
V
2
= Velocity of flow at section 2 2
h
c
= Loss of head due to sudden contraction

Now,
h
c
= actually loss of head due to enlargement from Vena - contracta to section 2 - 2
and is given by
h
c
= (V
c
V
2
)
2


|
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
. 2
2
2
V
V
g
V
h
c
c

From continuity equation; A
C
V
C
= A
2
V
2
i .e.

c
c
c c
C
A
A
A
A
A
V 1 1
2
2 2
= = =
Substituting in equation 1

|
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
1
. 2
2
2
c
c
C g
V
h
If valve of C
C
is not given, then the head loss due to contraction is given as

g
V
h
c
. 2
. 5 . 0
2
2
=

Procedure :

* Arrange and check the apparatus as shown in fig.
* Measure diameter of pipe and dimensions of measuring tank and record.
* Open the inlet valve, keeping the outlet valve opened.
* Connect the manometer to sudden fallings & to one of the pipes / pipe fittings
and check that there is no air bubble entrapped.
* Open partially the outlet valve, keeping the common inlet valve fully open.
* Let the flow become constant and take the readings.
* Open both the valves, slightly about 2 minutes. Open the pressure tapping and
wait till mercury surface in both limbs of the manometer becomes constant or
still. Take readings of each limb, record and check.
* Collect the discharge and measure the time require to fill up to 5 cm.
* Simultaneously take manometer reading. Repeat procedure up to 6 to7 times.

Observation :

A
2
= Area of flow at section 2 - 2 = __________ cm
2

V
2
= Velocity of flow at section 2 - 2 = ________ cm / sec.
h
c
= Loss of head due to sudden contraction.


Observation Table :

Manomete
r Reading
(cm)
Sr.
No
. h
1

h
2

h
m
=
h
2

-
h
1

h
w
=12.
6 x h
m

V
cm
3

t
(Sec
)
Q
cm
3
/s
V
2

cm/
s
g
V
h
c
. 2
. 5 . 0
2
2
=
cm
Power
Lost
P=.Q.g.h
w
Watt
Mean
Power
Watt
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.


Sample Calculation :

* h
m
= h
2
h
1
= _______-_______ = _______ cm

* h
w
= 12.6 x h
m
= _______ x ________ = _______ cm

* Actual Discharge =

= =

=
t
H A
t
V
Q
.

Q = ______ cm
3
/ Sec

* Outlet Velocity = V
2
=
( )
2
2
. 4
d
Q

= = cm / sec

* Loss of head due to Sudden Contraction =
g
V
h
c
. 2
. 5 . 0
2
2
=

c
h = = cm
* Power Lost = P = .Q . g .hw =________________ = ____________ Watt



Result : Head loss due to sudden contraction was found to be ________
and corresponding power loss is found to be __________.




























Date : ____________

EXPERIMENT NO :


Name of the Experiment : To determine the type of flow by using
Reynolds Number.

Apparatus : Reynolds experimental arrangement, Collecting tank, Stop
watch, Scale, colour dye ( Potassium Permagnet ) etc.

Formula :

D V
R
e
. .
=

Where :

Re = Reynolds number ( Dimensionless Parameter ).
V = Average velocity in cm / sec
D = Diameter of pipe in cm.
= Mass density of fluid ( Kg / m
3
)
= Dynamic viscosity ( N - s / m
2
or Kg / m. sec)

Theory : The classification of flow is based mainly on viscosity of a fluid or
liquid. The viscosity that is seen earlier depends upon velocity gradient (dx, dg) is
considered through Reynolds Number defined as below.

D V
R
e
. .
=
Reynolds carried out experiments to decide limiting values of Reynolds number to
quantifiably decide wheeler the flow is laminar, turbulent or transition. The flows con
visualize by passing a streak of dye and observing its motion.

