Trigonometric Angles : Table Values of sin, cos, tan, cosec, sec and cot at various degree of angles (0,

30, 45, 60, 90, 180, 270). Trigonometry is also spelled as Trignometry. Sin 0 0 2 Cos 1 1 2 Tan 1 0 1 2 * 2 2 1 2 1 * 1 0 * 0 * -1 * 1 * -1 * 0 * 2 2 1 0 -1 0 30 1 45 1 1 0 -1 60 90 180 270

Cosec

Sec

Cot

The Addition Formulas

The fundamental identities are very important for the analysis of trigonometric expressions and functions but they are a direct result of the intimate relation between trigonometry and geometry. The power behind the algebraic nature of trigonometry is hidden and can be measured only with the addition formulas

and

Of course, we used the fact that

Example. verify the identity

Answer. We have

which gives

But

and since

and

, we get finally

Remark. In general it is good to check whether the given formula is correct. One way to do that is to substitute some numbers for the variables. For example, if we take a=b = 0, we get

or we may take

. In this case we have

Example. Find the exact value of

Answer. We have

Hence, using the additions formulas for the cosine function we get

Since

we get

Example. Find the exact value for

Answer. We have

Since

we get

Finally we have

Remark. Using the addition formulas, we generate the following identities

Double-Angle and Half-Angle Formulas

Double-Angle and Half-Angle formulas are very useful. For example, rational functions of sine and cosine wil be very hard to integrate without these formulas. They are as follow

Example. Check the identities

Answer. We will check the first one. the second one is left to the reader as an exercise. We have

Hence

which implies

Many functions involving powers of sine and cosine are hard to integrate. The use of DoubleAngle formulas help reduce the degree of difficulty.

Example. Write power.

as an expression involving the trigonometric functions with their first

Answer. We have

Hence

Since

, we get

or

Example. Verify the identity

Answer.We have

Using the Double-Angle formulas we get

Putting stuff together we get

From the Double-Angle formulas, one may generate easily the Half-Angle formulas

In particular, we have

Example. Use the Half-Angle formulas to find

Answer. Set

. Then

Using the above formulas, we get

Since

, then

is a positive number. Therefore, we have

Same arguments lead to

Example. Check the identities

Answer. First note that

which falls from the identity For example, let us verify that

. So we need to verify only one identity.

using the Half-Angle formulas, we get

which reduces to

The magic identity

Trigonometry is the art of doing algebra over the circle. So it is a mixture of algebra and geometry. The sine and cosine functions are just the coordinates of a point on the unit circle. This implies the most fundamental formula in trigonometry (which we will call here the magic identity)

where is any real number (of course measures an angle). Example. Show that

Answer. By definitions of the trigonometric functions we have

Hence we have

Using the magic identity we get

This completes our proof. Remark. the above formula is fundamental in many ways. For example, it is very useful in techniques of integration. Example. Simplify the expression

Answer. We have by definition of the trigonometric functions

Hence

Using the magic identity we get

Putting stuff together we get

This gives

Using the magic identity we get

Therefore we have

Example. Check that

Answer.

Example. Simplify the expression

Answer. The following identities are very basic to the analysis of trigonometric expressions and functions. These are called Fundamental Identities Reciprocal identities

Pythagorean Identities

Quotient Identities

Product and Sum Formulas

From the Addition Formulas, we derive the following trigonometric formulas (or identities)

Remark. It is clear that the third formula and the fourth are identical (use the property to see it). The above formulas are important whenever need rises to transform the product of sine and cosine into a sum. This is a very useful idea in techniques of integration.

Example. Express the product Answer. We have

as a sum of trigonometric functions.

which gives

Note that the above formulas may be used to transform a sum into a product via the identities

Example. Express Answer. We have

as a product.

Note that we used Example. Verify the formula

Answer. We have

and

Hence

which clearly implies

Example. Find the real number x such that

and

Answer. Many ways may be used to tackle this problem. Let us use the above formulas. We have

Hence

Since gives

, the equation

gives

and the equation

. Therefore, the solutions to the equation

are

Example. Verify the identity

Answer. We have

Using the above formulas we get

Hence

which implies

Since

, we get

Table of Trigonometric Identities

Reciprocal identities

Pythagorean Identities

Quotient Identities

Co-Function Identities

Even-Odd Identities

Sum-Difference Formulas

Double Angle Formulas

Power-Reducing/Half Angle Formulas

Sum-to-Product Formulas

Product-to-Sum Formulas

TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Recall that a real number can be interpreted as the measure of the angle constructed as follows: wrap a piece of string of length units around the unit circle (counterclockwise if

, clockwise if ) with initial point P(1,0) and terminal point Q(x,y). This gives rise to the central angle with vertex O(0,0) and sides through the points P and Q. All six trigonometric functions of are defined in terms of the coordinates of the point Q(x,y), as follows:

Since Q(x,y) is a point on the unit circle, we know that . This fact and the definitions of the trigonometric functions give rise to the following fundamental identities:

This modern notation for trigonometric functions is due to L. Euler (1748). More generally, if Q(x,y) is the point where the circle by the angle , then it follows (from similar triangles) that of radius R is intersected

Periodic Functions If an angle corresponds to a point Q(x,y) on the unit circle, it is not hard to see that the angle corresponds to the same point Q(x,y), and hence that

Moreover, is the smallest positive angle for which Equations 1 are true for any angle . In general, we have for all angles :

We call the number the period of the trigonometric functions and , and refer to these functions as being periodic. Both and are periodic functions as well, with period , while and are periodic with period . EXAMPLE 1 Find the period of the function Solution: The function from 0 to .

runs through a full cycle when the angle 3x runs . The period of f(x) is then . .

, or equivalently when x goes from 0 to

EXERCISE 1 Find the period of the function Solution

Evaluation of Trigonometric functions Consider the triangle with sides of length below: and hypotenuse c>0 as in Figure 1

Figure 1 For the angle pictured in the figure, we see that

There are a few angles for which all trigonometric functions may be found using the triangles shown in the following Figure 2.

Figure 2 This list may be extended with the use of reference angles (see Example 2 below). EXAMPLE 1: Find the values of all trigonometric functions of the angle .

Solution: From Figure 2, we see that the angle of the unit circle, and so

corresponds to the point

on

EXAMPLE 2: Find the values of all trigonometric functions of the angle

Solution: Observe that an angle of is equivalent to 8 whole revolutions (a total of ) plus , Hence the angles and intersect the unit circle at the same point Q(x,y), and so their trigonometric functions are the same. Furthermore, the angle of makes an angle of with respect to the x-axis (in the second quadrant). From this we can see that and hence that

We call the auxiliary angle of

the reference angle of

EXAMPLE 3 Find all trigonometric functions of an angle in the third quadrant for which . Solution: We first construct a point R(x,y) on the terminal side of the angle , in the third quadrant. If R(x,y) is such a point, then and we see that we may take x=-

5 and R=6. Since we find that (the negative signs on x and y are taken so that R(x,y) is a point on the third quadrant, see Figure 3).

Figure 3 It follows that

Here are some Exercises on the evaluation of trigonometric functions.