Page 1 of 7

Question 1:
A rigid insulated container is divided into two by a thin partition. One part, of volume
0.5 m
3
contains carbon dioxide (CO
2
) at 100 kPa, 100
0
C and the other part, of
volume 0.3 m
3
, contains methane (CH
4
) at 200 kPa, 0
0
C. The partition is removed
and the gases mix.
Calculate:
i) the mass of each gas
ii) the final temperature resulting after the gases mix
iii) the final pressure
For the gases:
Molecular masses CO
2
= 44 kg/kmol CH
4
= 16 kg/kmol
Specific heats c
v
CO
2
= 0.88 kJ/kgK, CH
4
= 2.28 kJ/kgK

i) First calculate the number of kmols and then the mass
CO
2
0
pV 100 0.5
n 0.01611kmol...m nM 0.0161 44 0.709kg
R T 8.3144 373.15

= = = = = =

CH
4
0
pV 200 0.3
n 0.02642kmol...m nM 0.02642 16 0.423kg
R T 8.3144 273.15

= = = = = =

ii) Now note that the internal energy remains constant
{ } { }
v 2 1 v 2 1
CO CH
2 4
mc (T T ) mc (T T ) 0 + =
{ } { }
2 2 1
0.709 0.88(T 100) 0.423 2.28(T 0 ) 0 + =
{ } { }
2 2 1
0.624(T 100) 0.964(T 0 ) 0 + =

0
2 2 2
0.624T 62.4 0.964T 0 hence T 39.3 C + = =
total 0
total
n R T 0.0425 8.3144 312.45
Final pressure 138.13kPa
V 0.8

= = =
CO
2
CH
4
100 kPa
100
0
C
0.5 m
3

200 kPa
0
0
C
0.3 m
3

Page 2 of 7

Question 2:

A channel is closed by a rectangular gate as shown in figure Q2. The gate is hinged
at the top, is 6 m high and 4 m wide. It has seawater to the left to a depth of 8 m
above the baseline and on the right hand side has freshwater to a depth of 10 m
above the bottom of the channel. Calculate the net force F required on the bottom of
the gate to keep the gate closed.
Take the density of seawater as 1024 kg/m
3
and that of freshwater as 1000 kg/m
3
First calculate the forces. In each case F gAh =
( ) ( ) For the salt water F gAh 1024 9.81 6 4 3 2 1205.45kN = = + =
( ) ( ) For the freshwater F gAh 1000 9.81 6 4 3 4 1648.08kN = = + =

Now calculate position of centre of pressure for both

3
2
2
_
FS FS
bd
bdh
g second moment about the free surface d
12
z h
gAh first moment about the free surface Ah bdh 12h
+

= = = = = +

2 2 _
sw
d 6
z h 5 5.6m
12h 12 5
= + = + =

2 2 _
FW
d 6
z h 7 7.43m
12h 12 7
= + = + =

Now take moments about the top of the gate:
F 6 (1648.08 7.43) (1205.45 5.6) 5492.36kNm giving F 915.39kN = = =
fresh water
sea water
10 m
8 m
6 m
Figure Q7
gate
hinge
F
G G
3 m
Page 3 of 7


Question 3:
Superheated steam flowing at the rate of 50 kg/s, at a pressure of 20 bars and a
temperature of 400
0
C enters an adiabatic turbine with a velocity of 20 m/s. It leaves
the turbine at a pressure of 0.05 bar, a dryness fraction of 0.9 and a velocity of 40
m/s.
Calculate:
i) The power output from the turbine
ii) The area of the outlet passage from the turbine.

i) This is a steady flow process, with no heat transfer. We know nothing about
heights so we neglect PE, hence SFEE becomes
( )
2 2
2 1
12
2 1
W m h h
2



= +
`

)

From the tables h
1
= 3248 kJ/kg
and ( )
2 f 2 fg
kJ
h h x h 138 0.9 2423 2318.7
kg
= + = + =
( )
( )
2 2
12
40 20
W 50 2318.7 3428 50( 1109.3 0.6) 55.435MW
2000