Laminar Flow : A flow is said to be laminar when the various fluid particles moves in
layer with one layer of fluid living smoothly over on adjacent layer.A laminar flow is one
in which the fluid particles moves in layers or laminar with one layer sliding over the
other. Therefore there is no exchange of fluid particles from one layer to the other and
hence no transfer of later of momentum to be adjacent layers. The particles, in the
layer having lower velocity, obstruct the fluid particles in the layer with higher velocity.
This obstruction force is called viscous resistance or viscosity. The laminar flow is one
in which fluid layers glide over each another. It has low velocity and high viscous
resistance.

Turbulent Flow : There is a continuous transfer of momentum to adjacent layers.
Fluid particles occupy different relative position at different places. It is one in
which, the particles get thoroughly mixed on (called turbulence). The turbulent
flow has higher velocity. The flow in canals, pipes and rivers is usually turbulent
flow.








Transition Flow : The transition flow has intermediate properties between the
laminar and turbulent flow. In laminar the forces should be considered to calculate the
friction loss and in the turbulent flow only the internal forces are considered because the
effect of viscous force is negligible as compared to internal forces. Reynolds carried
out experiments to decide limiting values of Reynolds number to quantifiably decide
whether the flow is laminar, turbulent or transition. These limits are as below.

Sr. No. Type of Flow Reynolds Number
01. Laminar Flow < 2100
02. Transition Flow 2100 3000
03. Turbulent > 3000

The flow can be visualized by passing a streak of dye and observing its motion. In
the laminar, low velocity flow the streak line is only slightly zig zag. In the turbulent
flow, the dye thoroughly mixes up in the flow. Thus passing through a glass pipe and
observing the velocity at different mixing stages of the dye is the principle on which
Reynolds apparatus is based.

Procedure :

* Diameter of a pipe, size of measuring tank at room temperature was noted
down.
* The tank was filled to some height by opening inlet valve and closing control
valve.
* Colour dye was filled in dye tank.
* Control valve was open slightly and also the inlet valve such a way that the
water level in the tank remains constant. This happens when in coming
discharge is equal to the out going discharge.
* The discharge was measured.
* The whole procedure is repeated for 3 times.

Observation :

Diameter of pipe = D = _________ cm
Area of pipe = a =
( )
= =
4
.
4
.
2 2
D
cm
2

Area of collecting Tank = A = ______ x ______ = ______ cm
2

Dynamic viscosity = 10
6
N - s / m
2
or Kg / m. sec











Observation Table :

Sr.
No.
H
1
(cm)
H
2
(cm)
H
(cm)

Time
t
(Sec)
Discharge
= Q
t
H A

.

Velocity
a
Q
V =

D V
R
e
. .
=
Type of
Flow
01.
02.
03.
04.



Sample Calculation :

* Depth of water collected in cillecteing tank = H = H
2
- H
1

H = _______ - _______
H = _______ cm
* Discharge =
t
H A
Q

=
.
= = cm
3
/ sec
* Velocity of flow in pipe =
a
Q
V = = = cm / sec
* Reynolds number =

D V
R
e
. .
= = =

Result : For the first discharge the Reynolds number is found to be
______ therefore the flow will be ____________________

For second discharge the Reynolds number found to be
_______ therefore the flow will be ___________________

For third discharge the Reynolds number found to be
_______ therefore the flow will be ___________________





















Date : ____________


EXPERIMENT NO :


Name of the Experiment : To verify Bernoullis Theorem .

Apparatus : Bernoullis apparatus, Controlling valve at inlet and outlet,
Discharge Measuring Tank, Scale, Stopwatch etc.

Formula : Total Energy = = + + Z
g
V
w
P
. 2
2
Constant

Where,
P / w = Pressure energy
V
2
/ 2g = Kinetic energy
Z = Potential energy

Theory : The Bernoullis theorem states that the total energy of non Viscous in
compressible fluid in a steady state of flow, remains constant along a stream line
Daniel Bernoullis enunciated in 1738 that is In any stream flowing steadily without
friction, the total energy contained in a given mass is some at energy contained in a
given mass is some at energy point in its path of flow. This statement is called
Bernoullis theorem with reference to section 1 1 and 2 2 along the length of steady
flow in the stream tube shown in fig. The total energy at section 1 1 is equal to the total
energy - at section 2 2 as stated in Bernoullis theorem.

