A fluid is defined as a substance that deforms continuously whilst acted upon by any force tangential to the area on which

it acts. Fluid is any substance that deforms continuously when subjected to a shear stress, no matter how small. The density of a fluid (or any other form of matter) is the amount of mass per unit volume. The difference in pressure recorded by the measuring instrument is then termed the gauge pressure. The absolute pressure, that is the pressure considered relative to that of a perfect vacuum Viscosity is that fluid property by virtue of which a fluid offers resistance to shear stresses. The ratio of dynamic viscosity to density is known as the kinematic viscosity Fluid Mechanics - Study of fluids at rest, in motion, and the effects of fluids on boundaries. Fluid - A substance which moves and deforms continuously as a result of an applied shear stress. Pressure - The normal stress on any plane through a fluid element at rest. Velocity - The rate of change of position at a point in a flow field. It is used not only to specify flow field characteristics but also to specify flow rate, momentum, and viscous effects for a fluid in motion. Newtonian fluid: A fluid which has a linear relationship between shear stress and velocity gradient. Dimensional analysis offers a method for reducing complex physical problems to the simplest (that is, most economical) form prior to obtaining a quantitative answer. Bridgman (1969) explains it thus: "The principal use of dimensional analysis is to deduce from a study of the dimensions of the variables in any physical system certain limitations on the form of any possible relationship between those variables. The method is of great generality and mathematical simplicity".

 Fluid Statics: mechanics of fluids at rest Kinematics: deals with velocities and streamlines w/o considering forces or energy Fluid Dynamics: deals with the relations between velocities and accelerations and forces exerted by or upon fluids in motion A streamline is a line that is tangential to the instantaneous velocity direction (velocity is a vector that has a direction and a magnitude) 1 Newton Force required to accelerate a 1 kg of mass to 1 m/s2 1 slug is the mass that accelerates at 1 ft/s2 when acted upon by a force of 1 lb 1 lb is the force of gravity acting on (or weight of ) a platinum standard whose mass is 0.45359243 kg Weight Gravitational attraction force between two bodies Liquid: A state of matter in which the molecules are relatively free to change their positions with respect to each other but restricted by cohesive forces so as to maintain a relatively fixed volume Gas: a state of matter in which the molecules are practically unrestricted by cohesive forces. A gas has neither definite shape nor volume. Mean free path ( ) Average distance a molecule travels before it collides with another molecule. Specific weight (weight per unit volume) Viscosity of a fluid depends on temperature: In liquids, viscosity decreases with increasing temperature (i.e. cohesion decreases with increasing temperature) In gases, viscosity increases with increasing temperature (i.e. molecular interchange between layers increases with temperature setting up strong internal shear) Viscosity can be thought as the internal stickiness of a fluid Compressibility is the change in volume due to a change in pressure

All fluids compress if pressure increases resulting in an increase in density Vaporization will terminate when equilibrium is reached between

the liquid and gaseous states of the substance in the container At any given temperature, if pressure on liquid surface falls below the

the saturation pressure, rapid evaporation occurs (i.e. boiling) Under this equilibrium we call the call vapor pressure the saturation

pressure

The flow rate is the amount of fluid that will pass through a plane over a unit of time Head The amount of mechanical energy per unit weight of material being pumped -Expressed in terms of that relative height of the liquid being considered Static head The difference in height between the free surface of the source and the free surface of the receiving body of water

Velocity Head Energy of water movement

Frictional Head Energy lost to friction Fluid mechanics is that branch of applied mechanics that is concerned with the statics and dynamics of liquids and gases. Fluids do not offer any lasting resistance to the displacement of one layer over another when a shear force is applied. Density, which is one such physical quantity, is a measure of the

mass contained in unit volume. Density does not represent a fundamental magnitude. i. Density Density is the ratio of the mass of a given amount of the substance to the volume it occupies. Mean density is defined as the ratio of a given amount of a substance to the volume that this amount occupies. The degree of compressibility of a substance is characterized by the bulk modulus of elasticity, K K can also be expressed as a function of the accompanying change in density caused by the pressure increase. Surface tension is the surface force that develops at the interface between two immiscible liquids or between liquid and gas or at the interface between a liquid and a solid surface. cohesion, the tendency of the liquid to remain as one assemblage of particles rather than to behave as a gas and fill the entire space within which it is confined. forces between the molecules of a fluid and the molecules of a solid boundary give rise to adhesion between the fluid and the boundary. vapour pressure, which is a measure of the rate at which the molecules leave the surface. As the temperature increases, the vapour pressure increases until boiling is reached for the particular ambient atmospheric pressure. Viscosity can be thought of as the internal stickiness of a fluid. Viscosity- It is one of the properties that controls the amount of fluid that can be transported in a pipeline during a specific period of time. The kinematic viscosity, , is defined as the ratio of absolute viscosity to density: pressure is defined as the ratio of the force and the area,

From Newtons Second Law, the net force is equal to the product of the mass of the fluid and the mean acceleration in the horizontal direction. A perfect gas is one in which its molecules behave like tiny, perfectly elastic spheres in random motion, and would influence each other only when collided.
Fluid mechanics
of rest
is

the study of

all fluids

under

all

possible conditions

and motion.

dimensionless number

(d -m n sh n-l s) A number representing a property of a physical system, but not measured on a scale of physical units (as of time, mass, or distance). Drag coefficients and stress, for example, are measured as dimensionless numbers. (mathematics) A ratio of various physical properties (such as density or heat capacity) and conditions (such as flow rate or weight) of such nature that the resulting number has no defining units of weight, rate, and so on. Also known as nondimensional parameter.