= + = + =
`

)

ii) now apply the continuity equation
A
m
v

=
3
2 g
m
where v xv 0.9 28.2 25.38
kg
= = =
2
mv 50 25.38
Then A 31.725m
40

= = =

Page 4 of 7

Question 4:
A cylinder, closed by a piston, contains air at a pressure of 100 kPa and 300 K at bottom
dead centre. The swept volume is 1 litre (1000 cm
3
) and the compression ratio is 20:1. It
undergoes the following reversible processes:
12 : adiabatic compression from bottom dead centre to top dead centre: the
23: Constant volume heating process until the temperature is 1500 K
Sketch the processes on a p-V diagram and calculate:
i) The mass of air in the cylinder
ii) The temperature at the end of process 12
iii) The pressure at the end of process 23
iv) The heat and work transfers in each process (if any).

i)
pV 100 0.001
Apply m 1.161g
RT 0.287 300

= = =

ii)
1
0.4 2 1
2
1 2
T V
20 3.314 then T 300 3.314 994.34K
T V

| |
= = = = =
|
\

iii)
1 1 2 2 2
2 1
1 2 1
p V p V T 994.34
Use hencep p 100 331.14kPa
T T T 300
/ /
= = = =
iv)
3
12 v 2 1
W mc (T T ) 1.161 10 718 (994.34 300) 579.02J

= = =
Q
12
= 0
3
23 v 3 2
Q mc (T T ) 1.161 10 718 (1500 994.34) 421.68J

= = =
W
23
= 0
3
2
1
Page 5 of 7

Question 5:
Water of density 1000 kg/m
3
flows around a vertical right angle bend in a 500 mm
diameter pipe as shown in figure Q 5. The pressure at entry (1) is 200 kPa gauge
and the entry velocity is 10 m/s
Assuming the flow to be frictionless, calculate the magnitude and direction of the
force exerted on the pipe bend by the water.

There are no losses hence apply the Bernoulli equationthe speed is also
unchanged
2 2
1 2
1 1 2
Then p gz gz
2 2

+ + = +
{ }
3
2 1 1 2
i.e.p p g(z z ) 200 10 1000 9.81(0 2) 180.38kPa = + = + =
Apply the momentum equation in the x and y directions...there is no pressure force
at 1 in the x direction and no velocity component
( )
d 2 2 2
x gauge
hence F 0 p A m 0

+ = ( )
d 2 2 2
x gauge
then F m p A

= +
The cross sectional area A =
2 2
2
d 0.5 kg
0.1963m then`m A 1000 0.1963 10 1963.5
4 4 s

= = = = =
( )
d 2 2 2
x gauge
then F m p A (1963.5 10) (180,380 0.1963) 55,043.55N

= + = + =
Then in y direction
( )
d 1 1 1
y gauge
F p A m 0

+ =

1
2
2m
Figure Q5
Page 6 of 7

( ) ( ) ( )
d 1 1 1
y gauge
then F m p A 1963.5 10 200,000 0.1963 58905N

= = =
2 2
F 58905 55043.55 80,620N = + =

1 0
55043.55
tan 43.06
58905

| |
= =
|
\























Force on water
Force on
bend
Page 7 of 7

( )
( )
( )
2 2
12 12 2 1 2 2 1
1
1
q w h h g z z
2
| |
+ = + +
|
\
Question 6:
Gas at a pressure of 400 kPa and a temperature of 1000 K is expanded reversibly in
a horizontal adiabatic nozzle until the pressure is 100 kPa. The inlet velocity is 25
m/s and the mass flow rate is 40 kg/s.

Calculate:
(i) the exit temperature,
(ii) the exit velocity,
(iii) diameter of the circular exit duct
For the gas use:
p
kJ J
c 1.15 1.33 and R 287
kg K kgK
= = =



1
0.33
1.33
2 2
2
1 1
T p 100
(i) Apply 0.70895 T 1000 0.70896 708.95K
T p 400
| |
| |
|
|

\ \
| |
| |
= = = = =
|
|
\
\

(ii) Now apply the steady flow energy equation 12 noting Q = W =0


then note PE = 0 because the nozzle is horizontal
( )
2 2
2 p 1 2 1
m
2 c (T T ) 2 1150(1000 708.95) 25 818.56
s
(
= + = + =


(iii) To find A
2
use the continuity equation m A

= but first we must find

2

2
2
3
2
p p 100 kg
Now then 0.4917
RT RT 0.287 708.95
m
= = = =

2
2
2 2
m 40
Then A 3.256m
0.4917 25

= = =


1
2