With usual notations, the expression for total energy contained in a unit wt of fluid at
section 1 1 and 2 2 is given by

Total energy at Section 1 1 = P
1
/ W + V
1
2
/ 2g +Z
1

Total energy at section 2 2 = P
2
/ W + V
2
2
/ 2g +Z
2


Where,
P
1
/ W = pressure energy at section 1 1
V
1
2
/ 2g = Kinetic energy at section 1 1
Z
1
= Potential energy at section 1 1
P
2
/ W = Pressure energy at section 2 2
V
2
2
/ 2g = Kinetic energy at section 2 2
Z
2
= Potential energy at section 2 2

Thus applying Bernoullis theorem between section 1 1 and 2 2 we find

P
1
/ W + V
1
2
/ 2g + Z
1
= P
2
/ W + V
2
2
/ 2g + Z
2


In MKS system the pressure energy, kinetic energy and
potential energy measured in meter of fluid column per unit wt of
fluid equation is modified by taking into loss of energy due to friction
between section 1 1 and 2 2 is written as

P
1
/ W + V
1
2
/ 2g + Z
1
= P
2
/ W + V
2
2
/ 2g + Z
2
+ ( H )
1 / 2


Where ( H )
1 / 2
represents the loss of energy between section 1 1 and 2 2

Procedure :

* Open the measuring tank valve fully, to keep the tank empty. Close the outlet
valve.

* Open the inlet valve and let water rise to some height h in the inlet tank.
Measure this height on the piezometer. Now open the outlet valve slightly. If
water level in the tank falls, close the outlet valve slightly and vice-versa.

* Thus adjust the outlet valve fill the water level remains constant at h, and also
readings on each of the piezometer.

* Check if reading is correctly written. Close the measuring tank valve. Measure
the discharge, i.e. note rise in water level in 5 or 10 sec., write these and also
measure and note length and breath of the tank. This completes on run. Take at
least three runs by changing the discharge.

* Note down the area of the conduit at various gauge points.

* Open the supply valve and adjust the flow so that the water level in the inlet
tanks remains constant.

* Measure the height of water level (above an arbitrarily selected suitable plane)
in different remains constant.

* Measure the discharge of the conduit with the help of measuring tank.

* Repeat steps 2 to 4 for two more discharges.

* Plot graph between total energy and distance of gauge points starting from u/s
side of conduit.

Observation :

Area of collecting tank = A = L x B = ______ x _______ = ________ cm
2


Difference in water level in collecting tank = h = ________ cm

Time required for rise of water level by 10 cm = t = ________ sec.

Discharge = Q
ac
= =

=
t
H A
Time
Water Of Volume .
= m
3
/sec












Observation Table :

Sr.
No.
Piezometric
head
Z
w
P
+
cm
Duct area
(a)
cm
2
.
Velocity
a
Q
V =
cm/sec
Velocity Head
g
V
. 2
2

cm
Total Energy
Z
g
V
w
P
+ +
. 2
2

cm
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.


Sample Calculation :

* Discharge = Q
act
= =

=
t
H A.
cm
3
/sec

* Duct area = a = 4 x L = _____ x _____ = _________ cm
2


*

Velocity =
a
Q
V = = = cm/sec

* Velocity head =
g
V
. 2
2
= = cm
* Total head = Z
g
V
w
P
+ +
. 2
2
=( ) = + + cm

* Draw the graph : a) No. of tubes to - Z
w
P
+ cm
b) No. of tubes to -
g
V
. 2
2
cm
c) No. of tubes to - Z
g
V
w
P
+ +
. 2
2
cm

Result : The total energy of a streamline, while the particle moves from one
point to another. Bernoullis theorem for an incompressible fluid flow is
verified.













