Essential Concepts Chapter 2: Atomic Structure Obj 2.

1 Define the term atom

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical identity of that element.

Obj 2.2 Relate historic experiments to the development of the modern model of the atom Obj 2.3 Explain the laws of conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions. Democritus (400 B.C.), an ancient Greek, suggested matter was made up of small particles called atoms and thus developed the first atomic theor (!ut didn"t test this theor ). #avoisier ($%00s) found that the masses !efore and after a chemical reaction were alwa s e&ual, leading to the aw of conservation of mass. 'roust ($%00s) found that a given compound alwa s contains the same elements in the same proportions ! mass, leading to the aw of definite proportions. Dalton (earl $(00s) found that if two compounds contain the same elements, the masses of the elements com!ine in small whole num!er ratios, leading to his aw of multiple proportions. Dalton verified the e)istence of atoms with experimental evidence. Dalton tied his ideas together with Democritus"s, #avoisier"s, and 'roust"s to develop a revived atomic theor . Obj 2.! ist the postulates of Dalton"s atomic theor#

*ach element is composed of e)tremel small particles called atoms. +ll atoms of a given element are identical. (,odified in ,odern +tomic -heor ) +toms of different elements have different properties (including different masses). Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element com!ine. .n a given compound, the relative num!er and kind of atoms are constant. Obj 2.$ %ontrast the modern atomic theor# with Dalton"s

-he &odern 'tomic (heor# modifies Dalton/s -heor (Dalton was unaware of su!atomic particles)0 +toms are made up of smaller (su!atomic) particles, including protons and neutrons in a nucleus surrounded ! electrons in an 1electron cloud.2 (3ote0 electrons do not 1or!it2 the nucleus.)

 -he mass of an element/s atoms can var due to different num!ers of neutrons. -hese differentl massed atoms of the same element are called isotopes. -he developments that led to the modern atomic theor were0 -homson (late $(00s) showed that atoms were made of smaller particles4 characteri5ed electrons and protons. 6utherford (earl $700s) proved with his gold foil e)periment that protons are densel packed in a nucleus. Chadwick ($789) discovered the neutron. Obj 2.) *llustrate the modern model of an atom

+toms are the smallest particles that retain the identit of a su!stance. +toms themselves are made of three ma:or su!atomic particles0 Protons0 'ositivel charged su!atomic particles densel packed in an atom/s nucleus, the num!er of which determines the atom/s identit . *ach proton has a mass of $ amu (atomic mass unit). Neutrons0 ;ncharged su!atomic particles also densel packed in an atom/s nucleus. -he num!er of an element/s neutrons ma var slightl from atom to atom (resulting in atoms of the same element with different masses called isotopes). *ach neutron also has a mass of $ amu. Electrons0 3egativel charged su!atomic particles widel dispersed in an 1electron cloud2 surrounding the nucleus (the don"t circle the nucleus like planets around the sun). -he num!er of electrons alwa s e&uals the num!er of protons in a neutral atom. -he mass of an electron is much less than that of a proton or neutron and essentiall makes no contri!ution to the atom/s mass. Obj 2.+ *nterpret the information available in an element bloc, of the periodic table -.ote/ the arran0ement ma# var#.1
$% Chlorine +tomic num!er (num!er of protons)4 determines the identit of the element *lement name *lement s m!ol +tomic mass (the average mass, in <atomic mass units,< of an atom4 or the average mass, in grams, of one mole of atoms)

Cl
8=.4=8

Obj 2.2

Define and distin0uish atomic number, mass number, and atomic mass

'tomic number0 the num!er of protons in an atom. -he num!er of protons determines the identit of the element. +tomic num!er is given in the 'eriodic Chart. &ass number0 the total num!er of protons and neutrons in an atom. -he mass num!er is not in the 'eriodic Chart. Mass number - atomic number = number of neutrons. 'tomic mass0 the average mass of the isotopes of an element, reflecting the relative a!undance of each isotope. Obj 2.3 Determine the number of valance electrons an atom has b# anal#4in0 the element5s position in the periodic table. 6alance electrons are those at the highest energ level. -hese are the electrons that are most reactive and are involved in chemical reactions. Because num!er of valance electrons determines how an atom will react, the period ta!le is arranged in such a wa that elements with the same num!er of valance electrons are aligned in vertical rows (called families or groups). Group $ 9 $8 $4 Group $= $? $% $( >alance electrons $ 9 8 4 >alance electrons = ? % (

Obj 2.17 *llustrate valance electrons b# ewis electron dot structures #ewis electron dot structures are a ver useful wa to illustrate an atom"s valance electrons and an a!ilit to draw these structures will !e essential to predicting how an element will react with other elements and in what proportions. -o draw a #ewis dot structure0 $. 9. ;se the element"s s m!ol to represent ever thing !ut the valance electrons. Draw dots representing valance electrons on the four sides of the s m!ol (right, !ottom, left, and top). Draw one per side for the first 4, then dou!le up until all valance electrons are accounted for.

Obj 2.11 8rovide the name and s#mbol of the 1! most common elements -more will follow1. -he following elements and their s m!ols should !e memori5ed0 @ drogen 3itrogen Aodium +luminum 'hosphorus Chlorine Calcium Car!on B) gen ,agnesium Ailicon Aulfur 'otassium .ron @ 3 3a +l ' Cl Ca C B ,g Ai A C De