Date : ____________

EXPERIMENT NO :


Name of the Experiment : To determine coefficient of discharge
for a Rectangular Notch.

Apparatus : Channel with rectangular notch, Point gauge, Collecting
tank, Stop watch, Scale etc.

Formula : 1.
t
H A
t
V
Q
ac

=
.


2. ( )
2
3
. 2
3
2
H g b Q
th
=

3.
th
ac
d
Q
Q
C =

Where : V = Volume of water collected in tank.
b = Width of Notch.
H = Head of water over still.

Theory : A Notch is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of a
liquid through a small channel or a tank. It may be defined as an opening in the side
of a tank or a small channel in such a way treat the liquid surface edge of the opening.

Consider a rectangular notch provided in channel or tank carrying water.
Let,
H = Head of water of still or crest.
b = width of notch.

For finding the discharge of water flowing over notch, consider an elementary
horizontal strip of water of thickness dh and length surface of water.

The area of strip = b x dh
Theoretical velocity = V
th
= H g. . 2
Discharge through strip
aQ = C
d
x Area of strip x V
th

dQ = C
d
x L x dh x H g. . 2
Where C
d
= Coefficient of discharge.

The total discharge Q :
dh h g b C Q
H
d
. . . 2 . .
0

=
H
d
dh h g b C Q
0
. . . 2 . .

( )
2
3
. 2 . .
2 3
H
g b C Q
d
=

( )
2 3
. 2
3
2
H g b Q
th
=

Procedure :

* The tank dimensions were measured.
* The flow in the channel having rectangular notch was started.
* The flow was kept constant.
* The head of water in piezometer of constant time interval for collecting tank
was noted.
* Open slightly the valve without increase the rotation suddenly after fixed time
interval.
* Also note the head over the still after each interval.

Observation :

Area of tank = A = ______ x _______ = cm
2

Width of rectangular Notch = b = _______ cm
Time required to collect water to a depth H = t = constant = _________ sec.

Observation Table :

Point Gauge
Reading
Discharge Measurement
Sr.
No. Initial
(cm)
Final
(cm)
Diff.
(H)
(cm)
H
(cm)
t
(sec)
t
H A
t
V
Q
ac

=
.
(cm
3
/ s)
( )
2
3
. 2
3
2
H g b Q
th
=
(cm
3
/ s)

th
ac
d
Q
Q
C =
01.
02.
03.
04.
05

Sample Calculation :

* Volume of water collected in tank.= V = A. = H _____ x _____ = _____ cm
3


* Actual Discharge =
t
H A
t
V
Q
ac

=
.
= = ________ cm
3
/ s
* Theoretical Discharge = ( )
2
3
. 2
3
2
H g b Q
th
= = ( ) ( )
2
3
981 2
3
2

__________ =
th
Q cm
3
/ s
* Coefficient of Discharge =
th
ac
d
Q
Q
C = = = _______
* Mean Coefficient of Discharge =
mean d
C =
5
+ + + +
= _____

Result : Coefficient of discharge (C
d
) for rectangular notch was found to
be _________















































Date : ____________


EXPERIMENT NO :


Name of the Experiment : To determine coefficient of discharge ( C
d
)
for a triangular Notch.

Apparatus : Channel with triangular Notch, Point gauge and Collecting
tank, Stop watch, Scale etc.

Formula : 1.
t
H A
t
V
Q
ac

=
.


2. ( )
2
5
. 2
2
tan
15
8
H g Q
th (

|
.
|

\
|
=


3.
th
ac
d
Q
Q
C =

Where : V = Volume of water collected in tank.
= Angle of Notch.
H = Head of water over the notch.

Theory : In hydraulics engineering, notches are commonly used to regulate
flow in rivers and other open channels. The relation between water level up stream of the
notch and the discharge over it is generally known as that the discharge at any time may
be found by observing the up stream water liquid. Notches usually have sharp edges so that
the water springs clear of the plate as it passes through the notch. It is provided in the
side walls of a tank, near top edge. These have small dimensions. Notches are use for
emptying tank or for discharge measurement. The discharge equation depends upon the
shape and thickness of wall. A triangular weir is on ordinary weir is having a triangular
or V shaped opening or notch provided in its body so that water is discharged through this
opening only.

Let H be the head above the crest of the weir. Consider a horizontally elementary
strip of thickness h at a depth h below the water surface. It X is width of strip then,
X = 2 ( H +h ) tan( /2)
The area of strip is ( X h ) or { 2 ( H +h ) tan( /2) } and the technical velocity of the
water flowing through the strip will be H g. . 2 .

Thus if d is the discharge through the strip then,
d = C
d
x 2 ( H +h ) tan( /2 )dh H g. . 2

The total discharge q for the entire triangular notch may be integration above
expression within limit O to H. Then,


( ) . . 2 . 2 tan ) ( 2 .
0
gh dh H Hh C Q
H
d
+ =



Assuming coefficient C
d
to be constant for entire notch.
( ) ( ). 2 tan ) ( 2
0
dh h h H C Q
H
d

+ =
( )
H
d
h h H h H C Q
0
2 5 2 3
5
2
.
3
2
2 tan ) ( 2
(

+ =
( )
2
5
. 2
2
tan
15
8
H g C Q
d (

|
.
|

\
|
=



If the vector angle equal to 90
0
then for (/2) = 45
0
and tan (/2) = 1
( )
2
5
. 2
15
8
H g C Q
d
=

For C
d
assumed to be 0.6 then, Q = 1.418 (H)
5/2

For discharge it is simplified as Q = K(H)
5/2

Where K is constant for Notch

g C K
d
. 2
2
tan
15
8
(

|
.
|

\
|
=



Procedure :

* Length and breadth of measuring tank is measured, also angle of triangular
Notch is measured.
* Waste valve of the opening is open, then the inlet valve is slightly open, were
the flow over the still just starts, the inflow is stop. When this overflow stops
fully, the initial gauge reading is measured.
* The inlet valve is slightly open with the jerk. When the constant level is a
acquired final gauge reading is recorded.
* The discharge is then measured in the collecting tank.
* The same procedure was repeated for at least 5 times.

Observation :

Area of tank = A = ______ x _______ = cm
2

Angle of notch = = _______
Time required to collect water to a depth H = t = constant = _________ sec.











Observation Table :


Point Gauge
Reading
Discharge Measurement
Sr.
No. Initial
(cm)
Final
(cm)
Diff.
(H)
(cm)
H
(cm)
t
(sec)
t
H A
t
V
Q
ac

=
.
(cm
3
/ s)
( )
2
5
. 2
2
tan
15
8
H g Q
th (

|
.
|

\
|
=

(cm
3
/ s)

th
ac
d
Q
Q
C =
01.
02.
03.
04.
05



Sample Calculation :

* Volume of water collected in tank.= V = A. = H _____ x _____ = _____ cm
3


* Actual Discharge =
t
H A
t
V
Q
ac

=
.
= = ________ cm
3
/ s
* Theoretical Discharge = ( )
2
5
. 2
2
tan
15
8
H g Q
th (

|
.
|

\
|
=


( )
2
5
981 . 2
2
tan
15
8

|
.
|

\
|
=
th
Q
__________ =
th
Q cm
3
/ s
* Coefficient of Discharge =
th
ac
d
Q
Q
C = = = _______
* Mean Coefficient of Discharge =
mean d
C =
5
+ + + +
= _____



Result : Coefficient of discharge (C
d
) for triangular notch was found to
be _________
















Date : ____________


EXPERIMENT NO :


Name of the Experiment : Determination of coefficient of discharge,
coefficient of contraction, coefficient of
velocity of orifice.

Apparatus : Inlet tank which is fed from on overhead tank through a pipe
network sharp edge orifice, hook gauge attached to the inlet
tank, Stop watch, Scale etc.

Formula : H g a Q
th
. . 2 =

t
H A
t
V
Q
ac

=
.

Where : a = Area of orifice.
Q = Constant head of water in inlet tank.
V = Volume of water collected in tank.
A = C / S area of tank.
H = Depth of water collected in tank.
t = Time require to collect the water in collecting
tank.

Theory : Orifice is a small opening of any cross section such as circular,
triangular, rectangular, on a side or on the bottom of the tank, through which a
fluid flows. Orifices are used for measuring he rate of flowing fluid.

The water is allowed to flow through an orifice fitted to tank and a constant head H.
The water is collected in measuring tank for known time t . The height of water in the
measuring tank is noted.

Then the actual discharge through the orifice.

t
H A
t
V
Q
ac

=
.

Coefficient of discharge =
th
ac
d
Q
Q
C =

Coefficient of velocity =
Velocity l Theorotica
Velocity Actual


Consider a liquid particle which is at vena contract at any
time status the position along the jet at P. Jet
x = Horizontal distance traveled by particles
y = Vertical distance traveled by particle.
v = actual velocity of jet.
Horizontal distance, x = v. t ---------------------------------------------------------- 1.



Vertical distance y =
2
.
2
1
t g --------------------------------------------------------------- 2.
From equation 1 and 2.

) (
2
2
2
a
v
x
t = & ) (
. 2
2
b
g
y
t =
Equate (a) & (b)


y
x g
v
. 2
.
2
2
=

y
x g
v
. 2
.
2
=

But, Theoretical velocity, H g V
th
. . 2 =

Coefficient of velocity =
th
v
V
v
C = =
y
x g
. 2
.
2
x
H g. . 2
1


H y
x
C
v
. . 4
2
=

Coefficient of contraction =
v
d
c
C
C
C =

Procedure :

* The diameter of the orifice, dimension of measuring tank, and diameter of
pipeline were noted.
* The x and y movement of the pointer was checked to be jerk free and
smooth.
* The inlet controlled valve was opened. The inlet tank was allowed to fill the
over flow started. The inlet valve was from adjusted till the water level in the tank
becomes constant as checked by piezometer reading.
* After 3 to 5 min, when steady of flow acquired, it and valve of x and y
were measured open pointer was kept at center of jet.
* The discharge was measured and head h was calculated again. The
procedure was repeated for a set of 4 different reading.

Observation :

Diameter of orifice, d = ______ cm
Cross sectional area of an orifice = a =
( )
4
.
2
d
= _______ = _______ cm
2

Area of collecting tank = A = ______ x ______ = _______ cm
2






Observation Table :

Sr.
No.
H
(cm)
t
(cm)
t
H A
Q
ac

=
.
(cm
3
/s)

H
(cm)
H g a Q
th
. . 2 =

(cm
3
/s)
X
(cm)
Y
(cm)
th
ac
d
Q
Q
C =

Mean
C
d

01.
02.
03.
04.

Sr.
No.
H y
x
C
v
. . 4
2
=
Mean
C
v

v
d
c
C
C
C =

Mean
C
c

01.
02.
03.
04.


Sample Calculation :

* Actual discharge =
t
H A
t
V
Q
ac

=
.
= ________ = cm
3
/sec
* Theoretical discharge = H g a Q
th
. . 2 = = _________ = _______cm
3
/sec
* Coefficient of discharge =
th
ac
d
Q
Q
C = = _________ =
* Coefficient of velocity =
th
v
V
v
C = =
H y
x
C
v
. . 4
2
= = = _______
* Coefficient of contraction =
v
d
c
C
C
C = = __________ =

Result : The mean values of hydraulic coefficients are as follows :
a) Coefficient of discharge, C
d
= _____
b) Coefficient of velocity, C
v
= _______
c) Coefficient of contraction, C
c
= _______













Date : ____________


EXPERIMENT NO :


Name of the Experiment : To study the Impact of Jet i.e. to verify the
momentum equation.

Apparatus : Scale, Measuring weights, collecting tank, impact of jet
apparatus, (i.e. nozzle vane, transparent cylinder etc.)
Formula : Force Exerted = F =
a
Q
2
.


Where : = Mass density of water.
Q = Discharge in tank.
a = Area of nozzle.

Theory : Momentum equation is based one Newton second law of motion
which states that the algebraic sum of external force applied to central volume of fluid in
any distance. The external forces included the component of weights. of the fluid and
of forces exerted externally open the boundary surface of the control volume.

If a vertical water jet moving with velocity V is made to strike a target which is free
to move in vertical direction then the force will be exerted on the target by the impact
of jet. According to momentum equation this force (which is also equal to the force required
to bring back the target in its original position) must be equal to the rate of change of
momentum of the jet flow in the direction.

Applying momentum equation in x direction.


( )
in out
x x x
V V Q F = . .


( ) V Cos V Q F
x
= . . . .


( ) . 1 . . . Cos V Q F
x
=

For flat plate = 90

V Q F
x
. . =

For hemispherical cup, = 180

V Q F
x
. . . 2 =

Here is the mass density, Q is the discharge through nozzle, V is the velocity at
exists of nozzle and a is area of nozzle.
F
x
=
a
Q
2
.

While for curved hemispherical Vane the force, F
x
=
a
Q
2
. . 2


Procedure :

* Note down the dimension as area of collecting tank, mass density of water and
diameter of nozzle.
* The flat plate is inserted.
* When the jet is not running, note down the reading of upper disc.
* The water supply is admitted to the nozzle and the flow rate adjusted to its
max valve.
* As the jet strikes the vane, position of upper disc is changed. Now place the
weights to bring back the upper disc to its original position.
* The procedure is repeated for each valve of flow by reducing water supply.
* The procedure is repeated for 4 to 5 reading.

Observation :

Diameter of nozzle = d = 10 mm = 0.01m
Mass density of water = = 1000 kg / m
3
.
Area of collecting tank = A = _______ x _______ = ______ cm
2

Area of nozzle = Cross sectional area of pipe = a =
( )
4
.
2
d

a = _______ = _______ cm
2


Observation Table :

* For Horizontal Flat Vane :

* When jet is not running, position of upper disc = ________ cm



Discharge Measurement

Balancing

Sr.
No.

Intial
H
1

cm

Final
H
2

cm

Time
t
Sec

t
H A
Q

=
.
cm
3
/s

W
(gm)

F
(N)

Practical
Force
'
F =
a
Q
2
.

(N)


% error
= 100
'

F
F F

01.
02.
03.
04.
05.












* For Curved Vane :

* When jet is not running, position of upper disc = ________ cm


Discharge Measurement

Balancing

Sr.
No.

Intial
H
1

cm

Final
H
2

cm

Time
t
Sec

t
H A
Q

=
.
cm
3
/s

W
(gm)

F
(N)

Practical
Force
'
F =
a
Q
2
. . 2
(N)


% error
= 100
'

F
F F

01.
02.
03.
04.
05.


Sample Calculation :

* Area of nozzle = Cross sectional area of pipe = a =
( )
4
.
2
d

a = _______ = _______ cm
2


* Depth of water collected in tank = H = H
2
H
1
= ___________= ______ cm

* Actual discharge =
t
H A
t
V
Q

=
.
= ________ = cm
3
/sec

* Balancing weight = W = __________ gm.

* Force = F = N
W
_________ 81 . 9 81 . 9
1000
= =

* Practical Force ( For Horizontal Flat Vane) =
'
F =
a
Q
2
. . 2


'
F = = ________ N
* Practical Force ( For Curved Vane) =
'
F =
a
Q
2
. . 2


'
F = = ________ N

Result : While verifying the law of momentum it is observed that
analytical and experimental values of force are approximately
equal.